251
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Yang CJ, Hung JY, Tsai MJ, Wu KL, Liu TC, Chou SH, Lee JY, Hsu JS, Huang MS, Chong IW. The salvage therapy in lung adenocarcinoma initially harbored susceptible EGFR mutation and acquired resistance occurred to the first-line gefitinib and second-line cytotoxic chemotherapy. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2017; 18:21. [PMID: 28486985 PMCID: PMC5424380 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-017-0130-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) such as gefitinib can provide better efficacy and prolonged progression free survival (PFS) than cytotoxic chemotherapy for metastatic lung non-squamous cell carcinoma harboring susceptible EGFR mutations when used as first-line therapy. Cytotoxic chemotherapy is regarded as being the standard therapy to overcome acquired resistance to an initial EGFR TKI. However, there is currently no consensus on how best to treat patients who develop resistance to both an initial EGFR TKI and chemotherapy. Methods We enrolled stage IV lung adenocarcinoma patients with an EGFR mutation and who had developed acquired resistance to gefitinib and cytotoxic chemotherapy from two university-affiliated hospitals in Taiwan from June 2011 to December 2014. Basic demographic data, included Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status were collected, and the response rate, progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were analyzed. Result Two hundred and nine patients with mutated EGFR and who took gefitinib as the first-line therapy were identified in the study period, of whom 86 received second-line cytotoxic chemotherapy, and 60 who received third-line therapy were eligible for this study. The patients who received cytotoxic chemotherapy had a significantly higher disease control rate than those who received erlotinib (73% vs. 46%, p = 0.0363), however there were no significant differences in PFS (2.9 months vs. 3.1 months, p = 0.9049) and OS (8.9 months vs. 7.9 months, p = 0.4956). Platinum- or pemetrexed-based chemotherapy provided similar PFS and OS as others did. The only significant poor prognostic factors for OS were old age (≥65 years) (HR = 5.97 [2.65–13.44], p < 0.0001) and poor performance status (ECOG ≥2) (HR = 5.84 [2.61–13.09], p < 0.0001). Conclusion Retreatment with an EGFR TKI is not inferior to cytotoxic chemotherapy when used as salvage therapy for patients with adenocarcinoma with an EGFR mutation, especially if a third-generation EGFR TKI is not available, or if the reason for resistance is unknown or is not related to the T790M mutation. Old age and poor ECOG score were both poor prognostic factors in the salvage therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Jen Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 100, Tzyou first Road, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Yu Hung
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 100, Tzyou first Road, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ju Tsai
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Li Wu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Division of Chest Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Chih Liu
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 100, Tzyou first Road, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shah-Hwa Chou
- Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 100, Tzyou first Road, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Imaging, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Ying Lee
- Department of Medical Imaging, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Sheng Hsu
- Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 100, Tzyou first Road, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Shyan Huang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 100, Tzyou first Road, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Inn-Wen Chong
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. .,Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 100, Tzyou first Road, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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252
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Lee KE, Hahm E, Bae S, Kang JS, Lee WJ. The enhanced tumor inhibitory effects of gefitinib and L-ascorbic acid combination therapy in non-small cell lung cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:276-282. [PMID: 28693165 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite documentation of successful therapy with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors in patients with lung cancer, the response rate of patients treated with this therapy remains low. The present study investigated whether L-ascorbic acid serves an adjuvant role in vitro when combined with the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor gefitinib (Iressa®) in lung cancer cell lines. A total of three human lung cancer cell lines were used. The antiproliferative effects and changes in the cell cycle and expression of intracellular signaling molecules, including extracellular signal-regulated kinases (Erk), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) and protein kinase B (Akt), were measured in cells treated with gefitinib and/or L-ascorbic acid at various concentrations. When combined with gefitinib, L-ascorbic acid exhibited an additive effect on cell proliferation in all gefitinib-sensitive and gefitinib-resistant cell lines. A decrement of ~40% was observed with a low dose 0.5 mM L-ascorbic acid and gefitinib in the relatively gefitinib-resistant A549 cell line (85.6±5.4% with gefitinib alone vs. 52.7±7.3% with combination therapy; P=0.046). The downregulation of intracellular signaling cascades, including EGFR, Akt, Erk and Stat3, was also observed. L-Ascorbic acid serves an adjuvant role when administered in combination with gefitinib; however, the degree of inhibition of cell proliferation differs between lung cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Eun Lee
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07985, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunsil Hahm
- Department of Anatomy and Tumor Immunity Medical Research Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Seyeon Bae
- Department of Anatomy and Tumor Immunity Medical Research Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Seung Kang
- Department of Anatomy and Tumor Immunity Medical Research Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Wang Jae Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Tumor Immunity Medical Research Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
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253
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Gao J, Liang Y, Zhang D, Wang Y, Yang J, Liu H. A novel epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor for treating lung cancer. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317698358. [PMID: 28443496 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317698358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the effects of a novel synthetic epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor, COMPOUND7809, on the inhibition of lung cancer growth in vitro and the underlying mechanisms, we treated three lung tumor cell lines (A549, SK-LU-1, and NCI-H23) with COMPOUND7809 and a Food and Drug Administration-approved epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor gefitinib. Then, we examined cell growth in a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, cell survival in a Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, and cell apoptosis by Annexin V flow cytometry in the presence of fluorouracil. We found that compared to gefitinib, COMPOUND7809 inhibited cell growth more potentially and induced more cell death in the presence of fluorouracil. Thus, our study demonstrates that COMPOUND7809 may be a promising epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor for human lung cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiansheng Gao
- Department of Geriatrics, Fist Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong University of Pharmacy, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yuli Liang
- Department of Geriatrics, Fist Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong University of Pharmacy, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Dongying Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, Fist Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong University of Pharmacy, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Fist Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong University of Pharmacy, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jiamin Yang
- Department of Geriatrics, Fist Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong University of Pharmacy, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Hua Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, Fist Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong University of Pharmacy, Guangzhou 510080, China
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254
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Yasui H, Ohnishi Y, Nakajima M, Nozaki M. Migration of oral squamous cell carcinoma cells are induced by HGF/c-Met signalling via lamellipodia and filopodia formation. Oncol Rep 2017; 37:3674-3680. [PMID: 28440510 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) results in cellular effects including cell proliferation, survival, migration and invasion; RTKs also play an important role in tumourigenesis. It has been reported that EGFR signalling controls the migration of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) SAS and HSC3 cells but not of HSC4 cells, although the proliferation of HSC4 cells is regulated by EGF/EGFR. In the present study, we investigated the roles of EGFR and the c-Met signalling pathway in cell migration via filopodia and lamellipodia formation, which may be prerequisites for migration. To explore the role of c-Met in cell migration, we inhibited c-Met RTK activity using the c-Met inhibitor SU11274 and activated c-Met using hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) in three OSCC cell lines HSC4, SAS and Ca9-22 and investigated migration potency using a wound healing assay. We showed that inhibition of c-Met significantly suppressed, and activation of c-Met significantly promoted, the migration of OSCC cells. Additionally, the migration of SAS and Ca9-22 cells was inhibited by the EGFR inhibitors AG1478 and cetuximab and promoted by EGF treatment. Moreover, migration potency was correlated with lamellipodia formation. Furthermore, western blot analyses demonstrated that SU11274 decreased and HGF increased lamellipodin protein levels as well as phosphorylated c-Met levels. Collectively, we demonstrated that c-Met signalling induced lamellipodia formation by upregulating lamellipodin, thereby promoting the migration of OSCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Yasui
- Department of Cell Biology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuichi Ohnishi
- Department of Cell Biology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nakajima
- Second Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Osaka Dental University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1121, Japan
| | - Masami Nozaki
- Department of Cell Biology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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255
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Down-regulation of miR-214 reverses erlotinib resistance in non-small-cell lung cancer through up-regulating LHX6 expression. Sci Rep 2017; 7:781. [PMID: 28396596 PMCID: PMC5429707 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00901-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are standard treatments for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. However, acquired resistance to EGFR-TKIs is widely detected across the world, and the exact mechanisms have not been fully demonstrated until now. This study aimed to examine the role of miR-214 in the acquired resistance to erlotinib in NSCLC, and elucidate the underlying mechanisms. qRT-PCR assay detected higher miR-214 expression in the plasma of NSCLC patients with acquired EGFR-TKI resistance than prior to EGFR-TKI therapy, and in the generated erlotinib-resistant HCC827 (HCC827/ER) cells than in HCC827 cells. Bioinformatics analysis and dual-luciferase reporter assay indentified LHX6 as a direct target gene of miR-214, and LHX6 expression was detected to be down-regulated in erlotinib-resistant HCC827 cells. Transwell invasion assay revealed that overexpressing LHX6 reversed the increase in the invasive ability of HCC827 cells induced by miR-214 overexpression, and the CRISPR-Cas9 system-mediated LHX6 knockdown reversed the reduction in the invasion of erlotinib-resistant HCC827 cells caused by miR-214 down-regulation. The results of the present study demonstrate that down-regulation of miR-214 may reverse acquired resistance to erlotinib in NSCLC through mediating its direct target gene LHX6 expression.
