251
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DNA polymerase-α regulates the activation of type I interferons through cytosolic RNA:DNA synthesis. Nat Immunol 2016; 17:495-504. [PMID: 27019227 PMCID: PMC4836962 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant nucleic acids generated during viral replication are the main trigger for antiviral immunity, and mutations that disrupt nucleic acid metabolism can lead to autoinflammatory disorders. Here we investigated the etiology of X-linked reticulate pigmentary disorder (XLPDR), a primary immunodeficiency with autoinflammatory features. We discovered that XLPDR is caused by an intronic mutation that disrupts the expression of POLA1, which encodes the catalytic subunit of DNA polymerase-α. Unexpectedly, POLA1 deficiency resulted in increased production of type I interferons. This enzyme is necessary for the synthesis of RNA:DNA primers during DNA replication and, strikingly, we found that POLA1 is also required for the synthesis of cytosolic RNA:DNA, which directly modulates interferon activation. Together this work identifies POLA1 as a critical regulator of the type I interferon response.
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252
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Zhu H, Li X, Zhang X, Chen D, Li D, Ren J, Gu H, Shu Y, Wang D. Polymorphisms in mismatch repair genes are associated with risk and microsatellite instability of gastric cancer, and interact with life exposures. Gene 2016; 579:52-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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253
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Mackenzie KJ, Carroll P, Lettice L, Tarnauskaitė Ž, Reddy K, Dix F, Revuelta A, Abbondati E, Rigby RE, Rabe B, Kilanowski F, Grimes G, Fluteau A, Devenney PS, Hill RE, Reijns MA, Jackson AP. Ribonuclease H2 mutations induce a cGAS/STING-dependent innate immune response. EMBO J 2016; 35:831-44. [PMID: 26903602 PMCID: PMC4855687 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201593339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (AGS) provides a monogenic model of nucleic acid-mediated inflammation relevant to the pathogenesis of systemic autoimmunity. Mutations that impair ribonuclease (RNase) H2 enzyme function are the most frequent cause of this autoinflammatory disorder of childhood and are also associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. Reduced processing of eitherRNA:DNAhybrid or genome-embedded ribonucleotide substrates is thought to lead to activation of a yet undefined nucleic acid-sensing pathway. Here, we establishRnaseh2b(A174T/A174T)knock-in mice as a subclinical model of disease, identifying significant interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) transcript upregulation that recapitulates theISGsignature seen inAGSpatients. The inflammatory response is dependent on the nucleic acid sensor cyclicGMP-AMPsynthase (cGAS) and its adaptorSTINGand is associated with reduced cellular ribonucleotide excision repair activity and increasedDNAdamage. This suggests thatcGAS/STINGis a key nucleic acid-sensing pathway relevant toAGS, providing additional insight into disease pathogenesis relevant to the development of therapeutics for this childhood-onset interferonopathy and adult systemic autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen J Mackenzie
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Paula Carroll
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Laura Lettice
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Žygimantė Tarnauskaitė
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kaalak Reddy
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Flora Dix
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ailsa Revuelta
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Erika Abbondati
- Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rachel E Rigby
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Björn Rabe
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Fiona Kilanowski
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Graeme Grimes
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Adeline Fluteau
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Paul S Devenney
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Robert E Hill
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Martin Am Reijns
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andrew P Jackson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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254
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Pokatayev V, Hasin N, Chon H, Cerritelli SM, Sakhuja K, Ward JM, Morris HD, Yan N, Crouch RJ. RNase H2 catalytic core Aicardi-Goutières syndrome-related mutant invokes cGAS-STING innate immune-sensing pathway in mice. J Exp Med 2016; 213:329-36. [PMID: 26880576 PMCID: PMC4813680 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20151464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice with a mutated form of RNase H2 found in patients with the neuroinflammatory
Aicardi-Goutières Syndrome develop a lethal, cGAS–STING–dependent
disease. The neuroinflammatory autoimmune disease Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (AGS)
develops from mutations in genes encoding several nucleotide-processing proteins,
including RNase H2. Defective RNase H2 may induce accumulation of self-nucleic acid
species that trigger chronic type I interferon and inflammatory responses, leading to
AGS pathology. We created a knock-in mouse model with an RNase H2 AGS mutation in a
highly conserved residue of the catalytic subunit,
Rnaseh2aG37S/G37S (G37S), to understand disease
pathology. G37S homozygotes are perinatal lethal, in contrast to the early embryonic
lethality previously reported for Rnaseh2b- or Rnaseh2c-null mice.
Importantly, we found that the G37S mutation led to increased expression of
interferon-stimulated genes dependent on the cGAS–STING signaling pathway.
Ablation of STING in the G37S mice results in partial rescue of the perinatal
lethality, with viable mice exhibiting white spotting on their ventral surface. We
believe that the G37S knock-in mouse provides an excellent animal model for studying
RNASEH2-associated autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav Pokatayev
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Naushaba Hasin
- Division of Developmental Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Hyongi Chon
- Division of Developmental Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Susana M Cerritelli
- Division of Developmental Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Kiran Sakhuja
- Division of Developmental Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Jerrold M Ward
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - H Douglas Morris
- NIH Mouse Imaging Facility, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 21042
| | - Nan Yan
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Robert J Crouch
- Division of Developmental Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD 20892
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255
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Hofer MJ, Campbell IL. Immunoinflammatory diseases of the central nervous system - the tale of two cytokines. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:716-28. [PMID: 25917268 PMCID: PMC4742300 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are potent mediators of cellular communication that have crucial roles in the regulation of innate and adaptive immunoinflammatory responses. Clear evidence has emerged in recent years that the dysregulated production of cytokines may in itself be causative in the pathogenesis of certain immunoinflammatory disorders. Here we review current evidence for the involvement of two different cytokines, IFN-α and IL-6, as principal mediators of specific immunoinflammatory disorders of the CNS. IFN-α belongs to the type I IFN family and is causally linked to the development of inflammatory encephalopathy exemplified by the genetic disorder, Aicardi-Goutières syndrome. IL-6 belongs to the gp130 family of cytokines and is causally linked to a number of immunoinflammatory disorders of the CNS including neuromyelitis optica, idiopathic transverse myelitis and genetically linked autoinflammatory neurological disease. In addition to clinical evidence, experimental studies, particularly in genetically engineered mouse models with astrocyte-targeted, CNS-restricted production of IFN-α or IL-6 replicate many of the cardinal neuropathological features of these human cytokine-linked immunoinflammatory neurological disorders giving crucial evidence for a direct causative role of these cytokines and providing further rationale for the therapeutic targeting of these cytokines in neurological diseases where indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Hofer
- School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - I L Campbell
- School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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256
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257
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Shinozuka K, Tang H, Jones RB, Li D, Nieto Y. Impact of Polymorphic Variations of Gemcitabine Metabolism, DNA Damage Repair, and Drug-Resistance Genes on the Effect of High-Dose Chemotherapy for Relapsed or Refractory Lymphoid Malignancies. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2015; 22:843-9. [PMID: 26743341 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2015.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to determine whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes involved in gemcitabine metabolism, DNA damage repair, multidrug resistance, and alkylator detoxification influence the clinical outcome of patients with refractory/relapsed lymphoid malignancies receiving high-dose gemcitabine/busulfan/melphalan (Gem/Bu/Mel) with autologous stem cell support. We evaluated 21 germline SNPs of the gemcitabine metabolism genes CDA, deoxycytidine kinase, and hCNT3; DNA damage repair genes RECQL, X-ray repair complementing 1, RAD54L, ATM, ATR, MLH1, MSH2, MSH3, TREX1, EXO1, and TP73; and multidrug-resistance genes MRP2 and MRP5; as well as glutathione-S-transferase GSTP1 in 153 patients with relapsed or refractory lymphoma or myeloma receiving Gem/Bu/Mel. We studied the association of genotypes with overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), and nonhematological grade 3 or 4 toxicity. CDA C111T and TREX1 Ex14-460C>T genotypes had a significant effect on OS (P = .007 and P = .005, respectively), and CDA C111T, ATR C340T, and EXO1 P757L genotypes were significant predictors for severe toxicity (P = .037, P = .024, and P = .025, respectively) in multivariable models that adjusted for clinical variables. The multi-SNP risk score analysis identified the combined genotypes of TREX1 Ex14-460 TT and hCNT3 Ex5 +25A>G AA as significant predictors for OS and the combination of MRP2 Ex10 + 40GG/GA and MLH1 IVS12-169 TT as significant predictor for PFS. Polymorphic variants of certain genes involved in gemcitabine metabolism and DNA damage repair pathways may be potential biomarkers for clinical outcome in patients with refractory/relapsed lymphoid tumors receiving Gem/Bu/Mel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Shinozuka
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Hongwei Tang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Roy B Jones
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Donghui Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Yago Nieto
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
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258
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Mi S, Klungland A, Yang YG. Base-excision repair and beyond --A short summary attributed to scientific achievements of Tomas Lindahl, Nobel Prize Laureate in Chemistry 2015. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2015; 59:89-92. [PMID: 26676642 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-015-4983-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuangli Mi
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Arne Klungland
- Department of Microbiology, Division of Diagnostics and Intervention, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, NO-0027, Norway. .,Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Yun-Gui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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259
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Klungland A, Yang YG. Endogenous DNA Damage and Repair Enzymes: -A short summary of the scientific achievements of Tomas Lindahl, Nobel Laureate in Chemistry 2015. GENOMICS PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2015; 14:122-125. [PMID: 26689322 PMCID: PMC4936663 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Tomas Lindahl completed his medical studies at Karolinska Institute in 1970. Yet, his work has always been dedicated to unraveling fundamental mechanisms of DNA decay and DNA repair. His research is characterized with groundbreaking discoveries on the instability of our genome, the identification of novel DNA repair activities, the characterization of DNA repair pathways, and the association to diseases, throughout his 40 years of scientific career.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Klungland
- Department of Microbiology, Division of Diagnostics and Intervention, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo NO-0027, Norway; Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo NO-0027, Norway.
