251
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Alexander BH, Olsen GW. Bladder cancer in perfluorooctanesulfonyl fluoride manufacturing workers. Ann Epidemiol 2007; 17:471-8. [PMID: 17448680 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2007.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2006] [Revised: 12/28/2006] [Accepted: 01/03/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether bladder cancer is associated with exposure to perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in an occupational cohort. METHODS Incidence of bladder cancer was ascertained by postal questionnaire to all living current and former employees of the facility (N = 1895) and death certificates for deceased workers (N = 188). Exposure to PFOS was estimated with work history records and weighted with biological monitoring data. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) were estimated using U.S. population-based rates as a reference. Bladder cancer risk within the cohort was evaluated using Poisson regression by cumulative PFOS exposure. RESULTS Questionnaires were returned by 1,400 of the 1895 cohort members presumed alive. Eleven cases of primary bladder cancer were identified from the surveys (n = 6) and death certificates (n = 5). The SIRs were 1.28 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.64-2.29) for the entire cohort and 1.74 (95% CI = 0.64-3.79) for those ever working in a high exposed job. Compared with employees in the lowest cumulative exposure category, the relative risk of bladder cancer was 0.83 (95% CI = 0.15-4.65), 1.92 (95% CI = 0.30-12.06), and 1.52 (95% CI = 0.21-10.99). CONCLUSIONS The results offer little support for an association between bladder cancer and PFOS exposure, but the limited size of the population prohibits a conclusive exposure response analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce H Alexander
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, USA.
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252
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Vyas SM, Kania-Korwel I, Lehmler HJ. Differences in the isomer composition of perfluoroctanesulfonyl (PFOS) derivatives. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2007; 42:249-55. [PMID: 17365291 DOI: 10.1080/10934520601134031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanesulfonyl (PFOS)-based materials and related compounds are an emerging group of environmental pollutants. Perfluorooctanesulfonyl fluoride, the key intermediate for the production of these materials, was manufactured by an electrochemical fluorination process that resulted in complex mixtures containing linear and branched PFOS derivatives and other perfluorinated compounds. This study uses 19F-NMR spectroscopy to investigate differences in the composition between commercial samples of PFOS and PFBS (perfluorobutanesulfonyl) derivatives. While PFBS derivatives, which are under evaluation as substitutes for PFOS-based materials, contained no detectable levels of branched impurities, all PFOS derivatives contained significant levels of branched and other impurities. Analysis of the NMR data reveals that PFOS fluorides typically have a higher content of internally branched and similar levels of isopropyl branched PFOS isomers compared to PFOS potassium salts. Furthermore, the isomer distribution of PFOS derivatives may vary depending on their source. These findings suggest that it is important to determine the isomer composition of PFOS samples used in both environmental and toxicological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya M Vyas
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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253
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Xie W, Kania-Korwel I, Bummer PM, Lehmler HJ. Effect of potassium perfluorooctanesulfonate, perfluorooctanoate and octanesulfonate on the phase transition of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) bilayers. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2007; 1768:1299-308. [PMID: 17349969 PMCID: PMC1993895 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2007.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2006] [Revised: 01/26/2007] [Accepted: 02/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) is a persistent environmental pollutant that may cause adverse effects by inhibiting pulmonary surfactant. To gain further insights in this potential mechanism of toxicity, we investigated the interaction of PFOS potassium salt with dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) - the major component of pulmonary surfactant - using steady-state fluorescence anisotropy spectroscopy and DSC (differential scanning calorimetry). In addition, we investigated the interactions of two structurally related compounds, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and octanesulfonic acid (OS) potassium salt, with DPPC. In the fluorescence experiments a linear depression of the main phase transition temperature of DPPC (T(m)) and an increased peak width was observed with increasing concentration of all three compounds, both using 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) and 1-(4-trimethylammoniumphenyl)-6-phenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene p-toluenesulfonate (TMA-DPH) as fluorescent probes. PFOS caused an effect on T(m) and peak width at much lower concentrations because of its increased tendency to partition onto DPPC bilayers, i.e., the partition coefficients decrease in the K(PFOS)>K(PFOA)>>K(OS). Similar to the fluorescence anisotropy measurements, all three compounds caused a linear depression in the onset of the main phase transition temperature and a significant peak broadening in the DSC experiments, with PFOS having the most pronounced effect of the peak width. The effect of PFOS and other fluorinated surfactants on DPPC in both mono- and bilayers may be one mechanism by which these compounds cause adverse biological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Xie
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - I. Kania-Korwel
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - P. M. Bummer
- College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - H.-J. Lehmler
- *Corresponding Author: Dr. H.-J. Lehmler, The University of Iowa, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, 100 Oakdale Campus #221 IREH, Iowa City, IA 52242-5000, Phone: (319) 335-4414, Fax: (319) 335-4290, e-mail:
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254
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Newsted JL, Coady KK, Beach SA, Butenhoff JL, Gallagher S, Giesy JP. Effects of perfluorooctane sulfonate on mallard and northern bobwhite quail exposed chronically via the diet. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2007; 23:1-9. [PMID: 21783730 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2006.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2005] [Accepted: 04/13/2006] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Adult mallard ducks and northern bobwhite quail were exposed to 0, 10, 50, or 150mg perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS)/kg in the diet for up to 21 weeks. Adult health, body and liver weight, feed consumption, gross morphology and histology of body organs, and reproduction were examined. Due to mortality, birds exposed to 50 or 150mg PFOS/kg feed were terminated by Week 7. In quail, the lowest observable adverse effect level (LOAEL) was 10mg PFOS/kg feed based on decreased survivorship of 14-day-old quail offspring. For adult female quail fed 10mg/kg feed, there was a slight but statistically significantly PFOS-related increase in liver weight when compared to controls. When liver weight was normalized to body weight, the statistically significant differences were still observed indicating that PFOS affected liver size. However, no other pathological effects were observed livers of quail from this treatment group which suggests that this enlargement may have been an adaptive response. For adult mallards, no treatment-related effects on feed consumption, body or liver weight, growth, or reproductive performance were observed. There was a slightly greater incidence of small testes (length) in adult male mallards and quail exposed to 10mg PFOS/kg, feed when compared to controls. However, spermatogenesis was not affected and there was no effect on the rates of egg fertilization. Due to transfer to eggs, concentrations of PFOS measured in the liver and blood at study termination were greater in male birds than female birds.