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256
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Li A, Yang JJ, Zhang XC, Zhang Z, Su J, Gou LY, Bai Y, Zhou Q, Yang Z, Han-Zhang H, Zhong WZ, Chuai S, Zhang Q, Xie Z, Gao H, Chen H, Wang Z, Wang Z, Yang XN, Wang BC, Gan B, Chen ZH, Jiang BY, Wu SP, Liu SY, Xu CR, Wu YL. Acquired MET Y1248H and D1246N Mutations Mediate Resistance to MET Inhibitors in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:4929-4937. [PMID: 28396313 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-3273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose:MET amplification, responsible for 20% of acquired resistance to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), presents an attractive target. Numerous studies have conferred susceptibility of MET mutations and focal amplification to targeted MET-TKIs. However, the mechanism underlying MET-TKIs-induced resistance remains elusive.Experimental Design: We conducted a cohort of 12 patients with advanced NSCLC who developed resistance to a combinatorial therapy consisting of gefitinib and a type I MET-TKI. We performed capture-based targeted ultra-deep sequencing on serial tumor biopsies and plasmas ctDNA samples to detect and quantify genetic alterations.Results: We identified 2 newly acquired MET mutations, Y1248H and D1246N, in 2 patients and further confirmed their resistance against type I MET-TKIs in silco, in vitro, and in vivo Interestingly, NIH3T3 cells harboring either mutation exhibited responses to type II MET-TKIs, suggesting sequential use of MET-TKIs may offer a more durable response. In addition, we also discovered that EGFR amplification may act as an alternative MET-TKI resistance mechanism.Conclusions: Our study provides insight into the diversity of mechanisms underlying MET-TKI-induced resistance and highlights the potential of sequential use of MET-TKIs. Clin Cancer Res; 23(16); 4929-37. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Li
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Ji Yang
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xu-Chao Zhang
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zhou Zhang
- Burning Rock Biotech, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, P.R. China
| | - Jian Su
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Lan-Ying Gou
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yu Bai
- Asia Innovative Medicines and Early Development, AstraZeneca, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zhenfan Yang
- Asia Innovative Medicines and Early Development, AstraZeneca, Shanghai, China
| | - Han Han-Zhang
- Burning Rock Biotech, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Zhao Zhong
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Shannon Chuai
- Burning Rock Biotech, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, P.R. China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zhi Xie
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Hongfei Gao
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Huajun Chen
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Asia Innovative Medicines and Early Development, AstraZeneca, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xue-Ning Yang
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Bin-Chao Wang
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Bin Gan
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Hong Chen
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ben-Yuan Jiang
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Si-Pei Wu
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Si-Yang Liu
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Chong-Rui Xu
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Long Wu
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, P.R. China.
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257
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Iwafuchi Y, Saito I, Narita I. Efficacy and Safety of Osimertinib in a Hemodialysis Patient With Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Ther Apher Dial 2017; 21:416-417. [PMID: 28332292 DOI: 10.1111/1744-9987.12531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Iwafuchi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Koseiren Sanjo General Hospital, Sanjo, Japan
| | - Isao Saito
- Department of Internal Medicine, Koseiren Sanjo General Hospital, Sanjo, Japan
| | - Ichiei Narita
- Division of Clinical Nephrology and Rheumatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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258
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Hsu HY, Lin TY, Lu MK, Leng PJ, Tsao SM, Wu YC. Fucoidan induces Toll-like receptor 4-regulated reactive oxygen species and promotes endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated apoptosis in lung cancer. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44990. [PMID: 28332554 PMCID: PMC5362958 DOI: 10.1038/srep44990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fucoidan, a sulfated polysaccharide extracted from brown algae, exhibits anti-cancer activity. However, the effects and mechanism of fucoidan-induced apoptosis via endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that fucoidan prevents tumorigenesis and reduces tumor size in LLC1-xenograft male C57BL/6 mice. Fucoidan induces an ER stress response by activating the PERK-ATF4-CHOP pathway, resulting in apoptotic cell death in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, ATF4 knockdown abolishes fucoidan-induced CHOP expression and rescues cell viability. Specifically, fucoidan increases intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), which increase ATF4 and CHOP in lung cancer cells. Using the ROS scavenger N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC), we found that ROS generation is involved in fucoidan-induced ER stress-mediated apoptosis. Moreover, via Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) knockdown, we demonstrated that fucoidan-induced ROS and CHOP expression were attenuated. Our study is the first to identify a novel mechanism for the antitumor activity of fucoidan. We showed that fucoidan inhibits tumor viability by activating the TLR4/ROS/ER stress axis and the downstream PERK-ATF4-CHOP pathway, leading to apoptosis and suppression of lung cancer cell progression. Together, these results indicate that fucoidan is a potential preventive and therapeutic agent for lung cancer that acts via activation of ROS-dependent ER stress pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsien-Yeh Hsu
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,The Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Yi Lin
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Kuang Lu
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ju Leng
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Ming Tsao
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chung Wu
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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259
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Treatment of lung adenocarcinoma by molecular-targeted therapy and immunotherapy. Surg Today 2017; 48:1-8. [PMID: 28280984 DOI: 10.1007/s00595-017-1497-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lung adenocarcinoma (LADC) is a cancer treatable using targeted therapies against driver gene aberrations. EGFR mutations and ALK fusions are frequent gene aberrations in LADC, and personalized therapies against those aberrations have become a standard therapy. These targeted therapies have shown significant positive efficacy and tolerable toxicity compared to conventional chemotherapy, so it is necessary to identify additional druggable genetic aberrations. Other than EGFR mutations and ALK fusions, mutations in KRAS, HER2, and BRAF, and driver fusions involving RET and ROS1, have also been identified in LADC. Interestingly, the frequency of driver gene aberrations differs according to ethnicity, sex, and smoking, which leads to differences in treatment efficacy. To date, several molecular-targeted drugs against driver genes have been developed, and several clinical trials have been conducted to evaluate the efficacy. However, targeted therapies against driver-gene-negative cases have not yet been well developed. Efforts to identify a new druggable target for such cases are currently underway. Furthermore, immune checkpoint blockade therapy might be effective for driver-negative cases, especially those with accumulated mutations.
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260
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Song J, Zang Y, Li W, Zhong W, Shi J, Dong D, Fang M, Liu Z, Tian J. Development and validation of a radiomics nomogram for progression-free survival prediction in stage IV EGFR-mutant non-small cell lung cancer. SPIE PROCEEDINGS 2017. [DOI: 10.1117/12.2253998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Wenzhao Zhong
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences (China)
| | | | - Di Dong
- Institute of Automation (China)
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261
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Li S, Segal EM. Osimertinib: A Novel Therapeutic Option for Overcoming T790M Mutations in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. J Adv Pract Oncol 2017; 8:196-201. [PMID: 29900027 PMCID: PMC5995494 DOI: 10.6004/jadpro.2017.8.2.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shan Li
- University of Washington Medical Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, Seattle, Washington
| | - Eve M Segal
- University of Washington Medical Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, Seattle, Washington
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262
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Li K, Mo C, Gong D, Chen Y, Huang Z, Li Y, Zhang J, Huang L, Li Y, Fuller-Pace FV, Lin P, Wei Y. DDX17 nucleocytoplasmic shuttling promotes acquired gefitinib resistance in non-small cell lung cancer cells via activation of β-catenin. Cancer Lett 2017; 400:194-202. [PMID: 28259822 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Although epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) are effective for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with EGFR mutations, almost all these patients will eventually develop acquired resistance to EGFR-TKI. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for gefitinib resistance remain still not fully understood. Here, we report that elevated DDX17 levels are observed in gefitinib-resistant NSCLC cells than gefitinib-sensitive cells. Upregulation of DDX17 enhances the gefitinib resistance, whereas DDX17-silenced cells partially restore gefitinib sensitivity. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that DDX17 disassociates the E-cadherin/β-catenin complex, resulting in β-catenin nuclear translocation and subsequently augmenting the transcription of β-catenin target genes. Moreover, we identify two nuclear localization signal (NLS) and four nuclear export signal (NES) sequences mediated DDX17 nucleocytoplasmic shuttling via an exportin/importin-dependent pathways. Interruption of dynamic nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of DDX17 impairs DDX17-mediating the activation of β-catenin and acquired resistance in NSCLC cells. In conclusion, our findings reveal a novel and important mechanism by which DDX17 contributes to acquired gefitinib resistance through exportin/importin-dependent cytoplasmic shuttling and followed by activation of β-catenin, and DDX17 inhibition may be a promising strategy to overcome acquired resistance of gefitinib in NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Li
- Lab of Experimental Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Chunfen Mo
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Di Gong
- Lab of Experimental Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Lab of Cancer Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhao Huang
- Lab of Cancer Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanyan Li
- Lab of Experimental Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Lab of Experimental Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Lugang Huang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Frances V Fuller-Pace
- Division of Cancer Research, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - Ping Lin
- Lab of Experimental Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China.