| | - Yun-Gui Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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260
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Malik R, Winsvold B, Auffenberg E, Dichgans M, Freilinger T. The migraine–stroke connection: A genetic perspective. Cephalalgia 2015; 36:658-68. [DOI: 10.1177/0333102415621055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background A complex relationship between migraine and vascular disease has long been recognized. The pathophysiological basis underlying this correlation is incompletely understood. Aim The aim of this review is to focus on the migraine–vascular disorders connection from a genetic perspective, illustrating potentially shared (molecular) mechanisms. Results We first summarize the clinical presentation and genetic basis of CADASIL and other monogenic vascular syndromes with migraine as a prominent disease manifestation. Based on data from transgenic mouse models for familial hemiplegic migraine, we then discuss cortical spreading depression as a potential mechanistic link between migraine and ischemic stroke. Finally, we review data from genome-wide association studies, with a focus on overlapping findings with cervical artery dissection, ischemic stroke in general and cardiovascular disease. Conclusion A wealth of data supports a genetic link between migraine and vascular disease. Based on growing high-throughput data-sets, new genotyping techniques and in-depth phenotyping, further insights are expected for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Malik
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Munich, Germany
| | - Bendik Winsvold
- FORMI and Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eva Auffenberg
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Munich, Germany
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research (HIH), Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Martin Dichgans
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Germany
| | - Tobias Freilinger
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research (HIH), Tuebingen, Germany
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261
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Cuadrado E, Booiman T, van Hamme JL, Jansen MH, van Dort KA, Vanderver A, Rice GI, Crow YJ, Kootstra NA, Kuijpers TW. ADAR1 Facilitates HIV-1 Replication in Primary CD4+ T Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143613. [PMID: 26629815 PMCID: PMC4667845 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Unlike resting CD4+ T cells, activated CD4+T cells are highly susceptible to infection of human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1). HIV-1 infects T cells and macrophages without activating the nucleic acid sensors and the anti-viral type I interferon response. Adenosine deaminase acting on RNA 1 (ADAR1) is an RNA editing enzyme that displays antiviral activity against several RNA viruses. Mutations in ADAR1 cause the autoimmune disorder Aicardi-Goutieères syndrome (AGS). This disease is characterized by an inappropriate activation of the interferon-stimulated gene response. Here we show that HIV-1 replication, in ADAR1-deficient CD4+T lymphocytes from AGS patients, is blocked at the level of protein translation. Furthermore, viral protein synthesis block is accompanied by an activation of interferon-stimulated genes. RNA silencing of ADAR1 in Jurkat cells also inhibited HIV-1 protein synthesis. Our data support that HIV-1 requires ADAR1 for efficient replication in human CD4+T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloy Cuadrado
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam (UvA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Thijs Booiman
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam (UvA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Sanquin Research, Landsteiner Laboratory and Center for Infection and Immunity (CINIMA) at the Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John L. van Hamme
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam (UvA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Sanquin Research, Landsteiner Laboratory and Center for Infection and Immunity (CINIMA) at the Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Machiel H. Jansen
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam (UvA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Karel A. van Dort
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam (UvA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Sanquin Research, Landsteiner Laboratory and Center for Infection and Immunity (CINIMA) at the Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Adeline Vanderver
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Gillian I. Rice
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre (MAHSC), Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Yanick J. Crow
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre (MAHSC), Manchester, United Kingdom
- INSERM UMR 1163, Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroinflammation, Institut Imagine, Hôpital Necker, Paris, France
| | - Neeltje A. Kootstra
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam (UvA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Sanquin Research, Landsteiner Laboratory and Center for Infection and Immunity (CINIMA) at the Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Taco W. Kuijpers
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam (UvA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Emma Children’s Hospital, Dept of Pediatric Hematology, Immunology and Infectious disease, AMC, UvA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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262
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Activation of cyclic GMP-AMP synthase by self-DNA causes autoimmune diseases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E5699-705. [PMID: 26371324 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1516465112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 464] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
TREX1 is an exonuclease that digests DNA in the cytoplasm. Loss-of-function mutations of TREX1 are linked to Aicardi-Goutieres Syndrome (AGS) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in humans. Trex1(-/-) mice exhibit autoimmune and inflammatory phenotypes that are associated with elevated expression of interferon (IFN)-induced genes (ISGs). Cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS) is a cytosolic DNA sensor that activates the IFN pathway. Upon binding to DNA, cGAS is activated to catalyze the synthesis of cGAMP, which functions as a second messenger that binds and activates the adaptor protein STING to induce IFNs and other cytokines. Here we show that genetic ablation of cGas in Trex1(-/-) mice eliminated all detectable pathological and molecular phenotypes, including ISG induction, autoantibody production, aberrant T-cell activation, and lethality. Even deletion of just one allele of cGas largely rescued the phenotypes of Trex1(-/-) mice. Similarly, deletion of cGas in mice lacking DNaseII, a lysosomal enzyme that digests DNA, rescued the lethal autoimmune phenotypes of the DNaseII(-/-) mice. Through quantitative mass spectrometry, we found that cGAMP accumulated in mouse tissues deficient in Trex1 or DNaseII and that this accumulation was dependent on cGAS. These results demonstrate that cGAS activation causes the autoimmune diseases in Trex1(-/-) and DNaseII(-/-) mice and suggest that inhibition of cGAS may lead to prevention and treatment of some human autoimmune diseases caused by self-DNA.
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263
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NBS1 is required for macrophage homeostasis and functional activity in mice. Blood 2015; 126:2502-10. [PMID: 26324700 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-04-637371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nijmegen breakage syndrome 1 (NBS1) is a component of the MRE11 complex, which is a sensor of DNA double-strand breaks and plays a crucial role in the DNA damage response. Because activated macrophages produce large amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can cause DNA lesions, we examined the role of NBS1 in macrophage functional activity. Proliferative and proinflammatory (interferon gamma [IFN-γ] and lipopolysaccharide [LPS]) stimuli led to increased NBS1 levels in macrophages. In mice expressing a hypomorphic allele of Nbs1, Nbs1(∆B/∆B), macrophage activation-induced ROS caused increased levels of DNA damage that were associated with defects in proliferation, delayed differentiation, and increased senescence. Furthermore, upon stimulation, Nbs1(∆B/∆B) macrophages exhibited increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines. In the in vivo 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene model of inflammation, Nbs1(∆B/∆B) animals showed increased weight and ear thickness. By using the sterile inflammation by zymosan injection, we found that macrophage proliferation was drastically decreased in the peritoneal cavity of Nbs1(∆B/∆B) mice. Our findings show that NBS1 is crucial for macrophage function during normal aging. These results have implications for understanding the immune defects observed in patients with NBS and related disorders.