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255
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Butenhoff JL, Olsen GW, Pfahles-Hutchens A. The applicability of biomonitoring data for perfluorooctanesulfonate to the environmental public health continuum. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2006; 114:1776-82. [PMID: 17107867 PMCID: PMC1665413 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.9060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanesulfonate and its salts (PFOS) are derived from perfluorooctanesulfonyl fluoride, the basic chemical building block for many sulfonyl-based fluorochemicals used as surfactants and for their repellent properties. PFOS is highly persistent in the environment and has a long serum elimination half-life in both animals and humans. PFOS has been detected globally in the environment and in blood serum in various populations throughout the world, with the majority of human sampling done in the United States and Japan. The mechanisms and pathways leading to the presence of PFOS in human blood are not well characterized but likely involve both direct exposures to PFOS or chemicals and materials that can degrade to PFOS, either in the environment or from industrial and commercial uses. In 2000 the 3M Company, a major manufacturer, announced a phaseout of PFOS-related materials. Animal studies indicate that PFOS is well absorbed orally and distributes mainly in blood serum and the liver. Several repeat-dose toxicology studies in animals consistently demonstrated that the liver is the primary target organ. In addition there is a steep dose response for mortality in sexually mature rats and primates as well as in neonatal rats and mice exposed in utero. Several biomonitoring research needs that have been identified on PFOS include additional data from general populations pertaining to other matrices besides blood; matched serum and urine samples from humans and research animals; and comparison of whole blood, serum, and plasma concentrations from the same individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Geary W. Olsen
- 3M Company, Medical Department, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
- Address correspondence to G.W. Olsen, 3M Medical Department, 3M Center, Building 220-06-W-08, St. Paul, MN 55144 USA. Telephone: (651) 737-8569. Fax: (651) 733-9066. E-mail:
| | - Andrea Pfahles-Hutchens
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances, Washington, DC, USA
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256
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So MK, Yamashita N, Taniyasu S, Jiang Q, Giesy JP, Chen K, Lam PKS. Health risks in infants associated with exposure to perfluorinated compounds in human breast milk from Zhoushan, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2006; 40:2924-9. [PMID: 16719092 DOI: 10.1021/es060031f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have reported the ubiquitous distribution of perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), especially perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), in wildlife and human whole blood or serum. In 2003 a solid phase extraction method was developed, which allowed the measurement of PFCs in human breast milk. In the present study, PFCs in samples of human breast milk from 19 individuals from Zhoushan, China, were analyzed by modifying a previously established method, based on weak-anion exchange extraction. PFOS and PFOA were the two dominant chemicals detected in all the milk samples. Concentrations of PFOS and PFOA ranged from 45 to 360 ng/L and 47 to 210 ng/L, respectively. The maximum concentrations of other PFCs were 100 ng/L for perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHxS), 62 ng/L for perfluorononanoate (PFNA), 15 ng/L for perfluorodecanoate (PFDA) and 56 ng/L for perfluoroundecanoate (PFUnDA). Statistically significant correlations between various PFCs suggested a common exposure source to humans. No statistically significant correlation was found between concentrations of either PFOS or PFOA and maternal age, weight, or infant weight. Rate of consumption of fish was found to be positively correlated with PFNA, PFDA, and PFUnDA concentrations. Daily intake of PFOS for the child via breast milk with greater PFOS concentrations exceeded the predicted conservative reference dose in 1 of 19 samples, indicating that there may be a small potential risk of PFOS for the infants in Zhoushan via the consumption of breast milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Ka So
- Centre for Coastal Pollution and Conservation, Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, Peoples Republic of China
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257
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Newsted JL, Beach SA, Gallagher SP, Giesy JP. Pharmacokinetics and acute lethality of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) to juvenile mallard and northern bobwhite. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2006; 50:411-20. [PMID: 16392015 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-005-1137-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2005] [Accepted: 07/17/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Ten-day-old mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) and northern bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) were fed perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) in their diet for 5 days. The birds were then observed for 3 days while being given uncontaminated feed, and half of the birds were sacrificed on Day 8 of the trial. The remaining birds were maintained for an additional two weeks prior to being euthanized on Day 22 of the trial. Birds were assessed for growth, rate of feed consumption, behavior, physical injury, mortality, and gross abnormalities. Liver weight and concentrations of PFOS in blood serum and liver were also assessed. Based on the average daily intake (ADI) of PFOS calculated over the 5-day exposure period, the LD50 for juvenile mallards was determined to be 150 mg PFOS/kg body weight (bw)/day, equivalent to a total cumulative dose of 750 mg PFOS/kg bw calculated over a 5-day period. For juvenile quail, the LD50 based on the ADI was 61 mg PFOS/kg bw/day, equivalent to a total cumulative dose of 305 mg PFOS/kg bw. Reductions in weight gain and body weight were observed in quail from the 141 mg PFOS/kg treatment, but these measures returned to control levels by Day 22. The no-mortality dietary treatments were 70.3 and 141 mg PFOS/kg feed for quail and mallards, respectively. Both mallards and quail accumulated PFOS in blood serum and liver in a dose-dependent manner. The half-lives of PFOS in mallard blood serum and liver were estimated to be 6.86 and 17.5 days, respectively. In quail, the half-life of PFOS in liver was estimated to be 12.8 days, while the half-life of PFOS in quail blood serum could not be estimated. Concentrations of PFOS in juvenile mallard and quail liver associated with mortality are at least 50-fold greater than the single maximum PFOS concentration that has been measured in livers of avian wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- John L Newsted
- ENTRIX, Inc, 4295 Okemos Rd., Okemos, Michigan, 48864, USA.
