201
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Bozic I, Savic D, Stevanovic I, Pekovic S, Nedeljkovic N, Lavrnja I. Benfotiamine upregulates antioxidative system in activated BV-2 microglia cells. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:351. [PMID: 26388737 PMCID: PMC4559599 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic microglial activation and resulting sustained neuroinflammatory reaction are generally associated with neurodegeneration. Activated microglia acquires proinflammatory cellular profile that generates oxidative burst. Their persistent activation exacerbates inflammation, which damages healthy neurons via cytotoxic mediators, such as superoxide radical anion and nitric oxide. In our recent study, we have shown that benfotiamine (S-benzoylthiamine O-monophosphate) possesses anti-inflammatory effects. Here, the effects of benfotiamine on the pro-oxidative component of activity of LPS-stimulated BV-2 cells were investigated. The activation of microglia was accompanied by upregulation of intracellular antioxidative defense, which was further promoted in the presence of benfotiamine. Namely, activated microglia exposed to non-cytotoxic doses of benfotiamine showed increased levels and activities of hydrogen peroxide- and superoxide-removing enzymes-catalase and glutathione system, and superoxide dismutase. In addition, benfotiamine showed the capacity to directly scavenge superoxide radical anion. As a consequence, benfotiamine suppressed the activation of microglia and provoked a decrease in NO and (·)O(-) 2 production and lipid peroxidation. In conclusion, benfotiamine might silence pro-oxidative activity of microglia to alleviate/prevent oxidative damage of neighboring CNS cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Bozic
- Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković," University of Belgrade Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Danijela Savic
- Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković," University of Belgrade Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Stevanovic
- Institute for Medical Research, Military Medical Academy Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sanja Pekovic
- Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković," University of Belgrade Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nadezda Nedeljkovic
- Faculty of Biology, Institute for Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Belgrade Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Irena Lavrnja
- Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković," University of Belgrade Belgrade, Serbia
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202
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Shadfar S, Hwang CJ, Lim MS, Choi DY, Hong JT. Involvement of inflammation in Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis and therapeutic potential of anti-inflammatory agents. Arch Pharm Res 2015; 38:2106-19. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-015-0648-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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203
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Lim SL, Rodriguez-Ortiz CJ, Kitazawa M. Infection, systemic inflammation, and Alzheimer's disease. Microbes Infect 2015; 17:549-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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204
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Wang WY, Tan MS, Yu JT, Tan L. Role of pro-inflammatory cytokines released from microglia in Alzheimer's disease. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2015. [PMID: 26207229 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2015.03.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 477] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder of the brain, which is characterized by the formation of extracellular amyloid plaques (or senile plaques) and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles. However, increasing evidences demonstrated that neuroinflammatory changes, including chronic microgliosis are key pathological components of AD. Microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain, is constantly survey the microenvironment under physiological conditions. In AD, deposition of β-amyliod (Aβ) peptide initiates a spectrum of cerebral neuroinflammation mediated by activating microglia. Activated microglia may play a potentially detrimental role by eliciting the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) influencing the surrounding brain tissue. Emerging studies have demonstrated that up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines play multiple roles in both neurodegeneration and neuroprotection. Understanding the pro-inflammatory cytokines signaling pathways involved in the regulation of AD is crucial to the development of strategies for therapy. This review will discuss the mechanisms and important role of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of AD, and the ongoing drug targeting pro-inflammatory cytokine for therapeutic modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ying Wang
- 1 Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China ; 2 Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, College of Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266071, China ; 3 Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210006, China
| | - Meng-Shan Tan
- 1 Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China ; 2 Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, College of Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266071, China ; 3 Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210006, China
| | - Jin-Tai Yu
- 1 Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China ; 2 Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, College of Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266071, China ; 3 Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210006, China
| | - Lan Tan
- 1 Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China ; 2 Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, College of Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266071, China ; 3 Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210006, China
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205
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Franco R, Fernández-Suárez D. Alternatively activated microglia and macrophages in the central nervous system. Prog Neurobiol 2015; 131:65-86. [PMID: 26067058 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 495] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are important players in the fight against viral, bacterial, fungal and parasitic infections. From a resting state they may undertake two activation pathways, the classical known as M1, or the alternative known as M2. M1 markers are mostly mediators of pro-inflammatory responses whereas M2 markers emerge for resolution and cleanup. Microglia exerts in the central nervous system (CNS) a function similar to that of macrophages in the periphery. Microglia activation and proliferation occurs in almost any single pathology affecting the CNS. Often microglia activation has been considered detrimental and drugs able to stop microglia activation were considered for the treatment of a variety of diseases. Cumulative evidence shows that microglia may undergo the alternative activation pathway, express M2-type markers and contribute to neuroprotection. This review focuses on details about the role of M2 microglia and in the approaches available for its identification. Approaches to drive the M2 phenotype and data on its potential in CNS diseases are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Franco
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain.
| | - Diana Fernández-Suárez
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
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206
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Noda M. Possible role of glial cells in the relationship between thyroid dysfunction and mental disorders. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:194. [PMID: 26089777 PMCID: PMC4452882 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely accepted that there is a close relationship between the endocrine system and the central nervous system (CNS). Among hormones closely related to the nervous system, thyroid hormones (THs) are critical for the development and function of the CNS; not only for neuronal cells but also for glial development and differentiation. Any impairment of TH supply to the developing CNS causes severe and irreversible changes in the overall architecture and function of the human brain, leading to various neurological dysfunctions. In the adult brain, impairment of THs, such as hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, can cause psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, anxiety and depression. Although impact of hypothyroidism on synaptic transmission and plasticity is known, its effect on glial cells and related cellular mechanisms remain enigmatic. This mini-review article summarizes how THs are transported into the brain, metabolized in astrocytes and affect microglia and oligodendrocytes, demonstrating an example of glioendocrine system. Neuroglial effects may help to understand physiological and/or pathophysiological functions of THs in the CNS and how hypo- and hyper-thyroidism may cause mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mami Noda
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku Fukuoka, Japan
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207
