251
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Liu C, Zhang N. Nanoparticles in Gene Therapy. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2011; 104:509-62. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-416020-0.00013-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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252
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Trembleau L, Simpson M, Cheyne RW, Escofet I, Appleyard MVCAL, Murray K, Sharp S, Thompson AM, Smith TAD. Development of 18F-fluorinatable dendrons and their application to cancer cell targeting. NEW J CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1nj20417c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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253
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Chiu YL, Chen SA, Chen JH, Chen KJ, Chen HL, Sung HW. A dual-emission Förster resonance energy transfer nanoprobe for sensing/imaging pH changes in the biological environment. ACS NANO 2010; 4:7467-74. [PMID: 21082810 DOI: 10.1021/nn102644u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A dual-emission nanoprobe that can sense changes in the environmental pH is designed based on the concept of pH-responsive Förster resonance energy transfer induced by the conformational transition of an associating polyelectrolyte, N-palmitoyl chitosan, bearing a donor (Cy3) or an acceptor (Cy5) moiety. We demonstrate that the developed pH-responsive nanoprobe can be used to ratiometrically image and thus discriminate the pH changes in the biological environment at different length scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ling Chiu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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254
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Wijagkanalan W, Kawakami S, Hashida M. Designing Dendrimers for Drug Delivery and Imaging: Pharmacokinetic Considerations. Pharm Res 2010; 28:1500-19. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-010-0339-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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255
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Albertazzi L, Storti B, Marchetti L, Beltram F. Delivery and subcellular targeting of dendrimer-based fluorescent pH sensors in living cells. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:18158-67. [PMID: 21141854 DOI: 10.1021/ja105689u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis and targeted delivery of dendrimer-based fluorescent biosensors in living HeLa cells are reported. Following electroporation dendrimers are shown to display specific subcellular localization depending on their size and surface charge and this property is preserved when they are functionalized with sensing moieties. We analyze the case of double dendrimer conjugation with pH-sensitive and pH-insensitive molecules leading to the realization of ratiometric pH sensors that are calibrated in vitro and in living cells. By tuning the physicochemical properties of the dendrimer scaffold sensors can be targeted to specific cellular compartments allowing selective pH measurements in different organelles in living cells. In order to demonstrate the modularity of this approach we present three different pH sensors with tuned H(+) affinity by appropriately choosing the pH-sensitive dye. We argue that the present methodology represents a general approach toward the realization of targetable ratiometric sensors suitable to monitor biologically relevant ions or molecules in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Albertazzi
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
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256
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Ye L, Letchford K, Heller M, Liggins R, Guan D, Kizhakkedathu JN, Brooks DE, Jackson JK, Burt HM. Synthesis and characterization of carboxylic acid conjugated, hydrophobically derivatized, hyperbranched polyglycerols as nanoparticulate drug carriers for cisplatin. Biomacromolecules 2010; 12:145-55. [PMID: 21128674 DOI: 10.1021/bm101080p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Hyperbranched polyglycerols (HPGs) with hydrophobic cores and derivatized with methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) were synthesized and further functionalized with carboxylate groups to bind and deliver cisplatin. Low and high levels of carboxylate were conjugated to HPGs (HPG-C(8/10)-MePEG(6.5)-COOH(113) and HPG-C(8/10)-MePEG(6.5)-COOH(348)) and their structures were confirmed through NMR and FTIR spectroscopy and potentiometric titration. The hydrodynamic diameter of the HPGs ranged from 5-10 nm and the addition of COOH groups decreased the zeta potential of the polymers. HPG-C(8/10)-MePEG(6.5)-COOH(113) bound up to 10% w/w cisplatin, whereas HPG-C(8/10)-MePEG(6.5)-COOH(348) bound up to 20% w/w drug with 100% efficiency. Drug was released from HPG-C(8/10)-MePEG(6.5)-COOH(113) over 7 days at the same rate, regardless of the pH. Cisplatin release from HPG-C(8/10)-MePEG(6.5)-COOH(348) was significantly slower than HPG-C(8/10)-MePEG(6.5)-COOH(113) at pH 6 and 7.4, but similar at pH 4.5. Release of cisplatin into artificial urine was considerably faster than into buffer. Carboxylated HPGs demonstrated good biocompatibility, and drug-loaded HPGs effectively inhibited proliferation of KU-7-luc bladder cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Ye
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2146 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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257
