Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) and their applications

In Vitro and In Vivo toxicity profiling of ammonium-based deep eutectic solvents

The cytotoxic potential of ammonium-based deep eutectic solvents (DESs) with four hydrogen bond donors, namely glycerine (Gl), ethylene glycol (EG), triethylene glycol (TEG) and urea (U) were investigated. The toxicity of DESs was examined using In Vitro cell lines and In Vivo animal model. IC50 and selectivity index were determined for the DESs, their individual components and their combinations as aqueous solutions for comparison purposes. The cytotoxicity effect of DESs varied depending on cell lines. The IC50 for the GlDES, EGDES, UDES and TEGDES followed the sequence of TEGDES< GlDES< EGDES< UDES for OKF6, MCF-7, A375, HT29 and H413, respectively. GlDES was selective against MCF-7 and A375, EGDES was selective against MCF-7, PC3, HepG2 and HT29, UDES was selective against MCF-7, PC3, HepG2 and HT29, and TEGDES was selective against MCF-7 and A375. However, acute toxicity studies using ICR mice showed that these DESs were relatively toxic in comparison to their individual components. DES did not cause DNA damage, but it could enhance ROS production and induce apoptosis in treated cancer cells as evidenced by marked LDH release. Furthermore, the examined DESs showed less cytotoxicity compared with ionic liquids. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that combined In Vitro and In Vivo toxicity profiles of DESs were being demonstrated, raising the toxicity issue of these neoteric mixtures and their potential applicability to be used for therapeutic purposes.

In situ PM-IRRAS of a glassy carbon electrode/deep eutectic solvent interface

Firstin situPM-IRRAS studies of a carbon electrode/deep eutectic solvent interface show ad- and desorption of electrolyte components.

Imidazole tailored deep eutectic solvents for CO2 capture enhanced by hydrogen bonds

Hydrogen bonds enhance the CO₂ uptake in novel imidazolium tailored deep eutectic solvents.

Organoaqueous calcium chloride electrolytes for capacitive charge storage in carbon nanotubes at sub-zero-temperatures

The road de-icing salt, calcium chloride, can decrease the freezing point of mixed water and formamide to below −60 °C, forming an excellent electrolyte that promises electricity storage in supercapacitors in ultra-cold winters and places.

Electrochemistry and speciation of Au+ in a deep eutectic solvent: growth and morphology of galvanic immersion coatings

In this study we compare the electrochemical and structural properties of three gold salts AuCl, AuCN and KAu(CN)₂ in a Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES) electrolyte (Ethaline 200) in order to elucidate factors affecting the galvanic deposition of gold coatings on nickel substrates.

Room temperature deep eutectic solvents of (1S)-(+)-10-camphorsulfonic acid and sulfobetaines: hydrogen bond-based mixtures with low ionicity and structure-dependent toxicity

Preparation, properties and toxicity of room temperature deep eutectic solvents formed by (1S)-(+)-10-camphorsulfonic acid and aromatic, aliphatic and amphiphilic sulfobetaines.

Porous monoliths synthesized via polymerization of styrene and divinyl benzene in nonaqueous deep-eutectic solvent-based HIPEs

Due to their viscosity and polarity, DESs represent a suitable internal phase for HIPEs containing styrenic monomers in addition to acrylates, thus expanding on the range of monomers forming polymerizable DES-based HIPEs.

Superior ethanol-sensing behavior based on SnO2 mesocrystals incorporating orthorhombic and tetragonal phases

Nanoporous SnO₂ mesocrystal with mixed tetragonal and orthorhombic phases and superior ethanol-sensing performance is synthesized via a facile annealing topotactic transformation from the ionothermal synthesized SnO precursor under ambient-pressure.

A novel green approach for the chemical modification of silica particles based on deep eutectic solvents

A new green synthetic method was developed for the chemical modification of silica materials based on the high dispersibility of silica spheres in DESs and non-volatility of DESs.

Deep eutectic solvent catalyzed Friedel–Crafts alkylation of electron-rich arenes with aldehydes

In this study, six deep eutectic solvents were synthesized. Research shows that [ChCl][ZnCl₂]₂ can be used for catalyzing F–C alkylations of electron-rich arenes with aldehydes successfully. After five cycles, the yields remain about 89–94%.

Friedel–Crafts alkylation of indoles in deep eutectic solvent

Application of DES as a solvent and a working catalyst for Friedel–Crafts alkylation of indoles with isatin/homocyclic carbonyl compounds has been developed. The salient features of the present protocol are product selectivity and reusability of reaction media.

Acid- and metal-free synthesis of annulated pyrroles in a deep eutectic solvent

One-pot, three component synthesis of annulated pyrroles in recyclable and readily available deep eutectic-solvent (DES).

Theoretical evidence of charge transfer interaction between SO2and deep eutectic solvents formed by choline chloride and glycerol

The nature of the interaction between deep eutectic solvents (DESs), formed by ChCl and glycerol, and SO₂has been systematically investigated using the M06-2X density functional combined with cluster models.

Evaluation of toxicity and biodegradability for cholinium-based deep eutectic solvents

The first study investigating the toxicity of cholinium-based DESs on freshwater fish or fungi and the biodegradability of EAC-based DESs.

Deep eutectic solvent based on choline chloride and malonic acid as an efficient and reusable catalytic system for one-pot synthesis of functionalized pyrroles

Deep eutectic solvent (DES) based on choline chloride and malonic acid was applied as catalyst and reaction medium for synthesis of pyrroles by one-pot, four-component reaction of amines, aldehydes, 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds and nitromethane.

Recent advances in multicomponent reactions involving carbohydrates

Being an attractive class of naturally occurring molecules with fascinating properties, sugars and their derivatives have wide applications in different fields especially in drug discovery.

Lewis acid type deep eutectic solvents as catalysts for epoxy resin crosslinking

The curing process of epoxy resin with deep eutectic solvents (DES), composed of choline chloride and ZnCl₂or SnCl₂, as cationic catalysts has been investigated using rheometry, DSC and FTIR techniques.

A magnetic nanoparticle catalyzed eco-friendly synthesis of cyanohydrins in a deep eutectic solvent

A short and highly efficient synthesis of cyanohydrins in a recyclable and biodegradable magnetic deep eutectic solvent is described.

Recent advances in the application of deep eutectic solvents as sustainable media as well as catalysts in organic reactions

This review highlights the recent advances using deep eutectic solvents (DESs), deep eutectic ionic liquids (DEILs), low-melting mixtures (LMMs) or low transition temperature mixtures (LTTMs) as green media as well as catalysts in organic reactions.