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Lapeña D, Kosa G, Hansen LD, Mydland LT, Passoth V, Horn SJ, Eijsink VGH. Production and characterization of yeasts grown on media composed of spruce-derived sugars and protein hydrolysates from chicken by-products. Microb Cell Fact 2020; 19:19. [PMID: 32013957 PMCID: PMC6998301 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-1287-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A possible future shortage of feed protein will force mankind to explore alternative protein sources that can replace conventional soymeal or fishmeal. Several large industrial organic side-streams could potentially be upgraded to feed protein using a fermentation process to generate single cell protein. Yeast is the most widely accepted microorganism for production of single cell protein, because of its superior nutritional quality and acceptability among consumers. Here, we have assessed the growth of four different yeasts, Cyberlindnera jadinii, Wickerhamomyces anomalus, Blastobotrys adeninivorans and Thermosacc® Dry (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), on media composed of enzymatically saccharified sulfite-pulped spruce wood and hydrolysates of by-products from chicken, and we have characterized the resulting yeast biomass. Results Generally, the yeast grew very well on the spruce- and chicken-based medium, with typical yields amounting to 0.4–0.5 g of cell dry weight and 0.2–0.3 g of protein per g of sugar. B. adeninivorans stood out as the most versatile yeast in terms of nutrient consumption and in this case yields were as high as 0.9 g cells and 0.5 g protein per g of sugar. The next best performing yeast in terms of yield was W. anomalus with up to 0.6 g cells and 0.3 g protein per g sugar. Comparative compositional analyses of the yeasts revealed favorable amino acid profiles that were similar to the profiles of soymeal, and even more so, fish meal, especially for essential amino acids. Conclusions The efficient conversion of industrial biomass streams to yeast biomass demonstrated in this study opens new avenues towards better valorization of these streams and development of sustainable feed ingredients. Furthermore, we conclude that production of W. anomalus or B. adeninivorans on this promising renewable medium may be potentially more efficient than production of the well-known feed ingredient C. jadinii. Further research should focus on medium optimization, development of semi-continuous and continues fermentation protocols and exploration of downstream processing methods that are beneficial for the nutritional values of the yeast for animal feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lapeña
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Gergely Kosa
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Line D Hansen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Liv T Mydland
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Volkmar Passoth
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7015, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Svein J Horn
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway.
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202
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Pihlajaniemi V, Ellilä S, Poikkimäki S, Nappa M, Rinne M, Lantto R, Siika-aho M. Comparison of pretreatments and cost-optimization of enzymatic hydrolysis for production of single cell protein from grass silage fibre. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biteb.2019.100357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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203
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Rischer H, Szilvay GR, Oksman-Caldentey KM. Cellular agriculture — industrial biotechnology for food and materials. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2020; 61:128-134. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2019.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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204
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Jones SW, Karpol A, Friedman S, Maru BT, Tracy BP. Recent advances in single cell protein use as a feed ingredient in aquaculture. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2020; 61:189-197. [PMID: 31991311 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2019.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The global demand for high-quality, protein-rich foods will continue to increase as the global population grows, along with income levels. Aquaculture is poised to help fulfill some of this demand, and is thus the fastest growing animal protein industry. A key challenge for it, though, is sourcing a sustainable, renewable protein ingredient. Single cell protein (SCP) products, protein meals based on microbial or algal biomass, have the potential to fulfill this need. Here, we review potential sources of SCP strains and their respective production processes, highlight recent advances on identification of new SCP strains and feedstocks, and, finally, review new feeding trial data on important aquaculture species, specifically Atlantic salmon, rainbow trout, and whiteleg shrimp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn W Jones
- White Dog Labs, Inc., 239 Lisa Dr., New Castle, DE 19720, USA
| | - Alon Karpol
- White Dog Labs, Israel Prof. A.D. Bergman St. 2b, Rehovot, 7670504, Israel
| | - Sivan Friedman
- White Dog Labs, Israel Prof. A.D. Bergman St. 2b, Rehovot, 7670504, Israel
| | - Biniam T Maru
- White Dog Labs, Inc., 239 Lisa Dr., New Castle, DE 19720, USA
| | - Bryan P Tracy
- White Dog Labs, Inc., 239 Lisa Dr., New Castle, DE 19720, USA.