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Zaki NM, Tirelli N. Gateways for the intracellular access of nanocarriers: a review of receptor-mediated endocytosis mechanisms and of strategies in receptor targeting. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2010; 7:895-913. [PMID: 20629604 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2010.501792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD The last 10 years have seen a dramatic growth in understanding and controlling how complex, drug-loaded (nano)structures, as well as pathogens, or biopharmaceuticals can gather access to the cytoplasm, which is a key step to increasing the effectiveness of their action. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW The review offers an updated overview of the current knowledge of endocytic processes; furthermore, the cell surface receptors most commonly used in drug delivery are here discussed on the basis of their reported internalization mechanisms, with examples of their use as nanocarrier targets taken from the most recent scientific literature. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN Knowledge of molecular biology details is increasingly necessary for a rational design of drug delivery systems. Here, the aim is to provide the reader with an attempt to link a mechanistic knowledge of endocytic mechanisms with the identification of appropriate targets (internalization receptors) for nanocarriers. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Much advance is still needed to create a complete and coherent biological picture of endocytosis, but current knowledge already allows individuation of a good number of targetable groups for a predetermined intracellular fate of nanocarriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha M Zaki
- Ain Shams University, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Monazamet El Wehda El Afrikia St, El Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt
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258
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Mukherjee SP, Lyng FM, Garcia A, Davoren M, Byrne HJ. Mechanistic studies of in vitro cytotoxicity of poly(amidoamine) dendrimers in mammalian cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2010; 248:259-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2010.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Revised: 07/21/2010] [Accepted: 08/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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259
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Kurmi BD, Kayat J, Gajbhiye V, Tekade RK, Jain NK. Micro- and nanocarrier-mediated lung targeting. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2010; 7:781-94. [PMID: 20560777 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2010.492212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Drug delivery to lungs appears to be an attractive proposition on account of the large surface area of the alveolar region; it provides tremendous opportunities to improve drug therapies both systemically and locally using new drug delivery systems. Administration of drugs directly to the lungs is the most appropriate route in the treatment of asthma and other pulmonary diseases such as tuberculosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW This review focuses on the utilization of nano- and microcarriers such as microspheres, nanoparticles, liposomes, niosomes and dendrimers for targeted delivery of bioactive molecules to lungs. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN This review sheds light on the current status of nano- and microcarrier-mediated lung targeting of bioactive compounds. TAKE HOME MESSAGE The literature review shows that carriers could supplement sustained drug delivery to the lungs, extended duration of action, reduced therapeutic dose, improved patient compliance, and reduced adverse effects of highly toxic drugs. There is still a need to identify more specific receptors that are present exclusively in the lungs. The identification of such receptors may also facilitate drug targeting to further specific parts of the lungs, such as bronchioles and alveoli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balak D Kurmi
- Dr Hari Singh Gour University, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutics Research Laboratory, Sagar 470 003, India
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260
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Vázquez E, Cubarsi R, Unzueta U, Roldán M, Domingo-Espín J, Ferrer-Miralles N, Villaverde A. Internalization and kinetics of nuclear migration of protein-only, arginine-rich nanoparticles. Biomaterials 2010; 31:9333-9. [PMID: 20869766 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.08.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the intracellular trafficking of nanoparticles internalized by mammalian cells is a critical issue in nanomedicine, intimately linked to therapeutic applications but also to toxicity concerns. While the uptake mechanisms of carbon nanotubes and polymeric particles have been investigated fairly extensively, there are few studies on the migration and fate of protein-only nanoparticles other than natural viruses. Interestingly, protein nanoparticles are emerging as tools in personalized medicines because of their biocompatibility and functional tuneability, and are particularly promising for gene therapy and also conventional drug delivery. Here, we have investigated the uptake and kinetics of intracellular migration of protein nanoparticles built up by a chimerical multifunctional protein, and functionalized by a pleiotropic, membrane-active (R9) terminal peptide. Interestingly, protein nanoparticles are first localized in endosomes, but an early endosomal escape allows them to reach and accumulate in the nucleus (but not in the cytoplasm), with a migration speed of 0.0044 ± 0.0003 μm/s, ten-fold higher than that expected for passive diffusion. Interestingly, the plasmatic, instead of the nuclear membrane is the main cellular barrier in the nuclear way of R9-assisted protein-only nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Vázquez
