201
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Kavitha K, Sutha S, Prabhu M, Rajendran V, Jayakumar T. In situ synthesized novel biocompatible titania–chitosan nanocomposites with high surface area and antibacterial activity. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 93:731-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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202
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Study of glycol chitosan-carboxymethyl β-cyclodextrins as anticancer drugs carrier. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 93:679-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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203
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Li K, Liu S, Xing R, Yu H, Qin Y, Li R, Li P. High-resolution separation of homogeneous chitooligomers series from 2-mers to 7-mers by ion-exchange chromatography. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:1275-82. [PMID: 23457118 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 12/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Highly purified chitooligomers with single degree of polymerization are of significance for studying bioactivity of chitooligomers. However, there are few reports on high-resolution preparative separation of chitooligomers, especially for those oligomers with degree of polymerization higher than 4. This study developed a high-resolution chromatography for the preparative separation of a pure fully deacetylated chitooligomer series. A glucosamine oligomer mixture with low degree of polymerization was prepared by acid hydrolysis of a highly deacetylated chitosan. Then, six fractions were separated from the prepared oligomer mixture by ion-exchange chromatography and analyzed by HPLC and ESI/MS, which primarily contained glucosamine dimers, trimers, tetramers, pentamers, hexamers, and heptamers, respectively, with chromatographic purities over 98% for dimers to hexamers and a purity of 93% for heptamers. The yields of a single round of separation were 75, 60, 60, 55, 35, and 20 mg for glucosamine dimers, trimers, tetramers, pentamers, hexamers, and heptamers, respectively. Furthermore, a chromatographic separation model for GlcN homomers was established. The capacity factor (k) of glucosamine oligomers and their degrees of polymerization (DPs) exhibited a good correlation, lnk = 0.786 + 0.846 lnDP, (R(2) = 0.997). Based on this equation, glucosamine octamers are expected to be separated by this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kecheng Li
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
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204
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Silver sulfadiazine loaded chitosan/chondroitin sulfate films for a potential wound dressing application. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2013; 33:588-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2012.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2012] [Revised: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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205
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Sarkar K, Debnath M, Kundu P. Preparation of low toxic fluorescent chitosan-graft-polyethyleneimine copolymer for gene carrier. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 92:2048-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.11.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2012] [Revised: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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206
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Tiwari AD, Mishra AK, Mishra SB, Kuvarega AT, Mamba BB. Stabilisation of silver and copper nanoparticles in a chemically modified chitosan matrix. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 92:1402-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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207
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Liu Y, Kong M, Cheng XJ, Wang QQ, Jiang LM, Chen XG. Self-assembled nanoparticles based on amphiphilic chitosan derivative and hyaluronic acid for gene delivery. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 94:309-16. [PMID: 23544543 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.12.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The present work described nanoparticles (NPs) made of oleoyl-carboxymethy-chitosan (OCMCS)/hyaluronic acid (HA) using coacervation process as novel potential carriers for gene delivery. An N/P ratio of 5 and OCMCS/HA weight ratio of 4 were the optimal conditions leading to the smallest (164.94 nm), positive charged (+14.2 mV) and monodispersed NPs. OCMCS-HA/DNA (OHD) NPs showed higher in vitro DNA release rates and increased cellular uptake by Caco-2 cells due to the HA involved in NPs. The MTT survival assay indicated no significant cytotoxicity. The transfection efficiency of OHD NPs was 5-fold higher than OCMCS/DNA (OD) NPs; however, it decreased significantly in the presence of excess free HA. The results indicated that OHD NPs internalized in Caco-2 cells were mediated by the hyaluronan receptor CD44. The data obtained in the present research gave evidence of the potential of OHD NPs for the targeting and further transfer of genes to the epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Liu
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
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208
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Collinge M, Thorn M, Peachee V, White K. Validation of a Candida albicans delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) model in female juvenile rats for use in immunotoxicity assessments. J Immunotoxicol 2013; 10:341-8. [PMID: 23282408 DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2012.747232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Establishing an in vivo cell-mediated immunity (CMI) assay, such as the delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) assay, has been identified as an important gap and recommended to receive highest priority for new model development in several workshops on developmental immunotoxicity. A Candida albicans DTH model has recently been developed that has the advantage over other DTH models, which use alternative sensitizing antigens, in that antigen-specific antibodies, which may interfere with the assay, are not produced. In addition, the in vivo C. albicans DTH model was demonstrated to be more sensitive in detecting immunosuppression than DTH models using keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) or sheep red blood cells as antigens, as well as some ex vivo CMI assays. While KLH and sheep red blood cells are non-physiological immunogens, C. albicans is an important human pathogen. The present studies were conducted in order to optimize and validate the C. albicans DTH model for use in developmental immunotoxicity studies using juvenile rats. Three known immunosuppressive compounds with different mechanisms of action were tested in this model, cyclosprorin A (CsA), cyclophosphamide (CPS), and dexamethasone (DEX). Animals were sensitized with formalin-fixed C. albicans on postnatal day (PND) 28 and challenged with chitosan on PND 38. Drug was administered beginning on PND 23 and continued until PND 37. Exposure to each of the three immunotoxicants resulted in statistically significant decreases in the DTH response to C. albicans-derived chitosan. Decreases in footpad swelling were observed at ≥10 mg CsA/kg/day, ≥5 mg CPS/kg/day, and ≥0.03 mg DEX/kg/day. These results demonstrate that the C. albicans DTH model, optimized for use in juvenile rats, can be used to identify immunotoxic compounds, and fills the need for a sensitive in vivo CMI model for assessments of developmental immunotoxicity. Abbreviations Ab, antibody APC, antigen presenting cell BSA, bovine serum albumin C. albicans, Candida albicans CI, challenge interval CMI, cell-mediated immunity CO, challenge only CPS, cyclophosphamide CsA, cyclosporin A CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocyte DEX, dexamethasone DIT, developmental immunotoxicity DTH, delayed-type hypersensitivity ip, intraperitoneal KLH, keyhole limpet hemocyanin MLR, mixed lymphocyte reaction OVA, ovalbumin PBS, phosphate-buffered saline PND, postnatal day sc, subcutaneous SEM, standard error of the mean SRBC, sheep red blood cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Collinge