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264
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Functions of DNA damage machinery in the innate immune response to DNA virus infection. Curr Opin Virol 2015; 15:56-62. [PMID: 26318640 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
DNA is potently immunostimulatory, and self-DNA is packaged in the nucleus or mitochondria allowing it to remain silent to cell-intrinsic sensors. However, damaged or mislocalised self-DNA is sensed by our innate immune systems, resulting in the production of type I interferons (IFNI), chemokines and inflammatory cytokines. During DNA virus infection the detection of viral DNA genomes by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) is essential for the initiation of IFNI responses and host defence against these pathogens. It is intriguing that a number of molecular mechanisms have been found to be common to both of these DNA-induced stress responses and this has potentially important consequences for both sides of the host/pathogen arms race.
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265
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Hasan M, Fermaintt CS, Gao N, Sakai T, Miyazaki T, Jiang S, Li QZ, Atkinson JP, Morse HC, Lehrman MA, Yan N. Cytosolic Nuclease TREX1 Regulates Oligosaccharyltransferase Activity Independent of Nuclease Activity to Suppress Immune Activation. Immunity 2015; 43:463-74. [PMID: 26320659 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
TREX1 is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated negative regulator of innate immunity. TREX1 mutations are associated with autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases. Biallelic mutations abrogating DNase activity cause autoimmunity by allowing immunogenic self-DNA to accumulate, but it is unknown how dominant frameshift (fs) mutations that encode DNase-active but mislocalized proteins cause disease. We found that the TREX1 C terminus suppressed immune activation by interacting with the ER oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) complex and stabilizing its catalytic integrity. C-terminal truncation of TREX1 by fs mutations dysregulated the OST complex, leading to free glycan release from dolichol carriers, as well as immune activation and autoantibody production. A connection between OST dysregulation and immune disorders was demonstrated in Trex1(-/-) mice, TREX1-V235fs patient lymphoblasts, and TREX1-V235fs knock-in mice. Inhibiting OST with aclacinomycin corrects the glycan and immune defects associated with Trex1 deficiency or fs mutation. This function of the TREX1 C terminus suggests a potential therapeutic option for TREX1-fs mutant-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maroof Hasan
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Charles S Fermaintt
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Ningguo Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Tomomi Sakai
- Virology and Cellular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Takuya Miyazaki
- Virology and Cellular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Sixin Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Quan-Zhen Li
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - John P Atkinson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Herbert C Morse
- Virology and Cellular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Mark A Lehrman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Nan Yan
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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266
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McGlasson S, Jury A, Jackson A, Hunt D. Type I interferon dysregulation and neurological disease. Nat Rev Neurol 2015; 11:515-23. [PMID: 26303851 DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2015.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Type I interferon is an essential component of the brain's innate immune defence, conferring protection against viral infection. Recently, dysregulation of the type I interferon pathway has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a spectrum of neuroinfectious and neuroinflammatory disorders. Underactivity of the type I interferon response is associated with a predisposition to herpes simplex encephalitis. Conversely, a group of 'interferonopathic' disorders, characterized by severe neuroinflammation and overactivity of type I interferon, has been described. Elucidation of the genetic basis of these Mendelian neuroinflammatory diseases has uncovered important links between nucleic acid sensors, innate immune activation and neuroinflammatory disease. These mechanisms have an important role in the pathogenesis of more common polygenic diseases that can affect the brain, such as lupus and cerebral small vessel disease. In this article, we review the spectrum of neurological disease associated with type I interferon dysregulation, as well as advances in our understanding of the molecular and cellular pathogenesis of these conditions. We highlight the potential utility of type I interferon as both a biomarker and a therapeutic target in neuroinflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah McGlasson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Alexa Jury
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Andrew Jackson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - David Hunt
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
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267
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Hurst TP, Magiorkinis G. Activation of the innate immune response by endogenous retroviruses. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:1207-1218. [PMID: 26068187 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The human genome comprises 8 % endogenous retroviruses (ERVs), the majority of which are defective due to deleterious mutations. Nonetheless, transcripts of ERVs are found in most tissues, and these transcripts could either be reverse transcribed to generate ssDNA or expressed to generate proteins. Thus, the expression of ERVs could produce nucleic acids or proteins with viral signatures, much like the pathogen-associated molecular patterns of exogenous viruses, which would enable them to be detected by the innate immune system. The activation of some pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in response to ERVs has been described in mice and in the context of human autoimmune diseases. Here, we review the evidence for detection of ERVs by PRRs and the resultant activation of innate immune signalling. This is an emerging area of research within the field of innate antiviral immunity, showing how ERVs could initiate immune signalling pathways and might have implications for numerous inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara P Hurst
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Tinbergen Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Gkikas Magiorkinis
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Tinbergen Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
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268
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Wang Q, Liu X, Zhou Q, Wang C. Cytosolic sensing of aberrant DNA: arming STING on the endoplasmic reticulum. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2015. [PMID: 26220155 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2015.1067303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Detection of pathogen-derived nucleic acids is a general and effective strategy used by the host to perceive the presence of invading microorganisms and initiate an innate immune response. However, inappropriate detection of aberrant self nucleic acids is implicated in the development of autoimmune diseases. Recently, ER-resident stimulator of interferon genes (STING) has been uncovered as a key component in the innate immune response to cytosolic nucleic acids and a direct sensor for bacterial cyclic dinucleotides. The elucidation of STING-mediated signaling will provide insight into host-microbial interactions and contribute to the development of novel strategies for anti-infection therapies. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the cellular and molecular processes of host sensing and responding to microbial or endogenous aberrant DNA species, highlighting the essential function of STING and the corresponding regulatory mechanisms. The authors also attempt to delineate the role for the DNA-sensing signaling during the onset and progression of autoimmune diseases and suggest improvements in the immunogenicity of DNA vaccines. EXPERT OPINION It is essential to elucidate how the STING-dependent signaling mediates the DNA vaccines action as well as the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. The relevant knowledge will greatly benefit the treatment of infectious diseases and identify potential targets for effective drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wang
- a 1 Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xing Liu
- a 1 Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Qin Zhou
- b 2 Chongqing Medical University, The College of Laboratory Medicine , 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Chen Wang
- a 1 Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200031, China
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269
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Abstract
The innate immune system provides early defense against infections and also plays a key role in monitoring alterations of homeostasis in the body. DNA is highly immunostimulatory, and recent advances in this field have led to the identification of the innate immune sensors responsible for the recognition of DNA as well as the downstream pathways that are activated. Moreover, information on how cells regulate DNA-driven immune responses to avoid excessive inflammation is now emerging. Finally, several reports have demonstrated how defects in DNA sensing, signaling, and regulation are associated with susceptibility to infections or inflammatory diseases in humans and model organisms. In this review, the current literature on DNA-stimulated innate immune activation is discussed, and important new questions facing this field are proposed.