- Institute for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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261
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Zhao Y, Liu S, Jiang W, Chang Y, Li Y, Fang X, Wang J. Synthesis and photoluminescence study of di-dendron dendrimers derived from mono-Boc-protected ethylenediamine cores. LUMINESCENCE 2010; 26:264-70. [PMID: 20641045 DOI: 10.1002/bio.1223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2010] [Revised: 04/06/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This work is focused on the synthesis and optical properties of cone-shaped structural feature di-dendron polyamidoamine dendrimers up to the third generation with mono-Boc-protected ethylenediamine (EDA) as a core. Strong UV absorbance spectra and fluorescence spectra from di-dendron dendrimers with different terminal groups (-NH(2), -COOCH(3)) were studied under different conditions by varying experimental parameters such as concentration and pH. The optical density and fluorescence intensities increased when di-dendron dendrimers generation number increased from 0.5 to 3.0. It was confirmed that the concentration of di-dendron dendrimers plays an important role in fluorescence intensity. The increase in fluorescence intensity was linear in low concentration regions, but the intensity increased slowly in high concentration regions. The results also showed a rapid increase in fluorescence intensity at low pH. The formation of a fluorescence-emitting moiety had a close relationship to protonated tertiary amine groups in di-dendron dendrimers derived from mono-Boc-protected EDA cores. Furthermore, the formation of fluorescent chemical species was irreversible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yili Zhao
- Alan G. MacDiarmid Institute of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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262
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Peng SF, Su CJ, Wei MC, Chen CY, Liao ZX, Lee PW, Chen HL, Sung HW. Effects of the nanostructure of dendrimer/DNA complexes on their endocytosis and gene expression. Biomaterials 2010; 31:5660-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2010] [Accepted: 03/21/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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263
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Yang W, Pan CY, Luo MD, Zhang HB. Fluorescent Mannose-Functionalized Hyperbranched Poly(amido amine)s: Synthesis and Interaction with E. coli. Biomacromolecules 2010; 11:1840-6. [DOI: 10.1021/bm100307d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Yang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China, and Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Anhui Key Laboratory of Controllable Chemistry Reaction and Material Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, People's Republic of China
| | - Cai-Yuan Pan
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China, and Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Anhui Key Laboratory of Controllable Chemistry Reaction and Material Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Deng Luo
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China, and Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Anhui Key Laboratory of Controllable Chemistry Reaction and Material Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Bin Zhang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China, and Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Anhui Key Laboratory of Controllable Chemistry Reaction and Material Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, People's Republic of China
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264
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Pedrón S, Anseth K, Benton JA, Bosch P, Peinado C. Bioapplications of Networks Based on Photo-Cross-Linked Hyperbranched Polymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.201050536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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265
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Efficacy of amphiphilic core-shell nanostructures encapsulating gentamicin in an in vitro salmonella and listeria intracellular infection model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 54:3524-6. [PMID: 20516284 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01522-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Core-shell nanostructures with nonionic amphiphilic shells and ionic cores encapsulating gentamicin were designed for therapy against intracellular pathogens, including Salmonella and Listeria. Flow cytometry and confocal microscopy showed that their uptake into J774A.1 macrophages proceeded mainly by fluid-phase endocytosis and clathrin-mediated pathways. The nanostructures were nontoxic in vitro at doses of 50 to 250 microg/ml, and they significantly reduced the amounts of intracellular Salmonella (0.53 log) and Listeria (3.16 log), thereby suggesting effective transport into the cells.
