251
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Singh EK, Ravula S, Pan CM, Pan PS, Vasko RC, Lapera SA, Weerasinghe SVW, Pflum MKH, McAlpine SR. Synthesis and biological evaluation of histone deacetylase inhibitors that are based on FR235222: a cyclic tetrapeptide scaffold. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:2549-54. [PMID: 18381239 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2008] [Revised: 03/14/2008] [Accepted: 03/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
We outline the synthesis of six novel derivatives that are based on a recently discovered HDAC inhibitor FR235222. Our work is the first report utilizing a novel binding element, guanidine, as metal coordinators in HDAC inhibitors. Further, we demonstrate that these compounds show cytotoxicity that parallels their ability to inhibit deacetylase activity, and that the most potent compounds maintain an L-Phe at position 1, and a D-Pro at position 4. Both inhibition of HDAC activity and cytotoxicity against the pancreatic cancer cell line BxPC3 are exhibited by these compounds, establishing that a guanidine unit can be utilized successfully to inhibit HDAC activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erinprit K Singh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
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252
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Mai A, Cheng D, Bedford MT, Valente S, Nebbioso A, Perrone A, Brosch G, Sbardella G, De Bellis F, Miceli M, Altucci L. epigenetic multiple ligands: mixed histone/protein methyltransferase, acetyltransferase, and class III deacetylase (sirtuin) inhibitors. J Med Chem 2008; 51:2279-90. [PMID: 18348515 DOI: 10.1021/jm701595q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A number of new compounds bearing two ortho-bromo- and ortho, ortho-dibromophenol moieties linked through a saturated/unsaturated, linear/(poly)cyclic spacer (compounds 1- 9) were prepared as simplified analogues of AMI-5 (eosin), a recently reported inhibitor of both protein arginine and histone lysine methyltransferases (PRMTs and HKMTs). Such compounds were tested against a panel of PRMTs (RmtA, PRMT1, and CARM1) and against human SET7 (a HKMT), using histone and nonhistone proteins as a substrate. They were also screened against HAT and SIRTs, because they are structurally related to some HAT and/or SIRT modulators. From the inhibitory data, some of tested compounds ( 1b, 1c, 4b, 4f, 4j, 4l, 7b, and 7f) were able to inhibit PRMTs, HKMT, HAT, and SIRTs with similar potency, thus behaving as multiple ligands for these epigenetic targets (epi-MLs). When tested on the human leukemia U937 cell line, the epi-MLs induced high apoptosis levels [i.e., 40.7% ( 4l) and 42.6% ( 7b)] and/or massive, dose-dependent cytodifferentiation [i.e., 95.2% ( 1c) and 96.1% ( 4j)], whereas the single-target inhibitors eosin, curcumin, and sirtinol were ineffective or showed a weak effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonello Mai
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Studi Farmaceutici, Università degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
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253
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Wilson KJ, Witter DJ, Grimm JB, Siliphaivanh P, Otte KM, Kral AM, Fleming JC, Harsch A, Hamill JE, Cruz JC, Chenard M, Szewczak AA, Middleton RE, Hughes BL, Dahlberg WK, Secrist JP, Miller TA. Phenylglycine and phenylalanine derivatives as potent and selective HDAC1 inhibitors (SHI-1). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:1859-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2008] [Revised: 02/07/2008] [Accepted: 02/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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254
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Paris M, Porcelloni M, Binaschi M, Fattori D. Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors: From Bench to Clinic. J Med Chem 2008; 51:1505-29. [DOI: 10.1021/jm7011408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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255
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Hanley KP, Oakley F, Sugden S, Wilson DI, Mann DA, Hanley NA. Ectopic SOX9 mediates extracellular matrix deposition characteristic of organ fibrosis. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:14063-71. [PMID: 18296708 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m707390200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Appropriate temporospatial expression of the transcription factor SOX9 is important for normal development of a wide range of organs. Here, we show that when SOX9 is expressed ectopically, target genes become expressed that are associated with disease. Histone deacetylase inhibitors in clinical trials for cancer therapy induced SOX9 expression via enhanced recruitment of nuclear factor Y (NF-Y) to CCAAT elements in the SOX9 proximal promoter. The effect of histone deacetylase inhibitors could be elicited in cells that normally lack SOX9, such as hepatocytes. In human fetal hepatocytes, this aberrant induction of SOX9 protein caused ectopic expression of COL2A1 and COMP1 that encode extracellular matrix (ECM) components normally associated with chondrogenesis. Previously, ectopic expression of this "chondrogenic" profile has been implicated in vascular calcification. More broadly, inappropriate ECM deposition is a hallmark of fibrosis. We demonstrated that induction of SOX9 expression also occurred during activation of fibrogenic cells from the adult liver when the transcription factor was responsible for expression of the major component of fibrotic ECM, type 1 collagen. These combined data identify new aspects in the regulation of SOX9 expression. They support a role for SOX9 beyond normal development as a transcriptional regulator in the pathology of fibrosis.
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256
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Abstract
Throughout history, natural products have afforded a rich source of compounds that have found many applications in the fields of medicine, pharmacy and biology. Within the sphere of cancer, a number of important new commercialised drugs have been obtained from natural sources, by structural modification of natural compounds, or by the synthesis of new compounds, designed following a natural compound as model. The search for improved cytotoxic agents continues to be an important line in the discovery of modern anticancer drugs. The huge structural diversity of natural compounds and their bioactivity potential have meant that several products isolated from plants, marine flora and microorganisms can serve as "lead" compounds for improvement of their therapeutic potential by molecular modification. Additionally, semisynthesis processes of new compounds, obtained by molecular modification of the functional groups of lead compounds, are able to generate structural analogues with greater pharmacological activity and with fewer side effects. These processes, complemented with high-throughput screening protocols, combinatorial chemistry, computational chemistry and bioinformatics are able to afford compounds that are far more efficient than those currently used in clinical practice. Combinatorial biosynthesis is also applied for the modification of natural microbial products. Likewise, advances in genomics and the advent of biotechnology have improved both the discovery and production of new natural compounds.