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270
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Lim YW, Sanz LA, Xu X, Hartono SR, Chédin F. Genome-wide DNA hypomethylation and RNA:DNA hybrid accumulation in Aicardi-Goutières syndrome. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 26182405 PMCID: PMC4528086 DOI: 10.7554/elife.08007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aicardi–Goutières syndrome (AGS) is a severe childhood inflammatory disorder that shows clinical and genetic overlap with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). AGS is thought to arise from the accumulation of incompletely metabolized endogenous nucleic acid species owing to mutations in nucleic acid-degrading enzymes TREX1 (AGS1), RNase H2 (AGS2, 3 and 4), and SAMHD1 (AGS5). However, the identity and source of such immunogenic nucleic acid species remain undefined. Using genome-wide approaches, we show that fibroblasts from AGS patients with AGS1-5 mutations are burdened by excessive loads of RNA:DNA hybrids. Using MethylC-seq, we show that AGS fibroblasts display pronounced and global loss of DNA methylation and demonstrate that AGS-specific RNA:DNA hybrids often occur within DNA hypomethylated regions. Altogether, our data suggest that RNA:DNA hybrids may represent a common immunogenic form of nucleic acids in AGS and provide the first evidence of epigenetic perturbations in AGS, furthering the links between AGS and SLE. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.08007.001 The immune system protects the body from attack by bacteria, viruses, and other microbes. A key feature of this system is the ability to discriminate between the body's own cells and potential foreign invaders. Occasionally, this process can go wrong and the immune system starts attacking its own tissues, which can lead to arthritis, diabetes, lupus, and other ‘autoimmune’ diseases. Aicardi–Goutières syndrome (AGS) is an autoimmune disease that leads to severe mental and physical symptoms. Recent research has revealed that the disease is caused by mutations in genes that make enzymes called nucleases. In healthy people, these enzymes destroy DNA molecules and other nucleic acids. In AGS patients, the failure of the nucleases to act is thought to lead to the accumulation of unwanted DNA and RNA molecules. These molecules, in turn, are thought to be mistakenly identified by the immune system as ‘foreign’ and to cause an autoimmune response. However, it is not clear how this works. Here, Lim et al. studied skin cells called fibroblasts from patients with Aicardi–Goutières syndrome. The experiments found that the patients' cells had excessive numbers of RNA molecules binding to sections of matching DNA. These unusual DNA–RNA ‘hybrids’ accumulated in regions of the genome that do not contain many genes, perhaps as a result of breaks in the DNA. It is possible that they may mimic nucleic acids from viruses and could trigger an autoimmune response. In healthy individuals, small ‘methyl’ groups are often attached to DNA in a process known as DNA methylation. This serves to maintain the stability of the genome and controls the activity of genes. Unexpectedly, Lim et al. found that the DNA in AGS patients had far fewer methyl groups, especially in areas where the DNA–RNA hybrids had accumulated. This may lead to genome destabilization, alterations in gene activity, and may mean that the DNA in these regions may be mistaken for foreign DNA by the immune system. Altogether, Lim et al.'s findings suggest that Aicardi–Goutières syndrome may be caused by immune responses triggered by the accumulation of RNA–DNA hybrids and lower levels of DNA methylation. These findings may aid the development of new therapies to treat Aicardi–Goutières syndrome, lupus, and other similar diseases. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.08007.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoong Wearn Lim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, United States
| | - Lionel A Sanz
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, United States
| | - Xiaoqin Xu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, United States
| | - Stella R Hartono
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, United States
| | - Frédéric Chédin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, United States
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271
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Relle M, Weinmann-Menke J, Scorletti E, Cavagna L, Schwarting A. Genetics and novel aspects of therapies in systemic lupus erythematosus. Autoimmun Rev 2015; 14:1005-18. [PMID: 26164648 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, autoimmune hepatitis and inflammatory bowel disease, have complex pathogeneses and the factors which cause these disorders are not well understood. But all have in common that they arise from a dysfunction of the immune system, interpreting self components as foreign antigens. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is one of these complex inflammatory disorders that mainly affects women and can lead to inflammation and severe damage of virtually any tissue and organ. Recently, the application of advanced techniques of genome-wide scanning revealed more genetic information about SLE than previously possible. These case-control or family-based studies have provided evidence that SLE susceptibility is based (with a few exceptions) on an individual accumulation of various risk alleles triggered by environmental factors and also help to explain the discrepancies in SLE susceptibility between different populations or ethnicities. Moreover, during the past years new therapies (autologous stem cell transplantation, B cell depletion) and improved conventional treatment options (corticosteroids, traditional and new immune-suppressants like mycophenolate mofetile) changed the perspective in SLE therapeutic approaches. Thus, this article reviews genetic aspects of this autoimmune disease, summarizes clinical aspects of SLE and provides a general overview of conventional and new therapeutic approaches in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Relle
- First Department of Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Julia Weinmann-Menke
- First Department of Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Eva Scorletti
- Division of Rheumatology, IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico San Matteo, Lombardy, Pavia, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Cavagna
- Division of Rheumatology, IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico San Matteo, Lombardy, Pavia, Italy
| | - Andreas Schwarting
- First Department of Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Acura Centre of Rheumatology Rhineland-Palatinate, Bad Kreuznach, Germany.
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272
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The DNA damage response and immune signaling alliance: Is it good or bad? Nature decides when and where. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 154:36-56. [PMID: 26145166 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The characteristic feature of healthy living organisms is the preservation of homeostasis. Compelling evidence highlight that the DNA damage response and repair (DDR/R) and immune response (ImmR) signaling networks work together favoring the harmonized function of (multi)cellular organisms. DNA and RNA viruses activate the DDR/R machinery in the host cells both directly and indirectly. Activation of DDR/R in turn favors the immunogenicity of the incipient cell. Hence, stimulation of DDR/R by exogenous or endogenous insults triggers innate and adaptive ImmR. The immunogenic properties of ionizing radiation, a prototypic DDR/R inducer, serve as suitable examples of how DDR/R stimulation alerts host immunity. Thus, critical cellular danger signals stimulate defense at the systemic level and vice versa. Disruption of DDR/R-ImmR cross talk compromises (multi)cellular integrity, leading to cell-cycle-related and immune defects. The emerging DDR/R-ImmR concept opens up a new avenue of therapeutic options, recalling the Hippocrates quote "everything in excess is opposed by nature."
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273
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Kolar GR, Kothari PH, Khanlou N, Jen JC, Schmidt RE, Vinters HV. Neuropathology and genetics of cerebroretinal vasculopathies. Brain Pathol 2015; 24:510-8. [PMID: 25323666 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebroretinal vasculopathy (CRV) and the related diseases hereditary endotheliopathy with retinopathy, neuropathy, and stroke (HERNS), hereditary vascular retinopathy (HVR) and hereditary systemic angiopathy (HSA) [subsequently combined as retinovasculopathy and cerebral leukodystrophy (RVCL)] are devastating autosomal-dominant disorders of early to middle-age onset presenting with a core constellation of neurologic and ophthalmologic findings. This family of diseases is linked by specific mutations targeting a core region of a gene. Frameshift mutations in the carboxyl-terminus of three prime exonuclease-1 (TREX1), the major mammalian 3' to 5' DNA exonuclease on chromosome 3p21.1-p21.3, result in a systemic vasculopathy that follows an approximately 5-year course leading to death secondary to progressive neurologic decline, with sometimes a more protracted course in HERNS. Neuropathological features include a fibrinoid vascular necrosis or thickened hyalinized vessels associated with white matter ischemia, necrosis and often striking dystrophic calcifications. Ultrastructural studies of the vessel walls often demonstrate unusual multilaminated basement membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant R Kolar
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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274
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275
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Abstract
Dissection of the genetic basis of Aicardi-Goutières syndrome has highlighted a fundamental link between nucleic acid metabolism, innate immune sensors and type I interferon induction. This had led to the concept of the human interferonopathies as a broader set of Mendelian disorders in which a constitutive upregulation of type I interferon activity directly relates to disease pathology. Here, we discuss the molecular and cellular basis of the interferonopathies, their categorization, future treatment strategies and the insights they provide into normal physiology.
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276
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disease with a broad spectrum of cutaneous manifestations. The pathogenesis of lupus is based on a loss of tolerance against self antigens and can be mediated by defects in apoptosis, defects in eliminating cellular remnants and increased activation of the innate as well as the adaptive immune system. The increased activation of the innate immune system can be mediated by sensing of endogenous or exogenous nucleic acids, genetic variants in the components of the receptor cascade or disturbances in restriction of self nucleic acids. The inflammatory milieu is characterized by type I interferon expression and autoantibody production. The main trigger factors of the disease are sun exposure and viral infections. TREATMENT Lupus erythematosus is effectively treated by glucocorticosteroids. Approved alternatives for long-term treatment are antimalarial agents and the B-cell inhibitor belimumab for patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. CONCLUSION Future studies should more intensely analyse the effect of novel therapies on cutaneous manifestations to allow early detection of cutaneous lupus. Furthermore novel therapeutic strategies which specifically target the responsible pathogenetic mechanisms of the individual subtypes of lupus erythematosus are needed to improve the therapeutic success for this heterogeneous patient population.