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258
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Calafat AM, Needham LL, Kuklenyik Z, Reidy JA, Tully JS, Aguilar-Villalobos M, Naeher LP. Perfluorinated chemicals in selected residents of the American continent. CHEMOSPHERE 2006; 63:490-6. [PMID: 16213555 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2005] [Revised: 07/29/2005] [Accepted: 08/11/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorinated chemicals (PFCs) are used in multiple consumer products. Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), the most widely studied PFCs, may be potential developmental, reproductive, and systemic toxicants. Although PFCs seem to be ubiquitous contaminants found both in humans and animals, geographic differences may exist in human exposure patterns to PFCs. We measured 11 PFCs in 23 pooled serum samples collected in the United States from 1990 through 2002, and in serum samples collected in 2003 from 44 residents from Trujillo, Peru. PFOS and PFOA were detected in all the pooled samples; perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS) was detected in 21. Median concentrations were 31.1 micrograms per liter (mug/l, PFOS), 11.6 microg/l (PFOA), and 2 microg/l (PFHxS). The 90th percentile concentrations of PFCs in the 44 Peruvian residents were 0.7 microg/l (PFOS), 0.1 microg/l (PFOA), and <0.3 microg/l (PFHxS). The frequencies of detection were 20% (PFOS), 25% (PFOA), and 9% (PFHxS). The frequent detection of selected PFCs in the pooled samples from the United States and the lack of clear concentration trends based on a year of collection suggest a sustained widespread exposure to these compounds among US residents, at least since the 1990s. By contrast, the much lower frequency of detection and concentration ranges of PFCs in Peru suggest a lower exposure of Peruvians to PFCs compared with North Americans. Genetic variability, diet, lifestyle, or a combination of all these may contribute to the different patterns of human exposure to PFCs in the United States and Peru.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia M Calafat
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy., NE, Mailstop F17, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
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259
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Calafat AM, Kuklenyik Z, Caudill SP, Reidy JA, Needham LL. Perfluorochemicals in pooled serum samples from United States residents in 2001 and 2002. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2006; 40:2128-34. [PMID: 16646443 DOI: 10.1021/es0517973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Manufacturers have used perfluorochemicals (PFCs) since the 1950s in many industrial and consumer products, including protective coatings for fabrics and carpet, paper coatings, insecticide formulations, and surfactants. Some PFCs are persistent ubiquitous contaminants in the environment and in humans. Exposures to PFCs result in potential developmental and other adverse effects in animals. The sources of human exposure to PFCs and the potential health risks associated with exposure are still unclear, and differences in patterns of human exposure may vary. We measured the serum concentrations of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA; C8), perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS), and 8 other PFCs in 54 pooled serum samples collected from 1832 participants of the 2001-2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Participants were 12 years of age and older. The pools represented three major racial groups/ethnicities (non-Hispanic blacks, non-Hispanic whites, and Mexican Americans), four age categories (12-19 years, 20-39 years, 40-59 years, and 60 years and older), and both genders. PFCs were extracted from 100 microL of serum using on-line solid-phase extraction coupled to isotope dilution-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The limits of detection ranged from 0.05 ng/mL to 0.2 ng/mL. The concentrations of most PFCs were similar among the four age groups. For PFOS, the estimated least-squares mean (LSM) concentrations among non-Hispanic white males (40.19 ng/mL) and females (23.97 ng/mL) were greater than among non-Hispanic black males (18.27 ng/mL) and females (17.93 ng/mL) or Mexican American males (13.71 ng/mL) and females (10.40 ng/ mL). Similarly, for PFOA, the LSM concentrations among non-Hispanic white males (6.98 ng/mL) and females (3.97 ng/ mL) were greater than among non-Hispanic black males (3.62 ng/mL) and females (2.85 ng/mL) or Mexican American males (2.89 ng/mL) and females (2.08 ng/mL). Non-Hispanic whites had also greater LSM concentrations of PFHxS than non-Hispanic blacks and Mexican Americans. These findings indicate different patterns of human exposure to PFCs among the population groups examined and stress the importance of conducting research to identify the environmental sources and pathways of human exposure to PFCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia M Calafat
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
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260
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Fuentes S, Colomina MT, Rodriguez J, Vicens P, Domingo JL. Interactions in developmental toxicology: concurrent exposure to perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and stress in pregnant mice. Toxicol Lett 2005; 164:81-9. [PMID: 16384669 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2005.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2005] [Revised: 11/21/2005] [Accepted: 11/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The maternal and developmental toxicity of combined exposure to restraint stress and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was assessed in mice. On gestation Days 6-18, four groups of plug-positive female mice were orally exposed to PFOS at 0, 1.5, 3 and 6 mg/kg/day. Four additional groups of plug-positive animals received the same PFOS doses being restrained during 30 min three times per day. A control group was also included. Cesarean sections were performed on Day 18 of gestation and fetuses were weighed and examined for external, internal and skeletal malformations and variations. Before sacrifice of the dams, blood was collected and serum samples were prepared for thyroid hormones (total and free T3 and T4) and corticosterone analyses. The results of the present study show that both PFOS and restraint stress induced maternal toxicity. In turn, PFOS-induced fetal toxicity was evidenced by increased prenatal mortality. The only effect of restraint on fetal toxicity was a reduction on body weight and an increased prenatal mortality in fetuses concurrently exposed to 1.5 mg/kg of PFOS and restraint. PFOS-induced adverse effects on maternal and fetal toxicity in mice were observed at lower doses than those previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Fuentes
- Department of Psychology, Psychobiology Unit, Rovira i Virgili University, Sescelades Campus, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
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261
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Luebker DJ, Case MT, York RG, Moore JA, Hansen KJ, Butenhoff JL. Two-generation reproduction and cross-foster studies of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) in rats. Toxicology 2005; 215:126-48. [PMID: 16146667 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2005.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2005] [Revised: 07/19/2005] [Accepted: 07/20/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) is a persistent acid found widely distributed in wildlife and humans. To understand the potential reproductive and developmental effects of PFOS, a two-generation reproduction study was conducted in rats. Male and female rats were dosed via oral gavage at dose levels of 0, 0.1, 0.4, 1.6, and 3.2 mg/(kg day) for 6 weeks prior to mating, during mating, and, for females, through gestation and lactation, across two generations. Due to substantial F1 neonatal toxicity observed in the 1.6 and 3.2 mg/(kg day) groups, continuation into the second generation was limited to F1 pups from the 0, 0.1, and 0.4 mg/(kg day) groups. No adverse effects were observed in F0 females or their fetuses upon caesarean sectioning at gestation day 10. Statistically significant reductions in body-weight gain and feed consumption were observed in F0 generation males and females at dose levels of 0.4 mg/(kg day) and higher, but not in F1 adults. PFOS did not affect reproductive performance (mating, estrous cycling, and fertility); however, reproductive outcome, as demonstrated by decreased length of gestation, number of implantation sites, and increased numbers of dams with stillborn pups or with all pups dying on lactation days 1-4, was affected at 3.2 mg/(kg day) in F0 dams. These effects were not observed in F1 dams at the highest dose tested, 0.4 mg/(kg day). Neonatal toxicity in F1 pups, as demonstrated by reduced survival and body-weight gain through the end of lactation, occurred at a maternal dose of 1.6 mg/(kg day) and higher while not at dose levels of 0.1 or 0.4 mg/(kg day) or in F2 pups at the 0.1 or 0.4 mg/(kg day) dose levels tested. In addition to these adverse effects, slight yet statistically significant developmental delays occurred at 0.4 (eye opening) and 1.6 mg/(kg day) (eye opening, air righting, surface righting, and pinna unfolding) in F1 pups. Based on these data, the NOAELs were as follows: reproductive function: F0> or =3.2 and F1> or =0.4 mg/(kg day); reproductive outcome: F0=1.6 and F1> or =0.4 mg/(kg day); overall parental effects: F0=0.1 and F1> or =0.4 mg/(kg day); offspring effects: F0=0.4 and F1> or =0.4 mg/(kg day). To distinguish between maternal and pup influences contributing to the perinatal mortality observed in the two-generation study, a follow-up cross-foster study was performed. Results of this study indicated that in utero exposure to PFOS causally contributed to post-natal pup mortality, and that pre-natal and post-natal exposure to PFOS was additive with respect to the toxic effects observed in pups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna J Luebker
- 3M Medical Department, Corporate Toxicology and Regulatory Services, 3M Center Building 220-06-E-03, St. Paul, MN 55144, USA.