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Rivas-Arancibia S, Zimbrón LFH, Rodríguez-Martínez E, Maldonado PD, Borgonio Pérez G, Sepúlveda-Parada M. Oxidative stress-dependent changes in immune responses and cell death in the substantia nigra after ozone exposure in rat. Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 7:65. [PMID: 25999851 PMCID: PMC4419716 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease has been associated with the selective loss of neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Increasing evidence suggests that oxidative stress plays a major role. The resulting increase in reactive oxygen species triggers a sequence of events that leads to cell damage, activation of microglia cells and neuroinflammatory responses. Our objective was to study whether chronic exposure to low doses of ozone, which produces oxidative stress itself, induces progressive cell death in conjunction with glial alterations in the substantia nigra. Animals were exposed to an ozone-free air stream (control) or to low doses of ozone for 7, 15, 30, 60, or 90 days. Each group underwent (1) spectrophotometric analysis for protein oxidation; (2) western blot testing for microglia reactivity and nuclear factor kappa B expression levels; and (3) immunohistochemistry for cytochrome c, GFAP, Iba-1, NFkB, and COX-2. Our results indicate that ozone induces an increase in protein oxidation levels, changes in activated astrocytes and microglia, and cell death. NFkB and cytochrome c showed an increase until 30 days of exposure, while cyclooxygenase 2 in the substantia nigra increased from 7 days up to 90 days of repetitive ozone exposure. These results suggest that oxidative stress caused by ozone exposure induces changes in inflammatory responses and progressive cell death in the substantia nigra in rats, which could also be occurring in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selva Rivas-Arancibia
- Laboratorio de estrés Oxidativo y Plasticidad Cerebral, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México México, México
| | - Luis Fernando Hernández Zimbrón
- Laboratorio de estrés Oxidativo y Plasticidad Cerebral, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México México, México
| | - Erika Rodríguez-Martínez
- Laboratorio de estrés Oxidativo y Plasticidad Cerebral, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México México, México
| | - Perla D Maldonado
- Laboratorio de Patología Vascular Cerebral, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Manuel Velasco Suárez México, México
| | - Gabino Borgonio Pérez
- Laboratorio de estrés Oxidativo y Plasticidad Cerebral, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México México, México
| | - María Sepúlveda-Parada
- Laboratorio de estrés Oxidativo y Plasticidad Cerebral, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México México, México
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208
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Chen H, Wang M, Jiao A, Tang G, Zhu W, Zou P, Li T, Cui G, Gong P. Amyloid-β immunization enhances neurogenesis and cognitive ability in neonatal mice. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015; 8:5340-5350. [PMID: 26131110 PMCID: PMC4483988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Whether Aβ actually has a physiological as well as a pathological role is not known. In order to investigate the effect of endogenous Aβ, wild type C57BL/6 mice were immunized with human or mouse derived Aβ1-42. The anti-Aβ antibody concentrations were increased in both treated groups. Compared to the human Aβ1-42 treated group, level of serum Aβ significantly decreased in mouse Aβ1-42 treated group. Western blot results revealed that these two derived Aβ1-42 had no cross-reaction. The new dentate granule survival cells increased in Aβ1-42 immunization groups, indicated by more BrdU+/NeuN+ and BrdU+/DCX+ cells as compared to PBS-treated group, accompanied by behavioral performance improving in a hippocampus-dependent learning task. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that BrdU+/Iba1+ cells also increased, however new born astrocytes (BrdU+/GFAP+) were unaffected in all treated mice. Interestingly, according the results of ELISA analysis both vaccines up-regulated IL-4 and IFN-γ levels in the brains and sera, but the TNF-α level did not changed. Of note, human Aβ1-42 immunization in neonatal mice enhanced neurogenesis and cognitive ability, might via Aβ immune response rather than cleaning endogenous Aβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongguang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital20 Yuhuangding East Road, Yantai 264000, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Neurology, Yantaishan HospitalYantai 264000, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Aihong Jiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital20 Yuhuangding East Road, Yantai 264000, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Guotai Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital20 Yuhuangding East Road, Yantai 264000, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital20 Yuhuangding East Road, Yantai 264000, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Peng Zou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital20 Yuhuangding East Road, Yantai 264000, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Tuo Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital20 Yuhuangding East Road, Yantai 264000, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Guangqiang Cui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital20 Yuhuangding East Road, Yantai 264000, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Peiyou Gong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital20 Yuhuangding East Road, Yantai 264000, Shandong Province, PR China
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209
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Mori Y, Tomonaga D, Kalashnikova A, Furuya F, Akimoto N, Ifuku M, Okuno Y, Beppu K, Fujita K, Katafuchi T, Shimura H, Churilov LP, Noda M. Effects of 3,3',5-triiodothyronine on microglial functions. Glia 2015; 63:906-20. [PMID: 25643925 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
L-tri-iodothyronine (3, 3', 5-triiodothyronine; T3) is an active form of the thyroid hormone (TH) essential for the development and function of the CNS. Though nongenomic effect of TH, its plasma membrane-bound receptor, and its signaling has been identified, precise function in each cell type of the CNS remained to be investigated. Clearance of cell debris and apoptotic cells by microglia phagocytosis is a critical step for the restoration of damaged neuron-glia networks. Here we report nongenomic effects of T3 on microglial functions. Exposure to T3 increased migration, membrane ruffling and phagocytosis of primary cultured mouse microglia. Injection of T3 together with stab wound attracted more microglia to the lesion site in vivo. Blocking TH transporters and receptors (TRs) or TRα-knock-out (KO) suppressed T3-induced microglial migration and morphological change. The T3-induced microglial migration or membrane ruffling was attenuated by inhibiting Gi /o -protein as well as NO synthase, and subsequent signaling such as phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). Inhibitors for Na(+) /K(+) -ATPase, reverse mode of Na(+) /Ca(2+) exchanger (NCX), and small-conductance Ca(2+) -dependent K(+) (SK) channel also attenuated microglial migration or phagocytosis. Interestingly, T3-induced microglial migration, but not phagocytosis, was dependent on GABAA and GABAB receptors, though GABA itself did not affect migratory aptitude. Our results demonstrate that T3 modulates multiple functional responses of microglia via multiple complex mechanisms, which may contribute to physiological and/or pathophysiological functions of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Mori
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
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210
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Eufemi M, Cocchiola R, Romaniello D, Correani V, Di Francesco L, Fabrizi C, Maras B, Schininà ME. Acetylation and phosphorylation of STAT3 are involved in the responsiveness of microglia to beta amyloid. Neurochem Int 2015; 81:48-56. [PMID: 25633229 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are macrophages within the central nervous system playing a central role in neurodegenerative disorders. Although the initial engagement of microglia seems to be neuroprotective, many lines of evidence indicate that its persistent activation contributes to dismantle neuronal activity and to induce neuronal loss. The molecular pathways that lead from amyloid interaction with membrane receptors to the microglial activation have been extensively investigated, although a definitive picture is not yet at hand. In this work, primary and immortalized microglial cells were treated with a synthetic form of Aβ peptides, and relative abundance of acetylated and phosphorylated STAT3 were assayed. Results highlight, for the first time, three distinctive sequential events: i) an earlier event marked by the increase in the level of STAT3 acetylated species, followed by ii) a later increase in the level of STAT3 phosphorylated form, and finally iii) an involvement of phosphorylated STAT3 in the increase in expression of the 14-3-3 epsilon, a protein frequently associated with neurodegenerative diseases and known to be a marker of Aβ-activated microglia. These data outline a complex, time-dependent modification of STAT3 signalling triggered by amyloid in the microglial compartments, that once confirmed by in vivo experiments will broaden the knowledge of the molecular basis of amyloid neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Eufemi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche, Sapienza, University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro, 5 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Rossana Cocchiola
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche, Sapienza, University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro, 5 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Donatella Romaniello
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche, Sapienza, University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro, 5 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Virginia Correani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche, Sapienza, University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro, 5 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Di Francesco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche, Sapienza, University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro, 5 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Fabrizi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Anatomiche, Istologiche, Medico-Legali e dell'Apparato Locomotore, Sapienza, University of Rome, Via Borelli, 50 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Bruno Maras
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche, Sapienza, University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro, 5 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - M Eugenia Schininà
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche, Sapienza, University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro, 5 00185 Rome, Italy.