- Immunotoxicology Center of Emphasis, Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc. , Groton, CT , USA
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209
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Huang J, Chen WW, Hu S, Gong JY, Lai HW, Liu P, Mei LH, Mao JW. Biochemical activities of 6-carboxy β-chitin derived from squid pens. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 91:191-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Revised: 08/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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210
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Abstract
With a growing world population and increasingly demanding consumers, the production of sufficient protein from livestock, poultry, and fish represents a serious challenge for the future. Approximately 1,900 insect species are eaten worldwide, mainly in developing countries. They constitute quality food and feed, have high feed conversion ratios, and emit low levels of greenhouse gases. Some insect species can be grown on organic side streams, reducing environmental contamination and transforming waste into high-protein feed that can replace increasingly more expensive compound feed ingredients, such as fish meal. This requires the development of cost-effective, automated mass-rearing facilities that provide a reliable, stable, and safe product. In the tropics, sustainable harvesting needs to be assured and rearing practices promoted, and in general, the food resource needs to be revalorized. In the Western world, consumer acceptability will relate to pricing, perceived environmental benefits, and the development of tasty insect-derived protein products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold van Huis
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6700 EH, The Netherlands.
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211
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Abruzzo A, Bigucci F, Cerchiara T, Saladini B, Gallucci M, Cruciani F, Vitali B, Luppi B. Chitosan/alginate complexes for vaginal delivery of chlorhexidine digluconate. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 91:651-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.08.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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212
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Schleuter D, Günther A, Paasch S, Ehrlich H, Kljajić Z, Hanke T, Bernhard G, Brunner E. Chitin-based renewable materials from marine sponges for uranium adsorption. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 92:712-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.08.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Revised: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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213
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Oliveira CR, Rezende CMF, Silva MR, Pêgo AP, Borges O, Goes AM. A new strategy based on SmRho protein loaded chitosan nanoparticles as a candidate oral vaccine against schistosomiasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1894. [PMID: 23209848 PMCID: PMC3510068 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Schistosomiasis is one of the most important neglected tropical diseases and an effective control is unlikely in the absence of improved sanitation and vaccination. A new approach of oral vaccination with alginate coated chitosan nanoparticles appears interesting because their great stability and the ease of target accessibility, besides of chitosan and alginate immunostimulatory properties. Here we propose a candidate vaccine based on the combination of chitosan-based nanoparticles containing the antigen SmRho and coated with sodium alginate. Methods and Findings Our results showed an efficient performance of protein loading of nanoparticles before and after coating with alginate. Characterization of the resulting nanoparticles reported a size around 430 nm and a negative zeta potential. In vitro release studies of protein showed great stability of coated nanoparticles in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) and simulated intestinal fluid (SIF). Further in vivo studies was performed with different formulations of chitosan nanoparticles and it showed that oral immunization was not able to induce high levels of antibodies, otherwise intramuscular immunization induced high levels of both subtypes IgG1 and IgG2a SmRho specific antibodies. Mice immunized with nanoparticles associated to CpG showed significant modulation of granuloma reaction. Mice from all groups immunized orally with nanoparticles presented significant levels of protection against infection challenge with S. mansoni worms, suggesting an important role of chitosan in inducing a protective immune response. Finally, mice immunized with nanoparticles associated with the antigen SmRho plus CpG had 38% of the granuloma area reduced and also presented 48% of protection against of S. mansoni infection. Conclusions Taken together, this results support this new strategy as an efficient delivery system and a potential vaccine against schistosomiasis. Schistosomiasis is one of the most important neglected tropical diseases and an effective control is unlikely in the absence of improved sanitation and vaccine. The selection of a suitable delivery system and an adjuvant to aid in the stimulation of the appropriate immune response is a critical step in the path to the development and employment of successful anti-schistosome vaccines. Here we propose a candidate vaccine based on chitosan nanoparticles associated with the antigen SmRho and coated with alginate, as an alternative strategy to induce protection against S. mansoni infection. This vaccination strategy offers many technical advantages, including the possibility of administration by oral route, which makes the vaccine safer than injectable vaccines and facilitates its use mainly in underdeveloped areas. Chitosan nanoparticles were prepared and characterized; the results showed that the formulation has features suitable to be delivery orally. Immunization studies suggest that the combination of chitosan nanoparticles associated to the antigen SmRho and CpG is an efficient vaccine candidate against schistosomiasis, which was able to modulate the granuloma area, that represents the major pathological response in schistosomiasis and also to induce protection against infection of S. mansoni.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina R. Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Cíntia M. F. Rezende
