251
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Townsend AK, Taff CC, Jones ML, Getman KH, Wheeler SS, Hinton MG, Logsdon RM. Apparent inbreeding preference despite inbreeding depression in the American crow. Mol Ecol 2019; 28:1116-1126. [PMID: 30222228 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although matings between relatives can have negative effects on offspring fitness, apparent inbreeding preference has been reported in a growing number of systems, including those with documented inbreeding depression. Here, we examined evidence for inbreeding depression and inbreeding preference in two populations (Clinton, New York, and Davis, California, USA) of the cooperatively breeding American crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos). We then compared observed inbreeding strategies with theoretical expectations for optimal, adaptive levels of inbreeding, given the inclusive fitness benefits and population-specific magnitude of inbreeding depression. We found that low heterozygosity at a panel of 33 microsatellite markers was associated with low survival probability (fledging success) and low white blood cell counts among offspring in both populations. Despite these costs, our data were more consistent with inbreeding preference than avoidance: The observed heterozygosity among 396 sampled crow offspring was significantly lower than expected if local adults were mating by random chance. This pattern was consistent across a range of spatial scales in both populations. Adaptive levels of inbreeding, given the magnitude of inbreeding depression, were predicted to be very low in the California population, whereas complete disassortative mating was predicted in the New York population. Sexual conflict might have contributed to the apparent absence of inbreeding avoidance in crows. These data add to an increasing number of examples of an "inbreeding paradox," where inbreeding appears to be preferred despite inbreeding depression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Conor C Taff
- Cornell University Laboratory of Ornithology, Ithaca, New York
| | - Melissa L Jones
- Avian Sciences Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, California
| | | | - Sarah S Wheeler
- Sacramento-Yolo Mosquito and Vector Control District, Elk Grove, California
| | - Mitch G Hinton
- Animal Behavior Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Ryane M Logsdon
- Animal Behavior Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, California
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252
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Nietlisbach P, Muff S, Reid JM, Whitlock MC, Keller LF. Nonequivalent lethal equivalents: Models and inbreeding metrics for unbiased estimation of inbreeding load. Evol Appl 2019; 12:266-279. [PMID: 30697338 PMCID: PMC6346663 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inbreeding depression, the deterioration in mean trait value in progeny of related parents, is a fundamental quantity in genetics, evolutionary biology, animal and plant breeding, and conservation biology. The magnitude of inbreeding depression can be quantified by the inbreeding load, typically measured in numbers of lethal equivalents, a population genetic quantity that allows for comparisons between environments, populations or species. However, there is as yet no quantitative assessment of which combinations of statistical models and metrics of inbreeding can yield such estimates. Here, we review statistical models that have been used to estimate inbreeding load and use population genetic simulations to investigate how unbiased estimates can be obtained using genomic and pedigree-based metrics of inbreeding. We use simulated binary viability data (i.e., dead versus alive) as our example, but the concepts apply to any trait that exhibits inbreeding depression. We show that the increasingly popular generalized linear models with logit link do not provide comparable and unbiased population genetic measures of inbreeding load, independent of the metric of inbreeding used. Runs of homozygosity result in unbiased estimates of inbreeding load, whereas inbreeding measured from pedigrees results in slight overestimates. Due to widespread use of models that do not yield unbiased measures of the inbreeding load, some estimates in the literature cannot be compared meaningfully. We surveyed the literature for reliable estimates of the mean inbreeding load from wild vertebrate populations and found an average of 3.5 haploid lethal equivalents for survival to sexual maturity. To obtain comparable estimates, we encourage researchers to use generalized linear models with logarithmic links or maximum-likelihood estimation of the exponential equation, and inbreeding coefficients calculated from runs of homozygosity, provided an assembled reference genome of sufficient quality and enough genetic marker data are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pirmin Nietlisbach
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental StudiesUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
| | - Stefanie Muff
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental StudiesUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Jane M. Reid
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
| | | | - Lukas F. Keller
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental StudiesUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Zoological MuseumUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
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253
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Cosenza M, La Rosa V, Rosati R, Chiofalo V. Genetic diversity of the Italian thoroughbred horse population. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2018.1547128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Cosenza
- Laboratorio di Genetica Forense Veterinaria, Unirelab srl, Settimo Milanese, Milano, Italy
| | - Valentina La Rosa
- Laboratorio di Genetica Forense Veterinaria, Unirelab srl, Settimo Milanese, Milano, Italy
| | - Raffaella Rosati
- Laboratorio di Genetica Forense Veterinaria, Unirelab srl, Settimo Milanese, Milano, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Chiofalo
- Laboratorio di Genetica Forense Veterinaria, Unirelab srl, Settimo Milanese, Milano, Italy
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254
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Hedrick PW, Robinson JA, Peterson RO, Vucetich JA. Genetics and extinction and the example of Isle Royale wolves. Anim Conserv 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. W. Hedrick
- School of Life Sciences Arizona State University Tempe AZ USA
| | - J. A. Robinson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Los Angeles CA USA
| | - R. O. Peterson
- School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science Michigan Technological University Houghton MI USA
| | - J. A. Vucetich
- School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science Michigan Technological University Houghton MI USA
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255
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Vidal‐Quist JC, García M, Ortego F, Castañera P, Hernández‐Crespo P. Inbreeding of house dust mites, a tool for genomic studies and allergy-related applications. Allergy 2019; 74:198-201. [PMID: 30229943 DOI: 10.1111/all.13605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José Cristian Vidal‐Quist
- Laboratorio de Interacción Planta‐Insecto Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana y de Plantas Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas ‐ CSIC Madrid Spain
| | - Matías García
- Laboratorio de Interacción Planta‐Insecto Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana y de Plantas Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas ‐ CSIC Madrid Spain
| | - Félix Ortego
- Laboratorio de Interacción Planta‐Insecto Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana y de Plantas Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas ‐ CSIC Madrid Spain
| | - Pedro Castañera
- Laboratorio de Interacción Planta‐Insecto Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana y de Plantas Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas ‐ CSIC Madrid Spain
| | - Pedro Hernández‐Crespo
- Laboratorio de Interacción Planta‐Insecto Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana y de Plantas Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas ‐ CSIC Madrid Spain
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256
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Bosse M, Megens H, Derks MFL, de Cara ÁMR, Groenen MAM. Deleterious alleles in the context of domestication, inbreeding, and selection. Evol Appl 2019; 12:6-17. [PMID: 30622631 PMCID: PMC6304688 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Each individual has a certain number of harmful mutations in its genome. These mutations can lower the fitness of the individual carrying them, dependent on their dominance and selection coefficient. Effective population size, selection, and admixture are known to affect the occurrence of such mutations in a population. The relative roles of demography and selection are a key in understanding the process of adaptation. These are factors that are potentially influenced and confounded in domestic animals. Here, we hypothesize that the series of events of bottlenecks, introgression, and strong artificial selection associated with domestication increased mutational load in domestic species. Yet, mutational load is hard to quantify, so there are very few studies available revealing the relevance of evolutionary processes. The precise role of artificial selection, bottlenecks, and introgression in further increasing the load of deleterious variants in animals in breeding and conservation programmes remains unclear. In this paper, we review the effects of domestication and selection on mutational load in domestic species. Moreover, we test some hypotheses on higher mutational load due to domestication and selective sweeps using sequence data from commercial pig and chicken lines. Overall, we argue that domestication by itself is not a prerequisite for genetic erosion, indicating that fitness potential does not need to decline. Rather, mutational load in domestic species can be influenced by many factors, but consistent or strong trends are not yet clear. However, methods emerging from molecular genetics allow discrimination of hypotheses about the determinants of mutational load, such as effective population size, inbreeding, and selection, in domestic systems. These findings make us rethink the effect of our current breeding schemes on fitness of populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirte Bosse
