251
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Signal Transduction to the Cell Nucleus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-2558(08)60175-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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252
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Humphries EH, Zhang G. V-rel and C-rel modulate the expression of both bursal and non-bursal antigens on avian B-cell lymphomas. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1992; 182:475-83. [PMID: 1490388 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-77633-5_60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E H Humphries
- Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown 26506
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253
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Protein kinases negatively affect nuclear factor-kappa B activation by tumor necrosis factor-alpha at two different stages in promyelocytic HL60 cells. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)46053-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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254
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Neri A, Chang CC, Lombardi L, Salina M, Corradini P, Maiolo AT, Chaganti RS, Dalla-Favera R. B cell lymphoma-associated chromosomal translocation involves candidate oncogene lyt-10, homologous to NF-kappa B p50. Cell 1991; 67:1075-87. [PMID: 1760839 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90285-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 343] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A B cell lymphoma-associated chromosomal translocation, t(10;14)(q24;q32), juxtaposes the immunoglobulin C alpha 1 locus to a novel gene, lyt-10. The normal lyt-10 cDNA codes for a 98 kd protein which displays amino-terminal homology with the rel (DNA-binding) domain of the NF-kappa B-rel family of transcription factors and carboxy-terminal homology with the NF-kappa B p50 precursor protein, including the putative proteolytic cleavage domain (poly-G) and the ankyrin-like repeat domains. The lyt-10 protein can bind to kappa B sequences in vitro, although with different specificity from NF-kappa B p50, and in vitro DNA-binding is activated by removal of the ankyrin domain. Chromosomal translocation generates an lyt-10-C alpha 1 fusion gene coding for a protein that retains the rel effector domain, lacks the ankyrin regulatory domain, and binds kappa B sequences in vitro, suggesting its constitutive activation in vivo. Analogous rearrangements of the lyt-10 gene have been found in an additional three cases of lymphoid neoplasia. The lyt-10 gene defines a new subfamily (rel/poly-G/ankyrin) of NF-kappa B-rel transcription factors with potential for oncogenic activation in human cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Base Sequence
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 10
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Gene Expression
- Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte, Heavy Chain
- Genes, Immunoglobulin
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin alpha-Chains/genetics
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/genetics
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Multigene Family
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/chemistry
- Oncogenes
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid
- Restriction Mapping
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- A Neri
- Department of Pathology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032
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255
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Schmitz ML, Baeuerle PA. The p65 subunit is responsible for the strong transcription activating potential of NF-kappa B. EMBO J 1991; 10:3805-17. [PMID: 1935902 PMCID: PMC453117 DOI: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1991.tb04950.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 552] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear form of the NF-kappa B transcription factor binds to DNA as a heterodimer of a 50 kDa (p50) and 65 kDa (p65) polypeptide. The two polypeptides are encoded by different genes but share a long region of homology, the NRD motif, encompassing domains required for DNA binding and dimerization. In this study we have analysed the contribution of the two subunits to the strong transactivating potential of NF-kappa B. Transient expression of the p65 subunit alone resulted in a potent transactivation of a CAT reporter construct under the control of two NF-kappa B binding sites in monkey COS and mouse L cells. The strongly DNA binding p50 subunit showed only very weak, if any, induction of gene expression. Co-expression of p50 suppressed the transactivation by p65 presumably by competitive DNA binding of transcriptionally inactive p50 dimers (KBF1). Fusion of p65 sequences to DNA binding domain of the yeast GAL4 transcription factor allowed detection of the principal transactivation domain of p65 (TA1) in the C-terminal 30 amino acid sequence. TA1 is likely to adopt an amphipathic alpha-helical structure which clusters serine residues on the hydrophilic surface, a structural feature conserved between human, mouse and Xenopus p65. The unique C-terminal third of p65 contained at least one more activation domain, TA2, within a 90 amino acid sequence directly adjacent to TA1. In two mammalian cell lines, TA1 and TA2 acted separately, while in an insect cell line, the two domains were inactive after their separation. Our study suggests that the p50 subunit in NF-kappa B might only serve a helper function in DNA binding whereas the p65 subunit is responsible for initiating transcription. Homodimers of p50 seem to have the potential of down-regulating kappa B-specific gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Schmitz