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205
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Cortesão M, Schütze T, Marx R, Moeller R, Meyer V. Fungal Biotechnology in Space: Why and How? GRAND CHALLENGES IN FUNGAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-29541-7_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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206
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Lapeña D, Olsen PM, Arntzen MØ, Kosa G, Passoth V, Eijsink VGH, Horn SJ. Spruce sugars and poultry hydrolysate as growth medium in repeated fed-batch fermentation processes for production of yeast biomass. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2019; 43:723-736. [PMID: 31883034 PMCID: PMC7064453 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-019-02271-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The production of microbial protein in the form of yeast grown on lignocellulosic sugars and nitrogen-rich industrial residues is an attractive approach for reducing dependency on animal and plant protein. Growth media composed of enzymatically saccharified sulfite-pulped spruce wood, enzymatic hydrolysates of poultry by-products and urea were used for the production of single-cell protein. Strains of three different yeast species, Cyberlindnera jadinii, Wickerhamomyces anomalus and Blastobotrys adeninivorans, were cultivated aerobically using repeated fed-batch fermentation up to 25 L scale. Wickerhamomyces anomalus was the most efficient yeast with yields of 0.6 g of cell dry weight and 0.3 g of protein per gram of glucose, with cell and protein productivities of 3.92 g/L/h and 1.87 g/L/h, respectively. Using the conditions developed here for producing W. anomalus, it would take 25 industrial (200 m3) continuously operated fermenters to replace 10% of the fish feed protein used in Norway.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lapeña
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Pernille M Olsen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Magnus Ø Arntzen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Gergely Kosa
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Volkmar Passoth
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7015, S-75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Svein J Horn
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432, Ås, Norway.
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207
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Kamal MM, Ali MR, Shishir MRI, Saifullah M, Haque MR, Mondal SC. Optimization of process parameters for improved production of biomass protein from Aspergillus niger using banana peel as a substrate. Food Sci Biotechnol 2019; 28:1693-1702. [PMID: 31807342 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-019-00636-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was aimed to optimize the process variables for improved production of biomass protein using Aspergillus niger from banana fruit peel by the use of response surface methodology. A five-level-four factors central composite rotatable design was applied to elucidate the influence of process variables viz. temperature (20-40 °C), pH (4-8), substrate concentration (5-25%), and fermentation period (1-5 days) on biomass and protein content. The second-order polynomial models were established, which effectively explicated the variation in experimental data and significantly epitomized the appreciable correlation between independent variables and responses. After numerical optimization, the predicted optimum conditions (temperature of 31.02 °C, pH of 6.19, substrate concentration of 19.92%, and the fermentation period of 4 days) were obtained with biomass of 24.69 g/L and protein of 61.23%, which were verified through confirmatory experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mostafa Kamal
- 1Department of Food Processing and Preservation, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur, 5200 Bangladesh
| | - Md Rahmat Ali
- 1Department of Food Processing and Preservation, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur, 5200 Bangladesh
| | | | - Md Saifullah
- 3School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, University of Newcastle, Central Coast, Ourimbah, NSW 2258 Australia
| | - Md Raihanul Haque
- 4Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur, 5200 Bangladesh
| | - Shakti Chandra Mondal
- 1Department of Food Processing and Preservation, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur, 5200 Bangladesh
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208
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Tsapekos P, Khoshnevisan B, Zhu X, Zha X, Angelidaki I. Methane oxidising bacteria to upcycle effluent streams from anaerobic digestion of municipal biowaste. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 251:109590. [PMID: 31550605 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Conventional microbial protein production relies on the usage of pure chemicals and gases. Natural gas, which is a fossil resource, is the common input gas for bacterial protein production. Alternative sources for gas feedstock and nutrients can sufficiently decrease the operational cost and environmental impact of microbial protein production processes. In the present study, the effluents streams of municipal biowaste anaerobic digestion, were used to grow methane oxidising bacteria which can be used as protein source. Results demonstrated that a 40:60 CH4:O2 (v/v) gas feeding resulted in microbial biomass production of 0.95 g-DM/L by a Methylophilus dominated community. When raw biogas was used as input for methane corresponding to the same initial methane partial pressure as before, instead of pure methane, the growth was partially hindered (0.61 g-DM/L) due to the presence of H2S (IC50: 1376 ppm). Hence, desulfurization is suggested before using biogas for microbial protein production. At semi-continuous mode, results showed that the produced biomass had relatively high protein content (>40% of dry weight) and the essential amino acids lysine, valine, leucine and histidine were detected at high levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Tsapekos