- Animal Breeding and GenomicsWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Hendrik‐Jan Megens
- Animal Breeding and GenomicsWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Martijn F. L. Derks
- Animal Breeding and GenomicsWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Ángeles M. R. de Cara
- Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et EvolutiveCNRSUniversité de MontpellierUniversité Paul Valéry Montpellier 3EPHE, IRDMontpellierFrance
| | - Martien A. M. Groenen
- Animal Breeding and GenomicsWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
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257
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Pizzari T, McDonald GC. Sexual selection in socially-structured, polyandrous populations: Some insights from the fowl. ADVANCES IN THE STUDY OF BEHAVIOR 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.asb.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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258
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Lacy RC. Lessons from 30 years of population viability analysis of wildlife populations. Zoo Biol 2018; 38:67-77. [PMID: 30585658 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Population viability analysis (PVA) has been used for three decades to assess threats and evaluate conservation options for wildlife populations. What has been learned from PVA on in situ populations are valuable lessons also for assessing and managing viability and sustainability of ex situ populations. The dynamics of individual populations are unpredictable, due to limited knowledge about important factors, variability in the environment, and the probabilistic nature of demographic events. PVA considers such uncertainty within simulations that generate the distribution of likely fates for a population; management of ex situ populations should also take into consideration the uncertainty in our data and in the trajectories of populations. The processes affecting wildlife populations interact, with feedbacks often leading to amplified threats to viability; projections of ex situ populations should include such feedbacks to allow for management that foresees and responds to the cumulative and synergistic threats. PVA is useful for evaluating conservation options only if the goals for each population and measures of success are first clearly identified; similarly, for ex situ populations to contribute maximally to species conservation, the purposes for the population and definitions of sustainability in terms of acceptable risk must be documented. PVA requires a lot of data, knowledge of many processes affecting the populations, modeling expertize, and understanding of management goals and constraints. Therefore, to be useful in guiding conservation it must be a collaborative, trans-disciplinary, and social process. PVA can help integrate management of in situ and ex situ populations within comprehensive species conservation plans.
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259
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Hogg CJ, Wright B, Morris KM, Lee AV, Ivy JA, Grueber CE, Belov K. Founder relationships and conservation management: empirical kinships reveal the effect on breeding programmes when founders are assumed to be unrelated. Anim Conserv 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C. J. Hogg
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
- Zoo and Aquarium Association Australasia Mosman NSW Australia
| | - B. Wright
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
| | - K. M. Morris
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
| | - A. V. Lee
- Save the Tasmanian Devil Program DPIPWE Hobart TAS Australia
| | - J. A. Ivy
- San Diego Zoo Global San Diego CA USA
| | - C. E. Grueber
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
- San Diego Zoo Global San Diego CA USA
| | - K. Belov
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
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260
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Rossetto M, Bragg J, Kilian A, McPherson H, van der Merwe M, Wilson PD. Restore and Renew: a genomics‐era framework for species provenance delimitation. Restor Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.12898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Rossetto
- National Herbarium of New South WalesRoyal Botanic Garden Sydney Mrs Macquaries Road, Sydney NSW 2000 Australia
| | - Jason Bragg
- National Herbarium of New South WalesRoyal Botanic Garden Sydney Mrs Macquaries Road, Sydney NSW 2000 Australia
| | - Andrzej Kilian
- Diversity Arrays TechnologyUniversity of Canberra Bruce ACT 2617 Australia
| | - Hannah McPherson
- National Herbarium of New South WalesRoyal Botanic Garden Sydney Mrs Macquaries Road, Sydney NSW 2000 Australia
| | - Marlien van der Merwe
- National Herbarium of New South WalesRoyal Botanic Garden Sydney Mrs Macquaries Road, Sydney NSW 2000 Australia
| | - Peter D. Wilson
- National Herbarium of New South WalesRoyal Botanic Garden Sydney Mrs Macquaries Road, Sydney NSW 2000 Australia
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261
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Kardos M, Shafer AB. The Peril of Gene-Targeted Conservation. Trends Ecol Evol 2018; 33:827-839. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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262
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Abstract
"Conservation genomics" encompasses the idea that genome-scale data will improve the capacity of resource managers to protect species. Although genetic approaches have long been used in conservation research, it has only recently become tractable to generate genome-wide data at a scale that is useful for conservation. In this Review, we discuss how genome-scale data can inform species delineation in the face of admixture, facilitate evolution through the identification of adaptive alleles, and enhance evolutionary rescue based on genomic patterns of inbreeding. As genomic approaches become more widely adopted in conservation, we expect that they will have a positive impact on management and policy decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A Supple
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA.
| | - Beth Shapiro
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA.
- UCSC Genomics Institute, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA.
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263
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Gómez-Sánchez D, Olalde I, Sastre N, Enseñat C, Carrasco R, Marques-Bonet T, Lalueza-Fox C, Leonard JA, Vilà C, Ramírez O. On the path to extinction: Inbreeding and admixture in a declining grey wolf population. Mol Ecol 2018; 27:3599-3612. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.14824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Gómez-Sánchez
- Ciencies Experimetals i de la Salut; Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (Universitat Pompeu Fabra - CSIC); Barcelona Spain
| | - Iñigo Olalde
- Ciencies Experimetals i de la Salut; Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (Universitat Pompeu Fabra - CSIC); Barcelona Spain
| | - Natalia Sastre
- Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments; Facultat de Veterinària, Servei Veterinari de Genètica Molecular; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra Spain
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; UCLA; Los Angeles California
| | | | - Rafael Carrasco
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Biologia Vegetal y Ecología; Universidad de Jaén (UJA); Jaen Spain
| | - Tomas Marques-Bonet
- Ciencies Experimetals i de la Salut; Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (Universitat Pompeu Fabra - CSIC); Barcelona Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA); Barcelona Spain
- Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico (CNAG); Barcelona Spain
| | - Carles Lalueza-Fox
- Ciencies Experimetals i de la Salut; Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (Universitat Pompeu Fabra - CSIC); Barcelona Spain
| | - Jennifer A. Leonard
- Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics Group; Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC); Seville Spain
| | - Carles Vilà
- Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics Group; Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC); Seville Spain
| | - Oscar Ramírez
- Ciencies Experimetals i de la Salut; Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (Universitat Pompeu Fabra - CSIC); Barcelona Spain
- Vetgenomics S.L.; Bellaterra Spain
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264
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Sutton JT, Helmkampf M, Steiner CC, Bellinger MR, Korlach J, Hall R, Baybayan P, Muehling J, Gu J, Kingan S, Masuda BM, Ryder OA. A High-Quality, Long-Read De Novo Genome Assembly to Aid Conservation of Hawaii's Last Remaining Crow Species. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9080393. [PMID: 30071683 PMCID: PMC6115840 DOI: 10.3390/genes9080393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-level data can provide researchers with unprecedented precision to examine the causes and genetic consequences of population declines, which can inform conservation management. Here, we present a high-quality, long-read, de novo genome assembly for one of the world’s most endangered bird species, the ʻAlalā (Corvus hawaiiensis; Hawaiian crow). As the only remaining native crow species in Hawaiʻi, the ʻAlalā survived solely in a captive-breeding program from 2002 until 2016, at which point a long-term reintroduction program was initiated. The high-quality genome assembly was generated to lay the foundation for both comparative genomics studies and the development of population-level genomic tools that will aid conservation and recovery efforts. We illustrate how the quality of this assembly places it amongst the very best avian genomes assembled to date, comparable to intensively studied model systems. We describe the genome architecture in terms of repetitive elements and runs of homozygosity, and we show that compared with more outbred species, the ʻAlalā genome is substantially more homozygous. We also provide annotations for a subset of immunity genes that are likely to be important in conservation management, and we discuss how this genome is currently being used as a roadmap for downstream conservation applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolene T Sutton
- Department of Biology, University of Hawaii at Hilo, Hilo, HI 96720, USA.