- Laboratorium für Molekulare Biologie, Ludwig-Maximillians-Universität München, Martinsried, FRG
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256
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Arima N, Molitor JA, Smith MR, Kim JH, Daitoku Y, Greene WC. Human T-cell leukemia virus type I Tax induces expression of the Rel-related family of kappa B enhancer-binding proteins: evidence for a pretranslational component of regulation. J Virol 1991; 65:6892-9. [PMID: 1719236 PMCID: PMC250789 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.65.12.6892-6899.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The Tax protein of the human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) serves as a potent transcriptional activator of its own long terminal repeat as well as select cellular genes, including interleukin-2 and the alpha subunit of the interleukin-2 receptor. Tax activation of these two growth-related genes appears to involve the induced nuclear expression of DNA-binding proteins that specifically engage related kappa B enhancer elements present in the 5' regulatory regions of these genes. In human T cells, kappa B enhancer-binding activity has been discerned as an unexpectedly large family of UV cross-linked nucleoprotein adducts, termed p50, p55, p75, and p85. The protein components of each of these DNA-protein adducts have been shown to share structural similarity with the v-rel oncogene product. The p55 adduct is composed of the 50-kDa subunit of NF-kappa B derived from a 105-kDa precursor polypeptide, while the p50 adduct contains a smaller protein that is closely related to NF-kappa B p50. The p75 adduct contains the 65-kDa subunit of NF-kappa B, while the p85 adduct is composed of the human c-rel proto-oncogene product. We now demonstrate that HTLV-I Tax, in the absence of other viral pX gene products, is capable of inducing the nuclear expression of all four of these kappa B-binding proteins in human T cells, with most marked effects involving c-Rel and NF-kappa B p65. Tax induction of the nuclear expression of c-Rel and NF-kappa B p50 is regulated, at least in part, at a pretranslational level involving increases in c-rel and NF-kappa B p105 mRNA expression. To study the pattern of expression of these kappa B-specific proteins in cells infected with the whole HTLV-I, seven cloned HTLV-I-infected T-cell lines were established from the peripheral blood of patients with adult T-cell leukemia. Of note, only three of these seven cell lines produced Tax, and c-rel mRNA and nuclear protein expression was confined to these three cell lines. In contrast, NF-kappa B p50 and NF-kappa B p65 were constitutively expressed in the nuclei of all seven of the HTLV-I-infected cell lines, even in the absence of detectable Tax or other viral gene expression. These findings raise the possibility of an alternate, Tax-independent pathway for the induced nuclear expression of NF-kappa B p50 and NF-kappa B p65 following HTLV-I infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Arima
- Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
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257
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Induction of NF-kappa B DNA-binding activity during the G0-to-G1 transition in mouse fibroblasts. Mol Cell Biol 1991. [PMID: 1922027 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.11.10.4943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A DNA-binding factor with properties of NF-kappa B and another similar activity are rapidly induced when growth-arrested BALB/c 3T3 cells are stimulated with serum growth factors. Induction of these DNA-binding activities is not inhibited by pretreatment of quiescent cells with the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide. Interestingly, the major NF-kappa B-like activity is not detected in nuclear extracts of proliferating cells, and thus its expression appears to be limited to the G0-to-G1 transition in 3T3 cells. These DNA-binding activities bind many of the expected NF-kappa B target sequences, including elements in the class I major histocompatibility complex and human immunodeficiency virus enhancers, as well as a recently identified NF-kappa B binding site upstream of the c-myc gene. Furthermore, both the class I major histocompatibility complex and c-myc NF-kappa B binding sites confer inducibility on a minimal promoter in 3T3 cells stimulated with serum growth factors. The results demonstrate that NF-kappa B-like activities are immediate-early response proteins in 3T3 cells and suggest a role for these factors in the G0-to-G1 transition.