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs, Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Benyamin Khoshnevisan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs, Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark; Department of Mechanical Engineering of Agricultural Machinery, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Iran
| | - Xinyu Zhu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs, Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Xiao Zha
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs, Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark; School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, No. 2 Sipailou Road, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Irini Angelidaki
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs, Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark
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209
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Fasolin L, Pereira R, Pinheiro A, Martins J, Andrade C, Ramos O, Vicente A. Emergent food proteins – Towards sustainability, health and innovation. Food Res Int 2019; 125:108586. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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210
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Amino Acids and Ribose: Drivers of Protein and RNA Fermentation by Ingested Bacteria of a Primitive Gut Ecosystem. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.01297-19. [PMID: 31324631 PMCID: PMC6752017 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01297-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal health is linked to gut ecosystems whose primary function is normally the digestion of dietary matter. Earthworms are representative of one of the oldest known animal lineages and, despite their primitive nature, have unique environmental impact by virtue of their dietary consumption of their habitat, i.e., soil-associated matter. A resident gut community is a hallmark of many gut ecosystems of evolutionarily more advanced animals, but the alimentary canal of earthworms is dominated by ingested transient soil microbes. Protein and RNA are (i) the primary organic components of microbial cells that are subject to lysis during gut passage and (ii) fermentable dietary substrates in the alimentary canal. This study examined the gut-associated fermentation of constituents of these biopolymers to determine how their fermentation is integrated to the microbiological dynamics of the gut and might contribute to earthworm-linked transformations of organic matter in the terrestrial biosphere. Earthworms are among the most primitive animals and are of fundamental importance to the turnover of organic matter in the terrestrial biosphere. These invertebrates ingest materials that are colonized by microbes, some of which are subject to disruption by the crop/gizzard or other lytic events during gut passage. Protein and RNA are dominant polymers of disrupted microbial cells, and these biopolymers facilitate robust fermentations by surviving ingested bacteria. To further resolve these fermentations, amino acids and ribose (as fermentable constituents of protein and RNA, respectively) were evaluated as potential drivers of fermentation in gut content of the model earthworm Lumbricus terrestris (taxa were examined with 16S rRNA-based analyses). Of eight amino acids tested, glutamate, aspartate, and threonine were most stimulatory and yielded dissimilar fermentations facilitated by contrasting taxa (e.g., glutamate stimulated the Fusobacteriaceae and yielded H2 and formate, whereas aspartate stimulated the Aeromonadaceae and yielded succinate and propionate). A marginal Stickland fermentation was associated with the Peptostreptococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae. Ribose fermentation yielded a complex product profile facilitated primarily by the Aeromonadaceae. The transient nature of succinate was linked to its decarboxylation to propionate and the Fusobacteriaceae, whereas the transient nature of formate was linked to formate-hydrogen lyase activity and the Peptostreptococcaceae. These findings reinforce the likelihood that (i) the animal host and hosted fermentative bacteria compete for the constituents of protein and RNA in the alimentary canal and (ii) diverse gut fermenters engaged in the fermentation of these constituents produce products that can be utilized by earthworms. IMPORTANCE Animal health is linked to gut ecosystems whose primary function is normally the digestion of dietary matter. Earthworms are representative of one of the oldest known animal lineages and, despite their primitive nature, have unique environmental impact by virtue of their dietary consumption of their habitat, i.e., soil-associated matter. A resident gut community is a hallmark of many gut ecosystems of evolutionarily more advanced animals, but the alimentary canal of earthworms is dominated by ingested transient soil microbes. Protein and RNA are (i) the primary organic components of microbial cells that are subject to lysis during gut passage and (ii) fermentable dietary substrates in the alimentary canal. This study examined the gut-associated fermentation of constituents of these biopolymers to determine how their fermentation is integrated to the microbiological dynamics of the gut and might contribute to earthworm-linked transformations of organic matter in the terrestrial biosphere.