| | - Martin Helmkampf
- Department of Biology, University of Hawaii at Hilo, Hilo, HI 96720, USA.
| | - Cynthia C Steiner
- Institute for Conservation Research, San Diego Zoo, Escondido, CA 92027, USA.
| | - M Renee Bellinger
- Department of Biology, University of Hawaii at Hilo, Hilo, HI 96720, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | - Jenny Gu
- Pacific Biosciences, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.
| | | | - Bryce M Masuda
- Institute for Conservation Research, San Diego Zoo Global, Volcano, HI 96785, USA.
| | - Oliver A Ryder
- Institute for Conservation Research, San Diego Zoo, Escondido, CA 92027, USA.
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265
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Gaut BS, Seymour DK, Liu Q, Zhou Y. Demography and its effects on genomic variation in crop domestication. NATURE PLANTS 2018; 4:512-520. [PMID: 30061748 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-018-0210-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Over two thousand plant species have been modified morphologically through cultivation and human use. Here, we review three aspects of crop domestication that are currently undergoing marked revisions, due to analytical advancements and their application to whole genome resequencing (WGS) data. We begin by discussing the duration and demographic history of domestication. There has been debate as to whether domestication occurred quickly or slowly. The latter is tentatively supported both by fossil data and application of WGS data to sequentially Markovian coalescent methods that infer the history of effective population size. This history suggests the possibility of extended human impacts on domesticated lineages prior to their purposeful cultivation. We also make the point that demographic history matters, because it shapes patterns and levels of extant genetic diversity. We illustrate this point by discussing the evolutionary processes that contribute to the empirical observation that most crops examined to date have more putatively deleterious alleles than their wild relatives. These deleterious alleles may contribute to genetic load within crops and may be fitting targets for crop improvement. Finally, the same demographic factors are likely to shape the spectrum of structural variants (SVs) within crops. SVs are known to underlie many of the phenotypic changes associated with domestication and crop improvement, but we currently lack sufficient knowledge about the mechanisms that create SVs, their rates of origin, their population frequencies and their phenotypic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon S Gaut
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Danelle K Seymour
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Qingpo Liu
- College of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongfeng Zhou
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
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266
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Benton CH, Delahay RJ, Smith FAP, Robertson A, McDonald RA, Young AJ, Burke TA, Hodgson D. Inbreeding intensifies sex- and age-dependent disease in a wild mammal. J Anim Ecol 2018; 87:1500-1511. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clare H. Benton
- National Wildlife Management Centre; Animal and Plant Health Agency; Stonehouse UK
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation; University of Exeter; Penryn UK
| | - Richard J. Delahay
- National Wildlife Management Centre; Animal and Plant Health Agency; Stonehouse UK
| | - Freya A. P. Smith
- National Wildlife Management Centre; Animal and Plant Health Agency; Stonehouse UK
| | - Andrew Robertson
- National Wildlife Management Centre; Animal and Plant Health Agency; Stonehouse UK
- Environment and Sustainability Institute; University of Exeter; Penryn UK
| | - Robbie A. McDonald
- Environment and Sustainability Institute; University of Exeter; Penryn UK
| | - Andrew J. Young
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation; University of Exeter; Penryn UK
| | - Terry A. Burke
- Molecular Ecology Laboratory; University of Sheffield; Sheffield UK
| | - Dave Hodgson
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation; University of Exeter; Penryn UK
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267
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Müller T, Lamprecht TD, Schrieber K. Lifetime inbreeding depression in a leaf beetle. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:6889-6898. [PMID: 30073053 PMCID: PMC6065277 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ongoing habitat loss and fragmentation result in rapid population size reductions, which can increase the levels of inbreeding. Consequently, many species are threatened by inbreeding depression, a loss of individual fitness following the mating of close relatives. Here, we investigated inbreeding effects on fitness-related traits throughout the lifetime of the mustard leaf beetle (Phaedon cochleariae) and mechanisms for the avoidance of inbreeding. Previously, we found that these beetles have family-specific cuticular hydrocarbon profiles, which are likely not used as recognition cue for precopulatory inbreeding avoidance. Thus, we examined whether adult beetles show postcopulatory inbreeding avoidance instead. For this purpose, we determined the larval hatching rate of eggs laid by females mated sequentially with two nonsiblings, two siblings, a nonsibling, and a sibling or vice versa. The beetles suffered from inbreeding depression throughout their entire ontogeny, as evinced by a prolonged larval development, a decreased larval and adult survival and a decreased reproductive output of inbred compared to outbred individuals. The highest larval hatching rates were detected when females were mated with two nonsiblings or first with a sibling and second with a nonsibling. Significantly lower hatching rates were measured in the treatments with a sibling as second male. Thus, the results do not support the existence of postcopulatory inbreeding avoidance in P. cochleariae, but revealed evidence for second male sperm precedence. Consequently, an alternative strategy to avoid inbreeding costs might exist in this beetle, such as a polyandrous mating system, potentially coupled with a specific dispersal behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorben Müller
- Department of Chemical EcologyBielefeld UniversityBielefeldGermany
| | | | - Karin Schrieber
- Department of Chemical EcologyBielefeld UniversityBielefeldGermany
- Martin‐Luther‐University Halle‐WittenbergInstitute of Biology, Geobotany and Botanical GardenHalle (Saale)Germany
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268
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Gustafson KD, Hawkins MG, Drazenovich TL, Church R, Brown SA, Ernest HB. Founder events, isolation, and inbreeding: Intercontinental genetic structure of the domestic ferret. Evol Appl 2018; 11:694-704. [PMID: 29875811 PMCID: PMC5979634 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Domestication and breeding for human-desired morphological traits can reduce population genetic diversity via founder events and artificial selection, resulting in inbreeding depression and genetic disorders. The ferret (Mustela putorius furo) was domesticated from European polecats (M. putorius), transported to multiple continents, and has been artificially selected for several traits. The ferret is now a common pet, a laboratory model organism, and feral ferrets can impact native biodiversity. We hypothesized global ferret trade resulted in distinct international genetic clusters and that ferrets transported to other continents would have lower genetic diversity than ferrets from Europe because of extreme founder events and no hybridization with wild polecats or genetically diverse ferrets. To assess these hypotheses, we genotyped 765 ferrets at 31 microsatellites from 11 countries among the continents of North America, Europe, and Australia and estimated population structure and genetic diversity. Fifteen M. putorius were genotyped for comparison. Our study indicated ferrets exhibit geographically distinct clusters and highlights the low genetic variation in certain countries. Australian and North American clusters have the lowest genetic diversities and highest inbreeding metrics whereas the United Kingdom (UK) cluster exhibited intermediate genetic diversity. Non-UK European ferrets had high genetic diversity, possibly a result of introgression with wild polecats. Notably, Hungarian ferrets had the highest genetic diversity and Hungary is the only country sampled with two wild polecat species. Our research has broad social, economic, and biomedical importance. Ferret owners and veterinarians should be made aware of potential inbreeding depression. Breeders in North America and Australia would benefit by incorporating genetically diverse ferrets from mainland Europe. Laboratories using ferrets as biomedical organisms should consider diversifying their genetic stock and incorporating genetic information into bioassays. These results also have forensic applications for conserving the genetics of wild polecat species and for identifying and managing sources of feral ferrets causing ecosystem damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle D. Gustafson
