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Egshatyan L, Kashtanova D, Popenko A, Tkacheva O, Tyakht A, Alexeev D, Karamnova N, Kostryukova E, Babenko V, Vakhitova M, Boytsov S. Gut microbiota and diet in patients with different glucose tolerance. Endocr Connect 2016; 5:1-9. [PMID: 26555712 PMCID: PMC4674628 DOI: 10.1530/ec-15-0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a serious disease. The gut microbiota (GM) has recently been identified as a new potential risk factor in addition to well-known diabetes risk factors. To investigate the GM composition in association with the dietary patterns in patients with different glucose tolerance, we analyzed 92 patients: with normal glucose tolerance (n=48), prediabetes (preD, n=24), and T2D (n=20). Metagenomic analysis was performed using 16S rRNA sequencing. The diet has been studied by a frequency method with a quantitative evaluation of food intake using a computer program. Microbiota in the samples was predominantly represented by Firmicutes, in a less degree by Bacteroidetes. Blautia was a dominant genus in all samples. The representation of Blautia, Serratia was lower in preD than in T2D patients, and even lower in those with normal glucose tolerance. After the clustering of the samples into groups according to the percentage of protein, fat, carbohydrates in the diet, the representation of the Bacteroides turned to be lower and Prevotella abundance turned to be higher in carbohydrate cluster. There were more patients with insulin resistance, T2D in the fat-protein cluster. Using the Calinski-Harabasz index identified the samples with more similar diets. It was discovered that half of the patients with a high-fat diet had normal tolerance, the others had T2D. The regression analysis showed that these T2D patients also had a higher representation of Blautia. Our study provides the further evidence concerning the structural modulation of the GM in the T2DM pathogenesis depending on the dietary patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilit Egshatyan
- 'Research of Age and Age-Associated Conditions' DepartmentNational Research Centre for Preventive Medicine, Building 10, Petroverigskiy Lane, Moscow RF 101000, Russian FederationLaboratory of BioinformaticsScientific Research Institute for Physical-Chemical Medicine, Building 1a, Malaya Pirogovskaya street, Moscow RF 119435, Russian FederationThe 'Russian Clinical Research Center for Gerontology'16, 1st Leonova Street, Moscow RF 192226, Russian Federation'Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases Primary Prevention in the Healthcare System' DepartmentNational Research Centre for Preventive Medicine, bld. 10, Petroverigskiy Lane, MoscowMoscow Institute of Physics and TechnologyDolgoprudny, Institusky Lane, 9 Moscow, RF, 141700, Russian FederationNational Research Centre for Preventive Medicinebld. 10, Petroverigskiy Lane, Moscow
| | - Daria Kashtanova
- 'Research of Age and Age-Associated Conditions' DepartmentNational Research Centre for Preventive Medicine, Building 10, Petroverigskiy Lane, Moscow RF 101000, Russian FederationLaboratory of BioinformaticsScientific Research Institute for Physical-Chemical Medicine, Building 1a, Malaya Pirogovskaya street, Moscow RF 119435, Russian FederationThe 'Russian Clinical Research Center for Gerontology'16, 1st Leonova Street, Moscow RF 192226, Russian Federation'Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases Primary Prevention in the Healthcare System' DepartmentNational Research Centre for Preventive Medicine, bld. 10, Petroverigskiy Lane, MoscowMoscow Institute of Physics and TechnologyDolgoprudny, Institusky Lane, 9 Moscow, RF, 141700, Russian FederationNational Research Centre for Preventive Medicinebld. 10, Petroverigskiy Lane, Moscow
| | - Anna Popenko
- 'Research of Age and Age-Associated Conditions' DepartmentNational Research Centre for Preventive Medicine, Building 10, Petroverigskiy Lane, Moscow RF 101000, Russian FederationLaboratory of BioinformaticsScientific Research Institute for Physical-Chemical Medicine, Building 1a, Malaya Pirogovskaya street, Moscow RF 119435, Russian FederationThe 'Russian Clinical Research Center for Gerontology'16, 1st Leonova Street, Moscow RF 192226, Russian Federation'Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases Primary Prevention in the Healthcare System' DepartmentNational Research Centre for Preventive Medicine, bld. 10, Petroverigskiy Lane, MoscowMoscow Institute of Physics and TechnologyDolgoprudny, Institusky Lane, 9 Moscow, RF, 141700, Russian FederationNational Research Centre for Preventive Medicinebld. 10, Petroverigskiy Lane, Moscow
| | - Olga Tkacheva
- 'Research of Age and Age-Associated Conditions' DepartmentNational Research Centre for Preventive Medicine, Building 10, Petroverigskiy Lane, Moscow RF 101000, Russian FederationLaboratory of BioinformaticsScientific Research Institute for Physical-Chemical Medicine, Building 1a, Malaya Pirogovskaya street, Moscow RF 119435, Russian FederationThe 'Russian Clinical Research Center for Gerontology'16, 1st Leonova Street, Moscow RF 192226, Russian Federation'Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases Primary Prevention in the Healthcare System' DepartmentNational Research Centre for Preventive Medicine, bld. 10, Petroverigskiy Lane, MoscowMoscow Institute of Physics and TechnologyDolgoprudny, Institusky Lane, 9 Moscow, RF, 141700, Russian FederationNational Research Centre for Preventive Medicinebld. 10, Petroverigskiy Lane, Moscow
| | - Alexander Tyakht