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Marina R. Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Pêgo
- INEB—Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto (FEUP), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Olga Borges
- CNC, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology; University of Coimbra; Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde; University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Alfredo M. Goes
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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214
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Albertengo L, Farenzena S, Debbaudt A, Zuñiga A, Schulz P, Rodriguez MS. Physico-chemical studies and emulsifying properties of N-propyl-N-methylene phosphonic chitosan. Carbohydr Polym 2012; 92:1641-6. [PMID: 23399201 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan is a modified, natural carbohydrate polymer derived by deacetylation of chitin. Due to the presence of two functional groups can undergo many chemical modifications. In a previous work we described the synthetic strategy and characterization of a novel soluble derivative: N-propyl-N-methylene phosphonic chitosan (PNMPC). In the study of some physicochemical properties, results showed that this modified chitosan aggregates in several steps when the concentration is increased. By addition of NaOH the initially coiled molecules stretch exposing more phosphonic acid groups to neutralization and finally give a cooperative reaction with OH((). PNMPC has emulsifying properties and gives O/W emulsions with quasi-monodisperse small droplets. Emulsions with 0.18% PNMPC and 30:70 o:w ratio exhibited the best emulsifying properties within the test range. This emulsion ratio showed high stability to long time storage and several successive freeze/thaw and heating/cooling cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Albertengo
- Instituto de Química (INQUISUR), Universidad Nacional del Sur-CONICET, Av. Alem 1253, B8000CPB Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
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215
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Popelka A, Novák I, Lehocký M, Junkar I, Mozetič M, Kleinová A, Janigová I, Šlouf M, Bílek F, Chodák I. A new route for chitosan immobilization onto polyethylene surface. Carbohydr Polym 2012; 90:1501-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Revised: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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216
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Design of deformable chitosan microspheres loaded with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for embolotherapy detectable by magnetic resonance imaging. Carbohydr Polym 2012; 90:1725-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.07.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Revised: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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217
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Ghaemy M, Naseri M. Synthesis of chitosan networks: Swelling, drug release, and magnetically assisted BSA separation using Fe3O4 nanoparticles. Carbohydr Polym 2012; 90:1265-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.06.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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218
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A comparison of spacer on water-soluble cyclodextrin grafted chitosan inclusion complex as carrier of eugenol to mucosae. Carbohydr Polym 2012; 92:321-7. [PMID: 23218301 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.08.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Revised: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study two types of water-soluble βCD grafted chitosan were synthesized and compared based on similar degree of N-substitution of βCD moiety; QCD23-g-CS contained methylene spacer and QCDCA22-g-CS contained citric acid spacer. The QCD23-g-CS demonstrated greater eugenol (EG) encapsulation efficiency than that of QCDCA22-g-CS. The micelle-like assemblies of QCD23-g-CS led to slower release of EG while it did not observe in case of QCDCA22-g-CS. It was found that EG could absorb on chitosan backbone according to in silico modeling. Cytotoxicity of both derivatives against buccal mucosa cell is concentration-dependent. The QCDCA22-g-CS demonstrated stronger mucoadhesive response than that of QCD23-g-CS, due to hydrogen bonding according to mucin particle and SPR methods. Our results revealed that the spacer on both derivatives played an important role on binding affinity with EG, releasing profile and mucoadhesive property. These derivatives could be considered as promising carriers for mucosal delivery system.
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219
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Dooley TP, Ellis AL, Belousova M, Petersen D, DeCarlo AA. Dense chitosan surgical membranes produced by a coincident compression-dehydration process. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2012; 24:621-43. [PMID: 23565872 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2012.701549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
High density chitosan membranes were produced via a novel manufacturing process and used as implantable resorbable surgical membranes. The innovative method utilizes the following three sequential steps: (1) casting an acidic chitosan solution within a silicon mold, followed by freezing; (2) neutralizing the frozen acidic chitosan solution in alkaline solution to facilitate polymerization; and (3) applying coincident compression-dehydration under a vacuum. Resulting membranes of 0.2-0.5 mm thickness have densities as high as 1.6 g/cm(3). Inclusion of glycerol prior to the compression-dehydration step provides additional physical and clinical handling benefits. The biomaterials exhibit tensile strength with a maximum load as high as 10.9 N at ~2.5 mm width and clinically relevant resistance to suture pull-out with a maximum load as high as 2.2 N. These physical properties were superior to those of a commercial reconstituted collagen membrane. The dense chitosan membranes have excellent clinical handling characteristics, such as pliability and 'memory' when wet. They are semipermeable to small molecules, biodegradable in vitro in lysozyme solution, and the rates of degradation are inversely correlated to the degree of deacetylation. Furthermore, the dense chitosan membranes are biocompatible and resorbable in vivo as demonstrated in a rat oral wound healing model. The unique combination of physical, in vitro, in vivo, and clinical handling properties demonstrate the high utility of dense chitosan membranes produced by this new method. The materials may be useful as surgical barrier membranes, scaffolds for tissue engineering, wound dressings, and as delivery devices for active ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Dooley
- Agenta Biotechnologies Inc, 1500 1st Avenue North, Unit 31, Birmingham, AL 35203, USA.