- Wildlife Genomics and Disease Ecology LaboratoryVeterinary SciencesUniversity of WyomingLaramieWYUSA
| | - Michelle G. Hawkins
- Department of Medicine and EpidemiologySchool of Veterinary Medicine, University of California–DavisDavisCAUSA
| | - Tracy L. Drazenovich
- Department of Medicine and EpidemiologySchool of Veterinary Medicine, University of California–DavisDavisCAUSA
| | | | | | - Holly B. Ernest
- Wildlife Genomics and Disease Ecology LaboratoryVeterinary SciencesUniversity of WyomingLaramieWYUSA
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269
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Jensen C, Ørsted M, Kristensen TN. Effects of genetic distance on heterosis in a Drosophila melanogaster model system. Genetica 2018; 146:345-359. [PMID: 29761415 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-018-0026-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Habitat fragmentation and small population sizes can lead to inbreeding and loss of genetic variation, which can potentially cause inbreeding depression and decrease the ability of populations to adapt to altered environmental conditions. One solution to these genetic problems is the implementation of genetic rescue, which re-establishes gene flow between separated populations. Similar techniques are being used in animal and plant breeding to produce superior production animals and plants. To optimize fitness benefits in genetic rescue programs and to secure high yielding domestic varieties in animal and plant breeding, knowledge on the genetic relatedness of populations being crossed is imperative. In this study, we conducted replicated crosses between isogenic Drosophila melanogaster lines from the Drosophila Genetic Reference Panel. We grouped lines in two genetic distance groups to study the effect of genetic divergence between populations on the expression of heterosis in two fitness components; starvation resistance and reproductive output. We further investigated the transgenerational effects of outcrossing by investigating the fitness consequences in both the F1- and the F3-generations. High fitness enhancements were observed in hybrid offspring compared to parental lines, especially for reproductive output. However, the level of heterosis declined from the F1- to the F3-generation. Generally, genetic distance did not have strong impact on the level of heterosis detected, although there were exceptions to this pattern. The best predictor of heterosis was performance of parental lines with poorly performing parental lines showing higher hybrid vigour when crossed, i.e. the potential for heterosis was proportional to the level of inbreeding depression. Overall, our results show that outcrossing can have very strong positive fitness consequences for genetically depauperate populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Jensen
- Section of Biology and Environmental Science, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220, Aalborg E, Denmark
| | - Michael Ørsted
- Section of Biology and Environmental Science, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220, Aalborg E, Denmark.
| | - Torsten Nygaard Kristensen
- Section of Biology and Environmental Science, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220, Aalborg E, Denmark.,Section of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
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270
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Wells DA, Cant MA, Nichols HJ, Hoffman JI. A high-quality pedigree and genetic markers both reveal inbreeding depression for quality but not survival in a cooperative mammal. Mol Ecol 2018; 27:2271-2288. [PMID: 29603504 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Inbreeding depression, the reduced fitness of offspring of closely related parents, is commonplace in both captive and wild populations and has important consequences for conservation and mating system evolution. However, because of the difficulty of collecting pedigree and life-history data from wild populations, relatively few studies have been able to compare inbreeding depression for traits at different points in the life cycle. Moreover, pedigrees give the expected proportion of the genome that is identical by descent (IBDg ) whereas in theory with enough molecular markers realized IBDg can be quantified directly. We therefore investigated inbreeding depression for multiple life-history traits in a wild population of banded mongooses using pedigree-based inbreeding coefficients (fped ) and standardized multilocus heterozygosity (sMLH) measured at 35-43 microsatellites. Within an information theoretic framework, we evaluated support for either fped or sMLH as inbreeding terms and used sequential regression to determine whether the residuals of sMLH on fped explain fitness variation above and beyond fped . We found no evidence of inbreeding depression for survival, either before or after nutritional independence. By contrast, inbreeding was negatively associated with two quality-related traits, yearling body mass and annual male reproductive success. Yearling body mass was associated with fped but not sMLH, while male annual reproductive success was best explained by both fped and residual sMLH. Thus, our study not only uncovers variation in the extent to which different traits show inbreeding depression, but also reveals trait-specific differences in the ability of pedigrees and molecular markers to explain fitness variation and suggests that for certain traits, genetic markers may capture variation in realized IBDg above and beyond the pedigree expectation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Wells
- Department of Animal Behaviour, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany.,School of Natural Science and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Michael A Cant
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
| | - Hazel J Nichols
- School of Natural Science and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Joseph I Hoffman
- Department of Animal Behaviour, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
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271
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Significant loss of mitochondrial diversity within the last century due to extinction of peripheral populations in eastern gorillas. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6551. [PMID: 29695730 PMCID: PMC5917027 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24497-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Species and populations are disappearing at an alarming rate as a direct result of human activities. Loss of genetic diversity associated with population decline directly impacts species' long-term survival. Therefore, preserving genetic diversity is of considerable conservation importance. However, to assist in conservation efforts, it is important to understand how genetic diversity is spatially distributed and how it changes due to anthropogenic pressures. In this study, we use historical museum and modern faecal samples of two critically endangered eastern gorilla taxa, Grauer's (Gorilla beringei graueri) and mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei), to directly infer temporal changes in genetic diversity within the last century. Using over 100 complete mitochondrial genomes, we observe a significant decline in haplotype and nucleotide diversity in Grauer's gorillas. By including historical samples from now extinct populations we show that this decline can be attributed to the loss of peripheral populations rather than a decrease in genetic diversity within the core range of the species. By directly quantifying genetic changes in the recent past, our study shows that human activities have severely impacted eastern gorilla genetic diversity within only four to five generations. This rapid loss calls for dedicated conservation actions, which should include preservation of the remaining peripheral populations.