- 'Research of Age and Age-Associated Conditions' DepartmentNational Research Centre for Preventive Medicine, Building 10, Petroverigskiy Lane, Moscow RF 101000, Russian FederationLaboratory of BioinformaticsScientific Research Institute for Physical-Chemical Medicine, Building 1a, Malaya Pirogovskaya street, Moscow RF 119435, Russian FederationThe 'Russian Clinical Research Center for Gerontology'16, 1st Leonova Street, Moscow RF 192226, Russian Federation'Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases Primary Prevention in the Healthcare System' DepartmentNational Research Centre for Preventive Medicine, bld. 10, Petroverigskiy Lane, MoscowMoscow Institute of Physics and TechnologyDolgoprudny, Institusky Lane, 9 Moscow, RF, 141700, Russian FederationNational Research Centre for Preventive Medicinebld. 10, Petroverigskiy Lane, Moscow
| | - Dmitry Alexeev
- 'Research of Age and Age-Associated Conditions' DepartmentNational Research Centre for Preventive Medicine, Building 10, Petroverigskiy Lane, Moscow RF 101000, Russian FederationLaboratory of BioinformaticsScientific Research Institute for Physical-Chemical Medicine, Building 1a, Malaya Pirogovskaya street, Moscow RF 119435, Russian FederationThe 'Russian Clinical Research Center for Gerontology'16, 1st Leonova Street, Moscow RF 192226, Russian Federation'Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases Primary Prevention in the Healthcare System' DepartmentNational Research Centre for Preventive Medicine, bld. 10, Petroverigskiy Lane, MoscowMoscow Institute of Physics and TechnologyDolgoprudny, Institusky Lane, 9 Moscow, RF, 141700, Russian FederationNational Research Centre for Preventive Medicinebld. 10, Petroverigskiy Lane, Moscow
| | - Natalia Karamnova
- 'Research of Age and Age-Associated Conditions' DepartmentNational Research Centre for Preventive Medicine, Building 10, Petroverigskiy Lane, Moscow RF 101000, Russian FederationLaboratory of BioinformaticsScientific Research Institute for Physical-Chemical Medicine, Building 1a, Malaya Pirogovskaya street, Moscow RF 119435, Russian FederationThe 'Russian Clinical Research Center for Gerontology'16, 1st Leonova Street, Moscow RF 192226, Russian Federation'Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases Primary Prevention in the Healthcare System' DepartmentNational Research Centre for Preventive Medicine, bld. 10, Petroverigskiy Lane, MoscowMoscow Institute of Physics and TechnologyDolgoprudny, Institusky Lane, 9 Moscow, RF, 141700, Russian FederationNational Research Centre for Preventive Medicinebld. 10, Petroverigskiy Lane, Moscow
| | - Elena Kostryukova
- 'Research of Age and Age-Associated Conditions' DepartmentNational Research Centre for Preventive Medicine, Building 10, Petroverigskiy Lane, Moscow RF 101000, Russian FederationLaboratory of BioinformaticsScientific Research Institute for Physical-Chemical Medicine, Building 1a, Malaya Pirogovskaya street, Moscow RF 119435, Russian FederationThe 'Russian Clinical Research Center for Gerontology'16, 1st Leonova Street, Moscow RF 192226, Russian Federation'Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases Primary Prevention in the Healthcare System' DepartmentNational Research Centre for Preventive Medicine, bld. 10, Petroverigskiy Lane, MoscowMoscow Institute of Physics and TechnologyDolgoprudny, Institusky Lane, 9 Moscow, RF, 141700, Russian FederationNational Research Centre for Preventive Medicinebld. 10, Petroverigskiy Lane, Moscow 'Research of Age and Age-Associated Conditions' DepartmentNational Research Centre for Preventive Medicine, Building 10, Petroverigskiy Lane, Moscow RF 101000, Russian FederationLaboratory of BioinformaticsScientific Research Institute for Physical-Chemical Medicine, Building 1a, Malaya Pirogovskaya street, Moscow RF 119435, Russian FederationThe 'Russian Clinical Research Center for Gerontology'16, 1st Leonova Street, Moscow RF 192226, Russian Federation'Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases Primary Prevention in the Healthcare System' DepartmentNational Research Centre for Preventive Medicine, bld. 10, Petroverigskiy Lane, MoscowMoscow Institute of Physics and TechnologyDolgoprudny, Institusky Lane, 9 Moscow, RF, 141700, Russian FederationNational Research Centre for Preventive Medicinebld. 10, Petroverigskiy Lane, Moscow 'Research of Age and Age-Associated Conditions' DepartmentNational Research Centre for Preventive Medicine, Building 10, Petroverigskiy Lane, Moscow RF 101000, Russian FederationLaboratory of BioinformaticsScientific Research Institute for Physical-Chemical Medicine, Building 1a, Malaya Pirogovskaya street, Moscow RF 119435, Russian Fed
| | - Vladislav Babenko
- 'Research of Age and Age-Associated Conditions' DepartmentNational Research Centre for Preventive Medicine, Building 10, Petroverigskiy Lane, Moscow RF 101000, Russian FederationLaboratory of BioinformaticsScientific Research Institute for Physical-Chemical Medicine, Building 1a, Malaya Pirogovskaya street, Moscow RF 119435, Russian FederationThe 'Russian Clinical Research Center for Gerontology'16, 1st Leonova Street, Moscow RF 192226, Russian Federation'Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases Primary Prevention in the Healthcare System' DepartmentNational Research Centre for Preventive Medicine, bld. 10, Petroverigskiy Lane, MoscowMoscow Institute of Physics and TechnologyDolgoprudny, Institusky Lane, 9 Moscow, RF, 141700, Russian FederationNational Research Centre for Preventive Medicinebld. 10, Petroverigskiy Lane, Moscow