| | - Yuquan Wei
- Lab of Cancer Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
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263
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Li D, Zhu X, Wang H, Li N. Association between PD-L1 expression and driven gene status in NSCLC: A meta-analysis. Eur J Surg Oncol 2017; 43:1372-1379. [PMID: 28259530 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2017.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We explored the potential clinical association between programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression and driven gene status in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS We systemically searched through October 2015. Odd ratios (ORs) with 95% CIs were calculated to examine the association of PD-L1 expression with driven gene status. A random- or fixed-effects model was used. RESULTS Nine studies were identified. KRAS-mutant tumors were more likely to be PD-L1 positive than KRAS-wild type tumors (51% vs 36%; OR 1.69; 95% CI 1.01-2.84; p = 0.045). In contrast, PD-L1 expression did not differ by EGFR (OR 0.86; 95% CI 0.43-1.73; p = 0.675) or ALK (OR 1.02; 95% CI 0.44-2.37; p = 0.954) status. In subgroup analysis, there was also no significant association between PD-L1 expression and EGFR status in term of the cut-offs or ethnicity. CONCLUSION In conclusion, NSCLC with KRAS mutations showed a trend for higher frequency of positive PD-L1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - X Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - H Wang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - N Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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264
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Wu CW, Liu HC, Yu YL, Hung YT, Wei CW, Yiang GT. Combined treatment with vitamin C and methotrexate inhibits triple-negative breast cancer cell growth by increasing H2O2 accumulation and activating caspase-3 and p38 pathways. Oncol Rep 2017; 37:2177-2184. [PMID: 28259996 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Methotrexate (MTX) is widely used as both an anticancer and anti-rheumatoid arthritis drug. Although MTX has been used to inhibit the growth of many cancer cells, it cannot effectively inhibit growth of triple-negative breast cancer cells (TNBC cells). Vitamin C is an antioxidant that can prevent oxidative stress. In addition, vitamin C has been applied as adjunct treatment for growth inhibition of cancer cells. Recent studies indicated that combined treatment with vitamin C and MTX may inhibit MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell growth through G2/M elongation. However, the mechanisms remain unknown. The aim of the present study was to determine whether combined treatment with low-dose vitamin C and MTX inhibits TNBC cell growth and to investigate the mechanisms of vitamin C/MTX-induced cytotoxicity. Neither low-dose vitamin C alone nor MTX alone inhibited TNBC cell growth. However, combined low-dose vitamin C and MTX had synergistic anti-proliferative/cytotoxic effects on TNBC cells. In addition, co-treatment increased H2O2 levels and activated both caspase-3 and p38 cell death pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Wen Wu
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Tungs' Taichung Metroharbor Hospital, Taichung 435, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Hsiao-Chun Liu
- Department of Nursing, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei 231, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yung-Luen Yu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yu-Ting Hung
- Department of Nutrition, Master Program of Biomedical Nutrition, Hungkuang University, Taichung 433, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chyou-Wei Wei
- Department of Nutrition, Master Program of Biomedical Nutrition, Hungkuang University, Taichung 433, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Giou-Teng Yiang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei 231, Taiwan, R.O.C
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265
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Xiao GS, Zhang YH, Wu W, Sun HY, Wang Y, Li GR. Genistein and tyrphostin AG556 decrease ultra-rapidly activating delayed rectifier K + current of human atria by inhibiting EGF receptor tyrosine kinase. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:454-467. [PMID: 28072464 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The ultra-rapidly activating delayed rectifier K+ current IKur (encoded by Kv 1.5 or KCNA5) plays an important role in human atrial repolarization. The present study investigates the regulation of this current by protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Whole-cell patch voltage clamp technique and immunoprecipitation and Western blotting analysis were used to investigate whether the PTK inhibitors genistein, tyrphostin AG556 (AG556) and PP2 regulate human atrial IKur and hKv1.5 channels stably expressed in HEK 293 cells. KEY RESULTS Human atrial IKur was decreased by genistein (a broad-spectrum PTK inhibitor) and AG556 (a highly selective EGFR TK inhibitor) in a concentration-dependent manner. Inhibition of IKur induced by 30 μM genistein or 10 μM AG556 was significantly reversed by 1 mM orthovanadate (a protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor). Similar results were observed in HEK 293 cells stably expressing hKv 1.5 channels. On the other hand, the Src family kinase inhibitor PP2 (1 μM) slightly enhanced IKur and hKv 1.5 current, and the current increase was also reversed by orthovanadate. Immunoprecipitation and Western blotting analysis showed that genistein, AG556, and PP2 decreased tyrosine phosphorylation of hKv 1.5 channels and that the decrease was countered by orthovanadate. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS The PTK inhibitors genistein and AG556 decrease human atrial IKur and cloned hKv 1.5 channels by inhibiting EGFR TK, whereas the Src kinase inhibitor PP2 increases IKur and hKv 1.5 current. These results imply that EGFR TK and the soluble Src kinases may have opposite effects on human atrial IKur .
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Sheng Xiao
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yan-Hui Zhang
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.,Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hai-Ying Sun
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Gui-Rong Li
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.,Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
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266
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Haddad J, Slika S, Mahfouz R. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in the era of Precision Medicine: The tale of a perfect example of targeted therapy. A review. Meta Gene 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2016.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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267
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Karachaliou N, Sosa AE, Barron FB, Gonzalez Cao M, Santarpia M, Rosell R. Pharmacological management of relapsed/refractory NSCLC with chemical drugs. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2017; 18:295-304. [PMID: 28103738 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2017.1285284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in both genders. In the early stages the disease is asymptomatic and most patients appear with metastasis at the time of the diagnosis. The discovery of key oncogenic events mainly in lung adenocarcinoma, like EGFR mutations or ALK rearrangements has changed the treatment landscape and has improved the prognosis of lung cancer patients. Inevitably, all patients initially treated with either chemotherapy or targeted therapies develop resistance and require a second-line therapeutic approach. Areas covered: In this review we are discussing the current treatment of relapsed or refractory lung cancer. We have thoroughly searched the literature (Pubmed) the last five years for studies or reviews published on the issue of second-line therapy in lung cancer using as key words, lung cancer, relapse, EGFR mutations, ALK rearrangements, chemotherapy and immunotherapy Expert opinion: The prognosis of lung cancer has been radically improved. Due to the recent development of checkpoint inhibitors, this also occurs for patients whose tumor's are not driven by a genetic alteration and who, until recently, derived only minimal benefit from chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niki Karachaliou
- a Instituto Oncológico Dr Rosell (IOR) , University Hospital Sagrat Cor , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Aaron E Sosa
- a Instituto Oncológico Dr Rosell (IOR) , University Hospital Sagrat Cor , Barcelona , Spain
| | | | - Maria Gonzalez Cao
- c Instituto Oncológico Dr Rosell (IOR) , Quirón-Dexeus University Institute , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Mariacarmela Santarpia
- d Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Human Pathology "G. Barresi" , University of Messina , Messina , Italy
| | - Rafael Rosell
- e Cancer Biology & Precision Medicine Program , Institut d'Investigació en Ciències Germans Trias i Pujol , Badalona , Spain.,f Institut Català d'Oncologia, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol , Badalona , Spain
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268
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Capilliposide from Lysimachia capillipes inhibits AKT activation and restores gefitinib sensitivity in human non-small cell lung cancer cells with acquired gefitinib resistance. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2017; 38:100-109. [PMID: 27840409 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2016.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Most gefitinib-treated patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) would eventually develop resistance. Lysimachia capillipes (LC) capilliposide extracts from LC Hemsl. show both in vitro and in vivo anti-cancer effects. In this study we investigated whether LC capilliposide in combination with gefitinib could overcome the resistance of NSCLC cells to gefitinib and identified the signaling pathways involved. Treatment with LC capilliposide alone inhibited the growth of a panel of NSCLC cell lines (PC-9, H460, H1975, H1299 and PC-9-GR) sensitive or resistant to gefitinib with IC50 values in the range of μg/mL. In the gefitinib-resistant PC-9-GR cells (which have a T790M EGFR mutation), LC capilliposide (at the IC30, i.e.1.2 μg/mL) markedly enhanced the inhibitory effects of gefitinib with its IC50 value being decreased from 6.80±1.00 to 0.77±0.12 μmol/L. By using the median effect analysis we showed that combination treatment of LC capilliposide and gefitinib could restore gefitinib sensitivity in PC-9-GR cells. Furthermore, LC capilliposide (1.2 μg/mL) significantly increased the apoptotic responses to gefitinib (0.77 μmol/L) in PC-9-GR cells, but did not affect gefitinib-induced G0/G1 arrest. Moreover, LC capilliposide (1.2 μg/mL) in combination with gefitinib (0.77, 1.0 μmol/L) markedly decreased the phosphorylation of the EGFR downstream signaling molecule AKT, which neither LC capilliposide nor gefitinib alone affected. In PC-9-GR cells with siRNA knockdown of AKT, addition of LC capilliposide was unable to increase gefitinib sensitivity. In a PC-9-GR xenograft mouse model, combination treatment with LC capilliposide (15 mg·kg-1·d-1, ip) and gefitinib (50 mg·kg-1·d-1, ip) dramatically enhanced tumor growth suppression (with a TGI of 109.3%), compared with TGIs of 22.6% and 56.6%, respectively, in mice were treated with LC capilliposide or gefitinib alone. LC capilliposide can restore the cells' sensitivity to gefitinib through modulation of pAKT levels, suggesting that a combination of LC capilliposide and gefitinib may be a promising therapeutic strategy to overcome gefitinib resistance in NSCLCs with a T790M mutation.