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258
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Bonfanti M, Broggini M, Prontera C, D'Incalci M. O6-methylguanine inhibits the binding of transcription factors to DNA. Nucleic Acids Res 1991; 19:5739-42. [PMID: 1945851 PMCID: PMC328984 DOI: 10.1093/nar/19.20.5739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
To study the effect of methylation of O6-guanine on the binding of cellular factors to different DNA sequences, modified oligonucleotides were constructed, in which O6-Methylguanine (O6-MeG) replaced some guanines. The DNA sequences utilized were: the region of the c-fos promoter containing the binding site for serum response factor (SRF); the region of the HIV LTR containing two binding sites for the transcription factor NF kappa B; the region of the HIV LTR containing three binding sites for the cellular factor sp1. After incubation of labeled oligonucleotides, either unmodified or containing O6-MeG, with nuclear extracts obtained from different cell lines, gel retardation assays indicated that the presence of O6-MeG resulted in inhibition of binding of cellular factors to DNA sequences located in the promoter regions of genes. This inhibition was not the same for all modified oligonucleotides but dependent on the position in which O6-MeG was located. The results obtained indicate that alkylation of O6-guanine affects the binding of transcription factors and thereby possibly the regulation of genes expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bonfanti
- Laboratory of Cancer Chemotherapy, Istituto di Richerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
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259
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Abstract
A newly described family of transcriptional regulatory proteins, the Rel family, has recently been the subject of much interest. The Rel family includes proteins known to be important in Drosophila development, replication of HIV-1, oncogenesis and general transcriptional control. Nevertheless, there is still much to be learned about their precise mechanism of action, including the process by which the original member of this family, v-Rel, malignantly transforms cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D Gilmore
- Department of Biology, Boston University, MA 02215
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260
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Baldwin AS, Azizkhan JC, Jensen DE, Beg AA, Coodly LR. Induction of NF-kappa B DNA-binding activity during the G0-to-G1 transition in mouse fibroblasts. Mol Cell Biol 1991; 11:4943-51. [PMID: 1922027 PMCID: PMC361472 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.11.10.4943-4951.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A DNA-binding factor with properties of NF-kappa B and another similar activity are rapidly induced when growth-arrested BALB/c 3T3 cells are stimulated with serum growth factors. Induction of these DNA-binding activities is not inhibited by pretreatment of quiescent cells with the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide. Interestingly, the major NF-kappa B-like activity is not detected in nuclear extracts of proliferating cells, and thus its expression appears to be limited to the G0-to-G1 transition in 3T3 cells. These DNA-binding activities bind many of the expected NF-kappa B target sequences, including elements in the class I major histocompatibility complex and human immunodeficiency virus enhancers, as well as a recently identified NF-kappa B binding site upstream of the c-myc gene. Furthermore, both the class I major histocompatibility complex and c-myc NF-kappa B binding sites confer inducibility on a minimal promoter in 3T3 cells stimulated with serum growth factors. The results demonstrate that NF-kappa B-like activities are immediate-early response proteins in 3T3 cells and suggest a role for these factors in the G0-to-G1 transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Baldwin
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599-7295
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261
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Schmid RM, Perkins ND, Duckett CS, Andrews PC, Nabel GJ. Cloning of an NF-kappa B subunit which stimulates HIV transcription in synergy with p65. Nature 1991; 352:733-6. [PMID: 1876189 DOI: 10.1038/352733a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor NF-kappa B is a protein complex which comprises a DNA-binding subunit and an associated transactivation protein (of relative molecular masses 50,000 (50K) and 65K, respectively). Both the 50K and 65K subunits have similarity with the rel oncogene and the Drosophila maternal effect gene dorsal. The 50K DNA-binding subunit was previously thought to be a unique protein, derived from the 105K gene product (p105). We now report the isolation of a complementary DNA that encodes an alternative DNA-binding subunit of NF-kappa B. It is more similar to p105 NF-kappa B than other family members and defines a new subset of rel-related genes. It is synthesized as approximately 100K protein (p100) that is expressed in different cell types, contains cell cycle motifs and, like p105, must be processed to generate a 50K form. A 49K product (p49) can be generated independently from an alternatively spliced transcript; it has specific kappa B DNA-binding activity and can form heterodimers with other rel proteins. In contrast to the approximately 50K protein derived from p105, p49 acts in synergy with p65 to stimulate the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) enhancer in transiently transfected Jurkat cells. p49/p100 NF-kappa B could therefore be important in the regulation of HIV and other kappa B-containing genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Schmid