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220
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Inhibitory effect of dibutyryl chitin ester on nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Arch Pharm Res 2012; 35:1287-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-012-0720-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Revised: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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221
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Kin NW, Stefanov EK, Dizon BLP, Kearney JF. Antibodies generated against conserved antigens expressed by bacteria and allergen-bearing fungi suppress airway disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:2246-56. [PMID: 22837487 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
There has been a sharp rise in allergic asthma and asthma-related deaths in the developed world, in contrast to many childhood illnesses that have been reduced or eliminated. The hygiene hypothesis proposes that excessively sanitary conditions early in life result in autoimmune and allergic phenomena because of a failure of the immune system to receive proper microbial stimulation during development. We demonstrate that Abs generated against conserved bacterial polysaccharides are reactive with and dampen the immune response against chitin and Aspergillus fumigatus. A reduction in Ag uptake, cell influx, cell activation, and cytokine production occurred in the presence of anti-polysaccharide Abs, resulting in a striking decrease in the severity of allergic airway disease in mice. Overall, our results suggest that Ag exposure--derived from environmental sources, self-antigens, or vaccination--during the neonatal period has dramatic effects on the adult Ab response and modifies the development of allergic airway disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas W Kin
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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222
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Li K, Xing R, Liu S, Qin Y, Meng X, Li P. Microwave-assisted degradation of chitosan for a possible use in inhibiting crop pathogenic fungi. Int J Biol Macromol 2012; 51:767-73. [PMID: 22829054 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2012.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Revised: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Degradation of chitosan by H(2)O(2) under microwave irradiation was investigated. The oxidative degradation of chitosan was highly accelerated by microwave irradiation under the condition of low temperature and low concentration of H(2)O(2). The degraded chitosans with low molecular weight (M(w)) were characterized by gel permeation chromatography, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and elemental analysis. The decrease of M(w) led to transformation of crystal structure and increase of water solubility, whereas no significant chemical structure change in the backbone of chitosan was observed. Antifungal activities of chitosans with different M(w) against crop pathogenic fungi Phomopsis asparagi, Fusarium oxysoporum f. sp. Vasinfectum and Stemphylium solani were investigated at the concentrations of 100, 200 and 400 mg/L. All degraded chitosans with low M(w) exhibited enhanced antifungal activity compared with original chitosan and the chitosan of 41.2 kDa showed the highest activity. At 400 mg/L, the chitosan of 41.2 kDa inhibited growth of P. asparagi at 89.3%, stronger than polyoxin and triadimefon, the inhibitory effects of which were found to be 55.5% and 68.5%. All the results indicated that oxidative degradation under microwave irradiation was a promising technique for large-scale production of low M(w) chitosan for use in crop protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kecheng Li
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
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223
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Talvitie E, Leppiniemi J, Mikhailov A, Hytönen VP, Kellomäki M. Peptide-functionalized chitosan–DNA nanoparticles for cellular targeting. Carbohydr Polym 2012; 89:948-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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224
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Muzzarelli RAA, Greco F, Busilacchi A, Sollazzo V, Gigante A. Chitosan, hyaluronan and chondroitin sulfate in tissue engineering for cartilage regeneration: a review. Carbohydr Polym 2012; 89:723-39. [PMID: 24750856 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Revised: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Injection of hyaluronan into osteoarthritic joints restores the viscoelasticity, augments the flow of joint fluid, normalizes endogenous hyaluronan synthesis, and improves joint function. Chitosan easily forms polyelectrolyte complexes with hyaluronan and chondroitin sulfate. Synergy of chitosan with hyaluronan develops enhanced performances in regenerating hyaline cartilage, typical results being structural integrity of the hyaline-like neocartilage, and reconstitution of the subchondral bone, with positive cartilage staining for collagen-II and GAG in the treated sites. Chitosan qualifies for the preparation of scaffolds intended for the regeneration of cartilage: it yields mesoporous cryogels; it provides a friendly environment for chondrocytes to propagate, produce typical ECM, and assume the convenient phenotype; it is a good carrier for growth factors; it inactivates metalloproteinases thus preventing collagen degradation; it is suitable for the induction of the chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells; it is a potent means for hemostasis and platelet delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo A A Muzzarelli
- Clinical Orthopaedics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Polytechnic University Delle Marche, Via Tronto 10-A, IT-60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesco Greco
- Clinical Orthopaedics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Polytechnic University Delle Marche, Via Tronto 10-A, IT-60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - Alberto Busilacchi
- Clinical Orthopaedics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Polytechnic University Delle Marche, Via Tronto 10-A, IT-60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Sollazzo
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Ferrara, Corso Giovecca 203, IT-44100 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Antonio Gigante