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211
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Cortes-Canteli M, Mattei L, Richards AT, Norris EH, Strickland S. Fibrin deposited in the Alzheimer's disease brain promotes neuronal degeneration. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 36:608-17. [PMID: 25475538 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia and has no effective treatment. Besides the well-known pathologic characteristics, this disease also has a vascular component, and substantial evidence shows increased thrombosis as well as a critical role for fibrin(ogen) in AD. This molecule has been implicated in neuroinflammation, neurovascular damage, blood-brain barrier permeability, vascular amyloid deposition, and memory deficits that are observed in AD. Here, we present evidence demonstrating that fibrin deposition increases in the AD brain and correlates with the degree of pathology. Moreover, we show that fibrin(ogen) is present in areas of dystrophic neurites and that a modest decrease in fibrinogen levels improves neuronal health and ameliorates amyloid pathology in the subiculum of AD mice. Our results further characterize the important role of fibrin(ogen) in this disease and support the design of therapeutic strategies aimed at blocking the interaction between fibrinogen and amyloid-β (Aβ) and/or normalizing the increased thrombosis present in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Cortes-Canteli
- Patricia and John Rosenwald, Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Larissa Mattei
- Patricia and John Rosenwald, Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Allison T Richards
- Patricia and John Rosenwald, Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Erin H Norris
- Patricia and John Rosenwald, Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sidney Strickland
- Patricia and John Rosenwald, Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
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212
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Gupta A, Lacoste B, Pistell PJ, Pistel PJ, Ingram DK, Hamel E, Alaoui-Jamali MA, Szarek WA, Vlahakis JZ, Jie S, Song W, Schipper HM. Neurotherapeutic effects of novel HO-1 inhibitors in vitro and in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 2014; 131:778-90. [PMID: 25111043 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) encoded by the HMOX1 gene is a 32-kDa stress protein that catabolizes heme to biliverdin, free iron, and carbon monoxide (CO). Glial HO-1 is over-expressed in the CNS of subjects with Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and multiple sclerosis (MS). The HMOX1 gene is exquisitely sensitive to oxidative stress and is induced in brain and other tissues in various models of disease and trauma. Induction of the glial HMOX1 gene may lead to pathological brain iron deposition, intracellular oxidative damage, and bioenergetic failure in AD and other human CNS disorders such as PD and MS. Therefore, targeted suppression of glial HO-1 hyperactivity may prove to be a rational and effective therapeutic intervention in AD and related neurodegenerative disorders. In this study, we report the effects of QC-47, QC-56, and OB-28, novel azole-based competitive and reversible inhibitors of HO-1, on oxidative damage to whole-cell and mitochondrial compartments in rat astrocytes transfected with the HMOX1 gene. We also report the effect of OB-28 on the behavior and neuropathology of APP(swe)/PS1(∆E9) mice. OB-28 was found to reduce oxidative damage to whole-cell and mitochondrial compartments in rat astrocytes transfected with the HMOX1 gene. Moreover, OB-28 was found to significantly counter behavioral deficits and neuropathological alterations in APP(swe)/PS1(∆E9) mice. Attenuation of AD-associated behavioral deficits and neuropathological changes suggests that HO-1 may be a promising target for neuroprotective intervention in AD and other neurodegenerative diseases. We propose that the targeted suppression of glial heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) hyperactivity may prove to be a rational and effective therapeutic intervention in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related neurodegenerative disorders. We report attenuation by a selective HO-1 inhibitor of oxidative damage to whole-cell and mitochondrial compartments in astrocytes in vitro and amelioration of behavioral anomalies in a transgenic mouse model of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Gupta
- Osta Biotechnologies, Inc., Dollard-des-Ormeaux, Quebec, Canada; Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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213
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Black SAG, Stys PK, Zamponi GW, Tsutsui S. Cellular prion protein and NMDA receptor modulation: protecting against excitotoxicity. Front Cell Dev Biol 2014; 2:45. [PMID: 25364752 PMCID: PMC4207032 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2014.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Although it is well established that misfolding of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) into the β-sheet-rich, aggregated scrapie conformation (PrPSc) causes a variety of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), the physiological roles of PrPC are still incompletely understood. There is accumulating evidence describing the roles of PrPC in neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation. Recently, we identified a functional regulation of NMDA receptors by PrPC that involves formation of a physical protein complex between these proteins. Excessive NMDA receptor activity during conditions such as ischemia mediates enhanced Ca2+ entry into cells and contributes to excitotoxic neuronal death. In addition, NMDA receptors and/or PrPC play critical roles in neuroinflammation and glial cell toxicity. Inhibition of NMDA receptor activity protects against PrPSc-induced neuronal death. Moreover, in mice lacking PrPC, infarct size is increased after focal cerebral ischemia, and absence of PrPC increases susceptibility of neurons to NMDA receptor-dependent death. Recently, PrPC was found to be a receptor for oligomeric beta-amyloid (Aβ) peptides, suggesting a role for PrPC in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Our recent findings suggest that Aβ peptides enhance NMDA receptor current by perturbing the normal copper- and PrPC-dependent regulation of these receptors. Here, we review evidence highlighting a role for PrPC in preventing NMDA receptor-mediated excitotoxicity and inflammation. There is a need for more detailed molecular characterization of PrPC-mediated regulation of NMDA receptors, such as determining which NMDA receptor subunits mediate pathogenic effects upon loss of PrPC-mediated regulation and identifying PrPC binding site(s) on the receptor. This knowledge will allow development of novel therapeutic interventions for not only TSEs, but also for AD and other neurodegenerative disorders involving dysfunction of PrPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie A G Black
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary Calgary, AB, Canada ; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Peter K Stys
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary Calgary, AB, Canada ; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Gerald W Zamponi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary Calgary, AB, Canada ; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Shigeki Tsutsui
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary Calgary, AB, Canada ; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary Calgary, AB, Canada
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214
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Rembach A, Watt AD, Wilson WJ, Rainey-Smith S, Ellis KA, Rowe CC, Villemagne VL, Macaulay SL, Bush AI, Martins RN, Ames D, Masters CL, Doecke JD. An increased neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio in Alzheimer's disease is a function of age and is weakly correlated with neocortical amyloid accumulation. J Neuroimmunol 2014; 273:65-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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215
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Barker RA, Cicchetti F. Neurodegenerative disorders: the Glia way forward. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:157. [PMID: 25076908 PMCID: PMC4097031 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Roger A Barker
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK
| | - Francesca Cicchetti
- Axe Neurosciences, Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval Québec, QC, Canada
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216
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Mach RH. New targets for the development of PET tracers for imaging neurodegeneration in Alzheimer disease. J Nucl Med 2014; 55:1221-4. [PMID: 25034093 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.114.127811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of molecular imaging has experienced significant advances in the area of Alzheimer disease (AD), the most significant being the development of PET radiotracers for imaging β-amyloid burden in the brain of individuals at risk for or in the early stages of AD. More recent advances include the development of PET radiotracers for imaging aggregates of hyperphosphorylated tau protein in neurofibrillary tangles, a process that occurs late in the disease process. This article highlights advances in the neurobiology of AD and describes how PET can be used to study the mechanisms of neurodegeneration in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Mach
- Department of Radiology/Nuclear Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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217
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Genistein antagonizes inflammatory damage induced by β-amyloid peptide in microglia through TLR4 and NF-κB. Nutrition 2014; 30:90-5. [PMID: 24290604 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Microglia activation and neuroinflammation have been associated with the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and nuclear factor (NF)-κB-mediated signal pathways exert key modulating roles in the inflammatory processes. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether genistein (Gen) has a neuroprotective effect against inflammatory damage induced by β-amyloid peptide25-35 (Aβ25-35) through the TLR4 and NF-κB-mediated signal pathways. METHODS BV-2 microglia cells were preincubated with Gen for 2 h and then treated with 25 μM Aβ25-35 for another 24 h. The expression of inflammatory mediators, TLR4 and NF-κB and the activity of NF-κB were measured. RESULTS The results showed that Gen could attenuate the cytotoxicity and inflammatory damage induced by Aβ25-35. Gen also significantly reversed Aβ25-35-induced up-regulation of TLR4 and NF-κB expression and the DNA binding and transcriptional activities of NF-κB. CONCLUSION These results indicated that Gen could alleviate the inflammation caused by Aβ25-35 treatment, which might be associated with the regulation of the TLR4/NF-κB signal pathway.