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272
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Todd ET, Ho SYW, Thomson PC, Ang RA, Velie BD, Hamilton NA. Founder-specific inbreeding depression affects racing performance in Thoroughbred horses. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6167. [PMID: 29670190 PMCID: PMC5906619 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24663-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Thoroughbred horse has played an important role in both sporting and economic aspects of society since the establishment of the breed in the 1700s. The extensive pedigree and phenotypic information available for the Thoroughbred horse population provides a unique opportunity to examine the effects of 300 years of selective breeding on genetic load. By analysing the relationship between inbreeding and racing performance of 135,572 individuals, we found that selective breeding has not efficiently alleviated the Australian Thoroughbred population of its genetic load. However, we found evidence for purging in the population that might have improved racing performance over time. Over 80% of inbreeding in the contemporary population is accounted for by a small number of ancestors from the foundation of the breed. Inbreeding to these ancestors has variable effects on fitness, demonstrating that an understanding of the distribution of genetic load is important in improving the phenotypic value of a population in the future. Our findings hold value not only for Thoroughbred and other domestic breeds, but also for small and endangered populations where such comprehensive information is not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn T Todd
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Simon Y W Ho
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Peter C Thomson
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Rachel A Ang
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Brandon D Velie
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Natasha A Hamilton
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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273
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Affiliation(s)
- P W Hedrick
- School of Biological Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA.
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274
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Wirtz S, Böhm C, Fritz J, Kotrschal K, Veith M, Hochkirch A. Optimizing the genetic management of reintroduction projects: genetic population structure of the captive Northern Bald Ibis population. CONSERV GENET 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-018-1059-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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275
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Díez-del-Molino D, Sánchez-Barreiro F, Barnes I, Gilbert MTP, Dalén L. Quantifying Temporal Genomic Erosion in Endangered Species. Trends Ecol Evol 2018; 33:176-185. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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276
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López-Cortegano E, Bersabé D, Wang J, García-Dorado A. Detection of genetic purging and predictive value of purging parameters estimated in pedigreed populations. Heredity (Edinb) 2018; 121:38-51. [PMID: 29434337 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-017-0045-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The consequences of inbreeding for fitness are important in evolutionary and conservation biology, but can critically depend on genetic purging. However, estimating purging has proven elusive. Using PURGd software, we assess the performance of the Inbreeding-Purging (IP) model and of ancestral inbreeding (Fa) models to detect purging in simulated pedigreed populations, and to estimate parameters that allow reliably predicting the evolution of fitness under inbreeding. The power to detect purging in a single small population of size N is low for both models during the first few generations of inbreeding (t ≈ N/2), but increases for longer periods of slower inbreeding and is, on average, larger for the IP model. The ancestral inbreeding approach overestimates the rate of inbreeding depression during long inbreeding periods, and produces joint estimates of the effects of inbreeding and purging that lead to unreliable predictions for the evolution of fitness. The IP estimates of the rate of inbreeding depression become downwardly biased when obtained from long inbreeding processes. However, the effect of this bias is canceled out by a coupled downward bias in the estimate of the purging coefficient so that, unless the population is very small, the joint estimate of these two IP parameters yields good predictions of the evolution of mean fitness in populations of different sizes during periods of different lengths. Therefore, our results support the use of the IP model to detect inbreeding depression and purging, and to estimate reliable parameters for predictive purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio López-Cortegano
- Departamento de Genética. Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego Bersabé
- Departamento de Genética. Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jinliang Wang
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, United Kingdom
| | - Aurora García-Dorado
- Departamento de Genética. Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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277
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Berejikian BA, Van Doornik DM. Increased natural reproduction and genetic diversity one generation after cessation of a steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) conservation hatchery program. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190799. [PMID: 29351326 PMCID: PMC5774695 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatial and temporal fluctuations in productivity and abundance confound assessments of captive propagation programs aimed at recovery of Threatened and Endangered populations. We conducted a 17 year before-after-control-impact experiment to determine the effects of a captive rearing program for anadromous steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) on a key indicator of natural spawner abundance (naturally produced nests or 'redds'). The supplemented population exhibited a significant (2.6-fold) increase in redd abundance in the generation following supplementation. Four non-supplemented (control) populations monitored over the same 17 year period exhibited stable or decreasing trends in redd abundance. Expected heterozygosity in the supplemented population increased significantly. Allelic richness increased, but to a lesser (non-significant) degree. Estimates of the effective number of breeders increased from a harmonic mean of 24.4 in the generation before supplementation to 38.9 after supplementation. Several non-conventional aspects of the captive rearing program may have contributed to the positive response in the natural population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry A Berejikian
- Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, Port Orchard, Washington, United States of America
| | - Donald M Van Doornik
- Conservation Biology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, Port Orchard, Washington, United States of America
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278
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Schmidt-Küntzel A, Dalton DL, Menotti-Raymond M, Fabiano E, Charruau P, Johnson WE, Sommer S, Marker L, Kotzé A, O’Brien SJ. Conservation Genetics of the Cheetah: Genetic History and Implications for Conservation. CHEETAHS: BIOLOGY AND CONSERVATION 2018. [PMCID: PMC7149701 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-804088-1.00006-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
From allozymes in 1983 to whole genomes in 2015, genetic studies of the cheetah have been extensive. In this chapter we provide an overview of the available literature. Overall, patterns of genetic variation provided evidence of low variability and suggest this loss occurred thousands of years ago. Differences between published subspecies were supported genetically. At a local scale, populations were generally considered panmictic with minor genetic structure. Although cheetahs have persisted despite low genetic variability, important questions arise from these findings: Does the cheetah have the ability to adapt to and evolve with future changes in environmental and infectious pressure? How would cheetahs cope with further loss of genetic diversity? Connectivity in the wild should be maintained via prevention of habitat loss, while management of small isolated populations may require reestablishing gene flow. Genetics could assist captive-breeding decisions and provide forensic evidence as to the geographical origin of illegally traded animals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Desiré L. Dalton
- National Zoological Gardens of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa,University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
| | | | | | | | - Warren E. Johnson
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, United States
| | | | | | - Antoinette Kotzé
- National Zoological Gardens of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa,University of Free State South Africa, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Stephen J. O’Brien
- St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia,Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States
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279
