A New Strategy to Microporous Polymers: Knitting Rigid Aromatic Building Blocks by External Cross-Linker

Tunable porosity of nanoporous organic polymers with hierarchical pores for enhanced CO2 capture

We present a simple and convenient way to engineer the porosity of NOPs utilizing two crosslinkers with different length and various types of building blocks. The obtained polymers display hierarchical pore structures, remarkablely high CO₂ uptake capacities and sorption selectivity for CO₂/N₂.

Synthesis of magnetic microporous organic nanotube networks for adsorption application

Magnetic microporous organic nanotube networks (Fe₃O₄-MONNs) are successfully synthesized by an in situ hyper-cross-linking reaction between magnetic nanoparticles and core–shell bottlebrush copolymers.

Synthesis of 9,9′-spirobifluorene-based conjugated microporous polymers by FeCl3-mediated polymerization

An easy, safe and low-cost synthesis of 9,9'-spirobifluorene-based conjugated microporous polymers and related carbonized microporous materials with high gas uptake ability was developed.

A superhydrophobic hyper-cross-linked polymer synthesized at room temperature used as an efficient adsorbent for volatile organic compounds

The hyper-cross-linked polymers CLBE-xwere prepared at room temperature and exhibit a large surface area, super-hydrophobicity and high adsorption for benzene.

Nanoscale porous triazine-based frameworks with cyanate ester linkages for efficient drug delivery

An easy modulation of the pore size of cyanate ester resins allows amount of inserted drug and its release behavior that depend on pore size and host–drug interactions rather than the surface controllable.

Functionalized microporous organic nanotube networks as a new platform for highly efficient heterogeneous catalysis

A novel amino-functionalized microporous organic nanotube networks (NH₂-MONNs) as heterogeneous base catalyst was successfully synthesized by combination of hyper-cross-linking and molecular templating of multicomponent bottlebrush copolymers.

Supramolecular organic network assembled from quadruple hydrogen-bonding motifs

A rigid triptycene derivative with three 2-ureido-4[1H]-pyrimidinone (UPy) terminals was employed to construct a supramolecular hydrogen-bonded organic polymer (HOP-1).

Ru coordinated with BINAP in knitting aryl network polymers for heterogeneous asymmetric hydrogenation of methyl acetoacetate

The aryl network polymers formed by Friedel–Crafts reaction with no-modified BINAP chiral ligand, and its application in asymmetric hydrogenation.

Massive preparation of pitch-based organic microporous polymers for gas storage

Pitch-based hyper-cross-linked polymers preparedviaFriedel–Crafts reaction.

Fabrication of Ruthenium Nanoparticles in Porous Organic Polymers: Towards Advanced Heterogeneous Catalytic Nanoreactors

A novel strategy has been adopted for the construction of a copolymer of benzene-benzylamine-1 (BBA-1), which is a porous organic polymer (POP) with a high BET surface area, through Friedel-Crafts alkylation of benzylamine and benzene by using formaldehyde dimethyl acetal as a cross-linker and anhydrous FeCl3 as a promoter. Ruthenium nanoparticles (Ru NPs) were successfully distributed in the interior cavities of polymers through NaBH4, ethylene glycol, and hydrothermal reduction routes, which delivered Ru-A, Ru-B, and Ru-C materials, respectively, and avoided aggregation of metal NPs. Homogeneous dispersion, the nanoconfinement effect of the polymer, and the oxidation state of Ru NPs were verified by employing TEM, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy mapping, cross polarization magic-angle spinning (13)C NMR spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analytical tools. These three new Ru-based POP materials exhibited excellent catalytic performance in the hydrogenation of nitroarenes at RT (with a reaction time of only ≈ 30 min), with high conversion, selectivity, stability, and recyclability for several catalytic cycles, compared with other traditional materials, such as Ru@C, Ru@SiO2, and Ru@TiO2, but no clear agglomeration or loss of catalytic activity was observed. The high catalytic performance of the ruthenium-based POP materials is due to the synergetic effect of nanoconfinement and electron donation offered by the 3D POP network. DFT calculations showed that hydrogenation of nitrobenzene over the Ru (0001) catalyst surface through a direct reaction pathway is more favorable than that through an indirect reaction pathway.

Exploitation of a microporous organic polymer as a stationary phase for capillary gas chromatography

Microporous organic polymers (MOPs) have emerged as a new class of functional porous materials with unique characteristics and potential uses in diverse areas. However, the field of MOPs for gas chromatographic (GC) separations has not been well explored. Herein, a MOP namely KAPs-1 was dynamic coated onto a capillary column for the first time. The fabricated column exhibited a nonpolar nature and the column efficiency for n-dodecane was up to 7769 plates m(-1). The KAPs-1 coated column showed high GC separation performance for a series of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) including the challenging ethylbenzene and xylene isomers, which could not be resolved at baseline on the commercial 5% phenyl polysiloxane stationary phase. Moreover, the relative standard deviations for five replicate determinations of the studied analytes were 0.0-0.6%, 0.9-3.2%, 1.1-5.9%, 0.8-3.7% for retention time, peak area, peak height and peak width, respectively. To investigate the interaction between some analytes and the stationary phase, thermodynamic and kinetic parameters were also evaluated. The results of this study show it is very promising to utilize MOPs as stationary phases for capillary GC.