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor 48109-0650
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262
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Thompson CC, Brown TA, McKnight SL. Convergence of Ets- and notch-related structural motifs in a heteromeric DNA binding complex. Science 1991; 253:762-8. [PMID: 1876833 DOI: 10.1126/science.1876833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 407] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of the heteromeric DNA binding protein GABP has revealed the interaction of two distinct peptide sequence motifs normally associated with proteins located in different cellular compartments. The alpha subunit of GABP contains an 85-amino acid segment related to the Ets family of DNA binding proteins. The ETS domain of GABP alpha facilitates weak binding to DNA and, together with an adjacent segment of 37 amino acids, mediates stable interaction with GABP beta. The beta subunit of GABP contains four imperfect repeats of a sequence present in several transmembrane proteins including the product of the Notch gene of Drosophila melanogaster. These amino-terminal repeats of GABP beta mediate stable interaction with GABP alpha and, when complexed with GABP alpha, directly contact DNA. These observations provide evidence for a distinct biochemical role for the 33-amino acid repeats, and suggest that they may serve as a module for the generation of specific dimerization interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Thompson
- Howard Hughes Research Laboratories, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Department of Embryology, Baltimore, MD 21210
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263
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LaMarco K, Thompson CC, Byers BP, Walton EM, McKnight SL. Identification of Ets- and notch-related subunits in GA binding protein. Science 1991; 253:789-92. [PMID: 1876836 DOI: 10.1126/science.1876836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant cDNA clones that encode two distinct subunits of the transcription factor GA binding protein (GABP) have been isolated. The predicted amino acid sequence of one subunit, GABP alpha, exhibits similarity to the sequence of the product of the ets-1 protooncogene in a region known to encompass the Ets DNA binding domain. The sequence of the second subunit, GABP beta, contains four 33-amino acid repeats located close to the NH2-terminus of the subunit. The sequences of these repeats are similar to repeats in several transmembrane proteins, including Notch from Drosophila melanogaster and Glp-1 and Lin-12 from Caenorhabditis elegans. Avid, sequence-specific binding to DNA required the presence of both polypeptides, revealing a conceptual convergence of nuclear transforming proteins and membrane-anchored proteins implicated in developmentally regulated signal transduction processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K LaMarco
- Howard Hughes Research Laboratories, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Department of Embryology, Baltimore, MD 21210
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264
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Abstract
The large number of transcription factors, their diverse sequence-specific interactions with DNA sites and with other transcription factors, and their ability to be modified in response to a variety of environmental cues and intracellular signals provide combinatorial codes for highly complex and yet highly organized patterns of gene expression likely to underlie the determination of diversity of neuronal phenotypes. Subtle differences in the combinations of transcription factors are likely to have profound consequences for cell phenotype, similar to the mechanism involved in the specification of cell types in yeast (reviewed in Herskowitz, 1989). Although our current understanding of transcriptional regulation in the brain comes largely from phenomenological studies, recent technical progress on two fronts promises a bright future. Homologous recombination technology in embryonic stem cells (reviewed in Capecchi, 1989; Rossant, 1990) allows the disruption of particular genes in transgenic mice and definition of the roles of identified transcription factors in mammalian neurogenesis. A second technological advance, targeted tumorigenesis, has provided neuronal model cell lines (Mellon et al., 1990; reviewed in Cepko, 1988; McKay et al., 1988) that mimic certain neuronal differentiation pathways. These combined genetic, cell biological, and biochemical approaches will greatly facilitate the study of neural development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- X He