| | - Maria Vakhitova
- 'Research of Age and Age-Associated Conditions' DepartmentNational Research Centre for Preventive Medicine, Building 10, Petroverigskiy Lane, Moscow RF 101000, Russian FederationLaboratory of BioinformaticsScientific Research Institute for Physical-Chemical Medicine, Building 1a, Malaya Pirogovskaya street, Moscow RF 119435, Russian FederationThe 'Russian Clinical Research Center for Gerontology'16, 1st Leonova Street, Moscow RF 192226, Russian Federation'Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases Primary Prevention in the Healthcare System' DepartmentNational Research Centre for Preventive Medicine, bld. 10, Petroverigskiy Lane, MoscowMoscow Institute of Physics and TechnologyDolgoprudny, Institusky Lane, 9 Moscow, RF, 141700, Russian FederationNational Research Centre for Preventive Medicinebld. 10, Petroverigskiy Lane, Moscow
| | - Sergey Boytsov
- 'Research of Age and Age-Associated Conditions' DepartmentNational Research Centre for Preventive Medicine, Building 10, Petroverigskiy Lane, Moscow RF 101000, Russian FederationLaboratory of BioinformaticsScientific Research Institute for Physical-Chemical Medicine, Building 1a, Malaya Pirogovskaya street, Moscow RF 119435, Russian FederationThe 'Russian Clinical Research Center for Gerontology'16, 1st Leonova Street, Moscow RF 192226, Russian Federation'Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases Primary Prevention in the Healthcare System' DepartmentNational Research Centre for Preventive Medicine, bld. 10, Petroverigskiy Lane, MoscowMoscow Institute of Physics and TechnologyDolgoprudny, Institusky Lane, 9 Moscow, RF, 141700, Russian FederationNational Research Centre for Preventive Medicinebld. 10, Petroverigskiy Lane, Moscow
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article summarizes our current knowledge of changes in the intestinal microbiota in elderly people and centenarians. RECENT FINDINGS Age-related processes comprise specific changes in the intestinal microbiota and related metabolic alterations. They result in 'inflamm-aging', which is associated with age-related inflammatory processes and diseases, including cachexia, frailty, cancer, and metabolic as well as neurological diseases. Age-related microbial changes consist of an increase in proteolytic bacteria and a decrease in saccharolytic bacteria. These changes are associated with sarcopenia and longevity, and might be attenuated by pre and probiotics. These findings could explain, at least in part, why probiotics have been successfully used in elderly people for the treatment of respiratory and gastrointestinal infections, and for the enhancement of vaccination responses. SUMMARY The intestinal microbiota changes with age. These changes are of relevance in regard to morbidity and mortality in the elderly population. Dietetic (probiotics, prebiotics) and other lifestyle interventions might delay, or even reverse, such alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan C Bischoff
- Institute of Clinical Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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203
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Horvath S, Pirazzini C, Bacalini MG, Gentilini D, Di Blasio AM, Delledonne M, Mari D, Arosio B, Monti D, Passarino G, De Rango F, D'Aquila P, Giuliani C, Marasco E, Collino S, Descombes P, Garagnani P, Franceschi C. Decreased epigenetic age of PBMCs from Italian semi-supercentenarians and their offspring. Aging (Albany NY) 2015; 7:1159-70. [PMID: 26678252 PMCID: PMC4712339 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Given the dramatic increase in ageing populations, it is of great importance to understand the genetic and molecular determinants of healthy ageing and longevity. Semi-supercentenarians (subjects who reached an age of 105-109 years) arguably represent the gold standard of successful human ageing because they managed to avoid or postpone the onset of major age-related diseases. Relatively few studies have looked at epigenetic determinants of extreme longevity in humans. Here we test whether families with extreme longevity are epigenetically distinct from controls according to an epigenetic biomarker of ageing which is known as "epigenetic clock". We analyze the DNA methylation levels of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from Italian families constituted of 82 semi-supercentenarians (mean age: 105.6 ± 1.6 years), 63 semi-supercentenarians' offspring (mean age: 71.8 ± 7.8 years), and 47 age-matched controls (mean age: 69.8 ± 7.2 years). We demonstrate that the offspring of semi-supercentenarians have a lower epigenetic age than age-matched controls (age difference=5.1 years, p=0.00043) and that centenarians are younger (8.6 years) than expected based on their chronological age. By contrast, no significant difference could be observed for estimated blood cell counts (such as naïve or exhausted cytotoxic T cells or helper T cells). Future studies will be needed to replicate these findings in different populations and to extend them to other tissues. Overall, our results suggest that epigenetic processes might play a role in extreme longevity and healthy human ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Horvath
- Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Chiara Pirazzini
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Interdepartmental Center "L. Galvani", University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Giulia Bacalini