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266
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Ainalem ML, Campbell RA, Khalid S, Gillams RJ, Rennie AR, Nylander T. On the Ability of PAMAM Dendrimers and Dendrimer/DNA Aggregates To Penetrate POPC Model Biomembranes. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:7229-44. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9119809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Louise Ainalem
- Physical Chemistry, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden, Institut Laue-Langevin, 6 rue Jules Horowitz, BP 156, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France, School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom, and Department of Physics, Uppsala University, Box 530, S-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Richard A. Campbell
- Physical Chemistry, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden, Institut Laue-Langevin, 6 rue Jules Horowitz, BP 156, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France, School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom, and Department of Physics, Uppsala University, Box 530, S-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Syma Khalid
- Physical Chemistry, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden, Institut Laue-Langevin, 6 rue Jules Horowitz, BP 156, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France, School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom, and Department of Physics, Uppsala University, Box 530, S-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Richard J. Gillams
- Physical Chemistry, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden, Institut Laue-Langevin, 6 rue Jules Horowitz, BP 156, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France, School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom, and Department of Physics, Uppsala University, Box 530, S-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Adrian R. Rennie
- Physical Chemistry, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden, Institut Laue-Langevin, 6 rue Jules Horowitz, BP 156, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France, School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom, and Department of Physics, Uppsala University, Box 530, S-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tommy Nylander
- Physical Chemistry, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden, Institut Laue-Langevin, 6 rue Jules Horowitz, BP 156, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France, School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom, and Department of Physics, Uppsala University, Box 530, S-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
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267
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Albertazzi L, Serresi M, Albanese A, Beltram F. Dendrimer Internalization and Intracellular Trafficking in Living Cells. Mol Pharm 2010; 7:680-8. [DOI: 10.1021/mp9002464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Albertazzi
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, I-56127 Pisa, Italy, and IIT@NEST, Center for Nanotechnology Innovation, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Michela Serresi
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, I-56127 Pisa, Italy, and IIT@NEST, Center for Nanotechnology Innovation, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alberto Albanese
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, I-56127 Pisa, Italy, and IIT@NEST, Center for Nanotechnology Innovation, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Fabio Beltram
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, I-56127 Pisa, Italy, and IIT@NEST, Center for Nanotechnology Innovation, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
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268
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Fischer M, Appelhans D, Schwarz S, Klajnert B, Bryszewska M, Voit B, Rogers M. Influence of Surface Functionality of Poly(propylene imine) Dendrimers on Protease Resistance and Propagation of the Scrapie Prion Protein. Biomacromolecules 2010; 11:1314-25. [DOI: 10.1021/bm100101s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marlies Fischer
- UCD School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland, Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany, and Department of General Biophysics, University of Lodz, 12/16 Banacha Street, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - Dietmar Appelhans
- UCD School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland, Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany, and Department of General Biophysics, University of Lodz, 12/16 Banacha Street, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - Simona Schwarz
- UCD School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland, Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany, and Department of General Biophysics, University of Lodz, 12/16 Banacha Street, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - Barbara Klajnert
- UCD School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland, Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany, and Department of General Biophysics, University of Lodz, 12/16 Banacha Street, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - Maria Bryszewska
- UCD School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland, Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany, and Department of General Biophysics, University of Lodz, 12/16 Banacha Street, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - Brigitte Voit
- UCD School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland, Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany, and Department of General Biophysics, University of Lodz, 12/16 Banacha Street, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - Mark Rogers
- UCD School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland, Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany, and Department of General Biophysics, University of Lodz, 12/16 Banacha Street, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
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269