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Luikart G, Kardos M, Hand BK, Rajora OP, Aitken SN, Hohenlohe PA. Population Genomics: Advancing Understanding of Nature. POPULATION GENOMICS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/13836_2018_60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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280
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Cosgrove AJ, McWhorter TJ, Maron M. Consequences of impediments to animal movements at different scales: A conceptual framework and review. DIVERS DISTRIB 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anita J. Cosgrove
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences The University of Queensland St Lucia Qld Australia
| | - Todd J. McWhorter
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences The University of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Martine Maron
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences The University of Queensland St Lucia Qld Australia
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281
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Voillemot M, Rougemont Q, Roux C, Pannell JR. The divergence history of the perennial plant Linaria cavanillesii
confirms a recent loss of self-incompatibility. J Evol Biol 2017; 31:136-147. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Voillemot
- Department of Ecology and Evolution; Biophore/Sorge; University of Lausanne; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Q. Rougemont
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS); University of Laval; Québec City Québec Canada
| | - C. Roux
- Department of Ecology and Evolution; Biophore/Sorge; University of Lausanne; Lausanne Switzerland
- Unité Evo-Eco-Paléo (EEP) - UMR 8198; CNRS; Université de Lille Sciences et Technologies; Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex France
| | - J. R. Pannell
- Department of Ecology and Evolution; Biophore/Sorge; University of Lausanne; Lausanne Switzerland
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282
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Hoffman JR, Willoughby JR, Swanson BJ, Pangle KL, Zanatta DT. Detection of barriers to dispersal is masked by long lifespans and large population sizes. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:9613-9623. [PMID: 29187994 PMCID: PMC5696434 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Population genetic analyses of species inhabiting fragmented landscapes are essential tools for conservation. Occasionally, analyses of fragmented populations find no evidence of isolation, even though a barrier to dispersal is apparent. In some cases, not enough time may have passed to observe divergence due to genetic drift, a problem particularly relevant for long‐lived species with overlapping generations. Failing to consider this quality during population structure analyses could result in incorrect conclusions about the impact of fragmentation on the species. We designed a model to explore how lifespan and population size influence perceived population structure of isolated populations over time. This iterative model tracked how simulated populations of variable lifespan and population size were affected by drift alone, using a freshwater mussel, Quadrula quadrula (mapleleaf), as a model system. In addition to exhibiting dramatic lifespan variability among species, mussels are also highly imperiled and exhibit fragmentation by dams throughout the range of many species. Results indicated that, unless population size was small (<50 individuals) or lifespan short (<22 years), observing genetic divergence among populations was unlikely. Even if wild populations are isolated, observing population structure in long‐lived mussels from modern damming practices is unlikely because it takes longer for population structure to develop in these species than most North American dams have existed. Larger population sizes and longer lifespans increase the time needed for significant divergence to occur. This study helps illuminate the factors that influence genetic responses by populations to isolation and provides a useful model for conservation‐oriented research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan R Hoffman
- Biology Department Institute for Great Lakes Research Central Michigan University Mount Pleasant MI USA
| | - Janna R Willoughby
- Department of Biological Sciences Purdue University West Lafayette IN USA
| | - Bradley J Swanson
- Biology Department Institute for Great Lakes Research Central Michigan University Mount Pleasant MI USA
| | - Kevin L Pangle
- Biology Department Institute for Great Lakes Research Central Michigan University Mount Pleasant MI USA
| | - David T Zanatta
- Biology Department Institute for Great Lakes Research Central Michigan University Mount Pleasant MI USA
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283
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Kardos M, Åkesson M, Fountain T, Flagstad Ø, Liberg O, Olason P, Sand H, Wabakken P, Wikenros C, Ellegren H. Genomic consequences of intensive inbreeding in an isolated wolf population. Nat Ecol Evol 2017; 2:124-131. [PMID: 29158554 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-017-0375-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Inbreeding (mating between relatives) is a major concern for conservation as it decreases individual fitness and can increase the risk of population extinction. We used whole-genome resequencing of 97 grey wolves (Canis lupus) from the highly inbred Scandinavian wolf population to identify 'identical-by-descent' (IBD) chromosome segments as runs of homozygosity (ROH). This gave the high resolution required to precisely measure realized inbreeding as the IBD fraction of the genome in ROH (F ROH). We found a striking pattern of complete or near-complete homozygosity of entire chromosomes in many individuals. The majority of individual inbreeding was due to long IBD segments (>5 cM) originating from ancestors ≤10 generations ago, with 10 genomic regions showing very few ROH and forming candidate regions for containing loci contributing strongly to inbreeding depression. Inbreeding estimated with an extensive pedigree (F P) was strongly correlated with realized inbreeding measured with the entire genome (r 2 = 0.86). However, inbreeding measured with the whole genome was more strongly correlated with multi-locus heterozygosity estimated with as few as 500 single nucleotide polymorphisms, and with F ROH estimated with as few as 10,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms, than with F P. These results document in fine detail the genomic consequences of intensive inbreeding in a population of conservation concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marty Kardos
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-752 36, Uppsala, Sweden.,Flathead Lake Biological Station, University of Montana, Polson, MA, 59860, USA
| | - Mikael Åkesson
- Department of Ecology, Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-730 91, Riddarhyttan, Sweden
| | - Toby Fountain
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Øystein Flagstad
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, PO Box 5685, Sluppen, NO-7485, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Olof Liberg
- Department of Ecology, Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-730 91, Riddarhyttan, Sweden
| | - Pall Olason
- Wallenberg Advanced Bioinformatics Infrastructure, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75123, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Håkan Sand
- Department of Ecology, Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-730 91, Riddarhyttan, Sweden
| | - Petter Wabakken
- Faculty of Applied Ecology and Agricultural Sciences, Campus Evenstad, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, NO-2480, Elverum, Norway
| | - Camilla Wikenros
- Department of Ecology, Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-730 91, Riddarhyttan, Sweden
| | - Hans Ellegren
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-752 36, Uppsala, Sweden.
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284
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Genetic rescue increases fitness and aids rapid recovery of an endangered marsupial population. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1071. [PMID: 29057865 PMCID: PMC5715156 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01182-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic rescue has now been attempted in several threatened species, but the contribution of genetics per se to any increase in population health can be hard to identify. Rescue is expected to be particularly useful when individuals are introduced into small isolated populations with low levels of genetic variation. Here we consider such a situation by documenting genetic rescue in the mountain pygmy possum, Burramys parvus. Rapid population recovery occurred in the target population after the introduction of a small number of males from a large genetically diverged population. Initial hybrid fitness was more than two-fold higher than non-hybrids; hybrid animals had a larger body size, and female hybrids produced more pouch young and lived longer. Genetic rescue likely contributed to the largest population size ever being recorded at this site. These data point to genetic rescue as being a potentially useful option for the recovery of small threatened populations. Genetic rescue can be valuable for the conservation of small populations threatened by low genetic diversity, but it carries the perceived risk of outbreeding depression. Here, Weeks et al. report increased hybrid fitness in a rescued population of the mountain pygmy possum, which likely contributed to population growth following genetic rescue.