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Interdepartmental Center "L. Galvani", University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Personal Genomics S.r.l., 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Davide Gentilini
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Cusano Milanino, 20095 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Massimo Delledonne
- Personal Genomics S.r.l., 37134 Verona, Italy
- Functional Genomics Center, Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Daniela Mari
- Geriatric Unit, Department of Medical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Geriatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Beatrice Arosio
- Geriatric Unit, Department of Medical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Geriatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Monti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | | | | | - Patrizia D'Aquila
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Cristina Giuliani
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Anthropology and Centre for Genome Biology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Elena Marasco
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Interdepartmental Center "L. Galvani", University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Collino
- Molecular Biomarkers, Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences SA, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Descombes
- Functional Genomics, Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences SA, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Garagnani
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Interdepartmental Center "L. Galvani", University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- CRBA, Center for Applied Biomedical Research, St. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Franceschi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Interdepartmental Center "L. Galvani", University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- CNR, Institute of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF), 40129 Bologna, Italy
- IRCCS, Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, 40139 Bologna, Italy
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204
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Inglis JE, Ilich JZ. The Microbiome and Osteosarcopenic Obesity in Older Individuals in Long-Term Care Facilities. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2015; 13:358-62. [PMID: 26272433 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-015-0287-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence points to a role of altered microbiota on inflammation, obesity, and other chronic conditions. This commentary addresses the connection between osteosarcopenic obesity syndrome, an impairment in bone, muscle, and adipose tissues that occurs concurrently, with the altered microbiota in elderly individuals, particularly those living in long-term care facilities. As elderly move to long-term care facilities, they experience changes in gut bacteria that might exasperate the underlying conditions such as osteosarcopenic obesity. These individuals have exponentially higher osteoporotic fracture rates and immobility impairments compared to independently living individuals. However, there is very limited research on this topic and more insight is needed on the impact of probiotic treatment and diet in older individuals, especially those with chronic conditions related to aging, such as osteosarcopenic obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia E Inglis
- Department of Nutrition Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, 120 Convocation Way, Tallahassee, FL, 32311, USA
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205
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Mueller U, Sachs J. Engineering Microbiomes to Improve Plant and Animal Health. Trends Microbiol 2015; 23:606-617. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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206
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Keenan MJ, Marco ML, Ingram DK, Martin RJ. Improving healthspan via changes in gut microbiota and fermentation. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2015; 37:98. [PMID: 26371059 PMCID: PMC5005825 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-015-9817-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
Dietary resistant starch impact on intestinal microbiome and improving healthspan is the topic of this review. In the elderly population, dietary fiber intake is lower than recommended. Dietary resistant starch as a source of fiber produces a profound change in gut microbiota and fermentation in animal models of aging. Dietary resistant starch has the potential for improving healthspan in the elderly through multiple mechanisms as follows: (1) enhancing gut microbiota profile and production of short-chain fatty acids, (2) improving gut barrier function, (3) increasing gut peptides that are important in glucose homeostasis and lipid metabolism, and (4) mimicking many of the effects of caloric restriction including upregulation of genes involved in xenobiotic metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Keenan
- Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Maria L Marco
- Robert Mondavi Institute for Wine and Food Science, 1136 RMI North, 392 Old Davis Rd, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | | | - Roy J Martin
- Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA, USA.