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277
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Lee-Kirsch MA, Wolf C, Kretschmer S, Roers A. Type I interferonopathies--an expanding disease spectrum of immunodysregulation. Semin Immunopathol 2015; 37:349-57. [PMID: 25998914 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-015-0500-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) play a central role in the immune defense against viral infections. Type I IFN signaling is activated by pattern recognition receptors upon sensing of viral nucleic acids and induces antiviral programs through modulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. Type I interferonopathies comprise a heterogenous group of genetically determined diseases that are characterized by inappropriate activation of type I IFN. While their phenotypic spectrum is broad, ranging from severe neurological impairment to mild cutaneous disease, systemic autoinflammation, and autoimmunity are commonly shared signs of type I interferonopathies. Although the mechanisms underlying various disease phenotypes associated with inappropriate type I IFN activation have yet to be fully elucidated, our current understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of type I interferonopathies has provided a set of candidate molecules that can be interrogated in search of targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Ae Lee-Kirsch
- Department of Pediatrics, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany,
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278
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Nishida K, Yamaguchi O, Otsu K. Degradation systems in heart failure. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 84:212-22. [PMID: 25981331 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Heart failure is a complex clinical syndrome that results from any structural or functional impairment of ventricular filling or the ejection of blood, and is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in industrialized countries. The mechanisms underlying the development of heart failure are multiple, complex and not well understood. Cardiac mass and its homeostasis are maintained by the balance between protein synthesis and degradation, and an imbalance is likely to result in cellular dysfunction and disease. The protein degradation systems are the principle mechanisms for maintaining cellular homeostasis via protein quality control. Three major protein degradation systems have been identified, namely the calpain system, autophagy, and the ubiquitin proteasome system. Proinflammatory mediators involve the development and progression of heart failure. DNA and RNA degradation systems play a critical role in regulating inflammation and maintaining cellular homeostasis mediated by damaged DNA clearance and posttranscriptional regulation, respectively. This review discusses some recent advances in understanding the role of these degradation systems in heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Nishida
- Cardiovascular Division, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Osamu Yamaguchi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kinya Otsu
- Cardiovascular Division, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, London SE5 9NU, UK.
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279
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Abstract
Innate immune sensing of nucleic acids provides resistance against viral infection and is important in the aetiology of autoimmune diseases. AGS (Aicardi-Goutières syndrome) is a monogenic autoinflammatory disorder mimicking in utero viral infection of the brain. Phenotypically and immunologically, it also exhibits similarities to SLE (systemic lupus erythaematosus). Three of the six genes identified to date encode components of the ribonuclease H2 complex. As all six encode enzymes involved in nucleic acid metabolism, it is thought that pathogenesis involves the accumulation of nucleic acids to stimulate an inappropriate innate immune response. Given that AGS is a monogenic disorder with a defined molecular basis, we use it as a model for common autoimmune disease to investigate cellular processes and molecular pathways responsible for nucleic-acid-mediated autoimmunity. These investigations have also provided fundamental insights into the biological roles of the RNase H2 endonuclease enzyme. In the present article, we describe how human RNase H2 and its role in AGS were first identified, and give an overview of subsequent structural, biochemical, cellular and developmental studies of this enzyme. These investigations have culminated in establishing this enzyme as a key genome-surveillance enzyme required for mammalian genome stability.
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280
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DNA damage primes the type I interferon system via the cytosolic DNA sensor STING to promote anti-microbial innate immunity. Immunity 2015; 42:332-343. [PMID: 25692705 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 517] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Dysfunction in Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM), a central component of the DNA repair machinery, results in Ataxia Telangiectasia (AT), a cancer-prone disease with a variety of inflammatory manifestations. By analyzing AT patient samples and Atm(-/-) mice, we found that unrepaired DNA lesions induce type I interferons (IFNs), resulting in enhanced anti-viral and anti-bacterial responses in Atm(-/-) mice. Priming of the type I interferon system by DNA damage involved release of DNA into the cytoplasm where it activated the cytosolic DNA sensing STING-mediated pathway, which in turn enhanced responses to innate stimuli by activating the expression of Toll-like receptors, RIG-I-like receptors, cytoplasmic DNA sensors, and their downstream signaling partners. This study provides a potential explanation for the inflammatory phenotype of AT patients and establishes damaged DNA as a cell intrinsic danger signal that primes the innate immune system for a rapid and amplified response to microbial and environmental threats.
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281
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Shen YJ, Le Bert N, Chitre AA, Koo CX, Nga XH, Ho SSW, Khatoo M, Tan NY, Ishii KJ, Gasser S. Genome-derived cytosolic DNA mediates type I interferon-dependent rejection of B cell lymphoma cells. Cell Rep 2015; 11:460-73. [PMID: 25865892 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The DNA damage response (DDR) induces the expression of type I interferons (IFNs), but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we show the presence of cytosolic DNA in different mouse and human tumor cells. Treatment of cells with genotoxic agents increased the levels of cytosolic DNA in a DDR-dependent manner. Cloning of cytosolic DNA molecules from mouse lymphoma cells suggests that cytosolic DNA is derived from unique genomic loci and has the potential to form non-B DNA structures, including R-loops. Overexpression of Rnaseh1, which resolves R-loops, reduced the levels of cytosolic DNA, type I Ifn transcripts, and type I IFN-dependent rejection of lymphoma cells. Live-cell imaging showed a dynamic contact of cytosolic DNA with mitochondria, an important organelle for innate immune recognition of cytosolic nucleotides. In summary, we found that cytosolic DNA is present in many tumor cells and contributes to the immunogenicity of tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu J Shen
- Immunology Programme and Department of Microbiology, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore; NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences & Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Nina Le Bert
- Immunology Programme and Department of Microbiology, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Anuja A Chitre
- Immunology Programme and Department of Microbiology, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Christine Xing'Er Koo
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences & Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore; Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation (NIBIO), 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Xing H Nga
- Immunology Programme and Department of Microbiology, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Samantha S W Ho
- Immunology Programme and Department of Microbiology, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Muznah Khatoo
- Immunology Programme and Department of Microbiology, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Nikki Y Tan
- Immunology Programme and Department of Microbiology, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Ken J Ishii
- Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation (NIBIO), 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan; Laboratory of Vaccine Science, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center (iFREC), Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Stephan Gasser
- Immunology Programme and Department of Microbiology, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore; NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences & Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore.
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282
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Exonuclease TREX1 degrades double-stranded DNA to prevent spontaneous lupus-like inflammatory disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:5117-22. [PMID: 25848017 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1423804112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The TREX1 gene encodes a potent DNA exonuclease, and mutations in TREX1 cause a spectrum of lupus-like autoimmune diseases. Most lupus patients develop autoantibodies to double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), but the source of DNA antigen is unknown. The TREX1 D18N mutation causes a monogenic, cutaneous form of lupus called familial chilblain lupus, and the TREX1 D18N enzyme exhibits dysfunctional dsDNA-degrading activity, providing a link between dsDNA degradation and nucleic acid-mediated autoimmune disease. We determined the structure of the TREX1 D18N protein in complex with dsDNA, revealing how this exonuclease uses a novel DNA-unwinding mechanism to separate the polynucleotide strands for single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) loading into the active site. The TREX1 D18N dsDNA interactions coupled with catalytic deficiency explain how this mutant nuclease prevents dsDNA degradation. We tested the effects of TREX1 D18N in vivo by replacing the TREX1 WT gene in mice with the TREX1 D18N allele. The TREX1 D18N mice exhibit systemic inflammation, lymphoid hyperplasia, vasculitis, and kidney disease. The observed lupus-like inflammatory disease is associated with immune activation, production of autoantibodies to dsDNA, and deposition of immune complexes in the kidney. Thus, dysfunctional dsDNA degradation by TREX1 D18N induces disease in mice that recapitulates many characteristics of human lupus. Failure to clear DNA has long been linked to lupus in humans, and these data point to dsDNA as a key substrate for TREX1 and a major antigen source in mice with dysfunctional TREX1 enzyme.