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285
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Ralls K, Ballou JD, Dudash MR, Eldridge MDB, Fenster CB, Lacy RC, Sunnucks P, Frankham R. Call for a Paradigm Shift in the Genetic Management of Fragmented Populations. Conserv Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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286
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Chen Z, Preisser EL, Xiao R, Chen J, Li D, Jiao X. Inbreeding produces trade-offs between maternal fecundity and offspring survival in a monandrous spider. Anim Behav 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2017.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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287
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Brandeis M. New-age ideas about age-old sex: separating meiosis from mating could solve a century-old conundrum. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2017; 93:801-810. [PMID: 28913952 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Ever since Darwin first addressed it, sexual reproduction reigns as the 'queen' of evolutionary questions. Multiple theories tried to explain how this apparently costly and cumbersome method has become the universal mode of eukaryote reproduction. Most theories stress the adaptive advantages of sex by generating variation, they fail however to explain the ubiquitous persistence of sexual reproduction also where adaptation is not an issue. I argue that the obstacle for comprehending the role of sex stems from the conceptual entanglement of two distinct processes - gamete production by meiosis and gamete fusion by mating (mixis). Meiosis is an ancient, highly rigid and evolutionary conserved process identical and ubiquitous in all eukaryotes. Mating, by contrast, shows tremendous evolutionary variability even in closely related clades and exhibits wonderful ecological adaptability. To appreciate the respective roles of these two processes, which are normally linked and alternating, we require cases where one takes place without the other. Such cases are rather common. The heteromorphic sex chromosomes Y and W, that do not undergo meiotic recombination are an evolutionary test case for demonstrating the role of meiosis. Substantial recent genomic evidence highlights the accelerated rates of change and attrition these chromosomes undergo in comparison to those of recombining autosomes. I thus propose that the most basic role of meiosis is conserving integrity of the genome. A reciprocal case of meiosis without bi-parental mating, is presented by self-fertilization, which is fairly common in flowering plants, as well as most types of apomixis. I argue that deconstructing sex into these two distinct processes - meiosis and mating - will greatly facilitate their analysis and promote our understanding of sexual reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Brandeis
- The Department of Genetics, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
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288
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Druet T, Gautier M. A model-based approach to characterize individual inbreeding at both global and local genomic scales. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:5820-5841. [PMID: 28815918 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Inbreeding results from the mating of related individuals and may be associated with reduced fitness because it brings together deleterious variants in one individual. In general, inbreeding is estimated with respect to an arbitrary base population consisting of ancestors that are assumed unrelated. We herein propose a model-based approach to estimate and characterize individual inbreeding at both global and local genomic scales by assuming the individual genome is a mosaic of homozygous-by-descent (HBD) and non-HBD segments. The HBD segments may originate from ancestors tracing back to different periods in the past defining distinct age-related classes. The lengths of the HBD segments are exponentially distributed with class-specific parameters reflecting that inbreeding of older origin generates on average shorter stretches of observed homozygous markers. The model is implemented in a hidden Markov model framework that uses marker allele frequencies, genetic distances, genotyping error rates and the sequences of observed genotypes. Note that genotyping errors, low-fold sequencing or genotype-by-sequencing data are easily accommodated under this framework. Based on simulations under the inference model, we show that the genomewide inbreeding coefficients and the parameters of the model are accurately estimated. In addition, when several inbreeding classes are simulated, the model captures them if their ages are sufficiently different. Complementary analyses, either on data sets simulated under more realistic models or on human, dog and sheep real data, illustrate the range of applications of the approach and how it can reveal recent demographic histories among populations (e.g., very recent bottlenecks or founder effects). The method also allows to clearly identify individuals resulting from extreme consanguineous matings.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Druet
- Unit of Animal Genomics, GIGA-R & Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - M Gautier
- INRA, UMR CBGP (INRA - IRD - Cirad - Montpellier SupAgro), Montferrier-sur-Lez, France.,Institut de Biologie Computationnelle, Montpellier, France
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289
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Rozzi R, Lomolino MV. Rapid Dwarfing of an Insular Mammal - The Feral Cattle of Amsterdam Island. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8820. [PMID: 28821782 PMCID: PMC5562861 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08820-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The island rule describes a graded trend in insular populations of vertebrates from gigantism in small species to dwarfism in large species. The dwarfing of large mammals on islands has been observed both in the present fauna and in the fossil record. Elephants, hippopotami, deer, and other species became dwarfed on islands scattered all over the world, from the Mediterranean Sea to Indonesia, from the Eastern to Western Pacific Ocean, from the Caribbean to Canary Islands. The most rapid and well documented cases of island dwarfing known thus far took place over thousands of years. Here, we describe a rapid example of dwarfing of a large mammal - the feral cattle of Amsterdam Island, southern Indian Ocean, which dwarfed to about three quarters of its body size in slightly more than one century. This population provides us with a rare opportunity to assess the rapidity of demographic, life history, and morphological responses of large mammals to a very isolated and ecologically simple, insular environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Rozzi
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung, 10115, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Mark V Lomolino
- State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
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290
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Stewart GS, Morris MR, Genis AB, Szűcs M, Melbourne BA, Tavener SJ, Hufbauer RA. The power of evolutionary rescue is constrained by genetic load. Evol Appl 2017; 10:731-741. [PMID: 28717392 PMCID: PMC5511356 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The risk of extinction faced by small isolated populations in changing environments can be reduced by rapid adaptation and subsequent growth to larger, less vulnerable sizes. Whether this process, called evolutionary rescue, is able to reduce extinction risk and sustain population growth over multiple generations is largely unknown. To understand the consequences of adaptive evolution as well as maladaptive processes in small isolated populations, we subjected experimental Tribolium castaneum populations founded with 10 or 40 individuals to novel environments, one more favorable, and one resource poor, and either allowed evolution, or constrained it by replacing individuals one-for-one each generation with those from a large population maintained in the natal environment. Replacement individuals spent one generation in the target novel environment before use to standardize effects due to the parental environment. After eight generations we mixed a subset of surviving populations to facilitate admixture, allowing us to estimate drift load by comparing performance of mixed to unmixed groups. Evolving populations had reduced extinction rates, and increased population sizes in the first four to five generations compared to populations where evolution was constrained. Performance of evolving populations subsequently declined. Admixture restored their performance, indicating high drift load that may have overwhelmed the beneficial effects of adaptation in evolving populations. Our results indicate that evolution may quickly reduce extinction risk and increase population sizes, but suggest that relying solely on adaptation from standing genetic variation may not provide long-term benefits to small isolated populations of diploid sexual species, and that active management facilitating gene flow may be necessary for longer term persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin S. Stewart
- Department of MathematicsColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
- Department of MathematicsCourant Institute of Mathematical SciencesNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Madeline R. Morris
- Department of Biomedical SciencesColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
| | | | - Marianna Szűcs
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest ManagementColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
| | - Brett A. Melbourne
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of ColoradoBoulderCOUSA
| | - Simon J. Tavener
- Department of MathematicsColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
| | - Ruth A. Hufbauer
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest ManagementColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
- Graduate Degree Program in EcologyColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
- Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations (INRA, Montpellier SupAgro)Montferrier‐sur‐Lez CedexFrance
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291
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Genetic rescue of an endangered domestic animal through outcrossing with closely related breeds: A case study of the Norwegian Lundehund. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177429. [PMID: 28570553 PMCID: PMC5453418 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic rescue, outcrossing with individuals from a related population, is used to augment genetic diversity in populations threatened by severe inbreeding and extinction. The endangered Norwegian Lundehund dog underwent at least two severe bottlenecks in the 1940s and 1960s that each left only five inbred dogs, and the approximately 1500 dogs remaining world-wide today appear to descend from only two individuals. The Lundehund has a high prevalence of a gastrointestinal disease, to which all remaining dogs may be predisposed. Outcrossing is currently performed with three Nordic Spitz breeds: Norwegian Buhund, Icelandic Sheepdog, and Norrbottenspets. Examination of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotypes based on 165K loci in 48 dogs from the four breeds revealed substantially lower genetic diversity for the Lundehund (HE 0.035) than for other breeds (HE 0.209–0.284). Analyses of genetic structure with > 15K linkage disequilibrium-pruned SNPs showed four distinct genetic clusters. Pairwise FST values between Lundehund and the candidate breeds were highest for Icelandic Sheepdog, followed by Buhund and Norrbottenspets. We assessed the presence of outlier loci among candidate breeds and examined flanking genome regions (1 megabase) for genes under possible selection to identify potential adaptive differences among breeds; outliers were observed in flanking regions of genes associated with key functions including the immune system, metabolism, cognition and physical development. We suggest crossbreeding with multiple breeds as the best strategy to increase genetic diversity for the Lundehund and to reduce the incidence of health problems. For this project, the three candidate breeds were first selected based on phenotypes and then subjected to genetic investigation. Because phenotypes are often paramount for domestic breed owners, such a strategy could provide a helpful approach for genetic rescue and restoration of other domestic populations at risk, by ensuring the involvement of owners, breeders and managers at the start of the project.