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207
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Banerjee J, Mishra N, Dhas Y. Metagenomics: A new horizon in cancer research. Meta Gene 2015; 5:84-9. [PMID: 26110115 PMCID: PMC4477109 DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Metagenomics has broadened the scope of targeting microbes responsible for inducing various types of cancers. About 16.1% of cancers are associated with microbial infection. Metagenomics is an equitable way of identifying and studying micro-organisms within their habitat. In cancer research, this approach has revolutionized the way of identifying, analyzing and targeting the microbial diversity present in the tissue specimens of cancer patients. The genomic analyses of these micro-organisms through next generation sequencing techniques invariably facilitate in recognizing the microbial population in biopsies and their evolutionary relationships with each other. In this review an attempt has been made to generate current metagenomic view on cancer microbiota. Different types of micro-organisms have been found to be linked to various types of cancers, thus, contributing significantly in understanding the disease at molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyita Banerjee
- Symbiosis School of Biomedical Sciences, Symbiosis International University, Pune 412115, India
| | - Neetu Mishra
- Symbiosis School of Biomedical Sciences, Symbiosis International University, Pune 412115, India
| | - Yogita Dhas
- Symbiosis School of Biomedical Sciences, Symbiosis International University, Pune 412115, India
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208
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Rémond D, Shahar DR, Gille D, Pinto P, Kachal J, Peyron MA, Dos Santos CN, Walther B, Bordoni A, Dupont D, Tomás-Cobos L, Vergères G. Understanding the gastrointestinal tract of the elderly to develop dietary solutions that prevent malnutrition. Oncotarget 2015; 6:13858-98. [PMID: 26091351 PMCID: PMC4546438 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the prevalence of malnutrition in the old age is increasing worldwide a synthetic understanding of the impact of aging on the intake, digestion, and absorption of nutrients is still lacking. This review article aims at filling the gap in knowledge between the functional decline of the aging gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and the consequences of malnutrition on the health status of elderly. Changes in the aging GIT include the mechanical disintegration of food, gastrointestinal motor function, food transit, chemical food digestion, and functionality of the intestinal wall. These alterations progressively decrease the ability of the GIT to provide the aging organism with adequate levels of nutrients, what contributes to the development of malnutrition. Malnutrition, in turn, increases the risks for the development of a range of pathologies associated with most organ systems, in particular the nervous-, muscoskeletal-, cardiovascular-, immune-, and skin systems. In addition to psychological, economics, and societal factors, dietary solutions preventing malnutrition should thus propose dietary guidelines and food products that integrate knowledge on the functionality of the aging GIT and the nutritional status of the elderly. Achieving this goal will request the identification, validation, and correlative analysis of biomarkers of food intake, nutrient bioavailability, and malnutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Rémond
- UMR 1019, UNH, CRNH Auvergne, INRA, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, BP 10448, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Danit R. Shahar
- Department of Public Health, The S. Daniel Abraham International Center for Health and Nutrition, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105 Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Doreen Gille
- Institute for Food Sciences IFS, Agroscope, Federal Department of Economic Affairs, Education and Research EAER, 3003 Berne, Switzerland
| | - Paula Pinto
- Escola Superior Agrária, Insituto Politécnico de Santarém, 2001-904 Santarem, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | | | - Marie-Agnès Peyron
- UMR 1019, UNH, CRNH Auvergne, INRA, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, BP 10448, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Claudia Nunes Dos Santos
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Barbara Walther
- Institute for Food Sciences IFS, Agroscope, Federal Department of Economic Affairs, Education and Research EAER, 3003 Berne, Switzerland
| | - Alessandra Bordoni
- Department of Agri-Food Sciences and Technologies, University of Bologna, 47521 Cesena, Italy
| | - Didier Dupont
- UMR 1253, Science et Technologie du Lait & de l'Œuf, INRA, 35000 Rennes, France
| | | | - Guy Vergères
- Institute for Food Sciences IFS, Agroscope, Federal Department of Economic Affairs, Education and Research EAER, 3003 Berne, Switzerland
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209
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Transmission from centenarians to their offspring of mtDNA heteroplasmy revealed by ultra-deep sequencing. Aging (Albany NY) 2015; 6:454-67. [PMID: 25013208 PMCID: PMC4100808 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The role that mtDNA heteroplasmy plays in healthy aging, familial longevity and the heritability patterns of low levels heteroplasmy in the elderly are largely unknown. We analyzed the low levels of mtDNA heteroplasmy in blood in a cohort of centenarians, their offspring and a group of offspring of non long-lived parents, characterized by a less favorable health phenotype. The aims of this study are to: (i) investigate the transmission of low level heteroplasmies in the elderly; (ii) explore the association of heteroplasmy with age and longevity and (iii) investigate heteroplasmy patterns in these three groups. We sequenced a 853 bp mtDNA fragment in 88 individuals to an average coverage of 49334-fold, using quality control filtering and triplicate PCR analysis to reduce any methodological bias, and we detected 119 heteroplasmic positions with a minor allele frequency ≥ 0.2%. The results indicate that low-level heteroplasmies are transmitted and maintained within families until extreme age. We did not find any heteroplasmic variant associated with longevity and healthy aging but we identified an unique heteroplasmy profile for each family, based on total level and positions. This familial profile suggests that heteroplasmy may contribute to familial longevity.