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269
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Transcriptome analysis of EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors resistance associated long noncoding RNA in non-small cell lung cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 87:20-26. [PMID: 28040594 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.12.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients harbor mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) can be therapeutically targeted by EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKI), such as gefitinib, and show improved progression-free survival. However, most of the patients who are initially responsive to EGFR TKIs with activating EGFR mutations eventually develop acquired resistance after long-term therapy, and are followed by disease progression. Recently, diverse mechanisms of acquired EGFR TKI resistance have been reported, but little is known about the role of long noncoding RNAs in EGFR TKIs resistance. To gain insight into the expression pattern and potential function of lncRNAs in NSCLC cells EGFR-TKI resistance, we analyzed expression patterns in EGFR-TKIs-resistant cell lines and compared it with their parental sensitive cell line by using gene profiling datasets from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). Then, the expression levels of five chose lncRNAs were validated in PC9-gefitinib resistant cells (PC9G) and sensitive cells by using real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR). Among of these five lncRNAs, CASC9 expression was upregulated in PC9G and knockdown of its expression could increase the sensitivity of PC9G cells to gefitinib, while EWAST1 (LINC00227) is downregulated in PC9G cells and overexpressed EWAST1 also lead to increased sensitivity of PC9G cells to gefitinib. As indicated by GO analysis, the CASC9 and EWAST1 co-expressed genes are involved in several important pathways including regulation of cell growth, regulation of cell apoptosis and Chromatin assembly. Taken together, dysregulated lncRNAs play critical roles in EGFR-TKIs resistant NSCLC cells and might be used as novel potential targets to reverse EGFR-TKI resistance for NSCLC patients.
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270
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Mao X, Zhang Z, Zheng X, Xie F, Duan F, Jiang L, Chuai S, Han-Zhang H, Han B, Sun J. Capture-Based Targeted Ultradeep Sequencing in Paired Tissue and Plasma Samples Demonstrates Differential Subclonal ctDNA-Releasing Capability in Advanced Lung Cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2016; 12:663-672. [PMID: 28007624 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2016.11.2235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), which represents an unbiased way to assess tumor genetic profile noninvasively, facilitates studying intratumor heterogeneity. Although intratumor heterogeneity has been elucidated substantially in a few cancer types, including NSCLC, how it influences the ability of tumor cells harboring different genetic abnormalities in releasing their DNA remains elusive. We designed a capture-based panel targeting NSCLC to detect and quantify genetic alterations from plasma samples by using deep sequencing. By applying the panel to paired biopsy and plasma samples, we imputed and compared the ctDNA-releasing efficiency in subclones harboring distinct genetic variants. METHODS We collected 40 pairs of matched biopsy and plasma samples from patients with advanced lung cancer and applied capture-based sequencing using our LungPlasma panel, which consists of critical exons and introns of 168 genes. We derived a normalized relative allelic fraction score (NRAFS) to reflect ctDNA-releasing efficiency. RESULTS By using mutations detected in biopsy samples as a reference, we achieved 87.2% by-variant sensitivity, including for single-nucleotide variants, insertions or deletions, and gene fusions. Furthermore, the by-variant sensitivity for the seven most critical and actionable genes was 96.2%. The average NRAFS for subclones carrying mutations from seven actionable genes was 0.877; in contrast, the average NRAFS for other mutations was 0.658. Mutations from four genes involved in cell cycle pathways had a particularly low NRAFS (0.480) compared with the other two groups (p = 0.07). CONCLUSIONS We have demonstrated that subclones carrying driver mutations are more prone to release DNA. We have also demonstrated the quantitative ability of capture-based sequencing, paving its way for routine utilization in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Mao
- Department of Endoscopy and Pulmonary Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhou Zhang
- Burning Rock Biotech, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxuan Zheng
- Department of Endoscopy and Pulmonary Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangfang Xie
- Department of Endoscopy and Pulmonary Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Feidie Duan
- Burning Rock Biotech, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Liyan Jiang
- Department of Endoscopy and Pulmonary Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shannon Chuai
- Burning Rock Biotech, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Han-Zhang
- Burning Rock Biotech, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Baohui Han
- Department of Endoscopy and Pulmonary Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiayuan Sun
- Department of Endoscopy and Pulmonary Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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271
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miR-124 modulates gefitinib resistance through SNAI2 and STAT3 in non-small cell lung cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 36:839-845. [DOI: 10.1007/s11596-016-1672-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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272
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Khozin S, Weinstock C, Blumenthal GM, Cheng J, He K, Zhuang L, Zhao H, Charlab R, Fan I, Keegan P, Pazdur R. Osimertinib for the Treatment of Metastatic EGFR T790M Mutation-Positive Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 23:2131-2135. [PMID: 27923840 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-1773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
On November 13, 2015, the FDA granted accelerated approval to osimertinib (TAGRISSO; AstraZeneca), a breakthrough therapy-designated drug for the treatment of patients with metastatic EGFR T790M mutation-positive non-small cell lung cancer, as detected by an FDA-approved test, with progression on or after EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy. Approval was based on durable tumor response rates in two single-arm, multicenter trials: the dose extension cohort of a first-in-human trial (FIH; AURA extension; n = 201) and a fixed-dose, activity-estimating trial (AURA2; n = 210). Osimertinib was administered at 80 mg orally once daily. The objective response rates (ORR) per blinded independent committee review were 57% [95% confidence interval (CI), 50-64) in AURA extension and 61% (95% CI, 54-68) in AURA2. Median duration of response (DOR) could not be estimated. Supportive efficacy data from 63 patients in the dose-finding part of the FIH trial demonstrated an ORR of 51% (95% CI, 38-64), with a median DOR of 12.4 months. Common adverse events (AE) evaluated in 411 patients included diarrhea (42%), rash (41%), dry skin (31%), and nail toxicity (25%). Grade 3 to 4 AEs occurred in 28% of patients, and 5.6% discontinued treatment due to AEs. Clin Cancer Res; 23(9); 2131-5. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Khozin
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland.