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Menjoge AR, Navath RS, Asad A, Kannan S, Kim CJ, Romero R, Kannan RM. Transport and biodistribution of dendrimers across human fetal membranes: implications for intravaginal administration of dendrimer-drug conjugates. Biomaterials 2010; 31:5007-21. [PMID: 20346497 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.02.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Accepted: 02/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Dendrimers are emerging as promising topical antimicrobial agents, and as targeted nanoscale drug delivery vehicles. Topical intravaginal antimicrobial agents are prescribed to treat the ascending genital infections in pregnant women. The fetal membranes separate the extra-amniotic space and fetus. The purpose of the study is to determine if the dendrimers can be selectively used for local intravaginal application to pregnant women without crossing the membranes into the fetus. In the present study, the transport and permeability of PAMAM (poly (amidoamine)) dendrimers, across human fetal membrane (using a side by side diffusion chamber), and its biodistribution (using immunofluorescence) are evaluated ex-vivo. Transport across human fetal membranes (from the maternal side) was evaluated using Fluorescein (FITC), an established transplacental marker (positive control, size approximately 400 Da) and fluorophore-tagged G(4)-PAMAM dendrimers (approximately 16 kDa). The fluorophore-tagged G(4)-PAMAM dendrimers were synthesized and characterized using (1)H NMR, MALDI TOF MS and HPLC analysis. Transfer was measured across the intact fetal membrane (chorioamnion), and the separated chorion and amnion layers. Over a 5 h period, the dendrimer transport across all the three membranes was less than <3%, whereas the transport of FITC was relatively fast with as much as 49% transport across the amnion. The permeability of FITC (7.9 x 10(-7) cm(2)/s) through the chorioamnion was 7-fold higher than that of the dendrimer (5.8 x 10(-8) cm(2)/s). The biodistribution showed that the dendrimers were largely present in interstitial spaces in the decidual stromal cells and the chorionic trophoblast cells (in 2.5-4 h) and surprisingly, to a smaller extent internalized in nuclei of trophoblast cells and nuclei and cytoplasm of stromal cells. Passive diffusion and paracellular transport appear to be the major route for dendrimer transport. The overall findings further suggest that entry of drugs conjugated to dendrimers would be restricted across the human fetal membranes when administered topically by intravaginal route, suggesting new ways of selectively delivering therapeutics to the mother without affecting the fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupa R Menjoge
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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270
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Qi R, Mullen DG, Baker JR, Holl MMB. The mechanism of polyplex internalization into cells: testing the GM1/caveolin-1 lipid raft mediated endocytosis pathway. Mol Pharm 2010; 7:267-79. [PMID: 20025295 PMCID: PMC2826151 DOI: 10.1021/mp900241t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The GM1/caveolin-1 lipid raft mediated endocytosis mechanism was explored for generation 5 and 7 poly(amidoamine) dendrimer polyplexes employing the Cos-7, 293A, C6, HeLa, KB, and HepG2 cell lines. Expression levels of GM1 and caveolin-1 were measured using dot blot and Western blot, respectively. The level of GM1 in the cell plasma membrane was adjusted by incubation with exogenous GM1 or ganglioside inhibitor PPMP, and the level of CAV-1 was adjusted by upregulation with the adenovirus vector expressed caveolin-1 (AdCav-1). Cholera toxin B subunit was employed as a positive control for uptake in all cases. No evidence was found for a GM1/caveolin-1 lipid raft mediated endocytosis mechanism for the generation 5 and 7 poly(amidoamine) dendrimer polyplexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Qi
- Peking University Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China
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271
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Liu J, Bauer H, Callahan J, Kopecková P, Pan H, Kopecek J. Endocytic uptake of a large array of HPMA copolymers: Elucidation into the dependence on the physicochemical characteristics. J Control Release 2010; 143:71-9. [PMID: 20043962 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2009.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Accepted: 12/19/2009] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Endocytic uptake and subcellular trafficking of a large array of HPMA (N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide) based copolymers possessing positively or negatively charged residues, or hydrophobic groups were evaluated by flow cytometry and living cell confocal microscopy in cultured prostate cancer cells. The degrees of cellular uptake of various copolymer fractions with narrow polydispersities were quantified. The copolymer charge was the predominant physicochemical feature in terms of cellular uptake. Fast and efficient uptake occurred in positively charged copolymers due to non-specific adsorptive endocytosis, whereas slow uptake of negatively charged copolymers was observed. The uptake of copolymers was also molecular weight dependent. The copolymers were internalized into the cells through multiple endocytic pathways: positively charged copolymers robustly engaged clathrin-mediated endocytosis, macropinocytosis and dynamin-dependent endocytosis, while weakly negatively charged copolymers weakly employed these pathways; strongly negatively charged copolymers only mobilized macropinocytosis. HPMA copolymer possessing 4 mol% of moderately hydrophobic functional groups did not show preferential uptake. All copolymers ultimately localized in late endosomes/lysosomes via early endosomes; with varying kinetics among the copolymers. This study indicates that cell entry and subsequent intracellular trafficking of polymeric drug carriers are strongly dependent on the physicochemical characteristics of the nanocarrier, such as charge and molecular weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihua Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry/CCCD, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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272
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Caminade AM, Hameau A, Majoral JP. Multicharged and/or water-soluble fluorescent dendrimers: properties and uses. Chemistry 2010; 15:9270-85. [PMID: 19718727 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200901597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The fluorescence of water-soluble dendritic compounds can be due to the whole structure or to fluorophores used as core, as peripheral groups, or as branches. Highly sophisticated precisely defined structures with other functional groups usable for material or biological purposes have been synthesised, but many recent examples have shown that dendrimers can be used as versatile platforms for statistically linking various types of functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Caminade
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination (LCC) CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse, France.
