251
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Frantz
- Department of Surgery and Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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252
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Xiang P, Li M, Zhang CY, Chen DL, Zhou ZH. Cytocompatibility of electrospun nanofiber tubular scaffolds for small diameter tissue engineering blood vessels. Int J Biol Macromol 2011; 49:281-8. [PMID: 21600916 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2011.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Revised: 04/30/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A tubular scaffold was fabricated by using electrospun polymer solution blends of pNSR32 (recombinant spider silk protein), PCL (polycaprolactone) and Gt (gelatin). The physicochemical properties and cytocompatibility of these scaffolds were investigated. Afterwards, the pNSR32/PCL/Gt tubular scaffold (inner diameter=3mm) showed high porosity of 86.2 ± 2.9%, pore size of 2423 ± 979nm and average fibre diameter of 166 ± 85nm. Water uptake and contact angle of the scaffolds reached 112.0 ± 4.4% and 45.7 ± 13.7°, respectively. SDRAECs (Sprague Dawley Rat Aortic Endothelial Cells) grew and proliferated well and phenotype could be maintained on the composite scaffolds after they had been cultured on the composite scaffolds for 7 days. Compared with pure PCL scaffolds a greater density of viable cells was seen on the composites, especially the pNSR32/PCL/Gt scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Xiang
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, People's Republic of China
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253
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Hu X, Shmelev K, Sun L, Gil ES, Park SH, Cebe P, Kaplan DL. Regulation of silk material structure by temperature-controlled water vapor annealing. Biomacromolecules 2011; 12:1686-96. [PMID: 21425769 PMCID: PMC3090511 DOI: 10.1021/bm200062a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 376] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We present a simple and effective method to obtain refined control of the molecular structure of silk biomaterials through physical temperature-controlled water vapor annealing (TCWVA). The silk materials can be prepared with control of crystallinity, from a low content using conditions at 4 °C (α helix dominated silk I structure), to highest content of ∼60% crystallinity at 100 °C (β-sheet dominated silk II structure). This new physical approach covers the range of structures previously reported to govern crystallization during the fabrication of silk materials, yet offers a simpler, green chemistry, approach with tight control of reproducibility. The transition kinetics, thermal, mechanical, and biodegradation properties of the silk films prepared at different temperatures were investigated and compared by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), uniaxial tensile studies, and enzymatic degradation studies. The results revealed that this new physical processing method accurately controls structure, in turn providing control of mechanical properties, thermal stability, enzyme degradation rate, and human mesenchymal stem cell interactions. The mechanistic basis for the control is through the temperature-controlled regulation of water vapor to control crystallization. Control of silk structure via TCWVA represents a significant improvement in the fabrication of silk-based biomaterials, where control of structure-property relationships is key to regulating material properties. This new approach to control crystallization also provides an entirely new green approach, avoiding common methods that use organic solvents (methanol, ethanol) or organic acids. The method described here for silk proteins would also be universal for many other structural proteins (and likely other biopolymers), where water controls chain interactions related to material properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Karen Shmelev
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Eun-Seok Gil
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Sang-Hyug Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Peggy Cebe
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - David L. Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155, USA
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254
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Abstract
In vitro 3D culture is an important model for tissues in
vivo. Cells in different locations of 3D tissues are
physiologically different, because they are exposed to different concentrations
of oxygen, nutrients, and signaling molecules, and to other environmental
factors (temperature, mechanical stress, etc). The majority of high-throughput
assays based on 3D cultures, however, can only detect the
average behavior of cells in the whole 3D construct.
Isolation of cells from specific regions of 3D cultures is possible, but relies
on low-throughput techniques such as tissue sectioning and micromanipulation.
Based on a procedure reported previously (“cells-in-gels-in-paper”
or CiGiP), this paper describes a simple method for culture of arrays of thin
planar sections of tissues, either alone or stacked to create more complex 3D
tissue structures. This procedure starts with sheets of paper patterned with
hydrophobic regions that form 96 hydrophilic zones. Serial spotting of cells
suspended in extracellular matrix (ECM) gel onto the patterned paper creates an
array of 200 micron-thick slabs of ECM gel (supported mechanically by cellulose
fibers) containing cells. Stacking the sheets with zones aligned on top of one
another assembles 96 3D multilayer constructs. De-stacking the layers of the 3D
culture, by peeling apart the sheets of paper, “sections” all 96
cultures at once. It is, thus, simple to isolate 200-micron-thick
cell-containing slabs from each 3D culture in the 96-zone array. Because the 3D
cultures are assembled from multiple layers, the number of cells plated
initially in each layer determines the spatial distribution of cells in the
stacked 3D cultures. This capability made it possible to compare the growth of
3D tumor models of different spatial composition, and to examine the migration
of cells in these structures.