| | | | | | - Joyce Cheng
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Kun He
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Luning Zhuang
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Hong Zhao
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Rosane Charlab
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Ingrid Fan
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | | | - Richard Pazdur
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
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273
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Lara MS, Holland WS, Chinn D, Burich RA, Lara PN, Gandara DR, Kelly K, Mack PC. Preclinical Evaluation of MET Inhibitor INC-280 With or Without the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Inhibitor Erlotinib in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. Clin Lung Cancer 2016; 18:281-285. [PMID: 28038979 DOI: 10.1016/j.cllc.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor erlotinib is initially effective in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with tumors harboring activating mutations of EGFR, most subsequently develop acquired resistance. One recognized resistance mechanism occurs through activation of bypass signaling via the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)-MET pathway. INC-280 is a small molecule kinase inhibitor of MET. We sought to demonstrate the activity of INC-280 on select NSCLC cell lines both as a single agent and in combination with erlotinib using exogenous HGF to simulate MET up-regulation. METHODS Four NSCLC cell lines (HCC827, PC9, H1666, and H358) were treated with either single-agent INC-280 or in combination with erlotinib with or without HGF. The activity of the drug treatments was measured by cell viability assays. Immunoblotting was used to monitor expression of EGFR/pEGFR, MET/pMET, GAB1/pGAB1, AKT/pAKT, and ERK/pERK as well as markers of apoptosis (PARP and capase-3 cleavage) in H1666, HCC827, and PC9. RESULTS As a single agent, INC-280 showed minimal cytotoxicity despite potent inhibition of MET kinase activity at concentrations as low as 10 nM. Addition of HGF prevented erlotinib-induced cell death. The addition of INC280 to HGF-mediated erlotinib-resistant models restored erlotinib sensitivity for all cell lines tested, associated with cleavage of both PARP and caspase-3. In these models, INC-280 treatment was sufficient to restore erlotinib-induced inhibition of MET, GAB1, AKT, and ERK in the presence of HGF. CONCLUSION Although the MET inhibitor INC-280 alone had no discernible effect on cell growth, it was able to restore sensitivity to erlotinib and promote apoptosis in NSCLC models rendered erlotinib resistant by HGF. These data provide a preclinical rationale for an ongoing phase 1 clinical trial of erlotinib plus INC-280 in EGFR-mutated NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Lara
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Davis, CA
| | - William S Holland
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Davis, CA
| | - Danielle Chinn
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Davis, CA
| | - Rebekah A Burich
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Davis, CA
| | - Primo N Lara
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Davis, CA
| | - David R Gandara
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Davis, CA
| | - Karen Kelly
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Davis, CA
| | - Philip C Mack
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Davis, CA.
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274
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ROR1 is a novel prognostic biomarker in patients with lung adenocarcinoma. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36447. [PMID: 27830754 PMCID: PMC5103212 DOI: 10.1038/srep36447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, there is no reliable biomarker to clinically predict the prognosis of lung adenocarcinoma (ADC). The receptor-tyrosine-kinase like orphan receptor 1 (ROR1) is reported to be overexpressed and associated with poor prognosis in several tumors. This study aimed to examine the expression of ROR1 and evaluate its prognostic significance in human lung ADC patients. In this present study, Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry were performed to characterize expression of ROR1 protein in lung ADC patients. The results revealed that ROR1 protein expression was significantly higher in lung ADC tissues than that in their adjacent non-tumor tissues. Patients at advanced stages and those with positive lymph node metastasis expressed higher level of ROR1 (P < 0.001). Moreover, Chi-square test showed that ROR1 expression was correlated to gender (P = 0.028), the 7th edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer tumor-node-metastasis (AJCC TNM) staging system and lymph node metastasis (P < 0.001). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis indicated an association of high ROR1 expression with worse overall survival (OS) in lung ADC patients (P < 0.001). Multivariate COX regression analysis further confirmed that ROR1 is an independent prognostic predictor (P < 0.001, HR = 4.114, 95% CI: 2.513–6.375) for OS. Therefore, ROR1 expression significantly correlates with malignant attributes of lung ADC and it may serve as a novel prognostic marker in lung ADC patients.
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275
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Xu CR, Zhong WZ, Zhou Q, Zhang XC, Yang JJ, Wu YL. Heterogeneity of the resistance to gefitinib treatment in a non-small cell lung cancer patient with active epidermal growth factor receptor mutation. Thorac Cancer 2016; 8:51-53. [PMID: 27801981 PMCID: PMC5217905 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.12382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the case of a 37-year-old male non-small cell lung cancer patient with an active epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation who received gefitinib as first-line treatment. After 13.7 months, the patient experienced disease progression and was treated with platinum-based doublet chemotherapy plus gefitinib for 5.4 months. A subsequent lung biopsy showed cMET overexpression; therefore, the patient received a cMET inhibitor with the gefitinib. The response in the different lesions of several organs was diverse. Stable disease was achieved in the lung lesion; however, the liver metastases enlarged. A liver biopsy found T790M mutation in EGFR exon 20, thus, third generation EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors were used and a partial response was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong-Rui Xu
- Division of Pulmonary Oncology, Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong General Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Zhao Zhong
- Division of Pulmonary Oncology, Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong General Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- Division of Pulmonary Oncology, Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong General Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xu-Chao Zhang
- Division of Pulmonary Oncology, Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong General Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin-Ji Yang
- Division of Pulmonary Oncology, Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong General Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Long Wu
- Division of Pulmonary Oncology, Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong General Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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276
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Sasada T, Azuma K, Ohtake J, Fujimoto Y. Immune Responses to Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) and Their Application for Cancer Treatment. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:405. [PMID: 27833557 PMCID: PMC5080289 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a prototypic cell-surface receptor belonging to the ErbB/HER onocogene family. Overexpression or somatic mutations of EGFR have been reported to play an important role in tumorigenesis in various types of epithelial cancers. Therefore, targeting of EGFR with specific blocking antibodies or inhibitors have been developing for treatment for EGFR-associated tumors. Immune responses to HER2, another molecule of the ErbB/HER onocogene family, have been well studied, but only limited information on the immune responses to EGFR in cancer has been currently available. In this review, we have summarized the available data and discussed potential clinical importance of the anti-EGFR immune responses and EGFR-mediated immune regulation in cancer. Several lines of evidence suggest that cellular and humoral immune responses to EGFR might be useful as a marker and/or target for cancer therapy against EGFR-associated tumors. In addition, recent studies suggest the critical roles of EGFR-mediated signaling in regulation of expression of an immune checkpoint molecule, programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) in tumor cells. Further studies are warranted to clarify the impact of the anti-EGFR immune responses and EGFR-mediated immunomodulation for clinical application for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuro Sasada
- Cancer Vaccine Center, Kanagawa Cancer Center Research Institute, Yokohama Japan
| | - Koichi Azuma
- Division of Respirology, Neurology, and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume Japan
| | - Junya Ohtake
- Cancer Vaccine Center, Kanagawa Cancer Center Research Institute, Yokohama Japan
| | - Yuki Fujimoto
- Cancer Vaccine Center, Kanagawa Cancer Center Research Institute, Yokohama Japan
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277
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Fischer PM. Approved and Experimental Small-Molecule Oncology Kinase Inhibitor Drugs: A Mid-2016 Overview. Med Res Rev 2016; 37:314-367. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter M. Fischer
- School of Pharmacy and Centre for Biomolecular Sciences; University of Nottingham; Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
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278
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Dracopoli NC, Boguski MS. The Evolution of Oncology Companion Diagnostics from Signal Transduction to Immuno-Oncology. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2016; 38:41-54. [PMID: 27789023 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sixteen oncology drugs have been approved with a companion diagnostic (CDx) test by the FDA. These represent only 9.6% of the 167 oncology drug approvals since 1998, the year the first CDx test for Herceptin was approved. The great majority of CDx tests are for drugs that inhibit signal transduction pathways by either inhibiting the intracellular kinase activity with a small molecule or preventing ligand-induced receptor activation with a monoclonal antibody. In most of these cases, prospective patient selection for the biomarker-positive subpopulation was initiated in or before Phase II. The development of CDx tests for emerging immunotherapies will be more complicated because they are not dependent on driver mutations in the drug target, the mechanism of action is often pleiotropic, and will require both protein and cell-based assays to evaluate the interaction of the tumor with the immune system. Consequently, we will need to develop new biomarker strategies for the development of immunotherapies and to determine whether the optimum strategy is to release a prior checkpoint blockade in patients with a suppressed immune response, or to prime a new immune response to the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark S Boguski
- Precision Medicine Network Inc., 1620 Sudbury Road, Concord, MA 01742, USA.