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218
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Tracking neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease: the role of positron emission tomography imaging. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:120. [PMID: 25005532 PMCID: PMC4099095 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-11-120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has been reconceptualized as a dynamic pathophysiological process, where the accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) is thought to trigger a cascade of neurodegenerative events resulting in cognitive impairment and, eventually, dementia. In addition to Aβ pathology, various lines of research have implicated neuroinflammation as an important participant in AD pathophysiology. Currently, neuroinflammation can be measured in vivo using positron emission tomography (PET) with ligands targeting diverse biological processes such as microglial activation, reactive astrocytes and phospholipase A2 activity. In terms of therapeutic strategies, despite a strong rationale and epidemiological studies suggesting that the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may reduce the prevalence of AD, clinical trials conducted to date have proven inconclusive. In this respect, it has been hypothesized that NSAIDs may only prove protective if administered early on in the disease course, prior to the accumulation of significant AD pathology. In order to test various hypotheses pertaining to the exact role of neuroinflammation in AD, studies in asymptomatic carriers of mutations deterministic for early-onset familial AD may prove of use. In this respect, PET ligands for neuroinflammation may act as surrogate markers of disease progression, allowing for the development of more integrative models of AD, as well as for the measuring of target engagement in the context of clinical trials using NSAIDs. In this review, we address the biological basis of neuroinflammatory changes in AD, underscore therapeutic strategies using anti-inflammatory compounds, and shed light on the possibility of tracking neuroinflammation in vivo using PET imaging ligands.
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219
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Caldeira C, Oliveira AF, Cunha C, Vaz AR, Falcão AS, Fernandes A, Brites D. Microglia change from a reactive to an age-like phenotype with the time in culture. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:152. [PMID: 24917789 PMCID: PMC4040822 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related neurodegenerative diseases have been associated with chronic neuroinflammation and microglia activation. However, cumulative evidence supports that inflammation only occurs at an early stage once microglia change the endogenous characteristics with aging and switch to irresponsive/senescent and dystrophic phenotypes with disease progression. Thus, it will be important to have the means to assess the role of reactive and aged microglia when studying advanced brain neurodegeneration processes and age-associated related disorders. Yet, most studies are done with microglia from neonates since there are no adequate means to isolate degenerating microglia for experimentation. Indeed, only a few studies report microglia isolation from aged animals, using either short-term cultures or high concentrations of mitogens in the medium, which trigger microglia reactivity. The purpose of this study was to develop an experimental process to naturally age microglia after isolation from neonatal mice and to characterize the cultured cells at 2 days in vitro (DIV), 10 DIV, and 16 DIV. We found that 2 DIV (young) microglia had predominant amoeboid morphology and markers of stressed/reactive phenotype. In contrast, 16 DIV (aged) microglia evidenced ramified morphology and increased matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 activation, as well as reduced MMP-9, glutamate release and nuclear factor kappa-B activation, in parallel with decreased expression of Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2 and TLR-4, capacity to migrate and phagocytose. These findings together with the reduced expression of microRNA (miR)-124, and miR-155, decreased autophagy, enhanced senescence associated beta-galactosidase activity and elevated miR-146a expression, are suggestive that 16 DIV cells mainly correspond to irresponsive/senescent microglia. Data indicate that the model represent an opportunity to understand and control microglial aging, as well as to explore strategies to recover microglia surveillance function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Caldeira
- Research Institute for Medicines - iMed.ULisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa, Portugal ; Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz, Egas Moniz - Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, CRL, Campus Universitário Monte de Caparica, Portugal
| | - Ana F Oliveira
- Research Institute for Medicines - iMed.ULisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Carolina Cunha
- Research Institute for Medicines - iMed.ULisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana R Vaz
- Research Institute for Medicines - iMed.ULisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa, Portugal ; Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana S Falcão
- Research Institute for Medicines - iMed.ULisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa, Portugal ; Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Adelaide Fernandes
- Research Institute for Medicines - iMed.ULisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa, Portugal ; Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Dora Brites
- Research Institute for Medicines - iMed.ULisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa, Portugal ; Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa, Portugal
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220
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Lynch MA. The impact of neuroimmune changes on development of amyloid pathology; relevance to Alzheimer's disease. Immunology 2014; 141:292-301. [PMID: 23876085 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammatory changes are a characteristic of several, if not all, neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease and are typified by increased microglial activation. Microglia express several receptors making them highly reactive and plastic cells, and, at least in vitro, they adopt different phenotypes in a manner analogous to their peripheral counterparts, macrophages. Microglia also express numerous cell surface proteins enabling them to interact with cells and the evidence indicates that maintenance of microglia in a quiescent state relies, at least to some extent, on an interaction with neurons by means of specific ligand-receptor pairs, for example CD200-CD200R. It is clear that microglia also interact with T cells and recent evidence indicates that co-incubation of microglia with T helper type 1 cells markedly increases their activation. Under normal conditions, small numbers of activated T cells gain entry to the brain and are involved in immune surveillance but infiltration of significant numbers of T cells occurs in disease and following injury. The consequences of T cell infiltration appear to depend on the conditions, with descriptions of both neurodestructive and neuroprotective effects in animal models of different diseases. This review will discuss the modulatory effect of T cells on microglia and the impact of infiltration of T cells into the brain with a focus on Alzheimer's disease, and will propose that infiltration of interferon-γ-producing cells may be an important factor in triggering inflammation that is pathogenic and destructive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina A Lynch
- Trinity College Institute for Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
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221
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Mosher KI, Wyss-Coray T. Microglial dysfunction in brain aging and Alzheimer's disease. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 88:594-604. [PMID: 24445162 PMCID: PMC3972294 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 415] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Microglia, the immune cells of the central nervous system, have long been a subject of study in the Alzheimer's disease (AD) field due to their dramatic responses to the pathophysiology of the disease. With several large-scale genetic studies in the past year implicating microglial molecules in AD, the potential significance of these cells has become more prominent than ever before. As a disease that is tightly linked to aging, it is perhaps not entirely surprising that microglia of the AD brain share some phenotypes with aging microglia. Yet the relative impacts of both conditions on microglia are less frequently considered in concert. Furthermore, microglial "activation" and "neuroinflammation" are commonly analyzed in studies of neurodegeneration but are somewhat ill-defined concepts that in fact encompass multiple cellular processes. In this review, we have enumerated six distinct functions of microglia and discuss the specific effects of both aging and AD. By calling attention to the commonalities of these two states, we hope to inspire new approaches for dissecting microglial mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira Irving Mosher
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA; Neuroscience IDP Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Tony Wyss-Coray
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA; Center for Tissue Regeneration, Repair and Restoration, Veterans Administration Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA.