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292
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Revisiting Adaptive Potential, Population Size, and Conservation. Trends Ecol Evol 2017; 32:506-517. [PMID: 28476215 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2017.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Additive genetic variance (VA) reflects the potential for evolutionary shifts and can be low for some traits or populations. High VA is critical for the conservation of threatened species under selection to facilitate adaptation. Theory predicts tight associations between population size and VA, but data from some experimental models, and managed and natural populations do not always support this prediction. However, VA comparisons often have low statistical power, are undertaken in highly controlled environments distinct from natural habitats, and focus on traits with limited ecological relevance. Moreover, investigations of VA typically fail to consider rare alleles, genetic load, or linkage disequilibrium, resulting in deleterious effects associated with favored alleles in small populations. Large population size remains essential for ensuring adaptation.
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293
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Escoda L, González-Esteban J, Gómez A, Castresana J. Using relatedness networks to infer contemporary dispersal: Application to the endangered mammal Galemys pyrenaicus. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:3343-3357. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.14133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lídia Escoda
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra); Barcelona Spain
| | | | | | - Jose Castresana
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra); Barcelona Spain
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294
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Gustafson KD, Vickers TW, Boyce WM, Ernest HB. A single migrant enhances the genetic diversity of an inbred puma population. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2017; 4:170115. [PMID: 28573020 PMCID: PMC5451821 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.170115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Migration is essential for maintaining genetic diversity among populations, and pumas (Puma concolor) provide an excellent model for studying the genetic impacts of migrants on populations isolated by increasing human development. In densely populated southern California, USA, puma populations on the east and west side of interstate highway 15 (I-15) have become fragmented into a small inbred population on the west side (Santa Ana Mountains) and a relatively larger, more diverse population on the east side (Eastern Peninsular Range). From 146 sampled pumas, genetic analyses indicate seven pumas crossed I-15 over the last 15 years, including four males from west to east, and three males from east to west. However, only a single migrant (named M86) was detected to have produced offspring and contribute to gene flow across the I-15 barrier. Prior to the M86 migration, the Santa Ana population exhibited inbreeding and had significantly lower genetic diversity than the Eastern Peninsular Range population. After M86 emigrated, he sired 11 offspring with Santa Ana females, decreasing inbreeding measures and raising heterozygosity to levels similar to pumas in the Eastern Peninsular Range. The emigration of M86 also introduced new alleles into the Santa Ana population, although allelic richness still remained significantly lower than the Eastern Peninsular population. Our results clearly show the benefit of a single migrant to the genetics of a small, isolated population. However, ongoing development and habitat loss on both sides of I-15 will increasingly strengthen the barrier to successful migration. Further monitoring, and potential human intervention, including minimizing development effects on connectivity, adding or improving freeway crossing structures, or animal translocation, may be needed to ensure adequate gene flow and long-term persistence of the Santa Ana puma population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle D. Gustafson
- Wildlife Genomics and Disease Ecology Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82070, USA
| | - T. Winston Vickers
- Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Walter M. Boyce
- Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Holly B. Ernest
- Wildlife Genomics and Disease Ecology Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82070, USA
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295
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García-Dorado A. An explicit model for the inbreeding load in the evolutionary analysis of selfing. Evolution 2017; 71:1381-1389. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aurora García-Dorado
- Universidad Complutense, Departamento de Genetica; Ciudad Universitaria; Madrid 28040 Spain
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296
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The risk of forcing inbreeding in conservation programmes: a reply to Theodorou and Couvet. Heredity (Edinb) 2017; 119:51-53. [PMID: 28327579 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2017.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
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297
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Kardos M, Taylor HR, Ellegren H, Luikart G, Allendorf FW. Genomics advances the study of inbreeding depression in the wild. Evol Appl 2016; 9:1205-1218. [PMID: 27877200 PMCID: PMC5108213 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inbreeding depression (reduced fitness of individuals with related parents) has long been a major focus of ecology, evolution, and conservation biology. Despite decades of research, we still have a limited understanding of the strength, underlying genetic mechanisms, and demographic consequences of inbreeding depression in the wild. Studying inbreeding depression in natural populations has been hampered by the inability to precisely measure individual inbreeding. Fortunately, the rapidly increasing availability of high-throughput sequencing data means it is now feasible to measure the inbreeding of any individual with high precision. Here, we review how genomic data are advancing our understanding of inbreeding depression in the wild. Recent results show that individual inbreeding and inbreeding depression can be measured more precisely with genomic data than via traditional pedigree analysis. Additionally, the availability of genomic data has made it possible to pinpoint loci with large effects contributing to inbreeding depression in wild populations, although this will continue to be a challenging task in many study systems due to low statistical power. Now that reliably measuring individual inbreeding is no longer a limitation, a major focus of future studies should be to more accurately quantify effects of inbreeding depression on population growth and viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marty Kardos
- Department of Evolutionary BiologyEvolutionary Biology CentreUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | | | - Hans Ellegren
- Department of Evolutionary BiologyEvolutionary Biology CentreUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Gordon Luikart
- Division of Biological SciencesUniversity of MontanaMissoulaMTUSA
- Flathead Lake Biological StationDivision of Biological SciencesUniversity of MontanaPolsonMTUSA
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