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211
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Khoshnevisan B, Tsapekos P, Zhang Y, Valverde-Pérez B, Angelidaki I. Urban biowaste valorization by coupling anaerobic digestion and single cell protein production. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 290:121743. [PMID: 31323514 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Resource efficient and novel practices to produce proteinaceous food and feed sources can partially alleviate the protein scarcity problem. The conversion of low-value waste streams into single cell protein (SCP) seems a potent solution. This study evaluated the possibility of urban biowaste valorization through coupling anaerobic digestion and SCP production, and feeding a methanotroph mixed-culture with raw and upgraded biogas. In respect to nitrogen supply, the mixed-culture could grow well providing nutrients by direct addition of pasteurized centrifuged-filtered digestate or by adding electrochemically extracted ammonium from the digestate. The SCP yield on methane varied from 0.59 to 0.76 g cell dry weight (CDW)/g CH4. A high yield on methane (0.87 g CDW/g CH4) proved that biogas is a good substitute for natural gas for scaled-up microbial protein production. In addition, the produced SCP was rich in essential amino acids, marking the produced biomass comparable with other protein sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benyamin Khoshnevisan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark; Department of Mechanical Engineering of Agricultural Machinery, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Iran
| | - Panagiotis Tsapekos
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Yifeng Zhang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Borja Valverde-Pérez
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Irini Angelidaki
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark.
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212
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Sillman J, Nygren L, Kahiluoto H, Ruuskanen V, Tamminen A, Bajamundi C, Nappa M, Wuokko M, Lindh T, Vainikka P, Pitkänen JP, Ahola J. Bacterial protein for food and feed generated via renewable energy and direct air capture of CO2: Can it reduce land and water use? GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY-AGRICULTURE POLICY ECONOMICS AND ENVIRONMENT 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gfs.2019.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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213
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Grasso AC, Hung Y, Olthof MR, Verbeke W, Brouwer IA. Older Consumers' Readiness to Accept Alternative, More Sustainable Protein Sources in the European Union. Nutrients 2019; 11:E1904. [PMID: 31443177 PMCID: PMC6723411 DOI: 10.3390/nu11081904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) is a growing concern on account of an aging population and its negative health consequences. While dietary protein plays a key role in the prevention of PEM, it also plays a pivotal role in the environmental impact of the human diet. In search for sustainable dietary strategies to increase protein intake in older adults, this study investigated the readiness of older adults to accept the consumption of the following alternative, more sustainable protein sources: plant-based protein, insects, single-cell protein, and in vitro meat. Using ordinal logistic regression modeling, the associations of different food-related attitudes and behavior and sociodemographics with older adults' acceptance to consume such protein sources were assessed. Results were obtained through a consumer survey among 1825 community-dwelling older adults aged 65 years or above in five EU countries (United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Poland, Spain, and Finland). Dairy-based protein was generally the most accepted protein source in food products (75% of the respondents found its consumption acceptable or very acceptable). Plant-based protein was the most accepted alternative, more sustainable protein source (58%) followed by single-cell protein (20%), insect-based protein (9%), and in vitro meat-based protein (6%). We found that food fussiness is a barrier to acceptance, whereas green eating behavior and higher educational attainment are facilitators to older adults' acceptance to eat protein from alternative, more sustainable sources. Health, sensory appeal, and price as food choice motives, as well as gender and country of residence were found to influence acceptance, although not consistently across all the protein sources. Findings suggest that there is a window of opportunity to increase older adults' acceptance of alternative, more sustainable protein sources and in turn increase protein intake in an environmentally sustainable way in EU older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra C Grasso
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yung Hung
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Margreet R Olthof
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wim Verbeke
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ingeborg A Brouwer
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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214