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283
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Zheng M, Xie L, Liang Y, Wu S, Xu H, Zhang Y, Liu H, Lin D, Han J, Lu K. Recognition of cytosolic DNA attenuates glucose metabolism and induces AMPK mediated energy stress response. Int J Biol Sci 2015; 11:587-94. [PMID: 25892965 PMCID: PMC4400389 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.10945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Both viral infection and DNA transfection expose single-stranded or double-stranded DNA to the cytoplasm of mammalian cells. Recognition of cytosolic DNA activates a series of cellular responses, including induction of pro-inflammatory genes such as type I interferon through the well-known cGAS-STING pathway. Here we show for the first time that intracellular administration of either single or double stranded interferon stimulating DNA (ISD), but not poly(dA) suppresses cell growth in many different cell types. Suppression of cell growth by cytosolic DNA is cGAS/STING independent and associated with inhibition of glucose metabolism, ATP depletion and subsequent cellular energy stress responses including activation of AMPK and inactivation of mTORC1. Our results suggest that in concert with but independent of innate immune response, recognition of cytosolic DNA induced cellular energy stress potentially functions as a metabolic barrier to viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zheng
- 1. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, China. ; 2. Translational Medicine Institute, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, China
| | - Linna Xie
- 1. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, China. ; 3. Department of Bioengineering, Fujian Vocational College of Bioengineering, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350007, China
| | - Yaoji Liang
- 4. State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Suqin Wu
- 4. State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Huijuan Xu
- 2. Translational Medicine Institute, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, China
| | - Yuedong Zhang
- 2. Translational Medicine Institute, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, China
| | - Hekun Liu
- 2. Translational Medicine Institute, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, China
| | - Dexin Lin
- 1. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, China
| | - Jiahuai Han
- 4. State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Kunping Lu
- 2. Translational Medicine Institute, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, China. ; 5. Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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284
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Cuadrado E, Michailidou I, van Bodegraven EJ, Jansen MH, Sluijs JA, Geerts D, Couraud PO, De Filippis L, Vescovi AL, Kuijpers TW, Hol EM. Phenotypic variation in Aicardi-Goutières syndrome explained by cell-specific IFN-stimulated gene response and cytokine release. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:3623-33. [PMID: 25769924 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (AGS) is a monogenic inflammatory encephalopathy caused by mutations in TREX1, RNASEH2A, RNASEH2B, RNASEH2C, SAMHD1, ADAR1, or MDA5. Mutations in those genes affect normal RNA/DNA intracellular metabolism and detection, triggering an autoimmune response with an increase in cerebral IFN-α production by astrocytes. Microangiopathy and vascular disease also contribute to the neuropathology in AGS. In this study, we report that AGS gene silencing of TREX1, SAMHD1, RNASEH2A, and ADAR1 by short hairpin RNAs in human neural stem cell-derived astrocytes, human primary astrocytes, and brain-derived endothelial cells leads to an antiviral status of these cells compared with nontarget short hairpin RNA-treated cells. We observed a distinct activation of the IFN-stimulated gene signature with a substantial increase in the release of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6) and chemokines (CXCL10 and CCL5). A differential impact of AGS gene silencing was noted; silencing TREX1 gave rise to the most dramatic in both cell types. Our findings fit well with the observation that patients carrying mutations in TREX1 experience an earlier onset and fatal outcome. We provide in the present study, to our knowledge for the first time, insight into how astrocytic and endothelial activation of antiviral status may differentially lead to cerebral pathology, suggesting a rational link between proinflammatory mediators and disease severity in AGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloy Cuadrado
- Department of Astrocyte Biology and Neurodegeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1105 BA Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands;
| | - Iliana Michailidou
- Department of Genome Analysis, Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Emma J van Bodegraven
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Machiel H Jansen
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline A Sluijs
- Department of Astrocyte Biology and Neurodegeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1105 BA Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Dirk Geerts
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Pierre-Olivier Couraud
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8104, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, INSERM, Paris 75014, France
| | - Lidia De Filippis
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan 20126, Italy; and
| | - Angelo L Vescovi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan 20126, Italy; and
| | - Taco W Kuijpers
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Elly M Hol
- Department of Astrocyte Biology and Neurodegeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1105 BA Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands; Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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285
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Human Disease Phenotypes Associated With Mutations in TREX1. J Clin Immunol 2015; 35:235-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s10875-015-0147-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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286
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Kretschmer S, Wolf C, König N, Staroske W, Guck J, Häusler M, Luksch H, Nguyen LA, Kim B, Alexopoulou D, Dahl A, Rapp A, Cardoso MC, Shevchenko A, Lee-Kirsch MA. SAMHD1 prevents autoimmunity by maintaining genome stability. Ann Rheum Dis 2015; 74:e17. [PMID: 24445253 PMCID: PMC4345975 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-204845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The HIV restriction factor, SAMHD1 (SAM domain and HD domain-containing protein 1), is a triphosphohydrolase that degrades deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs). Mutations in SAMHD1 cause Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (AGS), an inflammatory disorder that shares phenotypic similarity with systemic lupus erythematosus, including activation of antiviral type 1 interferon (IFN). To further define the pathomechanisms underlying autoimmunity in AGS due to SAMHD1 mutations, we investigated the physiological properties of SAMHD1. METHODS Primary patient fibroblasts were examined for dNTP levels, proliferation, senescence, cell cycle progression and DNA damage. Genome-wide transcriptional profiles were generated by RNA sequencing. Interaction of SAMHD1 with cyclin A was assessed by coimmunoprecipitation and fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy. Cell cycle-dependent phosphorylation of SAMHD1 was examined in synchronised HeLa cells and using recombinant SAMHD1. SAMHD1 was knocked down by RNA interference. RESULTS We show that increased dNTP pools due to SAMHD1 deficiency cause genome instability in fibroblasts of patients with AGS. Constitutive DNA damage signalling is associated with cell cycle delay, cellular senescence, and upregulation of IFN-stimulated genes. SAMHD1 is phosphorylated by cyclin A/cyclin-dependent kinase 1 in a cell cycle-dependent manner, and its level fluctuates during the cell cycle, with the lowest levels observed in G1/S phase. Knockdown of SAMHD1 by RNA interference recapitulates activation of DNA damage signalling and type 1 IFN activation. CONCLUSIONS SAMHD1 is required for genome integrity by maintaining balanced dNTP pools. dNTP imbalances due to SAMHD1 deficiency cause DNA damage, leading to intrinsic activation of IFN signalling. These findings establish a novel link between DNA damage signalling and innate immune activation in the pathogenesis of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Kretschmer
- Department of Pediatrics, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christine Wolf
- Department of Pediatrics, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Nadja König
- Department of Pediatrics, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Staroske
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jochen Guck
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Martin Häusler
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital, University of Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Hella Luksch
- Department of Pediatrics, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Laura A Nguyen
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Drug Discovery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Baek Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Drug Discovery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- College of Pharmacy, Kyung-Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dimitra Alexopoulou
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Regenerative Therapies, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Dahl
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Regenerative Therapies, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexander Rapp
- Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Anna Shevchenko
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Min Ae Lee-Kirsch
- Department of Pediatrics, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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287
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de Jesus AA, Canna SW, Liu Y, Goldbach-Mansky R. Molecular mechanisms in genetically defined autoinflammatory diseases: disorders of amplified danger signaling. Annu Rev Immunol 2015; 33:823-74. [PMID: 25706096 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-032414-112227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Patients with autoinflammatory diseases present with noninfectious fever flares and systemic and/or disease-specific organ inflammation. Their excessive proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine responses can be life threatening and lead to organ damage over time. Studying such patients has revealed genetic defects that have helped unravel key innate immune pathways, including excessive IL-1 signaling, constitutive NF-κB activation, and, more recently, chronic type I IFN signaling. Discoveries of monogenic defects that lead to activation of proinflammatory cytokines have inspired the use of anticytokine-directed treatment approaches that have been life changing for many patients and have led to the approval of IL-1-blocking agents for a number of autoinflammatory conditions. In this review, we describe the genetically characterized autoinflammatory diseases, we summarize our understanding of the molecular pathways that drive clinical phenotypes and that continue to inspire the search for novel treatment targets, and we provide a conceptual framework for classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Almeida de Jesus
- Translational Autoinflammatory Diseases Section, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892;
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288
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Abstract
Lupus erythematosus is a prototypic autoimmune disease that can be triggered in genetically predisposed individuals by environmental exposures. The disease is based on an uncontrolled activation of the immune system that recognizes self antigens and induces inflammatory disease flares. The multifactorial pathogenesis is based on a polygenic model of inheritance with multiple various susceptibility genes elevating the disease risk. Many of these polymorphisms have been recently identified by genome-wide association studies. Monogenic forms of lupus erythematosus are rare. The identification of their underlying pathogenesis is important for the recognition of main mechanistic pathways in lupus as demonstrated by the history of defects in the complement system. The monogenic, autosomal dominant inherited familial chilblain lupus is characterized by cold-induced infiltrates on acral locations occurring in early childhood. Molecular exploration of the disease pathogenesis revealed that autoimmunity and especially lupus erythematosus can be induced by defects in intracellular elimination of nucleic acids and the subsequent type I-IFN-dependent activation of the innate immune system. This mechanism extends the concept of lupus pathogenesis: both defects in the extra- and intracellular elimination of autoantigens can lead to activation of the innate and adaptive immune system.