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255
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Szentivanyi A, Chakradeo T, Zernetsch H, Glasmacher B. Electrospun cellular microenvironments: Understanding controlled release and scaffold structure. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2011; 63:209-20. [PMID: 21145932 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2010.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Revised: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Electrospinning is a versatile technique in tissue engineering for the production of scaffolds. To guide tissue development, scaffolds must provide specific biochemical, structural and mechanical cues to cells and deliver them in a controlled fashion over time. Electrospun scaffold design thus includes aspects of both controlled release and structural cues. Controlled multicomponent and multiphasic drug delivery can be achieved by the careful application and combination of novel electrospinning techniques, i.e., emulsion and co-axial electrospinning. Drug distribution and polymer properties influence the resulting release kinetics. Pore size is far more relevant as a structural parameter than previously recognized. It enables cell proliferation and ingrowth, whereas fiber diameter predominantly influences cell fate. Both parameters can be exploited by combining multiple fiber types in the form of multifiber and multilayer scaffolds. Such scaffolds are required to reproduce more complex tissue structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Szentivanyi
- Institute for Multiphase Processes, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universitaet, Callinstrasse 36, Hannover, Germany.
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256
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Pritchard EM, Kaplan DL. Silk fibroin biomaterials for controlled release drug delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2011; 8:797-811. [PMID: 21453189 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2011.568936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Given the benefits of polymer drug delivery implants over traditional periodic systemic administration, the development of biomaterial systems with the necessary properties (biocompatibility, degradation, stabilization, controllability) is paramount. Silk fibroin represents a promising, naturally derived polymer for local, controlled, sustained drug release from fully degrading implants and the polymer can be processed into a broad array of material formats. AREAS COVERED This review provides an overview of silk biomaterials for drug delivery, especially those that can function as long-term depots. Fundamentals of structure and assembly, processing options, control points and specific examples of implantable silk drug delivery systems (sponges, films) and injectable systems (microspheres, hydrogels) from the 1990s and onwards are reviewed. EXPERT OPINION Owing to its unique material properties, stabilization effects and tight controllability, silk fibroin is a promising biomaterial for implantable and injectable drug delivery applications. Many promising control points have been identified, and characterization of the relationships between silk processing and/or material properties and the resulting drug loading and release kinetics will ultimately enhance the overall utility of this unique biomaterial. The ever-expanding biomaterial 'tool kit' that silk provides will eventually allow the simultaneous optimization of implant structure, material properties and drug release behavior that is needed to maximize the cost-efficiency, convenience, efficacy and safety of many new and existing therapeutics, especially those that cannot be delivered by means of traditional administration approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor M Pritchard
- Tufts University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medford, MA 02155, USA
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257
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Reddy N, Xu H, Yang Y. Unique natural-protein hollow-nanofiber membranes produced by weaver ants for medical applications. Biotechnol Bioeng 2011; 108:1726-33. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.23076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2010] [Revised: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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258
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Wang CY, Zhang KH, Fan CY, Mo XM, Ruan HJ, Li FF. Aligned natural-synthetic polyblend nanofibers for peripheral nerve regeneration. Acta Biomater 2011; 7:634-43. [PMID: 20849984 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2010.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Revised: 08/16/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve regeneration remains a significant clinical challenge to researchers. Progress in the design of tissue engineering scaffolds provides an alternative approach for neural regeneration. In this study aligned silk fibroin (SF) blended poly(L-lactic acid-co-ε-caprolactone) (P(LLA-CL)) nanofibrous scaffolds were fabricated by electrospinning methods and then reeled into aligned nerve guidance conduits (NGC) to promote nerve regeneration. The aligned SF/P(LLA-CL) NGC was used as a bridge implanted across a 10mm defect in the sciatic nerve of rats and the outcome in terms of of regenerated nerve at 4 and 8 weeks was evaluated by a combination of electrophysiological assessment and histological and immunohistological analysis, as well as electron microscopy. The electrophysiological examination showed that functional recovery of the regenerated nerve in the SF/P(LLA-CL) NGC group was superior to that in the P(LLA-CL) NGC group. The morphological analysis also indicated that the regenerated nerve in the SF/P(LLA-CL) NGC was more mature. All the results demonstrated that the aligned SF/P(LLA-CL) NGC promoted peripheral nerve regeneration significantly better in comparison with the aligned P(LLA-CL) NGC, thus suggesting a potential application in nerve regeneration.