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262
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Newsted JL, Jones PD, Coady K, Giesy JP. Avian toxicity reference values for perfluorooctane sulfonate. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2005; 39:9357-62. [PMID: 16382964 DOI: 10.1021/es050989v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Toxicity reference values (TRVs) and predicted no effect concentrations (PNECs) were derived for perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) based on the characteristics of a top avian predator. On the basis of the protective assumptions used in this assessment, the benchmarks are protective of avian populations and were based on acute and chronic dietary exposures of northern bobwhite quail and mallard. Toxicological endpoints included mortality, growth, feed consumption, and histopathology. Reproductive endpoints included egg production, fertility, hatchability and survival, and growth of offspring. On the basis of the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Great Lakes Initiative methodology, and a lowest observable adverse effect concentration (LOAEC) of 10 mg PFOS kg(-1) feed, an uncertainty factor of 36 was derived. The TRV based on PFOS dietary intake was 0.021 mg PFOS kg(-1) body weight day(-1), while for serum, liver, and egg, TRVs were 1.7 microg PFOS mL(-1), 0.6 microg PFOS g(-1) wet weight, and 1.7 microg PFOS mL(-1), respectively. On the basis of the European Commission methodology, a correction factor of 2 (for lowest observed effect level to no observable effect level) and an assessment factor of 30, for a total adjustment of 60, were used to derive PNECs. PNECs based on dietary, mean serum, liver, and egg PFOS concentrations were 0.013 mg PFOS kg(-1) body weight day(-1), 1.0 microg PFOS mL(-1), 0.35 microg PFOS g(-1) wet weight, and 1.0 microg PFOS mL(-1), respectively.
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263
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Hoff PT, Van de Vijver K, Dauwe T, Covaci A, Maervoet J, Eens M, Blust R, De Coen W. Evaluation of biochemical effects related to perfluorooctane sulfonic acid exposure in organohalogen-contaminated great tit (Parus major) and blue tit (Parus caeruleus) nestlings. CHEMOSPHERE 2005; 61:1558-69. [PMID: 15982707 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.04.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2004] [Revised: 04/14/2005] [Accepted: 04/24/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) biomonitoring survey was conducted on great tit (Parus major) and blue tit (Parus caeruleus) nestlings from Blokkersdijk, a bird reserve in the proximity of a fluorochemical plant in Antwerp (Belgium) and Fort IV, a control area. PFOS, together with 11 organochlorine pesticides, 20 polychlorinated biphenyl congeners and 7 polybrominated diphenyl ethers were measured in liver tissue. The hepatic PFOS concentrations at Blokkersdijk (86-2788 and 317-3322 ng/g wet weight (ww) for great and blue tit, respectively) were among the highest ever measured and were significantly higher than at the control area (17-206 and 69-514 ng/g ww for great and blue tit, respectively). The hepatic PFOS concentration was species- and sex-independent and correlated significantly and positively with the serum alanine aminotransferase activity and negatively with the serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels in both species but did not correlate with condition or serum protein concentration. In the great tit, a significant positive correlation was observed between the liver PFOS concentration and the relative liver weight. In the blue tit, the hepatic PFOS concentration correlated positively and significantly with hematocrite values. None of the investigated organohalogen pollutants except for PFOS were suggested to be involved in the observed biological alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Tony Hoff
- Department of Biology, Research Unit Ecophysiology, Biochemistry and Toxicology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
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264
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Hoff PT, Van Campenhout K, Van de Vijver K, Covaci A, Bervoets L, Moens L, Huyskens G, Goemans G, Belpaire C, Blust R, De Coen W. Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid and organohalogen pollutants in liver of three freshwater fish species in Flanders (Belgium): relationships with biochemical and organismal effects. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2005; 137:324-33. [PMID: 15963371 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2005.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2004] [Accepted: 01/07/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) assessment was conducted on gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio), carp (Cyprinus carpio), and eel (Anguilla anguilla) in Flanders (Belgium). The liver PFOS concentrations in fish from the Ieperlee canal (Boezinge, 250-9031 ng/g wet weight, respectively) and the Blokkersdijk pond (Antwerp, 633-1822 ng/g wet weight) were higher than at the Zuun basin (Sint-Pieters-Leeuw, 11.2-162 ng/g wet weight) and among the highest in feral fish worldwide. Eel from the Oude Maas pond (Dilsen-Stokkem) and Watersportbaan basin (Ghent) had PFOS concentrations ranging between 212 and 857 ng/g wet weight. The hepatic PFOS concentration was significantly and positively related with the serum alanine aminotransferase activity, and negatively with the serum protein content in eel and carp. The hepatic PFOS concentration in carp correlated significantly and negatively with the serum electrolyte concentrations whereas a significant positive relation was found with the hematocrit in eel. Although 13 organochlorine pesticides, 22 polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners and 7 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were also measured in the liver tissue, only PCB 28, PCB 74, gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane (gamma-HCH) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) were suggested to contribute to the observed serological alterations in eel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Tony Hoff
- Department of Biology, Research Unit Ecophysiology, Biochemistry and Toxicology, Antwerp University, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
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265
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Luebker DJ, York RG, Hansen KJ, Moore JA, Butenhoff JL. Neonatal mortality from in utero exposure to perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) in Sprague-Dawley rats: dose-response, and biochemical and pharamacokinetic parameters. Toxicology 2005; 215:149-69. [PMID: 16129535 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2005.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2005] [Revised: 07/19/2005] [Accepted: 07/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) is a widely distributed, environmentally persistent acid found at low levels in human, wildlife, and environmental media samples. Neonatal mortality has been observed following PFOS exposure in a two-generation reproduction study in rats and after dosing pregnant rats and mice during gestation. Objectives of the current study were to better define the dose-response curve for neonatal mortality in rat pups born to PFOS-exposed dams and to investigate biochemical and pharmacokinetic parameters potentially related to the etiology of effects observed in neonatal rat pups. In the current study, additional doses of 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, and 2.0 mg/kg/day were included with original doses used in the two-generation study of 0.4 and 1.6 mg/kg/day in order to obtain data in the critical range of the dose-response curve. Biochemical parameters investigated in dams and litters included: (1) serum lipids, glucose, mevalonic acid, and thyroid hormones; (2) milk cholesterol; and (3) liver lipids. Pharmacokinetic parameters investigated included the interrelationship of administered oral dose of PFOS to maternal body burden of PFOS and the transfer of maternal body burden to the fetus in utero and pup during lactation, as these factors may affect neonatal toxicity. Dosing of dams occurred for 6 weeks prior to mating with untreated breeder males, through confirmed mating, gestation, and day four of lactation. Dose levels for the dose-response and etiological investigation were 0.0, 0.4, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.6, and 2.0 mg/kg/day PFOS. Statistically significant decreases in gestation length were observed in the 0.8 mg/kg and higher dose groups. Decreases in viability through lactation day 5 were observed in the 0.8 mg/kg and higher dose groups, becoming statistically significant in the 1.6 and 2.0 mg/kg dose groups. Reduced neonatal survival did not appear to be the result of reductions in lipids, glucose utilization, or thyroid hormones. The endpoints of gestation length and decreased viability were positively correlated, suggesting that late-stage fetal development may be affected in pups exposed to PFOS in utero and may contribute to the observed mortality. Benchmark dose (BMD) estimates for decreased gestation length, birth weight, pup weight on lactation day 5, pup weight gain through lactation day 5, and viability resulted in values ranging from 0.27 to 0.89mg/kg/day for the lower 95% confidence limit of the BMD5 (BMDL5). Results of analyses for PFOS in biological matrices indicate a linear proportionality of mean serum PFOS concentration to maternal administered dose prior to mating and through the first two trimesters of gestation. However, at 21 days of gestation, mean serum PFOS concentrations were notably reduced from values measured earlier in gestation. Urinary and fecal elimination was low as expected from prior observations in adult rats. Significant transfer of PFOS from dam to fetus in utero was confirmed, and results suggest that dam and corresponding fetal body burdens, as indicated by serum and liver PFOS levels, correlate with neonatal survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna J Luebker
- 3M Medical Department, Corporate Toxicology and Regulatory Services, 3M Center Building 220-06-E-03, St. Paul, MN 55144, USA.