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289
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Wang LH, Chi YH, Guo FG, Li-Byarlay H, Balfe S, Fang JC, Pittendrigh BR, Zhu-Salzman K. Transcriptomic response of cowpea bruchids to N-acetylglucosamine-specific lectins. INSECT SCIENCE 2015; 22:83-94. [PMID: 24446316 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Griffonia simplicifolia lectin II (GSII) and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) are N-acetylglucosamine-binding lectins. Previous studies demonstrated that they have anti-insect activity, a property potentially useful in pest control. To gain some insight into the insect response to dietary lectins, we performed transcriptomic analysis using the cowpea bruchid (Callosobruchus maculatus) midgut microarray platform we built. Compared to the nonnutritional cellulose treatment, dietary lectins induced more profound changes in gene expression. Ingestion of relatively high doses of lectins for 24 h resulted in alteration of gene expression involved in sugar and lipid metabolism, transport, development, defense, and stress tolerance. Metabolic genes were largely downregulated. Moreover, we observed disorganized microvilli resulting from ingestion of WGA. This morphological change is consistent with the lectin-induced changes in genes related to midgut epithelial cell repair. In addition, suboptimal nutrient conditions may serve as a stress signal to trigger senescence processes, leading to growth arrest and developmental delay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hua Wang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China; Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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290
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Type I interferonopathies: Mendelian type I interferon up-regulation. Curr Opin Immunol 2015; 32:7-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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291
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Zhang H, Lin Z, Su X. Label-free detection of exonuclease III by using dsDNA–templated copper nanoparticles as fluorescent probe. Talanta 2015; 131:59-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.07.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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292
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Günther C, Kind B, Reijns MAM, Berndt N, Martinez-Bueno M, Wolf C, Tüngler V, Chara O, Lee YA, Hübner N, Bicknell L, Blum S, Krug C, Schmidt F, Kretschmer S, Koss S, Astell KR, Ramantani G, Bauerfeind A, Morris DL, Cunninghame Graham DS, Bubeck D, Leitch A, Ralston SH, Blackburn EA, Gahr M, Witte T, Vyse TJ, Melchers I, Mangold E, Nöthen MM, Aringer M, Kuhn A, Lüthke K, Unger L, Bley A, Lorenzi A, Isaacs JD, Alexopoulou D, Conrad K, Dahl A, Roers A, Alarcon-Riquelme ME, Jackson AP, Lee-Kirsch MA. Defective removal of ribonucleotides from DNA promotes systemic autoimmunity. J Clin Invest 2014; 125:413-24. [PMID: 25500883 DOI: 10.1172/jci78001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome integrity is continuously challenged by the DNA damage that arises during normal cell metabolism. Biallelic mutations in the genes encoding the genome surveillance enzyme ribonuclease H2 (RNase H2) cause Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (AGS), a pediatric disorder that shares features with the autoimmune disease systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Here we determined that heterozygous parents of AGS patients exhibit an intermediate autoimmune phenotype and demonstrated a genetic association between rare RNASEH2 sequence variants and SLE. Evaluation of patient cells revealed that SLE- and AGS-associated mutations impair RNase H2 function and result in accumulation of ribonucleotides in genomic DNA. The ensuing chronic low level of DNA damage triggered a DNA damage response characterized by constitutive p53 phosphorylation and senescence. Patient fibroblasts exhibited constitutive upregulation of IFN-stimulated genes and an enhanced type I IFN response to the immunostimulatory nucleic acid polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid and UV light irradiation, linking RNase H2 deficiency to potentiation of innate immune signaling. Moreover, UV-induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer formation was markedly enhanced in ribonucleotide-containing DNA, providing a mechanism for photosensitivity in RNase H2-associated SLE. Collectively, our findings implicate RNase H2 in the pathogenesis of SLE and suggest a role of DNA damage-associated pathways in the initiation of autoimmunity.
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293
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Blondot ML, Dragin L, Lahouassa H, Margottin-Goguet F. How SLX4 cuts through the mystery of HIV-1 Vpr-mediated cell cycle arrest. Retrovirology 2014; 11:117. [PMID: 25496524 PMCID: PMC4271344 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-014-0117-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Vpr is one of the most enigmatic viral auxiliary proteins of HIV. During the past twenty years, several activities have been ascribed to this viral protein, but one, its ability to mediate cell cycle arrest at the G2 to M transition has been the most extensively studied. Nonetheless, the genuine role of Vpr and its pathophysiological relevance in the viral life cycle have remained mysterious. Recent work by Laguette et al. (Cell 156:134-145, 2014) provides important insight into the molecular mechanism of Vpr-mediated G2 arrest. This study highlights for the first time how Vpr recruits the SLX4 endonuclease complex and how Vpr-induced inappropriate activation of this complex leads to G2 arrest. Here, we will discuss these findings in the light of previous work to show how they change the view of Vpr’s mechanism of action. We will also discuss how these findings open new questions towards the understanding of the biological function of Vpr regarding innate immune sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Lise Blondot
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France. .,Cnrs, UMR8104, Paris, France. .,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France.
| | - Loic Dragin
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France. .,Cnrs, UMR8104, Paris, France. .,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France.
| | - Hichem Lahouassa
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France. .,Cnrs, UMR8104, Paris, France. .,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France.
| | - Florence Margottin-Goguet
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France. .,Cnrs, UMR8104, Paris, France. .,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France.
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294
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Ahn J, Barber GN. Self-DNA, STING-dependent signaling and the origins of autoinflammatory disease. Curr Opin Immunol 2014; 31:121-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2014.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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295
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Zhao X, Yang Y, Sun BF, Shi Y, Yang X, Xiao W, Hao YJ, Ping XL, Chen YS, Wang WJ, Jin KX, Wang X, Huang CM, Fu Y, Ge XM, Song SH, Jeong HS, Yanagisawa H, Niu Y, Jia GF, Wu W, Tong WM, Okamoto A, He C, Rendtlew Danielsen JM, Wang XJ, Yang YG. FTO-dependent demethylation of N6-methyladenosine regulates mRNA splicing and is required for adipogenesis. Cell Res 2014; 24:1403-19. [PMID: 25412662 PMCID: PMC4260349 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2014.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 829] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of Fat Mass and Obesity-associated protein (FTO) and its substrate N6-methyladenosine (m6A) in mRNA processing and adipogenesis remains largely unknown. We show that FTO expression and m6A levels are inversely correlated during adipogenesis. FTO depletion blocks differentiation and only catalytically active FTO restores adipogenesis. Transcriptome analyses in combination with m6A-seq revealed that gene expression and mRNA splicing of grouped genes are regulated by FTO. M6A is enriched in exonic regions flanking 5′- and 3′-splice sites, spatially overlapping with mRNA splicing regulatory serine/arginine-rich (SR) protein exonic splicing enhancer binding regions. Enhanced levels of m6A in response to FTO depletion promotes the RNA binding ability of SRSF2 protein, leading to increased inclusion of target exons. FTO controls exonic splicing of adipogenic regulatory factor RUNX1T1 by regulating m6A levels around splice sites and thereby modulates differentiation. These findings provide compelling evidence that FTO-dependent m6A demethylation functions as a novel regulatory mechanism of RNA processing and plays a critical role in the regulation of adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhao
- 1] Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Acaemy of Sciences, No. 1-7 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China [2] University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ying Yang
- 1] Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Acaemy of Sciences, No. 1-7 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China [2] University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bao-Fa Sun
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Acaemy of Sciences, No. 1-7 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yue Shi
- 1] Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Acaemy of Sciences, No. 1-7 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China [2] University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xin Yang
- 1] Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Acaemy of Sciences, No. 1-7 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China [2] University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wen Xiao
- 1] Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Acaemy of Sciences, No. 1-7 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China [2] University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ya-Juan Hao
- 1] Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Acaemy of Sciences, No. 1-7 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China [2] University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiao-Li Ping
- 1] Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Acaemy of Sciences, No. 1-7 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China [2] University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu-Sheng Chen
- 1] Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Acaemy of Sciences, No. 1-7 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China [2] University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wen-Jia Wang
- 1] Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Acaemy of Sciences, No. 1-7 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China [2] University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kang-Xuan Jin
- 1] Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Acaemy of Sciences, No. 1-7 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China [2] University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xing Wang
- 1] Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Acaemy of Sciences, No. 1-7 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China [2] University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chun-Min Huang
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Acaemy of Sciences, No. 1-7 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yu Fu
- Protein Science Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Qinghuayuan 1, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiao-Meng Ge
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Acaemy of Sciences, No. 1-7 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shu-Hui Song