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259
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Numata K, Kaplan DL. Silk-based delivery systems of bioactive molecules. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2010; 62:1497-508. [PMID: 20298729 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2010.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Revised: 03/02/2010] [Accepted: 03/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Silks are biodegradable, biocompatible, self-assembling proteins that can also be tailored via genetic engineering to contain specific chemical features, offering utility for drug and gene delivery. Silkworm silk has been used in biomedical sutures for decades and has recently achieved Food and Drug Administration approval for expanded biomaterials device utility. With the diversity and control of size, structure and chemistry, modified or recombinant silk proteins can be designed and utilized in various biomedical application, such as for the delivery of bioactive molecules. This review focuses on the biosynthesis and applications of silk-based multi-block copolymer systems and related silk protein drug delivery systems. The utility of these systems for the delivery of small molecule drugs, proteins and genes is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Numata
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
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260
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Identification of inducible brown adipocyte progenitors residing in skeletal muscle and white fat. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 108:143-8. [PMID: 21173238 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1010929108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 380] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown fat is specialized for energy expenditure and has therefore been proposed to function as a defense against obesity. Despite recent advances in delineating the transcriptional regulation of brown adipocyte differentiation, cellular lineage specification and developmental cues specifying brown-fat cell fate remain poorly understood. In this study, we identify and isolate a subpopulation of adipogenic progenitors (Sca-1(+)/CD45(-)/Mac1(-); referred to as Sca-1(+) progenitor cells, ScaPCs) residing in murine brown fat, white fat, and skeletal muscle. ScaPCs derived from different tissues possess unique molecular expression signatures and adipogenic capacities. Importantly, although the ScaPCs from interscapular brown adipose tissue (BAT) are constitutively committed brown-fat progenitors, Sca-1(+) cells from skeletal muscle and subcutaneous white fat are highly inducible to differentiate into brown-like adipocytes upon stimulation with bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7). Consistent with these findings, human preadipocytes isolated from subcutaneous white fat also exhibit the greatest inducible capacity to become brown adipocytes compared with cells isolated from mesenteric or omental white fat. When muscle-resident ScaPCs are re-engrafted into skeletal muscle of syngeneic mice, BMP7-treated ScaPCs efficiently develop into adipose tissue with brown fat-specific characteristics. Importantly, ScaPCs from obesity-resistant mice exhibit markedly higher thermogenic capacity compared with cells isolated from obesity-prone mice. These data establish the molecular characteristics of tissue-resident adipose progenitors and demonstrate a dynamic interplay between these progenitors and inductive signals that act in concert to specify brown adipocyte development.