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222
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Guo Y, Shi S, Tang M, Liang D, Xu W, Wang L, Wang Z, Qiao Z. The suppressive effects of gx-50 on Aβ-induced chemotactic migration of microglia. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 19:283-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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223
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Birch AM, Katsouri L, Sastre M. Modulation of inflammation in transgenic models of Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:25. [PMID: 24490742 PMCID: PMC3922595 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-11-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade the process of inflammation has been a focus of increasing interest in the Alzheimer’s disease (AD) field, not only for its potential role in neuronal degeneration but also as a promising therapeutic target. However, recent research in this field has provided divergent outcomes, largely due to the use of different models and different stages of the disease when the investigations have been carried out. It is now accepted that microglia, and possibly astrocytes, change their activation phenotype during ageing and the stage of the disease, and therefore these are important factors to have in mind to define the function of different inflammatory components as well as potential therapies. Modulating inflammation using animal models of AD has offered the possibility to investigate inflammatory components individually and manipulate inflammatory genes in amyloid precursor protein and tau transgenics independently. This has also offered some hints on the mechanisms by which these factors may affect AD pathology. In this review we examine the different transgenic approaches and treatments that have been reported to modulate inflammation using animal models of AD. These studies have provided evidence that enhancing inflammation is linked with increases in amyloid-beta (Aβ) generation, Aβ aggregation and tau phosphorylation. However, the alterations on tau phosphorylation can be independent of changes in Aβ levels by these inflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Magdalena Sastre
- Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK.
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224
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Bie B, Wu J, Yang H, Xu JJ, Brown DL, Naguib M. Epigenetic suppression of neuroligin 1 underlies amyloid-induced memory deficiency. Nat Neurosci 2014; 17:223-31. [PMID: 24441681 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid-induced microglial activation and neuroinflammation impair central synapses and memory function, although the mechanism remains unclear. Neuroligin 1 (NLGN1), a postsynaptic protein found in central excitatory synapses, governs excitatory synaptic efficacy and plasticity in the brain. Here we found, in rodents, that amyloid fibril-induced neuroinflammation enhanced the interaction between histone deacetylase 2 and methyl-CpG-binding protein 2, leading to suppressed histone H3 acetylation and enhanced cytosine methylation in the Nlgn1 promoter region and decreased NLGN1 expression, underlying amyloid-induced memory deficiency. Manipulation of microglia-associated neuroinflammation modulated the epigenetic modification of the Nlgn1 promoter, hippocampal glutamatergic transmission and memory function. These findings link neuroinflammation, synaptic efficacy and memory, thus providing insight into the pathogenesis of amyloid-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bihua Bie
- 1] Department of General Anesthesiology, Anesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA. [2]
| | - Jiang Wu
- 1] Department of General Anesthesiology, Anesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA. [2]
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of General Anesthesiology, Anesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Jijun J Xu
- Department of General Anesthesiology, Anesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - David L Brown
- Department of General Anesthesiology, Anesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Mohamed Naguib
- Department of General Anesthesiology, Anesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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225
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Mate I, Cruces J, Vida C, Sanfeliu C, Manassra R, Giménez-Llort L, De la Fuente M. [Premature immunosenescence in triple-transgenic mice for Alzheimer's disease]. Rev Esp Geriatr Gerontol 2013; 49:15-9. [PMID: 24315805 DOI: 10.1016/j.regg.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A deterioration of the neuroimmunoendocrine network has been observed in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the peripheral immune response has hardly been investigated in this pathology. Since some immune function parameters have been established as good markers of the rate of ageing, and can predict longevity, the aim of the present work was to study some of these functions in splenic leucocytes in transgenic mice for AD of different ages. MATERIAL AND METHODS Young female (4 ± 1 months), adult (9 ± 1 months), and mature (12 ± 1 months) triple-transgenic mice for AD (3 xTgAD) and non-transgenic (NTg) control mice of the same ages were used. The chemotaxis, the anti-tumour activity of « natural killer » (NK) cells and the lymphoproliferative response in the presence of the mitogens concanavalin A and lipopolysaccharide, functions that decrease with age, were determined in splenic leucocytes. In addition, the differences in lifespan between 3 xTgAD and NTg were studied in parallel using other animals, until their death through natural causes. RESULTS In 3 xTgAD, with respect to NTg, chemotaxis decreased at all ages studied, whereas in lymphoproliferative response this reduction was shown at 4 months and 9 months. NK activity was diminished only in young 3 xTgAD with respect to NTg. The 3 xTgAD showed a shorter lifespan than the NTg control group. CONCLUSIONS The 3 xTgAD mice show a premature immunosenescence, which could explain their early mortality. The determination of these immune functions at peripheral level could serve as a marker of the progression of the Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ianire Mate
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, España
| | - Julia Cruces
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, España
| | - Carmen Vida
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, España
| | - Coral Sanfeliu
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Barcelona, España
| | - Rashed Manassra
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, España
| | - Lydia Giménez-Llort
- Instituto de Neurociencia, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, España
| | - Mónica De la Fuente
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, España.