- Clinical Orthopaedics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Polytechnic University Delle Marche, Via Tronto 10-A, IT-60126 Ancona, Italy
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225
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Electrospun anti-adhesion barrier made of chitosan alginate for reducing peritoneal adhesions. Carbohydr Polym 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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226
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Effects of nanoliposomes based on soya, rapeseed and fish lecithins on chitosan thin films designed for tissue engineering. Carbohydr Polym 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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227
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Yao W, Jiao Y, Luo J, Du M, Zong L. Practical synthesis and characterization of mannose-modified chitosan. Int J Biol Macromol 2012; 50:821-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2011.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Revised: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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228
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Wu H, Aam BB, Wang W, Norberg AL, Sørlie M, Eijsink VGH, Du Y. Inhibition of angiogenesis by chitooligosaccharides with specific degrees of acetylation and polymerization. Carbohydr Polym 2012; 89:511-8. [PMID: 24750752 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Revised: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Chitooligosaccharides (CHOS) inhibit angiogenesis and may be used in the treatment of cancer tumors. We have studied the effect of the fraction of acetylation (FA) and the degree of polymerization (DP) on CHOS anti-angiogenic activity. We tested enzymatically produced CHOS-mixtures with FA0.15, FA0.3 and FA0.6, and DP≤12 in initial experiments with chorioallantoic membranes. All of the samples reduced the formation of new blood vessels, CHOS with FA0.3 giving the best effect. Single-DP fractions from the FA0.3 sample purified by size-exclusion chromatography (DP3-DP12) were then tested for inhibition of migration of human endothelial cells, which is an important element of the angiogenesis process. All of the fractions inhibited migration, meaning that, within the DP area tested in this study, FA is more important than DP for the effect. Generally, the results reveal that DP3-DP12 CHOS have considerable potential as anti-angiogenic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haige Wu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian 116023, China; Bioengineering College of Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China
| | - Berit B Aam
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Aas, Norway
| | - Wenxia Wang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Anne Line Norberg
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Aas, Norway
| | - Morten Sørlie
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Aas, Norway
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Aas, Norway
| | - Yuguang Du
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian 116023, China
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229
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Jang SI, Mok JY, Jeon IH, Park KH, Nguyen TTT, Park JS, Hwang HM, Song MS, Lee D, Chai KY. Effect of electrospun non-woven mats of dibutyryl chitin/poly(lactic acid) blends on wound healing in hairless mice. Molecules 2012; 17:2992-3007. [PMID: 22406903 PMCID: PMC6268908 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17032992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Revised: 03/04/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the proliferative ability of dibutyryl chitin (DBC) on scratch wounds in HaCaT keratinocytes and to evaluate the effect of nanoporous non-woven mat (DBCNFM) on skin wound healing in hairless mice using the advantages of DBCNFM, such as high porosity and high surface area to volume. The cell spreading activity of DBC was verified through a cell spreading assay in scratched human HaCaT keratinocytes. Scratch wound experiments showed that DBC notably accelerates the spreading rate of HaCaT keratinocytes in a dose dependent manner. The molecular aspects of the healing process were also investigated by hematoxylin & eosin staining of the healed skin, displaying the degrees of reepithelialization and immunostaining on extracellular matrix synthesis and remodeling of the skin. Topical application of DBCNFM significantly reduced skin wound rank scores and increased the skin remodeling of the wounded hairless mice in a dose dependent way. Furthermore, DBCNFM notably increased the expression of the type 1 collagen and filaggrin. These results demonstrate that DBC efficiently accelerates the proliferation of HaCaT keratinocytes and DBCNFM notably increases extracellular matrix synthesis on remodeling of the skin, and these materials are a good candidate for further evaluation as an effective wound healing agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon Il Jang
- School of Alternative Medicine and Health Science, College of Alternative Medicine, Jeonju University, Jeonju 560-759, Korea; (S.I.J.); (J.Y.M.); (I.H.J.)
| | - Ji Ye Mok
- School of Alternative Medicine and Health Science, College of Alternative Medicine, Jeonju University, Jeonju 560-759, Korea; (S.I.J.); (J.Y.M.); (I.H.J.)
| | - In Hwa Jeon
- School of Alternative Medicine and Health Science, College of Alternative Medicine, Jeonju University, Jeonju 560-759, Korea; (S.I.J.); (J.Y.M.); (I.H.J.)
| | - Kwang-Hyun Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju 561-756, Korea;
| | - Thuy Thi Thu Nguyen
- Center of Chemical Technology, Division of Chemical Engineering, Hankyong National University, 167 Chungang-ro, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 456-749, Korea; (T.T.T.N.); (J.S.P.)
| | - Jun Seo Park
- Center of Chemical Technology, Division of Chemical Engineering, Hankyong National University, 167 Chungang-ro, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 456-749, Korea; (T.T.T.N.); (J.S.P.)
| | - Hee Min Hwang
- Division of Bio Nano Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Wonkwang University, Iksan 570-749, Korea; (H.M.H.); (M.-S.S.); (D.L.)
| | - Mi-Sun Song
- Division of Bio Nano Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Wonkwang University, Iksan 570-749, Korea; (H.M.H.); (M.-S.S.); (D.L.)
| | - Duckhee Lee
- Division of Bio Nano Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Wonkwang University, Iksan 570-749, Korea; (H.M.H.); (M.-S.S.); (D.L.)