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Acaemy of Sciences, No. 1-7 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hyun Seok Jeong
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, the University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yanagisawa
- RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yamei Niu
- Department of Pathology, Center for Experimental Animal Research, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Gui-Fang Jia
- Department of Chemical Biology, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Protein Science Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Qinghuayuan 1, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wei-Min Tong
- Department of Pathology, Center for Experimental Animal Research, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Akimitsu Okamoto
- 1] Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, the University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan [2] RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Chuan He
- 1] Department of Chemical Biology, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China [2] Department of Chemistry, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jannie M Rendtlew Danielsen
- 1] Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Acaemy of Sciences, No. 1-7 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China [2] The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Ubiquitin Signalling Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Blegdamsvej 3b, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Xiu-Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Network Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yun-Gui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Acaemy of Sciences, No. 1-7 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
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296
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Klarquist J, Hennies CM, Lehn MA, Reboulet RA, Feau S, Janssen EM. STING-mediated DNA sensing promotes antitumor and autoimmune responses to dying cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:6124-34. [PMID: 25385820 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Adaptive immune responses to Ags released by dying cells play a critical role in the development of autoimmunity, allograft rejection, and spontaneous as well as therapy-induced tumor rejection. Although cell death in these situations is considered sterile, various reports have implicated type I IFNs as drivers of the ensuing adaptive immune response to cell-associated Ags. However, the mechanisms that underpin this type I IFN production are poorly defined. In this article, we show that dendritic cells (DCs) can uptake and sense nuclear DNA-associated entities released by dying cells to induce type I IFN. Remarkably, this molecular pathway requires STING, but not TLR or NLR function, and results in the activation of IRF3 in a TBK1-dependent manner. DCs are shown to depend on STING function in vivo to efficiently prime IFN-dependent CD8(+) T cell responses to tumor Ags. Furthermore, loss of STING activity in DCs impairs the generation of follicular Th cells and plasma cells, as well as anti-nuclear Abs, in an inducible model of systemic lupus erythematosus. These findings suggest that the STING pathway could be manipulated to enable the rational design of immunotherapies that enhance or diminish antitumor and autoimmune responses, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared Klarquist
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229; and
| | - Cassandra M Hennies
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229; and
| | - Maria A Lehn
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229; and
| | - Rachel A Reboulet
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229; and
| | - Sonia Feau
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Edith M Janssen
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229; and
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297
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Ahn J, Xia T, Konno H, Konno K, Ruiz P, Barber GN. Inflammation-driven carcinogenesis is mediated through STING. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5166. [PMID: 25300616 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic stimulation of innate immune pathways by microbial agents or damaged tissue is known to promote inflammation-driven tumorigenesis by mechanisms that are not well understood. Here we demonstrate that mutagenic 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA), cisplatin and etoposide induce nuclear DNA leakage into the cytosol that intrinsically activates stimulator of interferon genes (STING)-dependent cytokine production. Inflammatory cytokine levels are subsequently augmented in a STING-dependent extrinsic manner by infiltrating phagocytes purging dying cells. Consequently, STING(-/-) mice, or wild-type mice adoptively transferred with STING(-/-) bone marrow, are almost completely resistant to DMBA-induced skin carcinogenesis compared with their wild-type counterparts. Our data establish a role for STING in the control of cancer, shed significant insight into the causes of inflammation-driven carcinogenesis and may provide a basis for therapeutic strategies to help prevent malignant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeonghyun Ahn
- Department of Cell Biology and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
| | - Tianli Xia
- Department of Cell Biology and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
| | - Hiroyasu Konno
- Department of Cell Biology and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
| | - Keiko Konno
- Department of Cell Biology and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
| | - Phillip Ruiz
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
| | - Glen N Barber
- Department of Cell Biology and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
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298
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Miyazaki T, Kim YS, Yoon J, Wang H, Suzuki T, Morse HC. The 3'-5' DNA exonuclease TREX1 directly interacts with poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP1) during the DNA damage response. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:32548-58. [PMID: 25278026 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.547331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The main function of the 3'-5' DNA exonuclease TREX1 is to digest cytosolic single-stranded DNA to prevent activation of cell-intrinsic responses to immunostimulatory DNA. TREX1 translocates to the nucleus following DNA damage with its nuclear activities being less well defined. Although mutations in human TREX1 have been linked to autoimmune/inflammatory diseases, the mechanisms contributing to the pathogenesis of these diseases remain incompletely understood. Here, using mass spectrometry and co-immunoprecipitation assays and in vivo overexpression models, we show that TREX1 interacts with poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP1), a nuclear enzyme involved in the DNA damage response. Two zinc finger domains at the amino terminus of PARP1 were required for the interaction with TREX1 that occurs after nuclear translocation of TREX1 in response to DNA damage. Functional studies suggested that TREX1 may contribute to stabilization of PARP1 levels in the DNA damage response and its activity. These results provide new insights into the mechanisms of single-stranded DNA repair following DNA damage and alterations induced by gene mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Miyazaki
- From the Virology and Cellular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852 and
| | - Yong-Soo Kim
- From the Virology and Cellular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852 and
| | - Jeongheon Yoon
- From the Virology and Cellular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852 and
| | - Hongsheng Wang
- From the Virology and Cellular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852 and
| | - Teruhiko Suzuki
- Stem Cell Project Group, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, 156-8506 Japan
| | - Herbert C Morse
- From the Virology and Cellular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852 and
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299
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Lan YY, Londoño D, Bouley R, Rooney MS, Hacohen N. Dnase2a deficiency uncovers lysosomal clearance of damaged nuclear DNA via autophagy. Cell Rep 2014; 9:180-192. [PMID: 25284779 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.08.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficiencies in DNA-degrading nucleases lead to accumulation of self DNA and induction of autoimmunity in mice and in monogenic and polygenic human diseases. However, the sources of DNA and the mechanisms that trigger immunity remain unclear. We analyzed mice deficient for the lysosomal nuclease Dnase2a and observed elevated levels of undegraded DNA in both phagocytic and nonphagocytic cells. In nonphagocytic cells, the excess DNA originated from damaged DNA in the nucleus based on colocalization studies, live-cell imaging, and exacerbation by DNA-damaging agents. Removal of damaged DNA by Dnase2a required nuclear export and autophagy-mediated delivery of the DNA to lysosomes. Finally, DNA was found to accumulate in Dnase2a(-/-) or autophagy-deficient cells and induce inflammation via the Sting cytosolic DNA-sensing pathway. Our results reveal a cell-autonomous process for removal of damaged nuclear DNA with implications for conditions with elevated DNA damage, such as inflammation, cancer, and chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuk Yuen Lan
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13(th) Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Broad Institute, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Diana Londoño
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13(th) Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Richard Bouley
- Center for Systems Biology, Program in Membrane Biology and Nephrology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Michael S Rooney
- Broad Institute, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Harvard/MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Nir Hacohen
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13(th) Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Broad Institute, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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300
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Ahn J, Ruiz P, Barber GN. Intrinsic self-DNA triggers inflammatory disease dependent on STING. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:4634-42. [PMID: 25261479 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory diseases such as Aicardi-Goutières syndrome and severe systemic lupus erythematosus are generally lethal disorders that have been traced to defects in the exonuclease TREX1 (DNase III). Mice lacking TREX1 similarly die at an early age through comparable symptoms, including inflammatory myocarditis, through chronic activation of the stimulator of IFN genes (STING) pathway. In this study, we demonstrate that phagocytes rather than myocytes are predominantly responsible for causing inflammation, an outcome that could be alleviated following adoptive transfer of normal bone marrow into TREX1(-/-) mice. TREX1(-/-) macrophages did not exhibit significant augmented ability to produce proinflammatory cytokines compared with normal macrophages following exposure to STING-dependent activators, but rather appeared chronically stimulated by genomic DNA. These results shed molecular insight into inflammation and provide concepts for the design of new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeonghyun Ahn
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136; and
| | - Phillip Ruiz
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Glen N Barber
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136; and
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