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226
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Abstract
Synaptic plasticity critically depends on reciprocal interactions between neurons and glia. Among glial cells, microglia represent approximately 10% of the total brain cell population serve as the brain’s resident macrophage, and help to modulate neural activity. Because of their special role in the brain’s immune response, microglia are involved in the pathological progression of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, microglia also are surveyors of the brain’s health and continuously contact dendritic spines to regulate structural synaptic changes. This review summarizes our current understanding of neuronal-microglial signals that affect neural function at the synapse. Here, we examine the role of microglia in neuronal synapses in pathological brains and specifically focus on in vivo studies using 2-photon microscopy. Furthermore, because the role of microglia in AD progression is controversial, we outline the interaction between neurons and microglia in pathological conditions such as AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Ho Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Min Son
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Inhee Mook-Jung
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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227
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Huang C, Wang Y, Wang J, Yao W, Chen X, Zhang W. TSG (2,3,4' ,5-tetrahydroxystilbene 2-O-β-D-glucoside) suppresses induction of pro-inflammatory factors by attenuating the binding activity of nuclear factor-κB in microglia. J Neuroinflammation 2013; 10:129. [PMID: 24144353 PMCID: PMC3854509 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-10-129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Induction of pro-inflammatory factors is one of the characteristics of microglia activation and can be regulated by numerous active components of Chinese traditional herbs. Suppression of pro-inflammatory factors is beneficial to alleviate microglia-mediated cell injury. The present study aims to investigate the effect and possible mechanism of 2,3,4',5-tetrahydroxystilbene 2-O-β-D-glucoside (TSG) on LPS-mediated induction of pro-inflammatory factors in microglia. METHODS Western blot, ELISA, and Hoechst 33258 were used to measure the protein expression, TNF-α/IL-6 content, and apoptotic nuclei, respectively. The mRNA level was measured by real time-PCR. Nitric oxide (NO) content, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) content, and NF-κB binding activity were assayed by commercial kits. RESULTS TSG reduced iNOS protein expression as well as TNF-α, IL-6, and NO content in LPS-stimulated BV-2 cells. TSG attenuated the increase in apoptotic nuclei, caspase-3 cleavage, and LDH content induced by BV-2 cell-derived conditioned medium in primary hippocampal neurons. Mechanistic studies showed that TSG reduced the mRNA level of iNOS, TNF-α, and IL-6. TSG failed to suppress IκB-α degradation, NF-κB phosphorylation and nuclear translocation, and ERK1/2, JNK, and p38 phosphorylation. TSG, however, markedly reduced the binding of NF-κB to its DNA element. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays confirmed that TSG reduced NF-κB binding to the iNOS promoter. These findings were ascertained in primary microglia where the LPS-induced increase in iNOS expression, NO content, apoptotic nuclei, and NF-κB binding to its DNA element were diminished by TSG. CONCLUSIONS These studies demonstrate that TSG attenuates LPS-mediated induction of pro-inflammatory factors in microglia through reducing the binding activity of NF-κB. This might help us to further understand the pharmacological role of TSG in inflammatory response in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China.
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228
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Rodrigues MCO, Sanberg PR, Cruz LE, Garbuzova-Davis S. The innate and adaptive immunological aspects in neurodegenerative diseases. J Neuroimmunol 2013; 269:1-8. [PMID: 24161471 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2013.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 08/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases affect a considerable percentage of the elderly population. New therapeutic approaches are warranted, aiming to at least delay and possibly reverse disease progression. Strategies to elaborate such approaches require knowledge of specific immune system involvement in disease pathogenesis. In this review, innate and adaptive immunological aspects of neurodegenerative disorders, in particular Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), are discussed. Initiating disease factors, as well as common mechanistic pathways, are detailed and potential immunological therapeutic targets are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C O Rodrigues
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paul R Sanberg
- Center of Excellence for Aging & Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, United States; Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, United States; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, United States; Department of Psychiatry, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, United States
| | - Luis Eduardo Cruz
- Cryopraxis, Cell Praxis, BioRio, Polo de Biotechnologia do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Svitlana Garbuzova-Davis
- Center of Excellence for Aging & Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, United States; Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, United States; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, United States; Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, United States.
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Regulation of prostaglandin F2α against β amyloid clearance and its inflammation induction through LXR/RXR heterodimer antagonism in microglia. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2013; 106:45-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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230
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Cai Z, Hussain MD, Yan LJ. Microglia, neuroinflammation, and beta-amyloid protein in Alzheimer's disease. Int J Neurosci 2013; 124:307-21. [DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2013.833510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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231
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Behensky AA, Yasny IE, Shuster AM, Seredenin SB, Petrov AV, Cuevas J. Stimulation of sigma receptors with afobazole blocks activation of microglia and reduces toxicity caused by amyloid-β25-35. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2013; 347:458-67. [PMID: 24006337 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.113.208348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease and the leading cause of senile dementia in the United States. Accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) and the effects of this peptide on microglial cells contribute greatly to the etiology of AD. Experiments were carried out to determine whether the pan-selective σ-receptor agonist afobazole can modulate microglial response to the cytotoxic Aβ fragment, Aβ25-35. Treatment with afobazole decreased microglial activation in response to Aβ, as indicated by reduced membrane ruffling and cell migration. The effects of afobazole on Aβ25-35-evoked migration were concentration dependent and consistent with σ-receptor activation. When afobazole was coapplied with either BD-1047 [N-[2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]-N-methyl-2-(dimethylamino)ethylamine dihydrobromide] or rimcazole, which are σ-1- and σ-2-selective antagonists, respectively, the inhibition of Aβ25-35-induced migration by afobazole was reduced. Prolonged exposure of microglia to Aβ25-35 resulted in glial cell death that was associated with increased expression of the proapoptotic protein Bax and the death protease caspase-3. Coapplication of afobazole with Aβ25-35 decreased the number of cells expressing both Bax and caspase-3 and resulted in a concomitant enhancement in cell survival. Although afobazole inhibited activation of microglia cells by Aβ25-35, it preserved normal functional responses in these cells after exposure to the amyloid peptide. Intracellular calcium increases induced by ATP were depressed in microglia after 24-hour exposure to Aβ25-35. However, coincubation in afobazole returned these responses to near control levels. Therefore, stimulation of σ-1 and σ-2 receptors by afobazole prevents Aβ25-35 activation of microglia and inhibits Aβ25-35-associated cytotoxicity, suggesting that afobazole may be useful for AD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam A Behensky
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida (A.A.B., J.C.); IBC Generium, Volginsky, Russian Federation (I.E.Y., A.M.S., S.B.S.); and Zakusov Institute of Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation (S.B.S.)