| | - Kyu Yun Chai
- Division of Bio Nano Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Wonkwang University, Iksan 570-749, Korea; (H.M.H.); (M.-S.S.); (D.L.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +82-63-850-6230; Fax: +82-63-850-7312
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230
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Praveen G, Sreerekha PR, Menon D, Nair SV, Chennazhi KP. Fibrin nanoconstructs: a novel processing method and their use as controlled delivery agents. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 23:095102. [PMID: 22322015 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/23/9/095102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Fibrin nanoconstructs (FNCs) were prepared through a modified water-in-oil emulsification-diffusion route without the use of any surfactants, resulting in a high yield synthesis of fibrin nanotubes (FNTs) and fibrin nanoparticles (FNPs). The fibrin nanoconstructs formed an aligned structure with self-assembled nanotubes with closed heads that eventually formed spherical nanoparticles of size ~250 nm. The nanotubes were typically ~700 nm long and 150-300 nm in diameter, with a wall thickness of ~50 nm and pore diameter of about 150-250 nm. These constructs showed high stability against aggregation indicated by a zeta potential of -44 mV and an excellent temperature stability upto 200 °C. Furthermore, they were found to be enzymatically degradable, thereby precluding any long term toxicity effects. These unique fibrin nanostructures were analyzed for their ability to deliver tacrolimus, an immunosuppressive drug that is used widely to prevent the initial phase of tissue rejection during allogenic transplantation surgeries. Upon conjugation with tacrolimus, a drug encapsulation efficiency of 66% was achieved, with the in vitro release studies in PBS depicting a sustained and complete drug release over a period of one week at the physiological pH of 7.4. At a more acidic pH, the drug release was very slow, suggesting their potential for oral-intestinal drug administration as well. The in vivo drug absorption rates analyzed in Sprague Dawley rats further confirmed the sustained release pattern of tacrolimus for both oral and parenteral delivery routes. The novel fibrin nanoconstructs developed using a green chemistry approach thus proved to be excellent biodegradable nanocarriers for oral as well as parenteral administrations, with remarkable potential also for delivering specific growth factors in tissue engineering scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Praveen
- Amrita Center for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University, Kochi, Kerala, India
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231
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232
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Liang Z, Gong T, Sun X, Tang JZ, Zhang Z. Chitosan oligomers as drug carriers for renal delivery of zidovudine. Carbohydr Polym 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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233
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Huang J, Zhao D, Hu S, Mao J, Mei L. Biochemical activities of low molecular weight chitosans derived from squid pens. Carbohydr Polym 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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234
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Bajaj G, Van Alstine WG, Yeo Y. Zwitterionic chitosan derivative, a new biocompatible pharmaceutical excipient, prevents endotoxin-mediated cytokine release. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30899. [PMID: 22292072 PMCID: PMC3265529 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan is a cationic polymer of natural origin and has been widely explored as a pharmaceutical excipient for a broad range of biomedical applications. While generally considered safe and biocompatible, chitosan has the ability to induce inflammatory reactions, which varies with the physical and chemical properties. We hypothesized that the previously reported zwitterionic chitosan (ZWC) derivative had relatively low pro-inflammatory potential because of the aqueous solubility and reduced amine content. To test this, we compared various chitosans with different aqueous solubilities or primary amine contents with respect to the intraperitoneal (i.p.) biocompatibility and the propensity to induce pro-inflammatory cytokine production from macrophages. ZWC was relatively well tolerated in ICR mice after i.p. administration and had no pro-inflammatory effect on naïve macrophages. Comparison with other chitosans indicates that these properties are mainly due to the aqueous solubility at neutral pH and relatively low molecular weight of ZWC. Interestingly, ZWC had a unique ability to suppress cytokine/chemokine production in macrophages challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). This effect is likely due to the strong affinity of ZWC to LPS, which inactivates the pro-inflammatory function of LPS, and appears to be related to the reduced amine content. Our finding warrants further investigation of ZWC as a functional biomaterial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Bajaj
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - William G. Van Alstine
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Yoon Yeo
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
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235
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Chung MJ, Park JK, Park YI. Anti-inflammatory effects of low-molecular weight chitosan oligosaccharides in IgE-antigen complex-stimulated RBL-2H3 cells and asthma model mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2012; 12:453-9. [PMID: 22266066 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2011.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The anti-inflammatory effects of low-molecular weight chitosan oligosaccharides (LM-COS) prepared from high-molecular weight chitosan by enzymatic digestion were investigated against allergic reaction and allergic asthma in vivo and in vitro. Allergic asthma is an inflammatory disease of the airways associated with enhanced degranulation and cytokine generation. The LM-COS (<1 kDa), consisting of glucosamine (GlcN)(n), n=3-5, were capable of inhibiting both antigen-stimulated degranulation and cytokine generation in rat basophilic leukemia RBL-2H3 cells. The protective effect of LM-COS against ovalbumin (OVA)-induced lung inflammation in asthma model mice was also examined. Oral administration of LM-COS (16 mg/kg body weight/day) resulted in a significant reduction in both mRNA and protein levels of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-13, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in the lung tissue and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF); The protein levels of IL-4, IL-13 and TNF-α in BALF were decreased by 5.8-fold, 3.0-fold and 9.9-fold, respectively, compared to those in the OVA-sensitized/challenged asthma control group. These results suggest that the oral administration of LM-COS is effective in alleviating the allergic inflammation in vivo and thus can be a good source material for the development of a potent therapeutic agent against mast cell-mediated allergic inflammatory responses and airway inflammation in allergic inflammatory diseases, including asthma.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/immunology
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology
- Antigens/immunology
- Asthma/drug therapy
- Asthma/genetics
- Asthma/immunology
- Asthma/metabolism
- Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chitosan/immunology
- Chitosan/pharmacology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Glucosamine/immunology
- Glucosamine/pharmacology
- Hypersensitivity/immunology
- Immunoglobulin E/immunology
- Interleukins/genetics
- Interleukins/immunology
- Interleukins/metabolism
- Leukemia, Basophilic, Acute/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Basophilic, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Basophilic, Acute/immunology
- Leukemia, Basophilic, Acute/metabolism
- Lung/drug effects
- Lung/immunology
- Lung/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Molecular Weight
- Oligosaccharides/immunology
- Oligosaccharides/pharmacology
- Ovalbumin/immunology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/immunology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Ja Chung
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do 420-743, Republic of Korea
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236
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Chitin, chitinase responses, and invasive fungal infections. Int J Microbiol 2011; 2012:920459. [PMID: 22187561 PMCID: PMC3236456 DOI: 10.1155/2012/920459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2011] [Revised: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The human immune system is capable of recognizing and degrading chitin, an important cell wall component of pathogenic fungi. In the context of host-immune responses to fungal infections, herein we review the particular contributions and interplay of fungus and chitin recognition, and chitin-degrading enzymes, known as chitinases. The mechanisms of host chitinase responses may have implications for diagnostic assays as well as novel therapeutic approaches for patients that are at risk of contracting fatal fungal infections.