- Department of Biology, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla 92093-0648
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265
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Stein DS, Stevens LM. Establishment of dorsal-ventral and terminal pattern in the Drosophila embryo. Curr Opin Genet Dev 1991; 1:247-54. [PMID: 1688006 DOI: 10.1016/s0959-437x(05)80078-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Dorsal-ventral and terminal pattern formation in the Drosophila embryo is mediated via inductive signals originating during oogenesis from the somatic follicle cells that ensheath the developing oocyte. This somatically expressed spatial information controls dorsal-ventral development by defining the polarity of a signal transduction pathway that results in the graded nuclear concentration of the dorsal gene product, a transcription factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Stein
- Max-Planck-Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, Tübingen, Germany
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266
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Niller HH, Hennighausen L. Formation of several specific nucleoprotein complexes on the human cytomegalovirus immediate early enhancer. Nucleic Acids Res 1991; 19:3715-21. [PMID: 1649457 PMCID: PMC328403 DOI: 10.1093/nar/19.13.3715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The major immediate early enhancer of the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is composed of unique and repeated sequence motifs, which interact with different nuclear proteins, thus forming a large nucleoprotein complex. Using DNAase I protection analysis, we determined at the nucleotide level the interactions of B cell and HeLa cell nuclear proteins with transcription factor binding sites in the enhancer/promoter. In agreement with in vivo activity, protein binding to the 18 bp repeats (kappa B element) was found predominantly with B cell extract. Competition for proteins with individual transcription factor binding sites allowed us to define boundaries of closely spaced and overlapping binding sites, and to group binding proteins into several classes. Using gel mobility shift assays, we could show that proteins, which bind to the 17 bp repeat, also bind to a classical NF1 site. In addition, several novel binding sites were identified. The presence of overlapping binding sites, together with differences in the occupation of the 18 bp repeats in the two cell types, suggest that the HCMV major IE enhancer has several possibilities of forming nucleoprotein complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Niller
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Metabolism, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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267
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Abstract
We recently reported that the apparently non-DNA-binding 65 kd subunit (p65) of the NF-kappa B transcription factor can modulate the DNA-binding specificity of the 50 kd subunit (p50) of NF-kappa B. In this study we provide an explanation for this property of p65. In electrophoretic mobility shift assays and upon UV cross-linking to DNA, gel-purified p65 is shown to be a kappa B-specific DNA-binding protein on its own. The binding activity was only detectable if high amounts of p65 were used for the analyses and after the application of a modified renaturation protocol. DNA-binding of the p65 dimer, in contrast to that of p50, was inhibited by I kappa B-alpha and -beta. This finding is consistent with a receptor function of p65 for both inhibitory subunits. Direct UV cross-linking of NF-kappa B to DNA probes which were photoreactive within only one half-site and a binding competition analysis with p65 showed that p65 has a strong preference for binding to the less conserved half site of kappa B motifs whereas p50 has a moderate preference for the more highly conserved half site. In electrophoretic mobility shift assays and upon sedimentation through glycerol gradients, NF-kappa B appears to exist as a heterodimer composed of one p50 and one p65 subunit whereas data from gel filtration suggest a higher order complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Urban
- Laboratorium für Molekulare Biologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Martinsried, FRG
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268