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266
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Kuklenyik Z, Needham LL, Calafat AM. Measurement of 18 Perfluorinated Organic Acids and Amides in Human Serum Using On-Line Solid-Phase Extraction. Anal Chem 2005; 77:6085-91. [PMID: 16159145 DOI: 10.1021/ac050671l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have developed an on-line solid-phase extraction (SPE) method coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) for measuring trace levels of 18 perfluorinated chemicals (3 perfluorosulfonates, 8 perfluorocarboxylates, 7 perfluorosulfonamides) in serum. Without protein precipitation, only dilution with 0.1 M formic acid, one aliquot of 100 microL of serum was injected into a commercial column switching system that allowed for concurrent SPE and HPLC-MS/MS acquisition. First, the analytes were concentrated on a C18 SPE column. Then, this column was placed automatically in front of a C8 analytic HPLC column for chromatographic separation of the analytes. Detection and quantification were done using negative-ion TurboIonSpray ionization, a variant of electrospray ionization, MS/MS. Excellent recovery was achieved for all analytes including the volatile sulfonamide derivatives that could not be determined before using traditional off-line SPE methods. The high throughput and low limits of detection (0.05-0.8 ng/mL) using a small sample volume (100 microL of serum) and isotope dilution quantification make this method suitable for large-scale epidemiologic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsanna Kuklenyik
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, USA.
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267
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Olsen GW, Huang HY, Helzlsouer KJ, Hansen KJ, Butenhoff JL, Mandel JH. Historical comparison of perfluorooctanesulfonate, perfluorooctanoate, and other fluorochemicals in human blood. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2005; 113:539-45. [PMID: 15866760 PMCID: PMC1257544 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.7544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether there has been a change in the human blood concentration of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), and five other fluorochemicals since 1974. Blood samples were collected in 1974 (serum) and 1989 (plasma) from volunteer participants of a large community health study. The study included a total of 356 samples (178 from each time period). These samples were analyzed by high-pressure liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry methods. The median 1974 and 1989 fluorochemical concentrations, respectively, were as follows: PFOS, 29.5 ng/mL vs. 34.7 ng/mL; PFOA, 2.3 ng/mL vs. 5.6 ng/mL; perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHS), 1.6 ng/mL vs. 2.4 ng/mL; and N-ethyl perfluorooctanesulfonamidoacetate (PFOSAA), less than the lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ; 1.6 ng/mL, vs. 3.4 ng/mL). For N-methyl perfluorooctanesulfonamidoacetate (M570), perfluorooctanesulfonamide, and perfluorooctanesulfonamidoacetate, median serum concentrations in both years were less than the LLOQ values (1.0, 1.0, and 2.5 ng/mL, respectively). Statistical analysis of 58 paired samples indicated that serum concentrations of PFOS, PFOSAA, PFOA, PFHS, and M570 were significantly (p < 0.001) higher in 1989 than in 1974. The data from 1989 were then compared with geometric mean fluorochemical concentrations of serum samples collected in 2001 from 108 American Red Cross adult blood donors from the same region. Except for M570, there were no statistically significant (p < 0.05) geometric mean fluorochemical concentration differences between the 1989 and 2001 samples. In conclusion, based on this study population, PFOS and other serum fluorochemical concentrations have increased between 1974 and 1989. Comparison with other regional data collected in 2001 did not suggest a continued increase in concentrations since 1989.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geary W Olsen
- Medical Department, 3M Company, Mail Stop 220-6W-08, St. Paul, MN 55144, USA.
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268
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Lehmler HJ. Synthesis of environmentally relevant fluorinated surfactants--a review. CHEMOSPHERE 2005; 58:1471-96. [PMID: 15694468 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.11.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2004] [Revised: 10/14/2004] [Accepted: 11/25/2004] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In the past years there has been a growing interest in fluorinated persistent organic pollutants such as perfluorooctanesulfonic acid, perfluorooctanesulfonamides, perfluorinated carboxylic acids and fluorotelomer alcohols. Although these compounds have probably been present in the environment for many decades, we are only now beginning to realize that these environmental contaminants may have serious environmental and health effects. This article gives a state-of-the-art review of synthetic approaches that have been employed for the synthesis of these environmentally relevant fluorinated compounds. Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid derivatives, in particular, pose a problem because only a few perfluorooctanesulfonic acid derivatives are available from commercial sources--a fact that limits the ability of researchers worldwide to further study these compounds. Because of the limited literature available, this article also describes synthetic approaches for shorter chain homologues or perfluoroether analogues that can potentially be applied for the synthesis of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid derivatives. The preparation of typical starting materials for the synthesis of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid derivatives such as the perfluoroalkanesulfonyl fluorides and chlorides will be discussed. Subsequently, their conversion into relevant perfluoroalkane sulfonate salts (R(F)SO3M), sulfonamides (R(F)SO2NH2), N-alkyl sulfonamides (R(F)SO2NHR, R = alkyl), N,N-dialkyl sulfonamides (R(F)SO2NR2, R = alkyl), sulfonamidoethanol (R(F)SO2NRCH2CH2OH, R = -H, -CH3 or -C2H5) and sulfonamidoacetates (R(F)SO2NRCH2CO2H, R = -H, -CH3 or -C2H5) will be described. Many perfluorinated carboxylic acids and fluorotelomer alcohols are available from commercial sources. The review of the synthesis of these two classes of fluorinated compounds includes a review of their industrial synthesis and the synthesis of relevant degradation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, 100 Oakdale Campus #124 IREH, Iowa City, IA 52242-5000, USA.