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210
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Saraswati S, Sitaraman R. Aging and the human gut microbiota-from correlation to causality. Front Microbiol 2015; 5:764. [PMID: 25628610 PMCID: PMC4290626 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sitaraman Saraswati
- Department of Biochemistry, Dayananda Sagar College of Arts, Science, and Commerce Bangalore, India
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211
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Abstract
The human gut harbours diverse and abundant microbes, forming a complex ecological system that interacts with host and environmental factors. In this article, we summarise recent advances in microbiome studies across both Western and non-Western populations, either in cross-sectional or longitudinal surveys, and over various age groups, revealing a considerable diversity and variability in the human gut microbiome. Of all the exogenous factors affecting gut microbiome, a long-term diet appears to have the largest effect to date. Recent research on the effects of dietary interventions has shown that the gut microbiome can change dramatically with diet; however, the gut microbiome is generally resilient, and short-term dietary intervention is not typically successful in treating obesity and malnutrition. Understanding the dynamics of the gut microbiome under different conditions will help us diagnose and treat many diseases that are now known to be associated with microbial communities.
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Langille MGI, Meehan CJ, Koenig JE, Dhanani AS, Rose RA, Howlett SE, Beiko RG. Microbial shifts in the aging mouse gut. MICROBIOME 2014; 2:50. [PMID: 25520805 PMCID: PMC4269096 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-014-0050-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The changes that occur in the microbiome of aging individuals are unclear, especially in light of the imperfect correlation of frailty with age. Studies in older human subjects have reported subtle effects, but these results may be confounded by other variables that often change with age such as diet and place of residence. To test these associations in a more controlled model system, we examined the relationship between age, frailty, and the gut microbiome of female C57BL/6 J mice. RESULTS The frailty index, which is based on the evaluation of 31 clinical signs of deterioration in mice, showed a near-perfect correlation with age. We observed a statistically significant relationship between age and the taxonomic composition of the corresponding microbiome. Consistent with previous human studies, the Rikenellaceae family, which includes the Alistipes genus, was the most significantly overrepresented taxon within middle-aged and older mice. The functional profile of the mouse gut microbiome also varied with host age and frailty. Bacterial-encoded functions that were underrepresented in older mice included cobalamin (B12) and biotin (B7) biosynthesis, and bacterial SOS genes associated with DNA repair. Conversely, creatine degradation, associated with muscle wasting, was overrepresented within the gut microbiomes of the older mice, as were bacterial-encoded β-glucuronidases, which can influence drug-induced epithelial cell toxicity. Older mice also showed an overabundance of monosaccharide utilization genes relative to di-, oligo-, and polysaccharide utilization genes, which may have a substantial impact on gut homeostasis. CONCLUSION We have identified taxonomic and functional patterns that correlate with age and frailty in the mouse microbiome. Differences in functions related to host nutrition and drug pharmacology vary in an age-dependent manner, suggesting that the availability and timing of essential functions may differ significantly with age and frailty. Future work with larger cohorts of mice will aim to separate the effects of age and frailty, and other factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan GI Langille
- />Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia Canada
- />Faculty of Computer Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia Canada
| | - Conor J Meehan
- />Faculty of Computer Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia Canada
- />Mycobacteriology Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jeremy E Koenig
- />Faculty of Computer Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia Canada
| | - Akhilesh S Dhanani
- />Faculty of Computer Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia Canada
| | - Robert A Rose
- />Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia Canada
| | - Susan E Howlett
- />Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia Canada
- />Department of Medicine (Geriatric Medicine), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia Canada
| | - Robert G Beiko
- />Faculty of Computer Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia Canada
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213