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Thisse C, Perrin-Schmitt F, Stoetzel C, Thisse B. Sequence-specific transactivation of the Drosophila twist gene by the dorsal gene product. Cell 1991; 65:1191-201. [PMID: 1648449 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90014-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The maternal gene dorsal encodes a nuclear protein acting as a morphogen that determines the size and fate of regions along the dorsal-ventral axis of the Drosophila embryo. From previous genetic and biochemical studies it was hypothesized that dorsal might be responsible for the activation of the zygotic gene twist. In this report, regulatory sequences required for correct spatial and quantitative expression of twist are defined, by using phenotypic rescue and studying twist-beta-galactosidase expression. In addition, by transient cotransfection assays, we show that the dorsal protein specifically activates expression from the twist promoter. We demonstrate that dorsal is a sequence-specific DNA-binding protein that recognizes a motif similar to that recognized by the mammalian transcriptional activator NF-kappa B.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Thisse
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire des Eucaryotes du CNRS, Unité 184 de Biologie Moléculaire et de Génie Génétique de l'INSERM, Faculté de Médecine, Strasbourg, France
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269
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Haskill S, Beg AA, Tompkins SM, Morris JS, Yurochko AD, Sampson-Johannes A, Mondal K, Ralph P, Baldwin AS. Characterization of an immediate-early gene induced in adherent monocytes that encodes I kappa B-like activity. Cell 1991; 65:1281-9. [PMID: 1829648 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90022-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 615] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We have cloned a group of cDNAs representing mRNAs that are rapidly induced following adherence of human monocytes. One of the induced transcripts (MAD-3) encodes a protein of 317 amino acids with one domain containing five tandem repeats of the cdc10/ankyrin motif, which is 60% similar (46% identical) to the ankyrin repeat region of the precursor of NF-kappa B/KBF1 p50. The C-terminus has a putative protein kinase C phosphorylation site. In vitro translated MAD-3 protein was found to specifically inhibit the DNA-binding activity of the p50/p65 NF-kappa B complex but not that of the p50/p50 KBF1 factor or of other DNA-binding proteins. The MAD-3 cDNA encodes an I kappa B-like protein that is likely to be involved in regulation of transcriptional responses to NF-kappa B, including adhesion-dependent pathways of monocyte activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Haskill
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599
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270
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Abstract
Extracellular signals regulate gene expression by triggering signal transduction cascades that result in the modulation of transcription factor activity. This is most commonly achieved by changes in the phosphorylation state of these nuclear proteins. Phosphorylation affects transcription factor activity at several distinct levels. It can modulate their intracellular localization by controlling the association with other proteins, have both negative and positive effects on their DNA-binding activity, and modulate the activity of their transcriptional activation domains. In addition to phosphorylation, protein-protein interactions also have an important role in mediating a crosstalk at the nuclear level between different signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Karin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093
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271
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Stein D, Roth S, Vogelsang E, Nüsslein-Volhard C. The polarity of the dorsoventral axis in the Drosophila embryo is defined by an extracellular signal. Cell 1991; 65:725-35. [PMID: 1904007 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90381-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Twelve maternal effect loci are required for the production of Drosophila embryos with a correct dorsoventral axis. Analysis of mosaic females indicates that the expression of the genes nudel, pipe, and windbeutel is required in the somatic tissue, presumably in the follicle cells that surround the oocyte. Thus, information coming from outside the egg cell influences dorsoventral pattern formation during embryogenesis. In transplantation experiments, the perivitelline fluid from the compartment surrounding the embryo can restore dorsoventral pattern to embryos from females mutant for nudel, pipe, or windbeutel. The positioning of the transplanted pervitelline fluid also determines the polarity of the restored dorsoventral axis. We propose that the polarizing activity, normally present at the ventral side of the egg, is a ligand for the Toll receptor. Presumably, local activation of the Toll protein by the ligand initiates the formation of the nuclear concentration gradient of the dorsal protein, thereby determining dorsoventral pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Stein
- Max-Planck-Institute für Entwicklungsbiologie, Tübingen, Federal Republic of Germany
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272