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279
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Molecular Markers and Targeted Therapeutics in Metastatic Tumors of the Spine: Changing the Treatment Paradigms. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2016; 41 Suppl 20:S218-S223. [PMID: 27488299 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0000000000001833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY TYPE A review of the literature. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to discuss the evolution of molecular signatures and the history and development of targeted therapeutics in metastatic tumor types affecting the spinal column. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Molecular characterization of metastatic spine tumors is expected to usher in a revolution in diagnostic and treatment paradigms. Molecular characterization will provide critical information that can be used for initial diagnosis, prognosticating the ideal treatment strategy, assessment of treatment efficacy, surveillance and monitoring recurrence, and predicting complications, clinical outcome, and overall survival in patients diagnosed with metastatic cancers to the spinal column. METHODS A review of the literature was performed focusing on illustrative examples of the role that molecular-based therapeutics have played in clinical outcomes for patients diagnosed with metastatic tumor types affecting the spinal column. RESULTS The impact of molecular therapeutics including receptor tyrosine kinases and immune checkpoint inhibitors and the ability of molecular signatures to provide prognostic information are discussed in metastatic breast cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer, melanoma, and renal cell cancer affecting the spinal column. CONCLUSION For the providers who will ultimately counsel patients diagnosed with metastases to the spinal column, molecular advancements will radically alter the management/surgical paradigms utilized. Ultimately, the translation of these molecular advancements into routine clinical care will greatly improve the quality and quantity of life for patients diagnosed with spinal malignancies and provide better overall outcomes and counseling for treating physicians. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE N/A.
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280
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Ginsenoside Rg3 Serves as an Adjuvant Chemotherapeutic Agent and VEGF Inhibitor in the Treatment of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 2016:7826753. [PMID: 27800005 PMCID: PMC5069366 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7826753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Objective. To evaluate ginsenoside Rg3 combined with chemotherapy for non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treatment, in a meta-analysis. Materials and Methods. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, the China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and the VIP and Wanfang databases for eligible studies. We manually searched for printed journals and relevant textbooks. Statistical analyses were performed with Revman 5.3 and STATA 14.0 software packages. Results. Twenty studies were included. Ginsenoside Rg3 combined with chemotherapy could enhance response, improve disease control, prolong overall survival, improve patient quality of life, reduce leucocyte count decrease due to chemotherapy, reduce vascular endothelial growth factor expression in peripheral blood, and increase CD4/CD8 T cell ratio. Conclusion. Ginsenoside Rg3 combined with chemotherapy may enhance short-term efficacy and overall survival, alleviate treatment-induced side effects, reduce vascular endothelial growth factor expression, increase CD4/CD8 T cell ratio, and serve as a potential therapeutic regimen for NSCLC. However, considering the limitations, the conclusion should be interpreted carefully, and these results need to be confirmed by more high-quality trials.
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281
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Affiliation(s)
- Smadar Geva
- Institute of Oncology, Davidoff Cancer Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel; ; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Laila C Roisman
- Institute of Oncology, Davidoff Cancer Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Nir Peled
- Institute of Oncology, Davidoff Cancer Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel; ; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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282
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Short-term EGFR blockade enhances immune-mediated cytotoxicity of EGFR mutant lung cancer cells: rationale for combination therapies. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2380. [PMID: 27685624 PMCID: PMC5059888 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI) erlotinib has been approved for years as a first-line therapy for patients harboring EGFR-sensitizing mutations. With the promising implementation of immunotherapeutic strategies for the treatment of lung cancer, there is a growing interest in developing combinatorial therapies that could utilize immune approaches in the context of conventional or targeted therapies. Tumor cells are known to evade immune attack by multiple strategies, including undergoing phenotypic plasticity via a process designated as the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). As signaling through EGFR is a major inducer of EMT in epithelial cells, we have investigated the effect of EGFR inhibition with erlotinib on tumor phenotype and susceptibility to immune attack. Our data shows that short-term exposure of tumor cells to low-dose erlotinib modulates tumor plasticity and immune-mediated cytotoxicity in lung cancer cells harboring a sensitizing EGFR mutation, leading to a remarkable enhancement of tumor lysis mediated by innate NK cells and antigen-specific T cells. This effect positively correlated with the ability of short-term EGFR blockade to modulate tumor phenotype towards a more epithelial one, as well as to increase susceptibility to caspase-mediated apoptosis. The effect, however, was lost when erlotinib was utilized for long periods of time in vitro or in vivo, which resulted in gain of mesenchymal features and decreased (rather than increased) tumor lysis in response to immune effector mechanisms. Our data provides rationale for potential combinations of erlotinib and immunotherapies for the treatment of lung carcinomas in the early setting, before the establishment of tumor relapse with long-term EGFR inhibition.
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283
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Passaro A, Pochesci A, Spitaleri G, Catania C, Noberasco C, Del Signore E, de Marinis F. Afatinib for the first-line treatment of patients with metastatic EGFR-positive NSCLC: a look at the data. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2016; 9:1283-1288. [PMID: 27626838 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2016.1233059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations are detected in about 10-15% of Caucasian and 30-40% of Asian patients with advanced or metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In patients harbouring EGFR mutations, the treatment with different available EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) showed to be more effective and safe than platinum-based chemotherapy regimens. Areas covered: The current evidences about the role of afatinib for patients with EGFR-positive NSCLC are reviewed and discussed. We report a review based on a MEDLINE/PubMed, searched for randomized phase II or III trials evaluating afatinib in EGFR-positive NSCLC. Expert commentary: Afatinib is the third EGFR TKI approved for the treatment of NSCLC harbouring EGFR mutations, showing high efficacy in this setting of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Passaro
- a Division of Thoracic Oncology , European Institute of Oncology , Milan , Italy
| | - Alessia Pochesci
- a Division of Thoracic Oncology , European Institute of Oncology , Milan , Italy
| | - Gianluca Spitaleri
- a Division of Thoracic Oncology , European Institute of Oncology , Milan , Italy
| | - Chiara Catania
- a Division of Thoracic Oncology , European Institute of Oncology , Milan , Italy
| | - Cristina Noberasco
- a Division of Thoracic Oncology , European Institute of Oncology , Milan , Italy
| | - Ester Del Signore
- a Division of Thoracic Oncology , European Institute of Oncology , Milan , Italy
| | - Filippo de Marinis
- a Division of Thoracic Oncology , European Institute of Oncology , Milan , Italy
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284
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Molecular Diagnostics for Precision Medicine in Colorectal Cancer: Current Status and Future Perspective. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:9850690. [PMID: 27699178 PMCID: PMC5028795 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9850690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Precision medicine, a concept that has recently emerged and has been widely discussed, emphasizes tailoring medical care to individuals largely based on information acquired from molecular diagnostic testing. As a vital aspect of precision cancer medicine, targeted therapy has been proven to be efficacious and less toxic for cancer treatment. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers and among the leading causes for cancer related deaths in the United States and worldwide. By far, CRC has been one of the most successful examples in the field of precision cancer medicine, applying molecular tests to guide targeted therapy. In this review, we summarize the current guidelines for anti-EGFR therapy, revisit the roles of pathologists in an era of precision cancer medicine, demonstrate the transition from traditional “one test-one drug” assays to multiplex assays, especially by using next-generation sequencing platforms in the clinical diagnostic laboratories, and discuss the future perspectives of tumor heterogeneity associated with anti-EGFR resistance and immune checkpoint blockage therapy in CRC.