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232
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Cortes-Canteli M, Zamolodchikov D, Ahn HJ, Strickland S, Norris EH. Fibrinogen and altered hemostasis in Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2013; 32:599-608. [PMID: 22869464 DOI: 10.3233/jad-2012-120820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques, tau tangles, brain atrophy, and vascular pathology. Vascular defects include cerebrovascular dysfunction, decreased cerebral blood flow, and blood brain barrier (BBB) disruption, among others. Here, we review the evidence that links Aβ with the vascular pathology present in AD, with a specific focus on the hemostatic system and the clotting protein fibrinogen. Fibrinogen is normally found circulating in blood, but in AD it deposits with Aβ in the brain parenchyma and cerebral blood vessels. We found that Aβ and fibrin(ogen) interact, and their binding leads to increased fibrinogen aggregation, Aβ fibrillization, and the formation of degradation-resistant fibrin clots. Decreasing fibrinogen levels not only lessens cerebral amyloid angiopathy and BBB permeability, but it also reduces microglial activation and improves cognitive performance in AD mouse models. Moreover, a prothrombotic state in AD is evidenced by increased clot formation, decreased fibrinolysis, and elevated levels of coagulation factors and activated platelets. Abnormal deposition and persistence of fibrin(ogen) in AD may result from Aβ-fibrin(ogen) binding and altered hemostasis and could thus contribute to Aβ deposition, decreased cerebral blood flow, exacerbated neuroinflammation, and eventual neurodegeneration. Blocking the interaction between fibrin(ogen) and Aβ may be a promising therapeutic target for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Cortes-Canteli
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
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233
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Wu J, Bie B, Yang H, Xu JJ, Brown DL, Naguib M. Suppression of central chemokine fractalkine receptor signaling alleviates amyloid-induced memory deficiency. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 34:2843-52. [PMID: 23855980 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 05/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The abnormal accumulation of amyloid fibrils in the brain is pathognomonic of Alzheimer's disease. Amyloid fibrils induce significant neuroinflammation characterized by the activation of microglia and impairment of synaptic plasticity in the brain that eventually leads to cognitive decline. Chemokine fractalkine receptor (CX3CR1) is primarily located in the microglia in the brain and its role in the amyloid fibril-induced neuroinflammation and memory deficiency remains debated. We found that bilateral microinjection of amyloid beta (Aβ)1-40 fibrils into the hippocampal CA1 area of rats resulted in significant upregulation of CX3CR1 messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression (via increasing histone H3 acetylation in the Cx3cr1 promoter region), synaptic dysfunction, and cognitive impairment, compared with the control group. Suppressing CX3CR1 signaling with CX3CR1 small interfering RNA in rats injected with Aβ1-40 fibrils blunted Aβ1-40-induced CX3CR1 upregulation, microglial activation, interleukin-1β expression, restored basal glutamatergic strength and electric stimuli-induced long-term potentiation, and cognitive capacities. These findings suggest that activation of CX3CR1 plays an important role in the neuroinflammatory response and Aβ-induced neuroinflammation and neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Wu
- Anesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA; College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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234
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Jiang B, Wang WJ, Li MP, Huang XJ, Huang F, Gao H, Sun PH, He MF, Jiang ZJ, Zhang XQ, Ye WC. New eudesmane sesquiterpenes from Alpinia oxyphylla and determination of their inhibitory effects on microglia. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:3879-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.04.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2012] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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235
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review the rationale behind and the use of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Established as well as new candidate biomarkers will be covered. RECENT FINDINGS AD is a complex disorder and the AD brain is characterized by multiple pathological processes, in addition to well-described plaque and tangle diseases. Recent studies have tried to address this by evaluating biomarkers related to features such as neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, microglial activation and synaptic degeneration, with some positive results. SUMMARY The CSF biomarkers total tau, phosphorylated-tau and the 42 amino acid isoform of amyloid beta reflect core elements of AD, that is, axonal degeneration, tangle disease and senile plaques, have been thoroughly tested and provide high diagnostic accuracy in the discrimination of patients with AD as compared with cognitively normal controls. They are also highly predictive of AD with dementia in patients with mild cognitive impairment, and have been included in new diagnostic criteria. New biomarkers may add to their diagnostic performance. Other potential fields of use include the monitoring of disease progression or pharmacodynamic drug effects. A common denominator for the candidate biomarkers is the need for validation in further studies to clarify their potential.
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236
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Wright AL, Zinn R, Hohensinn B, Konen LM, Beynon SB, Tan RP, Clark IA, Abdipranoto A, Vissel B. Neuroinflammation and neuronal loss precede Aβ plaque deposition in the hAPP-J20 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59586. [PMID: 23560052 PMCID: PMC3613362 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent human trials of treatments for Alzheimer's disease (AD) have been largely unsuccessful, raising the idea that treatment may need to be started earlier in the disease, well before cognitive symptoms appear. An early marker of AD pathology is therefore needed and it is debated as to whether amyloid-βAβ? plaque load may serve this purpose. We investigated this in the hAPP-J20 AD mouse model by studying disease pathology at 6, 12, 24 and 36 weeks. Using robust stereological methods, we found there is no neuron loss in the hippocampal CA3 region at any age. However loss of neurons from the hippocampal CA1 region begins as early as 12 weeks of age. The extent of neuron loss increases with age, correlating with the number of activated microglia. Gliosis was also present, but plateaued during aging. Increased hyperactivity and spatial memory deficits occurred at 16 and 24 weeks. Meanwhile, the appearance of plaques and oligomeric Aβ were essentially the last pathological changes, with significant changes only observed at 36 weeks of age. This is surprising given that the hAPP-J20 AD mouse model is engineered to over-expresses Aβ. Our data raises the possibility that plaque load may not be the best marker for early AD and suggests that activated microglia could be a valuable marker to track disease progression.