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Whelan J, Ghersa P, Hooft van Huijsduijnen R, Gray J, Chandra G, Talabot F, DeLamarter JF. An NF kappa B-like factor is essential but not sufficient for cytokine induction of endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule 1 (ELAM-1) gene transcription. Nucleic Acids Res 1991; 19:2645-53. [PMID: 1710341 PMCID: PMC328182 DOI: 10.1093/nar/19.10.2645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule 1 (ELAM-1) is transiently expressed specifically on the surface of cytokine-induced endothelial cells. We demonstrate that the transient expression of the protein is paralleled by an increase and decrease in transcription of the ELAM-1 gene. To identify the cis-acting transcription control regions within the ELAM-1 gene that are responsible for this cytokine-induced expression, we isolated and analyzed an ELAM-1 genomic clone containing sequences upstream of the transcription start site. We constructed a series of ELAM-1 deletion mutants linked to a reporter gene and analyzed their expression in both endothelial and non-endothelial cells. Results show that a fragment of 233 bp upstream of the transcription start site is sufficient to confer cytokine inducibility upon the reporter gene in both endothelial and non-endothelial cells. Further analysis defined two elements within this region that are involved in the cytokine inducibility of the ELAM-1 gene. One element lies within the -233 to -117 region, the other element represents an NF kappa B consensus binding site between nucleotides -94 to -85. Gel shift analysis reveals increased binding of an NF kappa B-like factor to this consensus sequence in extracts prepared from IL-1-induced endothelial cells. The results suggest that cytokine induction of ELAM-1 gene transcription is imparted by a combination of positive factors, one being an NF kappa B-like transcription factor, interacting with cis-acting elements within the enhancer/promoter of the gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Whelan
- Glaxo Institute for Molecular Biology, Geneva, Switzerland
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273
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An in vitro transcription analysis of early responses of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat to different transcriptional activators. Mol Cell Biol 1991. [PMID: 2005886 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.11.4.1883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this report we introduce a simple, fast, and reliable method to prepare whole cell or nuclear extracts from small numbers of cells. These extracts were used to study transcriptional activation of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) long terminal repeat (LTR) in vitro. Our results revealed that the time courses of activation of extracts derived from cells stimulated with the mitogenic lectin phytohemagglutinin (PHA) or with the tumor promoter phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) are different. PMA induces a rapid onset of increased in vitro transcription from the HIV-1 LTR, while PHA causes a slow and sustained response. The biochemical relevance of protein synthesis inhibition by cycloheximide treatment of cells was investigated. In these studies, PMA induction of a change in in vitro transcriptional activity is not dependent on protein synthesis. Cycloheximide alone is insufficient to induce activation. Oligonucleotide-mediated site-directed mutagenesis demonstrated that mutation of the TATA box in the LTR ablated initiation of both basal-level transcription and activation by extracts from cells stimulated with PMA. Surprisingly, mutation of both kappa B sites in the LTR reduced but did not eliminate the in vitro response to extracts prepared at early time points after PHA or PMA stimulation of Jurkat cells. The reduction was greater in extracts derived from cells treated with PMA. Deletion analysis of the HIV-1 LTR revealed at least one region (-464 to -252) capable of suppressing in vitro transcription in extracts from Jurkat cells stimulated by PMA. This result is consistent with early studies of the HIV-1 LTR in transient transfection assays. We therefore have been able to observe distinct regulatory events at early time points after cells are exposed to agents known to induce transcription of both the HIV-1 LTR reporter gene constructs and the HIV-1 provirus itself.
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274
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Cyclic AMP-independent activation of transcription factor NF-kappa B in HL60 cells by tumor necrosis factors alpha and beta. Mol Cell Biol 1991. [PMID: 1706475 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.11.4.2315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
No correlation exists in HL60 cells between NF-kappa B activation by tumor necrosis factor (TNF alpha) and TNF beta and intracellular levels of cyclic AMP. Cyclic AMP levels did not increase upon treatment of cells with each of these cytokines, although NF-kappa B was activated. Forskolin or 1-isobutyl-3-methylxanthine drastically increased intracellular levels of cyclic AMP, but neither activated NF-kappa B nor influenced TNF-induced NF-kappa B activation.