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Patthawaro S, Saejung C. Production of single cell protein from manure as animal feed by using photosynthetic bacteria. Microbiologyopen 2019; 8:e913. [PMID: 31392846 PMCID: PMC6925167 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To reduce the cost of protein feedstock for animal feed, the use of single cell protein (SCP) produced from waste of animal agriculture is an interesting choice. This study reveals that chicken manure was the best substrate for SCP production by submerged fermentation using photosynthetic bacteria compared to swine, cow, and buffalo manure. Regression analysis showed that the productions were found to be significantly influenced by chicken manure content, inoculum size, and cultivation time. Response surface methodology based on central composite design generated the optimal condition (15% chicken manure, 30% inoculum size and cultivation time for 14 days) at which biomass, protein, and carotenoid productions were increased by 92.3%, 21.6%, and 18.2%, respectively. The percentage of error between the predicted and actual values for biomass, protein, and carotenoid productions were 1.56%, 2.64%, and 2.09%, respectively, which indicates the precision of the model. To verify the quality of SCP, the bacterium was cultured in a photobioreactor to investigate amino acid composition, protein, and nucleic acid contents. The SCP yielded 62.7% protein with essential amino acids including lysine, methionine, threonine, phenylalanine, leucine, isoleucine, valine, histidine, and low nucleic acid content of 4.52%. This study suggests an alternative SCP production for animal feed as well as the strategy for animal waste management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirada Patthawaro
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Chewapat Saejung
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Research Center for Environmental and Hazardous Substance Management (EHSM), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Center of Excellence on Hazardous Substance Management (HSM), Bangkok, Thailand
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215
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Gissibl A, Sun A, Care A, Nevalainen H, Sunna A. Bioproducts From Euglena gracilis: Synthesis and Applications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:108. [PMID: 31157220 PMCID: PMC6530250 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the versatile phototrophic protist Euglena gracilis has emerged as an interesting candidate for application-driven research and commercialisation, as it is an excellent source of dietary protein, pro(vitamins), lipids, and the β-1,3-glucan paramylon only found in euglenoids. From these, paramylon is already marketed as an immunostimulatory agent in nutraceuticals. Bioproducts from E. gracilis can be produced under various cultivation conditions discussed in this review, and their yields are relatively high when compared with those achieved in microalgal systems. Future challenges include achieving the economy of large-scale cultivation. Recent insights into the complex metabolism of E. gracilis have highlighted unique metabolic pathways, which could provide new leads for product enhancement by genetic modification of the organism. Also, development of molecular tools for strain improvement are emerging rapidly, making E. gracilis a noteworthy challenger for microalgae such as Chlorella spp. and their products currently on the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Gissibl
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Australian Research Council Industrial Transformation Training Centre for Molecular Technology in the Food Industry, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Angela Sun
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Australian Research Council Industrial Transformation Training Centre for Molecular Technology in the Food Industry, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew Care
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Helena Nevalainen
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Australian Research Council Industrial Transformation Training Centre for Molecular Technology in the Food Industry, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Biomolecular Discovery and Design Research Centre, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anwar Sunna
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Australian Research Council Industrial Transformation Training Centre for Molecular Technology in the Food Industry, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Biomolecular Discovery and Design Research Centre, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Linder T. Edible Microorganisms—An Overlooked Technology Option to Counteract Agricultural Expansion. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2019.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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217
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Making the case for edible microorganisms as an integral part of a more sustainable and resilient food production system. Food Secur 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12571-019-00912-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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218
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El Abbadi SH, Criddle CS. Engineering the Dark Food Chain. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:2273-2287. [PMID: 30640466 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b04038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Meeting global food needs in the face of climate change and resource limitation requires innovative approaches to food production. Here, we explore incorporation of new dark food chains into human food systems, drawing inspiration from natural ecosystems, the history of single cell protein, and opportunities for new food production through wastewater treatment, microbial protein production, and aquaculture. The envisioned dark food chains rely upon chemoautotrophy in lieu of photosynthesis, with primary production based upon assimilation of CH4 and CO2 by methane- and hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria. The stoichiometry, kinetics, and thermodynamics of these bacteria are evaluated, and opportunities for recycling of carbon, nitrogen, and water are explored. Because these processes do not require light delivery, high volumetric productivities are possible; because they are exothermic, heat is available for downstream protein processing; because the feedstock gases are cheap, existing pipeline infrastructure could facilitate low-cost energy-efficient delivery in urban environments. Potential life-cycle benefits include: a protein alternative to fishmeal; partial decoupling of animal feed from human food; climate change mitigation due to decreased land use for agriculture; efficient local cycling of carbon and nutrients that offsets the need for energy-intensive fertilizers; and production of high value products, such as the prebiotic polyhydroxybutyrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar H El Abbadi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305-4020 , United States
| | - Craig S Criddle
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305-4020 , United States
- William and Cloy Codiga Resource Recovery Center , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305-4020 , United States
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219
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Cantera S, Sánchez-Andrea I, Sadornil LJ, García-Encina PA, Stams AJM, Muñoz R. Novel haloalkaliphilic methanotrophic bacteria: An attempt for enhancing methane bio-refinery. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 231:1091-1099. [PMID: 30602233 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Methane bioconversion into products with a high market value, such as ectoine or hydroxyectoine, can be optimized via isolation of more efficient novel methanotrophic bacteria. The research here presented focused on the enrichment of methanotrophic consortia able to co-produce different ectoines during CH4 metabolism. Four different enrichments (Cow3, Slu3, Cow6 and Slu6) were carried out in basal media supplemented with 3 and 6% NaCl, and using methane as the sole carbon and energy source. The highest ectoine accumulation (∼20 mg ectoine g biomass-1) was recorded in the two consortia enriched at 6% NaCl (Cow6 and Slu6). Moreover, hydroxyectoine was detected for the first time using methane as a feedstock in Cow6 and Slu6 (∼5 mg g biomass-1). The majority of the haloalkaliphilic bacteria identified by 16S rRNA community profiling in both consortia have not been previously described as methanotrophs. From these enrichments, two novel strains (representing novel species) capable of using methane as the sole carbon and energy source were isolated: Alishewanella sp. strain RM1 and Halomonas sp. strain PGE1. Halomonas sp. strain PGE1 showed higher ectoine yields (70-92 mg ectoine g biomass-1) than those previously described for other methanotrophs under continuous cultivation mode (∼37-70 mg ectoine g biomass-1). The results here obtained highlight the potential of isolating novel methanotrophs in order to boost the competitiveness of industrial CH4-based ectoine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Cantera
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, School of Industrial Engineering, Valladolid University, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Irene Sánchez-Andrea
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Lidia J Sadornil
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, School of Industrial Engineering, Valladolid University, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Pedro A García-Encina
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, School of Industrial Engineering, Valladolid University, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Alfons J M Stams
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Raúl Muñoz
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, School of Industrial Engineering, Valladolid University, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, Valladolid, Spain.
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220
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Bio-conversion of methane into high profit margin compounds: an innovative, environmentally friendly and cost-effective platform for methane abatement. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 35:16. [PMID: 30617555 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-018-2587-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite the environmental relevance of CH4 and forthcoming stricter regulations, the development of cost-efficient and environmentally friendly technologies for CH4 abatement is still limited. To date, one of the most promising solutions for the mitigation of this important GHG consists of the bioconversion of CH4 into bioproducts with a high profit margin. In this context, methanotrophs have been already proven as cell-factories of some of the most expensive products synthesized by microorganisms. In the case of ectoine (1000 $ kg-1), already described methanotrophic genera such as Methylomicrobium can accumulate up to 20% (ectoine wt-1) using methane as the only carbon source. Moreover, α-methanotrophs, such as Methylosynus and Methylocystis, are able to store bioplastic concentrations up to 50-60% of their total cell content. More than that, methanotrophs are one of the greatest potential producers of methanol and exopolysaccharides. Although this methanotrophic factory could be enhanced throughout metabolic engineering, the valorization of CH4 into valuable metabolites has been already consistently demonstrated under continuous and discontinuous mode, producing more than one compound in the same bioprocess, and using both, single strains and specific consortia. This review states the state-of-the-art of this innovative biotechnological platform by assessing its potential and current limitations.