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237
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Dehghani F, Haji Molla Hoseini M, Memarnejadian A, Yeganeh F, Rezaie AM, Khaze V, Sattari M, Darbandi Tamijani H, Labibi F, Mossaffa N. Immunomodulatory activities of chitin microparticles on Leishmania major-infected murine macrophages. Arch Med Res 2011; 42:572-6. [PMID: 22154683 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2011.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chitin microparticles (CMPs) are found to be potent macrophage stimulators; however, their immunomodulatory effects on the parasite-infected macrophages have not yet been studied. To address this issue, we used a Leishmania major-infected murine macrophage model and characterized the regulatory effects of CMPs on the parasite-infected cells. METHODS Mouse peritoneal macrophages were prepared and infected with L. major (MRHO/IR/1975/ER) standard strain. Following cell treatment with CMPs (500 μg/mL) for 48 h, percent of infected macrophages was determined by Giemsa staining and compared with untreated cells. To find the potential mechanisms of the activity of CMPs, TNF-α and accumulated nitrite in the culture supernatants of the treated and untreated cells were also measured by ELISA and colorimetric Griess assays, respectively. RESULTS According to the obtained results, chitin microparticles reduced the ex vivo parasite infectivity by ∼12%. However, this inhibitory effect was not directly related to the increased biosynthesis and release of nitric oxide (NO) by macrophages. Instead, we observed a significant increase in the level of TNF-α secretion due to cell treatment with CMPs. Interestingly, this overexpression of TNF-α did not impair cell viability, suggesting the anti-apoptotic effects of the CMPs. CONCLUSIONS These findings show that chitin microparticles have immunomodulatory effects on L. major-infected macrophages and further provide motivations for future studies on their in vivo effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Dehghani
- Department of Immunology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
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238
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Chen JK, Yeh CH, Wang LC, Liou TH, Shen CR, Liu CL. Chitosan, the marine functional food, is a potent adsorbent of humic acid. Mar Drugs 2011; 9:2488-2498. [PMID: 22363235 PMCID: PMC3280574 DOI: 10.3390/md9122488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan is prepared by the deacetylation of chitin, the second-most abundant biopolymer in nature, and has applicability in the removal of dyes, heavy metals and radioactive waste for pollution control. In weight-reduction remedies, chitosan is used to form hydrogels with lipids and to depress the intestinal absorption of lipids. In this study, an experimental method was implemented to simulate the effect of chitosan on the adsorption of humic acid in the gastrointestinal tract. The adsorption capacity of chitosan was measured by its adsorption isotherm and analyzed using the Langmuir equation. The results showed that 3.3 grams of humic acid was absorbed by 1 gram of chitosan. The adsorption capacity of chitosan was much greater than that of chitin, diethylaminoethyl-cellulose or activated charcoal. Cellulose and carboxymethyl-cellulose, a cellulose derivative with a negative charge, could not adsorb humic acid in the gastrointestinal tract. This result suggests that chitosan entraps humic acid because of its positive charge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeen-Kuan Chen
- Environment and Biotechnology Department, Refining and Manufacturing Research Institute, CPC Corporation, Chia-Yi 60051, Taiwan;
| | - Chao-Hsien Yeh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, 84 Gung-Juan Road, Taishan, New Taipei 24301, Taiwan, (C.-H.Y.); (T.-H.L.)
| | - Lian-Chen Wang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kweishan, Tao-Yuan 24301, Taiwan;
| | - Tzong-Horng Liou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, 84 Gung-Juan Road, Taishan, New Taipei 24301, Taiwan, (C.-H.Y.); (T.-H.L.)
| | - Chia-Rui Shen
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kweishan, Tao-Yuan 33302, Taiwan;
| | - Chao-Lin Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, 84 Gung-Juan Road, Taishan, New Taipei 24301, Taiwan, (C.-H.Y.); (T.-H.L.)