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257
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Abstract
The current standard of care for malignant gliomas consists of surgery, radiotherapy and conventional (DNA-damaging) chemotherapies. These treatments are relatively nonspecific and may be applied to all glioma subtypes. Developments in cancer medicine, however, now offer the opportunity to direct therapies to specific molecular pathways involved in tumorigenesis. This offers the potential to tailor treatments to tumor subtypes--perhaps with greater efficacy and less toxicity. Many of the so-called targeted therapies are under investigation in the treatment of malignant glioma. In this review, we will focus on the use of agents that affect signal transduction. In particular, we will review the potential role for inhibitors of: tyrosine kinases, targets of rapamycin, farnesyl transferase and histone deacetylase. Inhibitors of angiogenesis will also be discussed. Some 'targeted' therapies are less specific than others, working on more than one pathway or receptor, thus complex interactions are possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rimas V Lukas
- University of Chicago, Department of Neurology, MC 2030, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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258
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Leone G, D'Alò F, Zardo G, Voso MT, Nervi C. Epigenetic treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukemias. Curr Med Chem 2008; 15:1274-87. [PMID: 18537607 PMCID: PMC2764862 DOI: 10.2174/092986708784534947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2008] [Revised: 04/07/2008] [Accepted: 04/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms affecting chromatin structure contribute to regulate gene expression and assure the inheritance of information, which are essential for the proper expression of key regulatory genes in healthy cells, tissues and organs. In the medical field, an increasing body of evidence indicates that altered gene expression or de-regulated gene function lead to disease. Cancer cells also suffer a profound change in the genomic methylation patterns and chromatin status. Aberrant DNA methylation patterns, changes in chromatin structure and in gene expression are common in all kind of tumor types. However, studies on leukemias have provided paradigmatic examples for the functional implications of the epigenetic alterations in cancer development and progression as well as their relevance for therapeutical targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Leone
- Istituto di Ematologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.
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259
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Kalousek I, Brodska B, Otevrelova P, Röselova P. BimEL-dependent apoptosis induced in peripheral blood lymphocytes withn-butyric acid is moderated by variation in expression of c-myc and p21(WAF1). Cell Biochem Funct 2008; 26:509-21. [DOI: 10.1002/cbf.1474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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260
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Optimization of biaryl Selective HDAC1&2 Inhibitors (SHI-1:2). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:726-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2007] [Revised: 11/12/2007] [Accepted: 11/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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261
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Feng R, Oton A, Mapara MY, Anderson G, Belani C, Lentzsch S. The histone deacetylase inhibitor, PXD101, potentiates bortezomib-induced anti-multiple myeloma effect by induction of oxidative stress and DNA damage. Br J Haematol 2007; 139:385-97. [PMID: 17910628 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2007.06772.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Clinical trials have shown the high anti-myeloma activity of the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib. The present study examined the activity of bortezomib combined with PXD101, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, against multiple myeloma (MM) and osteoclastogenesis. Treatment of myeloma cell lines with combinations of bortezomib and PXD101 led to synergistic inhibition of proliferation and induction of cell death. The combination significantly decreased the viability of primary human CD138(+) myeloma cells but not of bone marrow mononuclear cells. Further studies showed a dose-dependent activation of caspases-3, -8 and -9 and nuclear fragmentation in myeloma cells. Bortezomib/PXD101 treatment markedly triggered reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation that was accompanied by p53, H2A.X and p38-mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation. ROS generation could be blocked by the free radical scavenger N-acetyl-L-cysteine. The combination of bortezomib and PXD101 also resulted in synergistic inhibition of osteoclast formation. In conclusion, bortezomib and PXD101 have different molecular targets. The combination induces cell death in myeloma cells via ROS-mediated DNA damage and also inhibits osteoclastogenesis. Therefore, this study provides the rationale for the clinical evaluation of bortezomib combined with PXD101 in patients with MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rentian Feng
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
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262
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Rosa DD, Ismael G, Lago LD, Awada A. Molecular-targeted therapies: lessons from years of clinical development. Cancer Treat Rev 2007; 34:61-80. [PMID: 17826917 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2007.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2007] [Revised: 07/18/2007] [Accepted: 07/21/2007] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, molecular-targeted therapies have been added to cytotoxic and anti-endocrine drugs in the treatment of cancer, with the aim to target the molecular pathways that underlie the carcinogenic process and maintain the cancer phenotype. Success with some of these agents has suggested that identification and validation of the drug target is the starting point for the route of development of active, safe and effective drugs. Main molecular targets used to the development of anticancer drugs are cell surface receptors, signal transduction pathways, gene transcription targets, ubiquitin-proteasome/heat shock proteins and tumour microenvironment components (especially antiangiogenic agents). Here, we review the development of the main molecular targeted non-cytotoxic agents studied in cancer, highlighting lessons derived from the development of these novel drugs and proposing new horizons for the clinical development of molecular-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela D Rosa
- Medical Oncology Clinic, Jules Bordet Institute, and L Universite Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.
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