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273
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Kurtoglu YE, Mishra MK, Kannan S, Kannan RM. Drug release characteristics of PAMAM dendrimer-drug conjugates with different linkers. Int J Pharm 2009; 384:189-94. [PMID: 19825406 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2009] [Revised: 09/30/2009] [Accepted: 10/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Drug release from polymer-drug conjugates plays a crucial role on the efficacy. This is especially true for dendrimers where there is a steric crowding at the surface. The drug release characteristics of G4-polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer-ibuprofen conjugates with ester, amide, and peptide linkers were investigated, in addition to a linear PEG-ibuprofen conjugate to understand the effect of architecture and linker on drug release. Ibuprofen was directly conjugated to NH(2)-terminated dendrimer by an amide bond and OH-terminated dendrimer by an ester bond. A tetra-peptide-linked dendrimer conjugate and a linear mPEG-ibuprofen conjugate were also studied for comparison to direct linked dendrimer conjugates. Amide-linked conjugates were relatively stable against hydrolysis, whereas the ester-linked conjugates showed pH-dependent release and the extent of release varied with pH from 3% (pH 5) to 38% (pH 8.5) for the 10-day period studied. Direct amide- and ester-linked conjugates did not release ibuprofen enzymatically in cathepsin B buffer and diluted human plasma. In contrast, mPEG conjugate released 65% of its payload within 12 h in diluted plasma by esterase activity, and the peptide-linked dendrimer conjugate released 40% of its payload within 48 h by cathepsin B activity. It is demonstrated that the steric crowding at the surface of PAMAM dendrimer-drug conjugates, along with linking chemistry govern the drug release mechanisms as well as kinetics. Understanding these structural and steric effects on their drug release characteristics is crucial for the design of dendrimer conjugates with high efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunus E Kurtoglu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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274
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van Dongen SFM, de Hoog HPM, Peters RJRW, Nallani M, Nolte RJM, van Hest JCM. Biohybrid Polymer Capsules. Chem Rev 2009; 109:6212-74. [DOI: 10.1021/cr900072y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 357] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stijn F. M. van Dongen
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and Institute of Materials Research & Engineering (IMRE), Research Link 3, Singapore 117602, Singapore
| | - Hans-Peter M. de Hoog
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and Institute of Materials Research & Engineering (IMRE), Research Link 3, Singapore 117602, Singapore
| | - Ruud J. R. W. Peters
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and Institute of Materials Research & Engineering (IMRE), Research Link 3, Singapore 117602, Singapore
| | - Madhavan Nallani
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and Institute of Materials Research & Engineering (IMRE), Research Link 3, Singapore 117602, Singapore
| | - Roeland J. M. Nolte
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and Institute of Materials Research & Engineering (IMRE), Research Link 3, Singapore 117602, Singapore
| | - Jan C. M. van Hest
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and Institute of Materials Research & Engineering (IMRE), Research Link 3, Singapore 117602, Singapore
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275
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Wang B, Navath RS, Romero R, Kannan S, Kannan R. Anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activity of anionic dendrimer-N-acetyl cysteine conjugates in activated microglial cells. Int J Pharm 2009; 377:159-68. [PMID: 19463931 PMCID: PMC3917717 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2009] [Revised: 04/29/2009] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dendrimers are emerging as potential intracellular drug delivery vehicles. Understanding and improving the cellular efficacy of dendrimer-drug conjugates, can lead to significant in vivo benefits. This study explores efficacy of anionic polyamidoamine (PAMAM-COOH) dendrimer-N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) conjugates for applications in neuroinflammation. The anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of PAMAM-(COOH)(46)-(NAC)(18) conjugate is evaluated on microglial cells in vitro. Cell entry and localization of PAMAM-(COOH)(62)-(FITC)(2) conjugate in BV-2 microglial cells were assessed using flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. ELISA assays were used to evaluate markers of oxidative stress (ROS, NO) and inflammation (TNF-alpha) after stimulation of microglial cells with lipopolysaccharides (LPS), following treatment with increasing doses of free N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) or PAMAM-(COOH)(46)-(NAC)(18) conjugate containing an