- Graduate School of Biochemical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, 84 Gung-Juan Road, Taishan, New Taipei 24301, Taiwan
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239
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Terčelj M, Stopinšek S, Ihan A, Salobir B, Simčič S, Wraber B, Rylander R. In vitro and in vivo reactivity to fungal cell wall agents in sarcoidosis. Clin Exp Immunol 2011; 166:87-93. [PMID: 21910725 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2011.04456.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcoidosis is an inflammatory disease. Epidemiological and treatment studies suggest that fungi play a part in the pathogenesis. The aim of this work was to study the effect of fungal cell wall agents (FCWA) on the in vitro secretion of cytokines from peripheral blood monocytes from subjects with sarcoidosis and relate the results to fungal exposure at home and clinical findings. Subjects with sarcoidosis (n=22) and controls (n=20) participated. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stimulated with soluble or particulate β-glucan (S-glucan, P-glucan), chitin or lipopolysaccharide (LPS), whereafter tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10 and IL-12 were measured. The severity of sarcoidosis was determined using a chest X-ray-based score. Serum cytokines (IL-2R, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-12) were determined. To measure domestic fungal exposure, air in the bedrooms was sampled on filters. N-acetylhexosaminidase (NAHA) on the filters was measured as a marker of fungal cell biomass. The induced secretion of cytokines was higher from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from subjects with sarcoidosis. P-glucan was more potent than S-glucan inducing a secretion. Chitin had a small effect. Among subjects with sarcoidosis there was a significant relation between the spontaneous PBMC production of IL-6, IL-10 and IL-12 and the NAHA levels at home. The P-glucan induced secretion of IL-12 was related to the duration of symptoms at the time of diagnosis. Their X-ray scores were related to an increased secretion of cytokines after stimulation with LPS or P-glucan. Subjects with sarcoidosis have a higher reactivity to FCWA in vitro and to home exposure. The influence of FCWA on inflammatory cells and their interference with the inflammatory defense mechanisms in terms of cytokine secretion could be important factors for the development of sarcoidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Terčelj
- Department for Respiratory and Allergic Diseases, the University Medical Centre Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia Biofact Environmental Health Research Center, Lerum, Sweden.
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240
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Londero A, Menconi A, Reginatto A, Bacocina I, Wolfenden A, Shivaramai S, Hargis B, Tellez G. Effect of an Aspergillus Meal Prebiotic on Salmonella Infection in Turkeys and Broiler Chickens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.3923/ijps.2011.946.951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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241
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Biomedical exploitation of chitin and chitosan via mechano-chemical disassembly, electrospinning, dissolution in imidazolium ionic liquids, and supercritical drying. Mar Drugs 2011; 9:1510-1533. [PMID: 22131955 PMCID: PMC3225932 DOI: 10.3390/md9091510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Revised: 08/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently developed technology permits to optimize simultaneously surface area, porosity, density, rigidity and surface morphology of chitin-derived materials of biomedical interest. Safe and ecofriendly disassembly of chitin has superseded the dangerous acid hydrolysis and provides higher yields and scaling-up possibilities: the chitosan nanofibrils are finding applications in reinforced bone scaffolds and composite dressings for dermal wounds. Electrospun chitosan nanofibers, in the form of biocompatible thin mats and non-wovens, are being actively studied: composites of gelatin + chitosan + polyurethane have been proposed for cardiac valves and for nerve conduits; fibers are also manufactured from electrospun particles that self-assemble during subsequent freeze-drying. Ionic liquids (salts of alkylated imidazolium) are suitable as non-aqueous solvents that permit desirable reactions to occur for drug delivery purposes. Gel drying with supercritical CO2 leads to structures most similar to the extracellular matrix, even when the chitosan is crosslinked, or in combination with metal oxides of interest in orthopedics.
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242
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Alishahi A, Mirvaghefi A, Tehrani M, Farahmand H, Koshio S, Dorkoosh F, Elsabee MZ. Chitosan nanoparticle to carry vitamin C through the gastrointestinal tract and induce the non-specific immunity system of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Carbohydr Polym 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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243
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Stopinšek S, Ihan A, Wraber B, Terčelj M, Salobir B, Rylander R, Simčič S. Fungal cell wall agents suppress the innate inflammatory cytokine responses of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells challenged with lipopolysaccharide in vitro. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 11:939-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2011.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Revised: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Synthesis, characterization and biological safety of O-carboxymethyl chitosan used to treat Sarcoma 180 tumor. Carbohydr Polym 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Liu X, Yang F, Song T, Zeng A, Wang Q, Sun Z, Shen J. Effects of chitosan, O-carboxymethyl chitosan and N-[(2-hydroxy-3-N,N-dimethylhexadecyl ammonium)propyl]chitosan chloride on lipid metabolism enzymes and low-density-lipoprotein receptor in a murine diet-induced obesity. Carbohydr Polym 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Bertoldo M, Nazzi S, Zampano G, Ciardelli F. Synthesis and photochromic response of a new precisely functionalized chitosan with “clicked” spiropyran. Carbohydr Polym 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Jamialahma K, Behravan J, Najafi MF, Yazdi MT, Shahverdi A, Faramarzi M. Enzymatic Production of N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine from Chitin Using Crude Enzyme Preparation of Aeromonas sp. PTCC1691. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.3923/biotech.2011.292.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Solid lipid nanoparticles modified with chitosan oligosaccharides for the controlled release of doxorubicin. Carbohydr Polym 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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