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MESH Headings
- Age Factors
- Alzheimer Disease/diagnosis
- Alzheimer Disease/genetics
- Alzheimer Disease/metabolism
- Alzheimer Disease/pathology
- Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor/genetics
- Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor/metabolism
- Animals
- Biomarkers/metabolism
- CA1 Region, Hippocampal/metabolism
- CA1 Region, Hippocampal/pathology
- CA3 Region, Hippocampal/cytology
- CA3 Region, Hippocampal/metabolism
- Cell Count
- Disease Models, Animal
- Early Diagnosis
- Gene Expression
- Gliosis/diagnosis
- Gliosis/genetics
- Gliosis/metabolism
- Gliosis/pathology
- Humans
- Inflammation
- Male
- Memory Disorders/diagnosis
- Memory Disorders/genetics
- Memory Disorders/metabolism
- Memory Disorders/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Microglia/metabolism
- Microglia/pathology
- Neurons/metabolism
- Neurons/pathology
- Plaque, Amyloid/diagnosis
- Plaque, Amyloid/genetics
- Plaque, Amyloid/metabolism
- Plaque, Amyloid/pathology
- Stereotaxic Techniques
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L. Wright
- Neurodegenerative Disorders, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Neuroscience Department, Sydney, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Raphael Zinn
- Neurodegenerative Disorders, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Neuroscience Department, Sydney, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Barbara Hohensinn
- Neurodegenerative Disorders, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Neuroscience Department, Sydney, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Lyndsey M. Konen
- Neurodegenerative Disorders, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Neuroscience Department, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sarah B. Beynon
- Neurodegenerative Disorders, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Neuroscience Department, Sydney, Australia
| | - Richard P. Tan
- Neurodegenerative Disorders, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Neuroscience Department, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ian A. Clark
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Andrea Abdipranoto
- Neurodegenerative Disorders, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Neuroscience Department, Sydney, Australia
| | - Bryce Vissel
- Neurodegenerative Disorders, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Neuroscience Department, Sydney, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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237
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Xie WL, Shi Q, Zhang J, Zhang BY, Gong HS, Guo Y, Wang SB, Xu Y, Wang K, Chen C, Liu Y, Dong XP. Abnormal activation of microglia accompanied with disrupted CX3CR1/CX3CL1 pathway in the brains of the hamsters infected with scrapie agent 263K. J Mol Neurosci 2013; 51:919-32. [PMID: 23526370 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-013-0002-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Microglial cells are resident mononuclear phagocytes of the central nervous system (CNS). Active proliferation of microglia in the brain has been identified in neurodegenerative disorders, including some kinds of prion disease. However, the detailed regional distribution between microglia and PrP(Sc) deposition has not been presented, and investigation of fractalkine signaling which is involved in the regulation of activation of microglia in prion disease is not well documented. In this study, the disease phenomenon of microglial accumulation in the CNS was thoroughly analyzed using a scrapie-infected experimental model. Western blots of microglia-specific markers Iba1 and CD68, immunohistochemical and immunofluorescent assays demonstrated obviously activation of microglia in almost whole brain regions in the infected animals. Under the dynamic analysis on hallmarks of activation of microglia, a time-dependent increase of Iba1 and CD68 was detected, accompanied by accumulation of PrP(Sc) and progression of neurodegenerative symptoms. With serial brain sections and double staining of Iba1 and PrP(Sc), we observed that the microglia distributed around PrP(Sc) deposits in 263K-infected hamsters' brains, proposing PrP(Sc) phagocytosis. Flow cytometry assays with the single-cell suspensions prepared from the cortical region of the infected brains verified an activation of microglial population. ELISA assays of the cytokines in brain homogenates revealed significant upregulations of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α when infected. Evaluation of fractalkine signaling in the infected hamsters' brains showed progressively downregulation of CX3CL1 during the incubation. Prion peptide PrP106-126 also disrupted fractalkine and evoked microglial activation in rat primary neuron-glia mixed cultures. Our data here demonstrate an activated status of microglia in CNS tissues of infectious prion disease, possibly through fractalkine signaling deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu-Ling Xie
- School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, People's Republic of China
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238
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Surace MJ, Li L. Potent suppression of arginase 1 expression in murine macrophages by low dose endotoxin. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 2:117-123. [PMID: 23885329 PMCID: PMC3714206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages can respond to diverse signals and adopt multiple phenotypes. Although interleukin-4 (IL-4) is shown to potently induce the expression of arginase 1 and contribute to differentiation of macrophages to the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype, other modulators may potentiate or reduce the effect of IL-4. In this report, we focus on the combinatorial effects of IL-4 with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). ATRA has been shown to contribute to the resolution of inflammation, however it has not been linked to arginase 1 expression in macrophages. We demonstrate that although ATRA alone has no effect on the expression or activities of arginase 1, ATRA can dramatically potentiate the induction of arginase 1 by IL-4. On the other hand, high doses of LPS, such as those seen in septic shock, can induce the expression of both M1 and M2 mediators in macrophages. The effects of subclinical doses of LPS, which are prevalent in humans with adverse health conditions, on macrophage differentiation are not well studied. We demonstrate that low dose LPS can effectively suppress the expression of arginase 1 induced by IL-4 and ATRA. Mechanistically, we report that the interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 (IRAK-1) and Toll-interacting-protein (Tollip) are involved in the suppressive effect of low dose LPS. Our study reveals dynamic modulation of arginase 1 expression in macrophages by competing agonists, and bears relevance for potential intervention of chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Surace
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech Blacksburg, VA 24061-0910
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239
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Giménez-Llort L, Maté I, Manassra R, Vida C, De la Fuente M. Peripheral immune system and neuroimmune communication impairment in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012; 1262:74-84. [PMID: 22823438 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06639.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) can be understood in the context of the aging of neuroimmune communication. Although the contribution to AD of the immune cells present in the brain is accepted, the role of the peripheral immune system is less well known. The present review examines the behavior and the function and redox state of peripheral immune cells in a triple-transgenic mouse model (3×Tg-AD). These animals develop both beta-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles with a temporal- and regional-specific profile that closely mimics their development in the human AD brain. We have observed age and sex-related changes in several aspects of behavior and immune cell functions, which demonstrate premature aging. Lifestyle strategies such as physical exercise and environmental enrichment can improve these aspects. We propose that the analysis of the function and redox state of peripheral immune cells can be a useful tool for measuring the progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Giménez-Llort
- Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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240
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Zhang X, Wang B, O’Callaghan P, Hjertström E, Jia J, Gong F, Zcharia E, Nilsson LNG, Lannfelt L, Vlodavsky I, Lindahl U, Li JP. Heparanase overexpression impairs inflammatory response and macrophage-mediated clearance of amyloid-β in murine brain. Acta Neuropathol 2012; 124:465-78. [PMID: 22692572 PMCID: PMC3444710 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-012-0997-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2012] [Revised: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is typically observed in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, as well as after traumatic injury and pathogen infection. Resident immune cells, microglia and astrocytes, are activated and joined by blood-borne monocytes that traverse the blood–brain barrier and convert into activated macrophages. The activated cells express various cytokines, chemokines and proteolytic enzymes. To study the role of heparan sulfate proteoglycans in neuroinflammation, we employed a transgenic mouse overexpressing heparanase, an endoglucuronidase that specifically degrades heparan sulfate side chains. Neuroinflammation was induced by systemic challenge with lipopolysaccharide, or by localized cerebral microinjection of aggregated amyloid-β peptide, implicated in Alzheimer’s disease. Lipopolysaccharide-treated control mice showed massive activation of resident microglia as well as recruitment of monocyte-derived macrophages into the brain parenchyma. Microinjection of aggregated amyloid-β elicited a similar inflammatory response, albeit restricted to the injection site, which led to dispersion and clearance of the amyloid. In the heparanase-overexpressing mice, all aspects of immune cell recruitment and activation were significantly attenuated in both inflammation models, as was amyloid dispersion. Accordingly, an in vitro blood–brain barrier model constructed from heparanase-overexpressing cerebral vascular cells showed impaired transmigration of monocytes compared to a corresponding assembly of control cells. Our data indicate that intact heparan sulfate chains are required at multiple sites to mediate neuroinflammatory responses, and further point to heparanase as a modulator of this process, with potential implications for Alzheimer’s disease.
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241
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Barker RA, Cicchetti F. Current understanding of the glial response to disorders of the aging CNS. Front Pharmacol 2012; 3:95. [PMID: 22654755 PMCID: PMC3361074 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2012.00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this special issue of Frontiers in Pharmacology, we have asked leading experts to comment and review the evidence that inflammatory cells play a leading role in the pathological processes underlying neurodegenerative disorders. We now seek to draw these various observations together into a conclusion, with the hope that this will inform further work in this area and result in the identification of new therapeutic targets that will have a disease modifying effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger A Barker
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK
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