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285
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Yu T, Li Q, Gray G, Yue LQ. Statistical innovations in diagnostic device evaluation. J Biopharm Stat 2016; 26:1067-1077. [PMID: 27541859 DOI: 10.1080/10543406.2016.1226332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Due to rapid technological development, innovations in diagnostic devices are proceeding at an extremely fast pace. Accordingly, the needs for adopting innovative statistical methods have emerged in the evaluation of diagnostic devices. Statisticians in the Center for Devices and Radiological Health at the Food and Drug Administration have provided leadership in implementing statistical innovations. The innovations discussed in this article include: the adoption of bootstrap and Jackknife methods, the implementation of appropriate multiple reader multiple case study design, the application of robustness analyses for missing data, and the development of study designs and data analyses for companion diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinghui Yu
- a Division of Biostatistics, Center for Devices and Radiological Health , U.S. Food and Drug Administration , Silver Spring , Maryland , USA
| | - Qin Li
- a Division of Biostatistics, Center for Devices and Radiological Health , U.S. Food and Drug Administration , Silver Spring , Maryland , USA
| | - Gerry Gray
- a Division of Biostatistics, Center for Devices and Radiological Health , U.S. Food and Drug Administration , Silver Spring , Maryland , USA
| | - Lilly Q Yue
- a Division of Biostatistics, Center for Devices and Radiological Health , U.S. Food and Drug Administration , Silver Spring , Maryland , USA
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286
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Ott GR, Cheng M, Learn KS, Wagner J, Gingrich DE, Lisko JG, Curry M, Mesaros EF, Ghose AK, Quail MR, Wan W, Lu L, Dobrzanski P, Albom MS, Angeles TS, Wells-Knecht K, Huang Z, Aimone LD, Bruckheimer E, Anderson N, Friedman J, Fernandez SV, Ator MA, Ruggeri BA, Dorsey BD. Discovery of Clinical Candidate CEP-37440, a Selective Inhibitor of Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK) and Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (ALK). J Med Chem 2016; 59:7478-96. [PMID: 27527804 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Analogues structurally related to anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitor 1 were optimized for metabolic stability. The results from this endeavor not only led to improved metabolic stability, pharmacokinetic parameters, and in vitro activity against clinically derived resistance mutations but also led to the incorporation of activity for focal adhesion kinase (FAK). FAK activation, via amplification and/or overexpression, is characteristic of multiple invasive solid tumors and metastasis. The discovery of the clinical stage, dual FAK/ALK inhibitor 27b, including details surrounding SAR, in vitro/in vivo pharmacology, and pharmacokinetics, is reported herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory R Ott
- Teva Branded Pharmaceutical Products R&D , 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United States
| | - Mangeng Cheng
- Teva Branded Pharmaceutical Products R&D , 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United States
| | - Keith S Learn
- Teva Branded Pharmaceutical Products R&D , 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United States
| | - Jason Wagner
- Teva Branded Pharmaceutical Products R&D , 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United States
| | - Diane E Gingrich
- Teva Branded Pharmaceutical Products R&D , 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United States
| | - Joseph G Lisko
- Teva Branded Pharmaceutical Products R&D , 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United States
| | - Matthew Curry
- Teva Branded Pharmaceutical Products R&D , 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United States
| | - Eugen F Mesaros
- Teva Branded Pharmaceutical Products R&D , 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United States
| | - Arup K Ghose
- Teva Branded Pharmaceutical Products R&D , 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United States
| | - Matthew R Quail
- Teva Branded Pharmaceutical Products R&D , 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United States
| | - Weihua Wan
- Teva Branded Pharmaceutical Products R&D , 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United States
| | - Lihui Lu
- Teva Branded Pharmaceutical Products R&D , 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United States
| | - Pawel Dobrzanski
- Teva Branded Pharmaceutical Products R&D , 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United States
| | - Mark S Albom
- Teva Branded Pharmaceutical Products R&D , 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United States
| | - Thelma S Angeles
- Teva Branded Pharmaceutical Products R&D , 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United States
| | - Kevin Wells-Knecht
- Teva Branded Pharmaceutical Products R&D , 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United States
| | - Zeqi Huang
- Teva Branded Pharmaceutical Products R&D , 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United States
| | - Lisa D Aimone
- Teva Branded Pharmaceutical Products R&D , 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United States
| | - Elizabeth Bruckheimer
- Champions Oncology, Inc. , One University Plaza, Suite 307, Hackensack, New Jersey 07601, United States
| | - Nathan Anderson
- Champions Oncology, Inc. , One University Plaza, Suite 307, Hackensack, New Jersey 07601, United States
| | - Jay Friedman
- Champions Oncology, Inc. , One University Plaza, Suite 307, Hackensack, New Jersey 07601, United States
| | - Sandra V Fernandez
- Thomas Jefferson University , 233 South 10th Street, 1002 BLSB, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, United States
| | - Mark A Ator
- Teva Branded Pharmaceutical Products R&D , 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United States
| | - Bruce A Ruggeri
- Teva Branded Pharmaceutical Products R&D , 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United States
| | - Bruce D Dorsey
- Teva Branded Pharmaceutical Products R&D , 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United States
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287
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Dorantes-Heredia R, Ruiz-Morales JM, Cano-García F. Histopathological transformation to small-cell lung carcinoma in non-small cell lung carcinoma tumors. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2016; 5:401-12. [PMID: 27652204 PMCID: PMC5009079 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr.2016.07.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the principal cause of cancer-related death worldwide. The use of targeted therapies, especially tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), in specific groups of patients has dramatically improved the prognosis of this disease, although inevitably some patients will develop resistance to these drugs during active treatment. The most common cancer-associated acquired mutation is the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) Thr790Met (T790M) mutation. During active treatment with targeted therapies, histopathological transformation to small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) can occur in 3-15% of patients with non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) tumors. By definition, SCLC is a high-grade tumor with specific histological and genetic characteristics. In the majority of cases, a good-quality hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain is enough to establish a diagnosis. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is used to confirm the diagnosis and exclude other neoplasia such as sarcomatoid carcinomas, large-cell carcinoma, basaloid squamous-cell carcinoma, chronic inflammation, malignant melanoma, metastatic carcinoma, sarcoma, and lymphoma. A loss of the tumor-suppressor protein retinoblastoma 1 (RB1) is found in 100% of human SCLC tumors; therefore, it has an essential role in tumorigenesis and tumor development. Other genetic pathways probably involved in the histopathological transformation include neurogenic locus notch homolog (NOTCH) and achaete-scute homolog 1 (ASCL1). Histological transformation to SCLC can be suspected in NSCLC patients who clinically deteriorate during active treatment. Biopsy of any new lesion in this clinical setting is highly recommended to rule out a SCLC transformation. New studies are trying to assess this histological transformation by noninvasive measures such as measuring the concentration of serum neuron-specific enolase.
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288
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TC-N19, a novel dual inhibitor of EGFR and cMET, efficiently overcomes EGFR-TKI resistance in non-small-cell lung cancer cells. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2290. [PMID: 27362807 PMCID: PMC5108342 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) show a clinical benefit when used to treat patients with EGFR-mutated non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), but this treatment unfortunately fails in patients with TKI-resistant tumors. We here provide evidence that TC-N19 (N19), a novel dual inhibitor of EGFR and cMET, efficiently overcomes the EGFR-TKI resistance in EGFR-mutated NSCLC cells via simultaneous degradation of both proteins by ubiquitin proteasomes. Comparison with HSP90 inhibitor treatment and knockdown of EGFR and cMET by small hairpin RNAs reveal that the reduction of EGFR and cMET expression by N19 is responsible for overcoming the intrinsic TKI resistance mediated by paxillin (PXN) in high PXN-expressing cells, PXN-overexpressing PC9 cells (PC9-PXN), the EGFR-T790M-mediated TKI resistance in H1975 and CL97 cells, and the acquired resistance to gefitinib in gefitinib-resistant PC9 cells (PC9GR). Annexin V-PI staining assay showed that the induction of apoptosis in NSCLC cells by N19 depended on the reduction in levels of both proteins. Xenograft tumor formation in nude mice induced by a PC9-PXN-stable clone and by PC9GR cells was nearly completely suppressed by N19 treatment, with no changes in animal body weight. MTT assays of normal lung cells and reticulocytes showed no cytotoxicity responses to N19. In summary, N19 may act as a novel dual inhibitor of EGFR and cMET that induces apoptosis in TKI-resistant EGFR-mutated NSCLC cells and suppresses xenograft tumor formation. We suggest that N19 may be a potential new-generation TKI or HSP90 inhibitor used for treatment of NSCLC patients who show resistance to current TKI-targeting therapies.