equivalent molar concentration of NAC. Flow cytometry and confocal microscopy demonstrated the PAMAM-(COOH)(62)-(FITC)(2) conjugate entered BV-2 cells rapidly with significant increase in fluorescence within 15 min and localized mostly in the cytoplasm. PAMAM-(COOH)(46)-(NAC)(18) conjugate was non-toxic, and significantly reduced ROS, NO and TNF-alpha release by activated microglial cells after 24 h and 72 h stimulation of LPS following 3h pre-treatment when compared to the same concentration of free NAC (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Anionic PAMAM dendrimer-NAC conjugate was synthesized with a glutathione sensitive linker for intracellular release. The non-toxic conjugate is a more effective anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory agent when compared to free NAC in vitro. The conjugate showed significant efficacy even at the lowest dose (0.5mM NAC), where the activity was comparable or better than that of free drug at 8mM (16x higher dosage). The improved efficacy of the conjugate, when combined with the intrinsic neuroinflammation-targeting ability of the PAMAM dendrimers, may provide new opportunities for in vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Wang
- Department of Pediatrics (Critical Care Medicine), Children’s Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
- Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NICHD, NIH, DHHS, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - RS Navath
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
- Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NICHD, NIH, DHHS, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - R Romero
- Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NICHD, NIH, DHHS, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - S Kannan
- Department of Pediatrics (Critical Care Medicine), Children’s Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
| | - R Kannan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
- Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NICHD, NIH, DHHS, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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276
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Tanis I, Karatasos K. Association of a Weakly Acidic Anti-Inflammatory Drug (Ibuprofen) with a Poly(Amidoamine) Dendrimer as Studied by Molecular Dynamics Simulations. J Phys Chem B 2009; 113:10984-93. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9039176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- I. Tanis
- Physical Chemistry Laboratory, Chemical Engineering Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - K. Karatasos
- Physical Chemistry Laboratory, Chemical Engineering Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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277
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Hong S, Rattan R, Majoros IJ, Mullen DG, Peters JL, Shi X, Bielinska AU, Blanco L, Orr BG, Baker JR, Holl MMB. The role of ganglioside GM1 in cellular internalization mechanisms of poly(amidoamine) dendrimers. Bioconjug Chem 2009; 20:1503-13. [PMID: 19583240 DOI: 10.1021/bc900029k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Generation 7 (G7) poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers with amine, acetamide, and carboxylate end groups were prepared to investigate polymer/cell membrane interactions in vitro. G7 PAMAM dendrimers were used in this study because higher-generation of dendrimers are more effective in permeabilization of cell plasma membranes and in the formation of nanoscale holes in supported lipid bilayers than smaller, lower-generation dendrimers. Dendrimer-based conjugates were characterized by (1)H NMR, UV/vis spectroscopy, GPC, HPLC, and CE. Positively charged amine-terminated G7 dendrimers (G7-NH(2)) were observed to internalize into KB, Rat2, and C6 cells at a 200 nM concentration. By way of contrast, neither negatively charged G7 carboxylate-terminated dendrimers (G7-COOH) nor neutral acetamide-terminated G7 dendrimers (G7-Ac) associated with the cell plasma membrane or internalized under similar conditions. A series of in vitro experiments employing endocytic markers cholera toxin subunit B (CTB), transferrin, and GM(1)-pyrene were performed to further investigate mechanisms of dendrimer internalization into cells. G7-NH(2) dendrimers colocalized with CTB; however, experiments with C6 cells indicated that internalization of G7-NH(2) was not ganglioside GM(1) dependent. The G7/CTB colocalization was thus ascribed to an artifact of direct interaction between the two species. The presence of GM(1) in the membrane also had no effect upon XTT assays of cell viability or lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays of membrane permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungpyo Hong
- Program in Macromolecular Science and Engineering and Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, USA
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278