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269
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Hu W, Jones PD, Decoen W, Newsted JL, Giesy JP. Comparison of gene expression methods to identify genes responsive to perfluorooctane sulfonic acid. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2005; 19:153-160. [PMID: 21783471 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2004.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2003] [Accepted: 06/22/2004] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide expression techniques are being increasingly used to assess the effects of environmental contaminants. Oligonucleotide or cDNA microarray methods make possible the screening of large numbers of known sequences for a given model species, while differential display analysis makes possible analysis of the expression of all the genes from any species. We report a comparison of two currently popular methods for genome-wide expression analysis in rat hepatoma cells treated with perfluorooctane sulfonic acid. The two analyses provided 'complimentary' information. Approximately 5% of the 8000 genes analyzed by the GeneChip array, were altered by a factor of three or greater. Differential display results were more difficult to interpret, since multiple gene products were present in most gel bands so a probabilistic approach was used to determine which pathways were affected. The mechanistic interpretation derived from these two methods was in agreement, both showing similar alterations in a specific set of genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyue Hu
- Department of Zoology, 224 National Food Safety and Toxicology Center and Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1311, USA
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270
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Hu W, Jones PD, Celius T, Giesy JP. Identification of genes responsive to PFOS using gene expression profiling. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2005; 19:57-70. [PMID: 21783462 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2004.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2003] [Accepted: 04/08/2004] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) is widely distributed in the environment including in the tissues of wildlife and humans, however, its mechanism of action remains unclear. Here, the Affymetrix rat genome U34A genechip was used to identify alterations in gene expression due to PFOS exposure. Rat hepatoma cells were treated with PFOS at 2-50mg/L (4-100μM) for 96h. Sprague-Dawley rats were orally dosed with PFOS at 5mg/kg/day for 3 days or 3 weeks. Genes that were significantly (P <0.0025) induced were primarily genes for fatty acid metabolizing enzymes, cytochrome P450s, or genes involved in hormone regulation. Consistent expression profiles were obtained for replicate exposures, for short-term and long-term in vivo exposures, and for acute and chronic exposures. One major pathway affected by PFOS was peroxisomal fatty acid β-oxidation, which could be explained by the structural similarity between PFOS and endogenous fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyue Hu
- Department of Zoology, National Food Safety and Toxicology Center and Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, 224 National Food Safety and Toxicology Center, MI 48824-1311, USA
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271
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Grasty RC, Bjork JA, Wallace KB, Wolf DC, Lau CS, Rogers JM. Effects of prenatal perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) exposure on lung maturation in the perinatal rat. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 74:405-16. [PMID: 16249997 DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.20059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), found widely in wildlife and humans, is environmentally and metabolically stable. Environmental PFOS may be from its use as a surfactant, hydrolysis of perfluorooctanesulfonyl fluoride, and degradation of N-alkyl-perfluorooctanesulfonamide compounds formerly used in numerous applications. Prenatal exposure to PFOS in rodents causes neonatal mortality; treatment on gestation days (GD) 19-20 is sufficient to induce neonatal death in rats. Affected pups are born alive but present with labored breathing. Their lungs are pale and often do not expand fully on perfusion. METHODS Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats received 0, 25, or 50 mg/kg/day PFOS/K+ orally on GD 19-20. Lungs from GD 21 fetuses and neonates were prepared for histology and morphometry. Rescue experiments included co-administration of dexamethasone or retinyl palmitate with PFOS. Pulmonary surfactant was investigated with mass spectrometry in GD 21 amniotic fluid and neonatal lungs. Microarray analysis was carried out on PND 0 lungs. RESULTS Histologically, alveolar walls were thicker in lungs of PFOS-exposed newborns compared to controls. The ratio of solid tissue:small airway was increased, suggesting immaturity. Rescue studies were ineffective. Phospholipid concentrations and molecular speciation were unaffected by PFOS. No changes in markers of alveolar differentiation were detected by microarray analysis. CONCLUSIONS Morphometric changes in lungs of PFOS exposed neonates were suggestive of immaturity, but the failure of rescue agents and normal pulmonary surfactant profile indicate that the labored respiration and mortality observed in PFOS-treated neonates was not due to lung immaturity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Grasty
- Reproductive Toxicology Division, NHEERL, Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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272
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Grasty RC, Wolf DC, Grey BE, Lau CS, Rogers JM. Prenatal window of susceptibility to perfluorooctane sulfonate-induced neonatal mortality in the Sprague-Dawley rat. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 68:465-71. [PMID: 14745980 DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.10046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The critical period for increased neonatal mortality induced by perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) exposure was evaluated in the rat. Timed-pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were treated by oral gavage with 25 mg/kg/d PFOS/K(+) on four consecutive days (gestation days (GD) 2-5, 6-9, 10-13, 14-17, or 17-20) or with 0, 25, or 50 mg/kg/d PFOS/K(+) on GD 19-20. Controls received vehicle (10 ml/kg 0.5% Tween-20) on these days. Maternal weight gain was reduced in treated animals during dosing, as were food and water consumption. Following a 4-day treatment, litter size at birth was unaffected while pup weight was similarly reduced in the three earliest PFOS groups. All PFOS groups experienced decreases in survival while controls remained near 100%. Neonatal survival decreased in groups dosed later during gestation, approaching 100% with dosing on GD 17-20. Most deaths occurred before postnatal day (PND) 4, with the majority in the first 24 hours. Maternal serum PFOS levels on GD 21 were higher in groups exhibiting higher mortality. Following a 2-day treatment, PFOS groups experienced significant pup mortality by PND 1. Neonatal mortality continued through PND 5, when survival was 98, 66, and 3% for the 0, 25, and 50 mg/kg groups, respectively. Pup weight was reduced in treated groups with surviving litters. Gross dissection and histological examination of lungs revealed differences in maturation between control and treated animals on PND 0. We conclude that exposure to PFOS late in gestation is sufficient to induce 100% pup mortality and that inhibition of lung maturation may be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayetta C Grasty
- Reproductive Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA.