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289
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290
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Chen G, Lin MT. Impact of genomic heterogeneity associated with acquired anti-EGFR resistance in colorectal cancers. Transl Cancer Res 2016; 5:S95-S98. [PMID: 30713831 DOI: 10.21037/tcr.2016.05.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guoli Chen
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Ming-Tseh Lin
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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291
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Kohn EC, Ivy SP. Confronting the Care Delivery Challenges Arising from Precision Medicine. Front Oncol 2016; 6:106. [PMID: 27200294 PMCID: PMC4846663 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2016.00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the biology of cancer at the cellular and molecular levels, and the application of such knowledge to the patient, has opened new opportunities and uncovered new obstacles to quality cancer care delivery. Benefits include our ability to now understand that many, if not most, cancers are not one-size-fits-all. Cancers are a variety of diseases for which intervention may be very different. This approach is beginning to bear fruit in gynecologic cancers where we are investigating therapeutic optimization at a more focused level, that while not yet precision care, is perhaps much improved. Obstacles to quality care for patients come from many directions. These include incomplete understanding of the role of the mutant proteins in the cancers, the narrow spectrum of agents, broader mutational profiles in solid tumors, and sometimes overzealous application of the findings of genetic testing. This has been further compromised by the unbridled use of social media by all stakeholders in cancer care often without scientific qualification, where anecdote sometimes masquerades as a fact. The only current remedy is to wave the flag of caution, encourage all patients who undergo genetic testing, either germline or somatic, to do so with the oversight of genetic counselors and physician scientists knowledgeable in the pathways involved. This aspiration is accomplished with well-designed clinical trials that inform next steps in this complex and ever evolving process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise C Kohn
- Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, Division of Cancer Therapy and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute , Rockville, MD , USA
| | - S Percy Ivy
- Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, Division of Cancer Therapy and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute , Rockville, MD , USA
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292
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Jiang T, Zhou C, Ren S. Role of IL-2 in cancer immunotherapy. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1163462. [PMID: 27471638 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1163462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is one of the key cytokines with pleiotropic effects on immune system. It has been approved for the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma and metastatic melanoma. Recent progress has been made in our understanding of IL-2 in regulating lymphocytes that has led to exciting new directions for cancer immunotherapy. While improved IL-2 formulations might be used as monotherapies, their combination with other anticancer immunotherapies, such as adoptive cell transfer regimens, antigen-specific vaccination, and blockade of immune checkpoint inhibitory molecules, for example cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed death 1 (PD-1) mono-antibodies, would held the promise of treating metastatic cancer. Despite the comprehensive studies of IL-2 on immune system have established the application of IL-2 for cancer immunotherapy, a number of poignant obstacles remain for future research. In the present review, we will focus on the key biological features of IL-2, current applications, limitations, and future directions of IL-2 in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Jiang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Thoracic Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai, P.R. of China
| | - Caicun Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Thoracic Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai, P.R. of China
| | - Shengxiang Ren
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Thoracic Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai, P.R. of China
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293
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Abstract
Several molecular pathways have been shown to play critical roles in the pathogenesis of odontogenic tumors. These neoplasms arise from the epithelial or mesenchymal cells of the dental apparatus in the jaw or oral mucosa. Next generation genomic sequencing has identified gene mutations or single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with many of these tumors. In this review, we focus on two of the most common odontogenic tumor subtypes: ameloblastoma and keratocystic odontogenic tumors. We highlight gene expression and protein immunohistological findings and known genetic alterations in the hedgehog, BRAF/Ras/MAPK, epidermal growth factor receptor, Wnt and Akt signaling pathways relevant to these tumors. These various pathways are explored to potentially target odontogenic tumors cells and prevent growth and recurrence of disease. Through an understanding of these signaling pathways and their crosstalk, molecular diagnostics may emerge as well as the ability to exploit identified molecular differences to develop novel molecular therapeutics for the treatment of odontogenic tumors.
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294
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Wang Y, Guo Z, Li Y, Zhou Q. Development of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors against EGFR T790M. Mutation in non small-cell lung carcinoma. Open Med (Wars) 2016; 11:68-77. [PMID: 28352770 PMCID: PMC5329801 DOI: 10.1515/med-2016-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Individualized therapies targeting epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations show promises for the treatment of non small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). However, disease progression almost invariably occurs 1 year after tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) treatment. The most prominent mechanism of acquired resistance involves the secondary EGFR mutation, namely EGFR T790M, which accounts for 50%-60% of resistant tumors. A large amount of studies have focused on the development of effective strategies to treat TKI-resistant EGFR T790M mutation in lung tumors. Novel generations of EGFR inhibitors are producing encouraging results in patients with acquired resistance against EGFR T790M mutation. This review will summarize the novel inhibitors, which might overcome resistance against EGFR T790M mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuli Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Zhitao Guo
- Orthopedics Sector 1, Tianjin Xiqing hospital, Tianjin, 300380, China
| | - Yang Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Qinghua Zhou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
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295
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Misumi K, Sun J, Kinomura A, Miyata Y, Okada M, Tashiro S. Enhanced gefitinib-induced repression of the epidermal growth factor receptor pathway by ataxia telangiectasia-mutated kinase inhibition in non-small-cell lung cancer cells. Cancer Sci 2016; 107:444-51. [PMID: 26825989 PMCID: PMC4832868 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase signaling pathways regulate cellular activities. The EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR‐TKIs) repress the EGFR pathway constitutively activated by somatic EGFR gene mutations and have drastically improved the prognosis of non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. However, some problems, including resistance, remain to be solved. Recently, combination therapy with EGFR‐TKIs and cytotoxic agents has been shown to improve the prognosis of NSCLC patients. To enhance the anticancer effects of EGFR‐TKIs, we examined the cross‐talk of the EGFR pathways with ataxia telangiectasia‐mutated (ATM) signaling pathways. ATM is a key protein kinase in the DNA damage response and is known to phosphorylate Akt, an EGFR downstream factor. We found that the combination of an ATM inhibitor, KU55933, and an EGFR‐TKI, gefitinib, resulted in synergistic cell growth inhibition and induction of apoptosis in NSCLC cell lines carrying the sensitive EGFR mutation. We also found that KU55933 enhanced the gefitinib‐dependent repression of the phosphorylation of EGFR and/or its downstream factors. ATM inhibition may facilitate the gefitinib‐dependent repression of the phosphorylation of EGFR and/or its downstream factors, to exert anticancer effects against NSCLC cells with the sensitive EGFR mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keizo Misumi
- Department of Cellular Biology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Department of Surgical Oncology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Jiying Sun
- Department of Cellular Biology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Aiko Kinomura
- Department of Cellular Biology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Miyata
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Morihito Okada
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tashiro
- Department of Cellular Biology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Research Center for the Mathematics on Chromatin Live Dynamics, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
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296
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Tan CS, Cho BC, Soo RA. Next-generation epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors in epidermal growth factor receptor -mutant non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2016; 93:59-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 12/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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297
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Peters GJ. Precision medicine in cancer: beyond wishful thinking? EXPERT REVIEW OF PRECISION MEDICINE AND DRUG DEVELOPMENT 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/23808993.2016.1140555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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298
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The regulation of oncogenic Ras/ERK signalling by dual-specificity mitogen activated protein kinase phosphatases (MKPs). Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 50:125-32. [PMID: 26791049 PMCID: PMC5056954 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Dual-specificity MAP kinase (MAPK) phosphatases (MKPs or DUSPs) are well-established negative regulators of MAPK signalling in mammalian cells and tissues. By virtue of their differential subcellular localisation and ability to specifically recognise, dephosphorylate and inactivate different MAPK isoforms, they are key spatiotemporal regulators of pathway activity. Furthermore, as they are transcriptionally regulated as downstream targets of MAPK signalling they can either act as classical negative feedback regulators or mediate cross talk between distinct MAPK pathways. Because MAPKs and particularly Ras/ERK signalling are implicated in cancer initiation and development, the observation that MKPs are abnormally regulated in human tumours has been interpreted as evidence that these enzymes can either suppress or promote carcinogenesis. However, definitive evidence of such roles has been lacking. Here we review recent work based on the use of mouse models, biochemical studies and clinical data that demonstrate key roles for MKPs in modulating the oncogenic potential of Ras/ERK signalling and also indicate that these enzymes may play a role in the response of tumours to certain anticancer drugs. Overall, this work reinforces the importance of negative regulatory mechanisms in modulating the activity of oncogenic MAPK signalling and indicates that MKPs may provide novel targets for therapeutic intervention in cancer.
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299
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300
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Liu TC, Hsieh MJ, Wu WJ, Chou YE, Chiang WL, Yang SF, Su SC, Tsao TCY. Association between survivin genetic polymorphisms and epidermal growth factor receptor mutation in non-small-cell lung cancer. Int J Med Sci 2016; 13:929-935. [PMID: 27994498 PMCID: PMC5165686 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.16875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Survivin is an anti-apoptotic protein that is implicated in the regulation of apoptosis and cell cycle in various types of cancers. The current study explored the effect of survivin gene polymorphisms and EGFR mutations in non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) patients. A total of 360 participants, including 291 adenocarcinoma lung cancer and 69 squamous cell carcinoma lung cancer patients, were selected for the analysis of three survivin genetic variants (survivin -31, +9194, and +9809) by using real-time PCR genotyping. The results indicated that GC+CC genotypes of survivin -31 were significant association with EGFR mutation in lung adenocarcinoma patients (adjusted odds ratio=3.498, 95% CI = 1.171-10.448; p<0.01). Moreover, The GC+CC genotypes of survivin -31 were associated with EGFR L858R mutation but not in exon 19 in-frame deletions. Furthermore, among patients in exon 19 in-frame deletions, those who have at least one polymorphic G allele of survivin -31 have an increased incidence to develop late-stage when compared with those patients homozygous for C/C (OR, 4.800; 95% CI, 1.305-17.658). In conclusion, our results showed that survivin genetic variants were related to EGFR mutation in lung adenocarcinoma patients and might contribute to pathological development to NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tu-Chen Liu
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.; Department of Chest Medicine, Cheng-Ching General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ju Hsieh
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.; Cancer Research Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan.; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Jun Wu
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.; Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Erh Chou
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.; School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Whei-Ling Chiang
- School of Medical Laboratory and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Fa Yang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.; Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chi Su
- Whole-Genome Research Core Laboratory of Human Diseases, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Thomas Chang-Yao Tsao
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.; Division of Chest, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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