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The In vitro Sub-cellular Localization and In vivo Efficacy of Novel Chitosan/GMO Nanostructures containing Paclitaxel. Pharm Res 2009; 26:1963-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-009-9911-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2009] [Accepted: 05/11/2009] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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279
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Dendrimer-drug conjugates for tailored intracellular drug release based on glutathione levels. Bioconjug Chem 2009; 19:2446-55. [PMID: 19053299 DOI: 10.1021/bc800342d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
N-Acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) is an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent with significant potential in clinical applications including stroke and neuroinflammation. The drug shows high plasma binding upon IV administration, requiring high doses and associated side effects. Through the use of an appropriate delivery vehicle, the stability and efficacy of NAC can be significantly improved. Dendrimers are an emerging class of nanoscale drug delivery vehicles, which enable high drug payloads and intracellular delivery. Poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimer-NAC conjugates having cleavable disulfide linkages are designed for intracellular delivery based on glutathione levels. We have successfully synthesized two conjugates with a cationic G4-NH(2) and an anionic G3.5-COOH PAMAM dendrimer with NAC payloads of 16 and 18 per dendrimer, respectively, as confirmed by (1)H NMR and MALDI-TOF analysis. NAC release from the conjugates at intracellular and extracellular glutathione (GSH) concentrations were evaluated by reverse phase HPLC (RP-HPLC) analysis, and approximately 70% of NAC payload was released within one hour at intracellular GSH concentrations (approximately 10 mM), whereas negligible NAC release was observed at extracellular GSH levels (2 microM). FITC-labeled conjugates showed that they enter cells rapidly and localize in the cytoplasm of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated microglial cells (the target cells in vivo). The significantly improved efficacies of dendrimer-NAC conjugates in activated microglial cells was confirmed by measuring the nitrite inhibition in the cell culture medium, which is an indication of the antioxidative property of the drug. Both G4-NH(2) and G3.5-COOH conjugates showed significantly better nitrite inhibition both at 24 and 72 h compared to free NAC, by as much as a factor of 16. The results indicate that PAMAM dendrimer conjugates produce higher local NAC concentration inside the cells, with GSH-sensitive disulfide linker enabling efficient and rapid cellular release of the drug.
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280
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Kurtoglu YE, Navath RS, Wang B, Kannan S, Romero R, Kannan RM. Poly(amidoamine) dendrimer-drug conjugates with disulfide linkages for intracellular drug delivery. Biomaterials 2009; 30:2112-21. [PMID: 19171376 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2008] [Accepted: 12/24/2008] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Understanding and improving drug release kinetics from dendrimer-drug conjugates are key steps to improve their in vivo efficacy. N-Acetyl cysteine (NAC) is an anti-inflammatory agent with significant potential for clinical use in the treatment of neuroinflammation, stroke and cerebral palsy. There is a need for delivery of NAC which can enhance its efficacy, reduce dosage and prevent it from binding plasma proteins. For this purpose, a poly(amidoamine) dendrimer-NAC conjugate that contains a disulfide linkage was synthesized and evaluated for its release kinetics in the presence of glutathione (GSH), cysteine (Cys), and bovine serum albumin (BSA) at both physiological and lysosomal pH. The results indicate that the prepared conjugate can deliver approximately 60% of its NAC payload within 1h at intracellular GSH concentrations at physiological pH, whereas the conjugate did not release any drug at plasma GSH levels. The stability of the conjugate in the presence of bovine serum albumin at plasma concentrations was also demonstrated. The efficacy of the dendrimer-NAC conjugate was measured in activated microglial cells (target cells in vivo) using the reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay. The conjugates showed an order of magnitude increase in antioxidant activity compared to free drug. When combined with intrinsic and ligand-based targeting with dendrimers, these types of GSH sensitive nanodevices can lead to improved drug release profiles and in vivo efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunus E Kurtoglu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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281
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282
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Rolland O, Turrin CO, Caminade AM, Majoral JP. Dendrimers and nanomedicine: multivalency in action. NEW J CHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/b901054h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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