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Salazar N, Arboleya S, Valdés L, Stanton C, Ross P, Ruiz L, Gueimonde M, de Los Reyes-Gavilán CG. The human intestinal microbiome at extreme ages of life. Dietary intervention as a way to counteract alterations. Front Genet 2014; 5:406. [PMID: 25484891 PMCID: PMC4240173 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal microbiome is defined as the assembly of genomes from microorganisms inhabiting the gut. This microbial ecosystem regulates important functions of the host and its correct composition and functionality is essential for a “healthy status.” Metagenomic studies have highlighted variations of the intestinal microbiota as a function of age and diet. Colonization of the infant gut starts at birth and is influenced by feeding habits (formula vs. breast-feeding), birth mode and antibiotic exposure. The intestinal microbiota of full-term vaginally delivered breast-fed infants is considered the gold-standard, representing the reference for studies of alterations in other pediatric populations. At 2–3 years of age, the intestinal microbiota reaches a composition similar to adults, remaining without noticeable variations until senescence, when microbial instability and changes reappear. Here we summarize the current knowledge on intestinal microbiota alterations at extreme stages of life and tools for designing differentiated nutritional strategies by the use of probiotics, prebiotics and specific nutrients in order to restore a balanced microbiota and to improve immune and nutritional status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Salazar
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Villaviciosa, Spain
| | - Silvia Arboleya
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, Teagasc, Food Research Centre Moorepark Fermoy, Ireland
| | - Lorena Valdés
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Villaviciosa, Spain
| | - Catherine Stanton
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, Teagasc, Food Research Centre Moorepark Fermoy, Ireland
| | - Paul Ross
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork Cork, Ireland
| | - Lorena Ruiz
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork Cork, Ireland
| | - Miguel Gueimonde
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Villaviciosa, Spain
| | - Clara G de Los Reyes-Gavilán
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Villaviciosa, Spain
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214
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Biagi E, Candela M, Centanni M, Consolandi C, Rampelli S, Turroni S, Severgnini M, Peano C, Ghezzo A, Scurti M, Salvioli S, Franceschi C, Brigidi P. Gut microbiome in Down syndrome. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112023. [PMID: 25386941 PMCID: PMC4227691 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Premature aging seriously compromises the health status of Down Syndrome (DS) persons. Since human aging has been associated with a deterioration of the gut microbiota (GM)-host mutualism, here we investigated the composition of GM in DS. METHODS The observational study presented involved 17 adult DS persons. We characterized the GM structure by 454 pyrosequencing of the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. DS microbiome was compared with that of age-matched healthy non-trisomic adults enrolled in the same geographic area. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The dominant GM fraction of DS persons showed an overall mutualistic immune-modulatory layout, comparable to that of healthy controls. This makes GM a possible factor counteracting the genetic determined acceleration of immune senescence in DS persons. However, we also found detectable signatures specific for DS among subdominant GM components, such as the increase of Parasporobacterium and Sutterella. In particular, the abundance of this last microorganism significantly correlated with the Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) total score, allowing us to hypothesize a possible role for this microbial genus in behavioral features in DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Biagi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Candela
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Manuela Centanni
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Clarissa Consolandi
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies - Italian National Research Council, Milan, Italy
| | - Simone Rampelli
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvia Turroni
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Severgnini
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies - Italian National Research Council, Milan, Italy
| | - Clelia Peano
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies - Italian National Research Council, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Ghezzo
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Scurti
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Interdepartmental Centre “L. Galvani” (CIG), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Salvioli
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Interdepartmental Centre “L. Galvani” (CIG), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Franceschi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Interdepartmental Centre “L. Galvani” (CIG), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Patrizia Brigidi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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215