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273
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Inoue K, Okada F, Ito R, Kato S, Sasaki S, Nakajima S, Uno A, Saijo Y, Sata F, Yoshimura Y, Kishi R, Nakazawa H. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and related perfluorinated compounds in human maternal and cord blood samples: assessment of PFOS exposure in a susceptible population during pregnancy. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2004; 112:1204-7. [PMID: 15289168 PMCID: PMC1247483 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.6864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 343] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Fluorinated organic compounds (FOCs), such as perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluoro-octanoate (PFOA), and perfluorooctane sulfonylamide (PFOSA), are widely used in the manufacture of plastic, electronics, textile, and construction material in the apparel, leather, and upholstery industries. FOCs have been detected in human blood samples. Studies have indicated that FOCs may be detrimental to rodent development possibly by affecting thyroid hormone levels. In the present study, we determined the concentrations of FOCs in maternal and cord blood samples. Pregnant women 17-37 years of age were enrolled as subjects. FOCs in 15 pairs of maternal and cord blood samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry coupled with online extraction. The limits of quantification of PFOS, PFOA, and PFOSA in human plasma or serum were 0.5, 0.5, and 1.0 ng/mL, respectively. The method enables the precise determination of FOCs and can be applied to the detection of FOCs in human blood samples for monitoring human exposure. PFOS concentrations in maternal samples ranged from 4.9 to 17.6 ng/mL, whereas those in fetal samples ranged from 1.6 to 5.3 ng/mL. In contrast, PFOSA was not detected in fetal or maternal samples, whereas PFOA was detected only in maternal samples (range, < 0.5 to 2.3 ng/mL, 4 of 15). Our results revealed a high correlation between PFOS concentrations in maternal and cord blood (r2 = 0.876). However, we did not find any significant correlations between PFOS concentration in maternal and cord blood samples and age bracket, birth weight, or levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone or free thyroxine. Our study revealed that human fetuses in Japan may be exposed to relatively high levels of FOCs. Further investigation is required to determine the postnatal effects of fetal exposure to FOCs. Key words: cord blood, fluorinated organic compounds, human, PFOA, PFOS, PFOSA, pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Inoue
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
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274
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Olsen GW, Burlew MM, Marshall JC, Burris JM, Mandel JH. Analysis of Episodes of Care in a Perfluorooctanesulfonyl Fluoride Production Facility. J Occup Environ Med 2004; 46:837-46. [PMID: 15300136 DOI: 10.1097/01.jom.0000135546.70469.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The observed to expected episodes of care experience of 652 employees at a fluorochemical (perfluorooctanesulfonyl fluoride) production facility was compared with 659 film plant (nonfluorochemical) employees at the same site (Decatur, AL). Episodes of care were defined by a hierarchical analysis of health claims data from 1993 through 1998. The age- and sex-adjusted expected number of episodes of care was calculated from the company's U.S. manufacturing workforce. For a priori interests, the observed to expected episodes of care ratios were comparable for fluorochemical and film plant employees for liver tumors or diseases, bladder cancer, thyroid and lipid metabolism disorders, and reproductive, pregnancy, and perinatal disorders and higher for biliary tract disorders and cystitis recurrence. Non-a priori associations among the fluorochemical plant workers included benign colon polyps, malignant colorectal tumors, and malignant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geary W Olsen
- 3M Medical Company, Medical Department, St. Paul, Minnesota 55144, USA.
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275
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Boulanger B, Vargo J, Schnoor JL, Hornbuckle KC. Detection of perfluorooctane surfactants in Great Lakes water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2004; 38:4064-70. [PMID: 15352442 DOI: 10.1021/es0496975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Widespread use of perfluorooctane surfactants has led to ubiquitous presence of these chemicals in biological tissues. While perfluorooctane surfactants have been measured in blood and liver tissue samples of fish, birds, and mammals in the Great Lakes region, data for the aqueous concentrations of these compounds in the Great Lakes or other ambient waters is lacking. Sixteen Great Lakes water samples were analyzed for eight perfluorooctane surfactants. The monitored perfluorooctane surfactants were quantitatively determined using single quadrupole HPLC/MS and qualitatively confirmed using ion trap MS/MS. Additionally, PFOS was quantitatively confirmed using triple quadrupole LC/MS/MS. Concentrations of PFOS and PFOA in the two lakes ranged from 21-70 and 27-50 ng/L, respectively. Analysis also showed the presence of PFOS precursors, N-EtFOSAA (range of 4.2-11 ng/L) and FOSA (range of 0.6-1.3 ng/L), in all samples above the LOQ. PFOSulfinate, another precursor, was identified at six of eight locations with a concentration range, when present, of <2.2-17 ng/L. Other PFOS precursors, N-EtFOSE, PFOSAA, and N-EtFOSA were not observed at any of the sampling locations. These are the first reported concentrations of perfluorooctane surfactants in Great Lakes water and the first report of PFOS precursors in any water body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Boulanger
- University of Iowa, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, SC 4105, Iowa City, Iowa 52240, USA
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276
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Lau C, Butenhoff JL, Rogers JM. The developmental toxicity of perfluoroalkyl acids and their derivatives. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2004; 198:231-41. [PMID: 15236955 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2003.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 594] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2003] [Accepted: 11/11/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl acids such as perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) have applications in numerous industrial and consumer products. Although the toxicology of some of these compounds has been investigated in the past, the widespread prevalence of PFOS and PFOA in humans, as demonstrated in recent bio-monitoring studies, has drawn considerable interest from the public and regulatory agencies as well as renewed efforts to better understand the hazards that may be inherent in these compounds. This review provides a brief overview of the perfluoroalkyl chemicals and a summary of the available information on the developmental toxicity of the eight-carbon compounds, PFOS and PFOA. Although the teratological potentials of some of these chemicals had been studied in the past and the findings were generally unremarkable, results from recent postnatal studies on developmental and reproductive indices have prompted consideration of their relevance to human health risk. Based on current understanding of the developmental effects of PFOS and PFOA in rodents, several avenues of research are suggested that would further support the risk assessment of these perfluorinated organic chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Lau
- Reproductive Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
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277