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221
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Lieven C, Petersen LAH, Jørgensen SB, Gernaey KV, Herrgard MJ, Sonnenschein N. A Genome-Scale Metabolic Model for Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath) Suggests Reduced Efficiency Electron Transfer to the Particulate Methane Monooxygenase. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2947. [PMID: 30564208 PMCID: PMC6288188 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Genome-scale metabolic models allow researchers to calculate yields, to predict consumption and production rates, and to study the effect of genetic modifications in silico, without running resource-intensive experiments. While these models have become an invaluable tool for optimizing industrial production hosts like Escherichia coli and S. cerevisiae, few such models exist for one-carbon (C1) metabolizers. Results: Here, we present a genome-scale metabolic model for Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath), a well-studied obligate methanotroph, which has been used as a production strain of single cell protein (SCP). The model was manually curated, and spans a total of 879 metabolites connected via 913 reactions. The inclusion of 730 genes and comprehensive annotations, make this model not only a useful tool for modeling metabolic physiology, but also a centralized knowledge base for M. capsulatus (Bath). With it, we determined that oxidation of methane by the particulate methane monooxygenase could be driven both through direct coupling or uphill electron transfer, both operating at reduced efficiency, as either scenario matches well with experimental data and observations from literature. Conclusion: The metabolic model will serve the ongoing fundamental research of C1 metabolism, and pave the way for rational strain design strategies toward improved SCP production processes in M. capsulatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Lieven
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Leander A H Petersen
- Unibio A/S, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.,Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sten Bay Jørgensen
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Krist V Gernaey
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Markus J Herrgard
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Nikolaus Sonnenschein
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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222
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223
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Production of D-lactic acid by Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. delbrueckii from orange peel waste: techno-economical assessment of nitrogen sources. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:10511-10521. [PMID: 30324487 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9432-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the effect of several organic nitrogen sources (namely peptone, meat extract-ME, yeast extract-YE, and corn steep liquor-CSL) on D-lactic acid production by Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. delbrueckii has been studied. While lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are well-known for their complex nutritional requirements, organic nitrogen source-related cost can be as high as 38% of total operational costs (OPEX), being its nature and concentration critical factors in the growth and productivity of the selected strain. Corn steep liquor (CSL) has been chosen for its adequacy, on the grounds of the D-lactic acid yield, productivity, and its cost per kilogram of product. Finally, orange peel waste hydrolysate supplemented with 37 g/l CSL has been employed for D-lactic acid production, reaching a final yield of 88% and a productivity of 2.35 g/l h. CSL cost has been estimated at 90.78$/ton of D-lactate.
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224
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Sharma S, Hansen LD, Hansen JØ, Mydland LT, Horn SJ, Øverland M, Eijsink VGH, Vuoristo KS. Microbial Protein Produced from Brown Seaweed and Spruce Wood as a Feed Ingredient. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:8328-8335. [PMID: 30004220 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b01835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The conversion of nonedible biomass to protein for use in feed is an attractive strategy toward improved sustainability in aquaculture. We have studied the possibility to produce protein-rich yeast Candida utilis on a medium consisting of enzymatically hydrolyzed sulphite-pulped spruce wood, mainly providing glucose, and enzymatically hydrolyzed brown seaweed, supplemented with ammonium sulfate. The results show that this blend constitutes a complete fermentation medium that enables good growth rates and cell yields. Results from a salmon feeding trial showed that the yeast can replace parts of a traditional fishmeal diet without harmful effects, although the apparent protein digestibility coefficient for the yeast was suboptimal. While further optimization of both the fermentation process and downstream processing is needed, the present proof-of-concept study shows a path to the production of microbial protein based on a simple, local and sustainable fermentation medium.
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225
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Lieven C, Herrgård MJ, Sonnenschein N. Microbial Methylotrophic Metabolism: Recent Metabolic Modeling Efforts and Their Applications In Industrial Biotechnology. Biotechnol J 2018; 13:e1800011. [PMID: 29917330 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201800011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Developing methylotrophic bacteria into cell factories that meet the chemical demand of the future could be both economical and environmentally friendly. Methane is not only an abundant, low-cost resource but also a potent greenhouse gas, the capture of which could help to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Rational strain design workflows rely on the availability of carefully combined knowledge often in the form of genome-scale metabolic models to construct high-producer organisms. In this review, the authors present the most recent genome-scale metabolic models in aerobic methylotrophy and their applications. Further, the authors present models for the study of anaerobic methanotrophy through reverse methanogenesis and suggest organisms that may be of interest for expanding one-carbon industrial biotechnology. Metabolic models of methylotrophs are scarce, yet they are important first steps toward rational strain-design in these organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Lieven
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Markus J Herrgård
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Nikolaus Sonnenschein
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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226
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Technologies for the bioconversion of methane into more valuable products. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2018; 50:128-135. [PMID: 29316497 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2017.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Methane, with a global warming potential twenty five times higher than that of CO2 is the second most important greenhouse gas emitted nowadays. Its bioconversion into microbial molecules with a high retail value in the industry offers a potential cost-efficient and environmentally friendly solution for mitigating anthropogenic diluted CH4-laden streams. Methane bio-refinery for the production of different compounds such as ectoine, feed proteins, biofuels, bioplastics and polysaccharides, apart from new bioproducts characteristic of methanotrophic bacteria, has been recently tested in discontinuous and continuous bioreactors with promising results. This review constitutes a critical discussion about the state-of-the-art of the potential and research niches of biotechnologies applied in a CH4 biorefinery approach.
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