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Quercia S, Candela M, Giuliani C, Turroni S, Luiselli D, Rampelli S, Brigidi P, Franceschi C, Bacalini MG, Garagnani P, Pirazzini C. From lifetime to evolution: timescales of human gut microbiota adaptation. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:587. [PMID: 25408692 PMCID: PMC4219431 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human beings harbor gut microbial communities that are essential to preserve human health. Molded by the human genome, the gut microbiota (GM) is an adaptive component of the human superorganisms that allows host adaptation at different timescales, optimizing host physiology from daily life to lifespan scales and human evolutionary history. The GM continuously changes from birth up to the most extreme limits of human life, reconfiguring its metagenomic layout in response to daily variations in diet or specific host physiological and immunological needs at different ages. On the other hand, the microbiota plasticity was strategic to face changes in lifestyle and dietary habits along the course of the recent evolutionary history, that has driven the passage from Paleolithic hunter-gathering societies to Neolithic agricultural farmers to modern Westernized societies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Quercia
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Candela
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna Bologna, Italy
| | - Cristina Giuliani
- BiGEA, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Anthropology & Centre for Genome Biology, University of Bologna Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvia Turroni
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna Bologna, Italy
| | - Donata Luiselli
- BiGEA, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Anthropology & Centre for Genome Biology, University of Bologna Bologna, Italy
| | - Simone Rampelli
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna Bologna, Italy
| | - Patrizia Brigidi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Franceschi
- DIMES, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna Bologna, Italy ; CIG, Interdepartmental Centre "L. Galvani" CIG, University of Bologna Bologna, Italy ; IRCSS, Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna Bologna, Italy ; IGM-CNR, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Unit of Bologna IOR Bologna, Italy ; CNR, Institute of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF) Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Giulia Bacalini
- DIMES, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna Bologna, Italy ; CIG, Interdepartmental Centre "L. Galvani" CIG, University of Bologna Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Garagnani
- DIMES, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna Bologna, Italy ; CIG, Interdepartmental Centre "L. Galvani" CIG, University of Bologna Bologna, Italy ; CRBA, Center for Applied Biomedical Research, St. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara Pirazzini
- DIMES, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna Bologna, Italy ; CIG, Interdepartmental Centre "L. Galvani" CIG, University of Bologna Bologna, Italy
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216
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Arthritis susceptibility and the gut microbiome. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:4244-9. [PMID: 24873878 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease with unknown etiology though both genetic and environmental factors have been suggested to be involved in its pathogenesis. While infections and other environmental factors (e.g. smoking) have been studied extensively and show some association, a direct link between all the factors has been difficult to prove. With the recent advances in technology, it has become possible to sequence the commensals that are residing in our gut. The gut microbiome may provide the missing link to this puzzle and help solve the mystery of many leaky gut syndromes. The gut commensals are involved in maintaining host immune homeostasis and function suggesting that they might be critical in altering the immune system, which leads to autoimmune diseases like RA. Mouse models support the role of the gut microbiota in predisposition to RA. If that is true, the power of gut-derived commensal can be harnessed to our benefit by generating a biomarker profile along with genetic factors to define individuals at risk and by altering the gut microbial composition using various means.
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217
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The three genetics (nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA, and gut microbiome) of longevity in humans considered as metaorganisms. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:560340. [PMID: 24868529 PMCID: PMC4017728 DOI: 10.1155/2014/560340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Usually the genetics of human longevity is restricted to the nuclear genome (nDNA). However it is well known that the nDNA interacts with a physically and functionally separated genome, the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) that, even if limited in length and number of genes encoded, plays a major role in the ageing process. The complex interplay between nDNA/mtDNA and the environment is most likely involved in phenomena such as ageing and longevity. To this scenario we have to add another level of complexity represented by the microbiota, that is, the whole set of bacteria present in the different part of our body with their whole set of genes. In particular, several studies investigated the role of gut microbiota (GM) modifications in ageing and longevity and an age-related GM signature was found. In this view, human being must be considered as “metaorganism” and a more holistic approach is necessary to grasp the complex dynamics of the interaction between the environment and nDNA-mtDNA-GM of the host during ageing. In this review, the relationship between the three genetics and human longevity is addressed to point out that a comprehensive view will allow the researchers to properly address the complex interactions that occur during human lifespan.
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