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Kuklenyik Z, Reich JA, Tully JS, Needham LL, Calafat AM. Automated solid-phase extraction and measurement of perfluorinated organic acids and amides in human serum and milk. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2004; 38:3698-704. [PMID: 15296323 DOI: 10.1021/es040332u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Organic fluorochemicals are used in multiple commercial applications including surfactants, lubricants, paints, polishes, food packaging, and fire-retarding foams. Recent scientific findings suggest that several perfluorochemicals (PFCs), a group of organic fluorochemicals, are ubiquitous contaminants in humans and animals world wide. Furthermore, concern has increased about the toxicity of these compounds. Therefore, monitoring human exposure to PFCs is important. We have developed a high-throughput method for measuring trace levels of 13 PFCs (2 perfluorosulfonates, 8 perfluorocarboxylates, and 3 perfluorosulfonamides) in serum and milk using an automated solid-phase extraction (SPE) cleanup followed by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The method is sensitive, with limits of detection between 0.1 and 1 ng in 1 mL of serum or milk, is not labor intensive, involves minimal manual sample preparation, and uses a commercially available automated SPE system. Our method is suitable for large epidemiologic studies to assess exposure to PFCs. We measured the serum levels of these 13 PFCs in 20 adults nonoccupationally exposed to these compounds. Nine of the PFCs were detected in at least 75% of the subjects. Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHxS), 2-(N-methylperfluorooctane-sulfonamido)acetate (Me-PFOSA-AcOH), perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), and perfluorononanoate (PFNA) were found in all of the samples. The concentration order and measured levels of PFOS, PFOA, Me-PFOSA-AcOH, and PFHxS compared well with human serum levels previously reported. Although no human data are available for the perfluorocarboxylates (except PFOA), the high frequency of detection of PFNA and other carboxylates in our study suggests that human exposure to long-alkyl-chain perfluorocarboxylates may be widespread. We also found PFOS in the serum and milk of rats administered PFOS by gavage, but not in the milk of rats not dosed with PFOS. Furthermore, we did not detect most PFCs in two human milk samples. These findings suggest that PFCs may not be as prevalent in human milk as they are in serum. Additional studies are needed to determine whether environmental exposure to PFCs can result in PFCs partitioning into milk. Large epidemiological studies to determine the levels of PFCs among the U.S. general population are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsanna Kuklenyik
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, USA
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278
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Olsen GW, Church TR, Larson EB, van Belle G, Lundberg JK, Hansen KJ, Burris JM, Mandel JH, Zobel LR. Serum concentrations of perfluorooctanesulfonate and other fluorochemicals in an elderly population from Seattle, Washington. CHEMOSPHERE 2004; 54:1599-1611. [PMID: 14675839 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2003.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanesulfonyl fluoride (POSF, C8F17SO2F) related-materials have been used as surfactants, paper and packaging treatments, and surface (e.g., carpet, textile, upholstery) protectants. A metabolite, perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS, C8F17SO3-), has been identified in the serum and liver of non-occupationally exposed humans and wildlife. Because of its persistence, an important question was whether elderly humans might have higher PFOS concentrations. From a prospective study designed to examine cognitive function in the Seattle (WA) metropolitan area, blood samples were collected from 238 dementia-free subjects (ages 65-96). High-pressure liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry determined seven fluorochemicals: PFOS; N-ethyl perfluorooctanesulfonamidoacetate; N-methyl perfluorooctanesulfonamidoacetate; perfluorooctanesulfonamidoacetate; perfluorooctanesulfonamide; perfluorooctanoate; and perfluorohexanesulfonate. Serum PFOS concentrations ranged from less than the lower limit of quantitation (3.4 ppb) to 175.0 ppb (geometric mean 31.0 ppb; 95% CI 28.8-33.4). An estimate of the 95% tolerance limit was 84.1 ppb (upper 95% confidence limit 104.0 ppb). Serum PFOS concentrations were slightly lower among the most elderly. There were no significant differences by sex or years residence in Seattle. The distributions of the other fluorochemicals were approximately an order of magnitude lower. Similar to other reported findings of younger adults, the geometric mean serum PFOS concentration in non-occupational adult populations likely approximates 30-40 ppb with 95% of the population's serum PFOS concentrations below 100 ppb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geary W Olsen
- Medical Department, 3M Company, Mail Stop 220-3W-05, St. Paul, MN 55144, USA.
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279
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Hu WY, Jones PD, DeCoen W, King L, Fraker P, Newsted J, Giesy JP. Alterations in cell membrane properties caused by perfluorinated compounds. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2003; 135:77-88. [PMID: 12781843 DOI: 10.1016/s1532-0456(03)00043-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The recent detection of perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in wildlife from even remote locations has spurred interest in the environmental occurrence and effects of these chemicals. While the global distribution of PFCs is increasingly understood, there is still little information available on their effects on wildlife. The amphiphillic nature of PFCs suggests that their effects could be primarily on cell membranes. In this study we measured the effects of PFCs on membrane fluidity and mitochondrial membrane potential using flow cytometry and effects on membrane permeability using cell bioassay procedures (H4IIE, MCF-7, PLHC-1). Of the PFCs tested, only perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) increased the permeability of cell membranes to the hydrophobic ligands used. Three PFCs were tested in the membrane fluidity assay: PFOS, perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHS), and perfluorobutane sulfonic acid (PFBS). PFOS increased membrane fluidity in fish leukocytes in a dose-dependent fashion, while PFHS and PFBS had no effect in the concentration range tested. The lowest effective concentrations for the membrane fluidity effects of PFOS were 5-15 mg/l. Effects on mitochondrial membrane potential occurred in the same concentration range as effects on membrane fluidity. This suggests that PFOS effects membrane properties at concentrations below those associated with other adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen yue Hu
- National Food Safety and Toxicology Center, Institute for Environmental Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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280
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Olsen GW, Hansen KJ, Stevenson LA, Burris JM, Mandel JH. Human donor liver and serum concentrations of perfluorooctanesulfonate and other perfluorochemicals. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2003; 37:888-891. [PMID: 12666917 DOI: 10.1021/es020955c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS, CaF17SO3-) has been identified in the serum of nonoccupationally exposed humans and in serum and liver tissue in wildlife. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether PFOS liver concentrations in humans are comparable to the approximate 30 ng/mL average serum concentrations reported in nonoccupationally exposed subjects. Thirty-one donors (16 male and 15 female, age range 5-74) provided serum and/or liver samples for analysis of PFOS and three other fluorochemicals: perfluorosulfonamide (PFOSA, C8F17SO2NH2), perfluorooctanoate (PFOA, C7F15CO2-), and perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHxS, C6F13SO3-). Both sera and liver samples were extracted by ion-pair extraction and quantitatively assayed using high-performance liquid chromatography electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Liver PFOS concentrations ranged from <4.5 ng/g (limit of quantitation, LOQ)to 57.0 ng/g. Serum PFOS concentrations ranged from <6.1 ng/mL (LOQ) to 58.3 ng/mL. Among the 23 paired samples, the mean liver to serum ratio was 1.3:1 (95% confidence interval 0.9:1-1.7:1). This liver to serum ratio is comparable to that reported in a toxicological study of cynomolgus monkeys, which had liver and serum concentrations 2-3 orders of magnitude higher than observed in these human donors. This information may be useful in human risk characterization for PFOS. Liver to serum ratios were not estimated for PFOA, PFHxS, and PFOSA as 90% of the human donor liver samples were determined to be less than the LOQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geary W Olsen
- 3M Medical Department, 220-3W-05, St. Paul, Minnesota 55144, USA.
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