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275
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Kao KR, Hopwood ND. Expression of a mRNA related to c-rel and dorsal in early Xenopus laevis embryos. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991; 88:2697-701. [PMID: 2011580 PMCID: PMC51305 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.88.7.2697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a Xenopus mRNA, Xrel1, that is related to the avian protooncogene c-rel, the embryonic pattern gene dorsal of Drosophila, and the mammalian transcription factor NK-kappa B/KBF1. The sequence of Xrel1 is homologous to the other rel-related proteins in the large amino-terminal region that defines this class of transcriptional regulators, but the carboxyl-terminal part of the protein is quite different. Xrel1 mRNA is present throughout oogenesis and during early embryogenesis at 4 x 10(5) transcripts per oocyte or embryo. Xrel1 transcripts are present in all of the dissected parts of early embryos that we have examined. They are enriched in the animal hemisphere compared to the vegetal hemisphere of oocytes and blastulae.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Kao
- Cancer Research Campaign, Wellcome/CRC Institute, Cambridge, England
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276
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Hohmann HP, Kolbeck R, Remy R, van Loon AP. Cyclic AMP-independent activation of transcription factor NF-kappa B in HL60 cells by tumor necrosis factors alpha and beta. Mol Cell Biol 1991; 11:2315-8. [PMID: 1706475 PMCID: PMC359939 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.11.4.2315-2318.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
No correlation exists in HL60 cells between NF-kappa B activation by tumor necrosis factor (TNF alpha) and TNF beta and intracellular levels of cyclic AMP. Cyclic AMP levels did not increase upon treatment of cells with each of these cytokines, although NF-kappa B was activated. Forskolin or 1-isobutyl-3-methylxanthine drastically increased intracellular levels of cyclic AMP, but neither activated NF-kappa B nor influenced TNF-induced NF-kappa B activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H P Hohmann
- Central Research Units, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
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277
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Li YC, Ross J, Scheppler JA, Franza BR. An in vitro transcription analysis of early responses of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat to different transcriptional activators. Mol Cell Biol 1991; 11:1883-93. [PMID: 2005886 PMCID: PMC359867 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.11.4.1883-1893.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this report we introduce a simple, fast, and reliable method to prepare whole cell or nuclear extracts from small numbers of cells. These extracts were used to study transcriptional activation of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) long terminal repeat (LTR) in vitro. Our results revealed that the time courses of activation of extracts derived from cells stimulated with the mitogenic lectin phytohemagglutinin (PHA) or with the tumor promoter phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) are different. PMA induces a rapid onset of increased in vitro transcription from the HIV-1 LTR, while PHA causes a slow and sustained response. The biochemical relevance of protein synthesis inhibition by cycloheximide treatment of cells was investigated. In these studies, PMA induction of a change in in vitro transcriptional activity is not dependent on protein synthesis. Cycloheximide alone is insufficient to induce activation. Oligonucleotide-mediated site-directed mutagenesis demonstrated that mutation of the TATA box in the LTR ablated initiation of both basal-level transcription and activation by extracts from cells stimulated with PMA. Surprisingly, mutation of both kappa B sites in the LTR reduced but did not eliminate the in vitro response to extracts prepared at early time points after PHA or PMA stimulation of Jurkat cells. The reduction was greater in extracts derived from cells treated with PMA. Deletion analysis of the HIV-1 LTR revealed at least one region (-464 to -252) capable of suppressing in vitro transcription in extracts from Jurkat cells stimulated by PMA. This result is consistent with early studies of the HIV-1 LTR in transient transfection assays. We therefore have been able to observe distinct regulatory events at early time points after cells are exposed to agents known to induce transcription of both the HIV-1 LTR reporter gene constructs and the HIV-1 provirus itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y C Li
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York 11724
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278
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Neuveut C, Suzan M, Querat G, Sire J. HIV1 infection of human monocytes and macrophages promotes induction or translocation of NF-KB-related factors. RESEARCH IN VIROLOGY 1991; 142:227-31. [PMID: 1896644 DOI: 10.1016/0923-2516(91)90061-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In 1991, we demonstrated, using electrophoretic mobility shift assays, that 3 different factors (termed B1, B2 and B3) with affinity for the KB-enhancer target sequence were specifically detected in nuclear extracts from HIV1-infected monocytes and macrophages. The B2 factor was induced in the nuclei of these cells only upon HIV1 infection. The B3 factor was only slightly evident in nuclei of uninfected cells but was readily detectable in nuclei of infected monocytes. Its expression remained very low in nuclei of HIV1-infected macrophages. In this paper, we demonstrate that the B2 factor is expressed in the cytosol of monocytes and macrophages as a DNA-binding protein, indicating that it is not associated with an inhibitor (IKB). This factor remained clustered in the cytosol and was translocated to the nuclei only after HIV1 infection. The B3 factor is detected in the cytosol only when cells are HIV1-infected. The role of HIV1 infection in the expression and the translocation of these factors is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Neuveut
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Faculté de Médecine Secteur Nord, Marseille, France
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279
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Cantley LC, Auger KR, Carpenter C, Duckworth B, Graziani A, Kapeller R, Soltoff S. Oncogenes and signal transduction. Cell 1991; 64:281-302. [PMID: 1846320 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90639-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2321] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L C Cantley
- Department of Physiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
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