Metal-free and Scalable Synthesis of Porous Hyper-cross-linked Polymers: Towards Applications in Liquid-Phase Adsorption

A metal-free route for the synthesis of hyper-cross-linked polymers (HCP) based on Brønsted acids such as trifluoromethanesulfonic acid as well as H2 SO4 is reported. It is an improved method compared to conventional synthesis strategies that use stoichiometric amounts of metal-based Lewis acids such as FeCl3 . The resulting high-performance adsorbents exhibit a permanent porosity with high specific surface areas up to 1842 m(2)  g(-1) . Easy scalability of the HCP synthesis is proven on the multi-gram scale. All chemo-physical properties are preserved. Water-vapor adsorption shows that the resulting materials exhibit an even more pronounced hydrophobicity compared to the conventionally prepared materials. The reduced surface polarity enhances the selectivity in the liquid-phase adsorption of the biogenic platform chemical 5-hydroxymethylfurfural.

Hierarchical Porous Polystyrene Monoliths from PolyHIPE

Hierarchical porous polystyrene monoliths (HCP-PolyHIPE) are obtained by hypercrosslinking poly(styrene-divinylbenzene) monoliths prepared by polymerization of high internal phase emulsions (PolyHIPEs). The hypercrosslinking is achieved using an approach known as knitting which employs formaldehyde dimethyl acetal (FDA) as an external crosslinker. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirms that the macroporous structure in the original monolith is retained during the knitting process. By increasing the amount of divinylbenzene (DVB) in PolyHIPE, the BET surface area and pore volume of the HCP-PolyHIPE decrease, while the micropore size increases. BET surface areas of 196-595 m(2) g(-1) are obtained. The presence of micropores, mesopores, and macropores is confirmed from the pore size distribution. With a hierarchical porous structure, the monoliths reveal comparable gas sorption properties and potential applications in oil spill clean-up.

Preparation of hierarchically porous carbon nanofoams for electrode materials of supercapacitors

Hierarchically porous carbon nanofoams were prepared via the formation of core–shell organosilica nanoparticles and subsequent Friedel–Crafts chemistry. The specific capacitance of them as electrode materials reached 170 F g⁻¹ in an aqueous electrolyte.

Hierarchically porous polystyrene membranes fabricated via a CO2-expanded liquid selective swelling and in situ hyper-cross-linking method

This paper presents a novel, etching-free and versatile preparation methodology, using commercially available polystyrene and a CO₂-expanded liquid selective swelling process combined with a hyper-cross-linking reaction.

The effect of molecular weight on the porosity of hypercrosslinked polystyrene

Microporous polymers can be prepared by crosslinking polystyrenes, with the surface areas being dependent on the degree of polymerisation.

Imidazolium salt-modified porous hypercrosslinked polymers for synergistic CO2 capture and conversion

The synergistic effect of CO₂ capture and conversion was observed in imidazolium salt modified porous hypercrosslinked polymers.

Phosphonium salt incorporated hypercrosslinked porous polymers for CO2 capture and conversion

Hypercrosslinked porous phosphonium polymers for selective CO₂ capture and conversion.

Hypercrosslinked materials: preparation, characterisation and applications

Hypercrosslinked materials have experienced a great expansion in both the synthetic approach and the field of applications.

Controlled synthesis of uniform palladium nanoparticles on novel micro-porous carbon as a recyclable heterogeneous catalyst for the Heck reaction

Highly dispersed palladium nanoparticles encaged by micro-porous carbon exhibit excellent cycling performance towards the Heck cross-coupling reaction.

Lignin-based microporous materials as selective adsorbents for carbon dioxide separation

Suitable solid adsorbents are demanded for carbon capture and storage (CCS) processes. In this work, a novel microporous polymer is developed by hypercrosslinking of organosolv lignin, which is a renewable resource. Reaction with formaldehyde dimethyl acetal (FDA) via Friedel-Crafts reaction gives microporous networks, with moderate capacity of carbon dioxide but excellent selectivity towards CO2 /N2 mixture as predicted on the basis of ideal adsorption-solution theory (IAST). Pyrolysis of pure organosolv lignin results in microporous carbon powders, while pyrolysis of hypercrosslinked organosolv lignin yields shape-persistent materials with increased CO2 capacity while maintaining very good selectivity.

Highly stable CO2/N2 and CO2/CH4 selectivity in hyper-cross-linked heterocyclic porous polymers

The largest obstacles for landfill/flue gas separation using microporous materials are small adsorption values and low selectivity ratios. This study demonstrates that these adsorption and selectivity challenges can be overcome by utilizing a series of hyper-cross-linked heterocyclic polymer networks. These microporous organic polymers (MOPs) were synthesized in a single step by inexpensive Friedel-Crafts-catalyzed reactions using dimethoxymethane as an external linker. The amorphous networks show moderate Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface areas up to 1022 m(2) g(-1), a narrow pore size distribution in the range from 6 to 8 Å, and high physicochemical stability. Owing to the presence of the heteroatomic pore surfaces in the networks, they exhibit maximum storage capacities for CO2 of 11.4 wt % at 273 K and 1 atm. Additionally, remarkable selectivity ratios for CO2 adsorption over N2 (100) and CH4 (15) at 273 K were obtained. More importantly, as compared with any other porous materials, much higher selectivity for CO2/N2 (80) and CO2/CH4 (15) was observed at 298 K, showing that these selectivity ratios remain high at elevated temperature. The very high CO2/N2 selectivity values are ascribed to the binding affinity of abundantly available electron-rich basic heteroatoms, high CO2 isoteric heats of adsorption (49-38 kJ mol(-1)), and the predominantly microporous nature of the MOPs. Binding energies calculated using the high level of ab initio theory showed that the selectivity is indeed attributed to the heteroatom-CO2 interactions. By employing an easy and economical synthesis procedure these MOPs with high thermochemical stability are believed to be a promising candidate for selective CO2 capture.