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261
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Kon’kov AS, Pustovalova OL, Agapov II. Biocompatible materials from regenerated silk for tissue engineering and medicinal therapy. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683810080028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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262
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Kureshi A, Cheema U, Alekseeva T, Cambrey A, Brown R. Alignment hierarchies: engineering architecture from the nanometre to the micrometre scale. J R Soc Interface 2010; 7 Suppl 6:S707-16. [PMID: 20926429 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2010.0346.focus] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural tissues are built of metabolites, soluble proteins and solid extracellular matrix components (largely fibrils) together with cells. These are configured in highly organized hierarchies of structure across length scales from nanometre to millimetre, with alignments that are dominated by anisotropies in their fibrillar matrix. If we are to successfully engineer tissues, these hierarchies need to be mimicked with an understanding of the interaction between them. In particular, the movement of different elements of the tissue (e.g. molecules, cells and bulk fluids) is controlled by matrix structures at distinct scales. We present three novel systems to introduce alignment of collagen fibrils, cells and growth factor gradients within a three-dimensional collagen scaffold using fluid flow, embossing and layering of construct. Importantly, these can be seen as different parts of the same hierarchy of three-dimensional structure, as they are all formed into dense collagen gels. Fluid flow aligns collagen fibrils at the nanoscale, embossed topographical features provide alignment cues at the microscale and introducing layered configuration to three-dimensional collagen scaffolds provides microscale- and mesoscale-aligned pathways for protein factor delivery as well as barriers to confine protein diffusion to specific spatial directions. These seemingly separate methods can be employed to increase complexity of simple extracellular matrix scaffolds, providing insight into new approaches to directly fabricate complex physical and chemical cues at different hierarchical scales, similar to those in natural tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvena Kureshi
- Tissue Repair and Engineering Centre, Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science, University College London, Stanmore Campus, London HA7 4LP, UK
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263
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Yu L, Hu X, Kaplan D, Cebe P. Dielectric Relaxation Spectroscopy of Hydrated and Dehydrated Silk Fibroin Cast from Aqueous Solution. Biomacromolecules 2010; 11:2766-75. [DOI: 10.1021/bm1008316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Biomedical Engineering Department, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155
| | - Xiao Hu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Biomedical Engineering Department, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155
| | - David Kaplan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Biomedical Engineering Department, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155
| | - Peggy Cebe
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Biomedical Engineering Department, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155
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264
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265
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Geckil H, Xu F, Zhang X, Moon S, Demirci U. Engineering hydrogels as extracellular matrix mimics. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2010; 5:469-84. [PMID: 20394538 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.10.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 589] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) is a complex cellular environment consisting of proteins, proteoglycans, and other soluble molecules. ECM provides structural support to mammalian cells and a regulatory milieu with a variety of important cell functions, including assembling cells into various tissues and organs, regulating growth and cell-cell communication. Developing a tailored in vitro cell culture environment that mimics the intricate and organized nanoscale meshwork of native ECM is desirable. Recent studies have shown the potential of hydrogels to mimic native ECM. Such an engineered native-like ECM is more likely to provide cells with rational cues for diagnostic and therapeutic studies. The research for novel biomaterials has led to an extension of the scope and techniques used to fabricate biomimetic hydrogel scaffolds for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications. In this article, we detail the progress of the current state-of-the-art engineering methods to create cell-encapsulating hydrogel tissue constructs as well as their applications in in vitro models in biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikmet Geckil
- Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, Bio-Acoustic-MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, 65 Landsdowne St., #267, 02139 Cambridge, MA, USA
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266
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Reddy N, Yang Y. Morphology and tensile properties of silk fibers produced by uncommon Saturniidae. Int J Biol Macromol 2010; 46:419-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2010.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Revised: 02/25/2010] [Accepted: 02/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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267
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Zhang Y, Wu C, Friis T, Xiao Y. The osteogenic properties of CaP/silk composite scaffolds. Biomaterials 2010; 31:2848-56. [PMID: 20071025 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2009] [Accepted: 12/18/2009] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The rationale for the present study was to develop porous CaP/silk composite scaffolds with a CaP-phase distribution and pore architecture better suited to facilitate osteogenic properties of human bone mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSCs) and in vivo bone formation abilities. This was achieved by first preparing CaP/silk hybrid powders which were then incorporated into silk to obtain uniform CaP/silk composite scaffolds, by means of a freeze-drying method. The composition, microstructure and mechanical properties of the CaP/silk composite scaffolds were ascertained by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and a universal mechanical testing machine. BMSCs were cultured in these scaffolds and cell proliferation analyzed by confocal microscopy and MTS assay. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and osteogenic gene expression were assayed to determine if osteogenic differentiation had taken place. A calvarial defect model in SCID mice was used to determine the in vivo bone forming ability of the hybrid CaP/silk scaffolds. Our results showed that incorporating the hybrid CaP/silk powders into silk scaffolds improved both pore structure architecture and distribution of CaP powders in the composite scaffolds. By incorporating the CaP phase into silk scaffolds in vitro osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs was enhanced and there was increased in vivo cancellous bone formation. Here we report a method with which to prepare Ca/P composite scaffolds with a pore structure and Ca/P distribution better suited to facilitate BMSC differentiation and bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Zhang
- Ministry Education Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedical Engineering, School of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, PR China.
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