251
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Sun B, Yoshino T, Kanai M, Matsunaga S. Cp*CoIIICatalyzed Site-Selective CH Activation of UnsymmetricalO-Acyl Oximes: Synthesis of Multisubstituted Isoquinolines from Terminal and Internal Alkynes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201507744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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252
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A concise synthesis of (+)-batzelladine B from simple pyrrole-based starting materials. Nature 2015; 525:507-10. [PMID: 26375010 PMCID: PMC4583359 DOI: 10.1038/nature14902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alkaloids, secondary metabolites that contain basic nitrogen atoms, are some of the most well-known biologically active natural products in chemistry and medicine1. Although the efficient laboratory syntheses of alkaloids would enable researchers to study and optimize their biological properties,2 the basicity and nucleophilicity of nitrogen, its susceptibility to oxidation, and its ability to alter reaction outcomes in unexpected ways – for example, through stereochemical instability and neighboring group participation – complicates their preparation in the laboratory. Efforts to address these issues have led to the invention of a large number of protecting groups that temper the reactivity of nitrogen3; however, the use of protecting groups typically introduce additional steps and obstacles into the synthetic route. Alternatively, the use of aromatic nitrogen heterocycles as synthetic precursors can attenuate the reactivity of nitrogen and streamline synthetic strategies4. In this manuscript, we use such an approach to achieve a synthesis of the complex anti-HIV alkaloid (+)-batzelladine B in nine steps (longest-linear sequence) from simple pyrrole-based starting materials. The route employs several key transformations that would be challenging or impossible to implement using saturated nitrogen heterocycles and highlights some of the advantages conferred by the use of aromatic starting materials.
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253
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Abstract
This conceptual review examines the ideal multistep synthesis from the perspective of nature. We suggest that besides step- and redox economies, one other key to efficiency is steady state processing with intermediates that are immediately transformed to the next intermediate when formed. We discuss four of nature's strategies (multicatalysis, domino reactions, iteration and compartmentation) that commonly proceed via short-lived intermediates and show that these strategies are also part of the chemist's portfolio. We particularly focus on compartmentation which in nature is found microscopically within cells (organelles) and between cells and on a molecular level on multiprotein scaffolds (e.g. in polyketide synthases) and demonstrate how compartmentation is manifested in modern multistep flow synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerrit Jürjens
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biomolekulares Wirkstoffzentrum (BMWZ), Leibniz Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 1B, D-30167 Hannover, Germany.
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254
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Abstract
The two simplest branched acyclic structures comprising only conjugated C═C units, namely, [3]dendralene (3-methylene-1,4-pentadiene) and [4]dendralene (3,4-dimethylene-1,5-hexadiene), were first reported in 1955 and 1962, respectively. No higher members of the series were described in the literature until 2000. This Account describes the modern phase of dendralene chemistry, driven to a large extent by research performed within the author's group. The first synthesis of the parent dendralene family allowed access to the hydrocarbons in batches of up to 5 mg. The synthetic approach took into account the prevailing dogma of the time, specifically that these compounds would be very reactive species and hence difficult to handle in the laboratory. As such, a route involving the cheleotropic elimination of SO2 from stable, and generally insoluble, 3-sulfolene-masked precursors was devised. Our second-generation approach was of significantly higher value in preparative terms, allowing the syntheses of the first six members of the unsubstituted [n]dendralenes (i.e., n = 3-8) directly, on scales of hundreds of milligrams to decagrams, using commercially available precursors and standard laboratory equipment and methods. This work demonstrated that the assumed high reactivity and instability this family of compounds was erroneous and ultimately led to the development of syntheses of structurally related cross-conjugated systems including substituted dendralenes, tetravinylethylene, 1,1-divinylallene, and furan-containing analogues of the dendralenes. Cross-coupling reactions feature strongly in the syntheses of these compounds, and methods involving single- to multifold Stille, Kumada, and Negishi couplings are mainstays of this work. The even parity [n]dendralenes were shown to exhibit enhanced stability over the odd parity congeners, a result that can be attributed to conformational effects. π-Bond-rich branched hydrocarbons are demonstrated to have significant value in the rapid generation of structural complexity. Pericyclic processes are particularly useful in this regard, with the dendralenes and their relatives serving as multidienes, participating in diene-transmissive cycloaddition sequences, sometimes in combination with electrocyclizations, to generate fused and bridged multicyclic systems containing many new covalent bonds. The outcomes of exploratory investigations into pericyclic sequences involving dendralenes are presented, along with methods developed to control chemoselectivity, regioselectivity, and stereoselectivity. Distinct from their use in diene-transmissive sequences, the dendralenes also serve as multialkenes, for the direct synthesis of polyols and oligo-cyclopropanes. Finally, the deployment of π-bond-rich branched hydrocarbons in the shortest total synthesis of a pseudopterosin natural product is summarized, as a prelude to future prospects in the areas of hydrocarbon chemistry and target synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. Sherburn
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
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255
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Armaly AM, DePorre YC, Groso EJ, Riehl PS, Schindler CS. Discovery of Novel Synthetic Methodologies and Reagents during Natural Product Synthesis in the Post-Palytoxin Era. Chem Rev 2015; 115:9232-76. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahlam M. Armaly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North
University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Yvonne C. DePorre
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North
University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Emilia J. Groso
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North
University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Paul S. Riehl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North
University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Corinna S. Schindler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North
University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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256
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Suzuki Y, Sun B, Sakata K, Yoshino T, Matsunaga S, Kanai M. Dehydrative Direct CH Allylation with Allylic Alcohols under [Cp*Co
III
] Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:9944-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201503704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yudai Suzuki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo‐ku, Tokyo 113‐0033 (Japan)
| | - Bo Sun
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo‐ku, Tokyo 113‐0033 (Japan)
| | - Ken Sakata
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, Ebara, Shinagawa‐ku, Tokyo 142‐8501 (Japan)
- ACT‐C (Japan) Science and Technology Agency (Japan)
| | - Tatsuhiko Yoshino
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita‐ku, Sapporo 060‐0812 (Japan)
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo‐ku, Tokyo 113‐0033 (Japan)
- ACT‐C (Japan) Science and Technology Agency (Japan)
| | - Shigeki Matsunaga
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita‐ku, Sapporo 060‐0812 (Japan)
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo‐ku, Tokyo 113‐0033 (Japan)
- ACT‐C (Japan) Science and Technology Agency (Japan)
| | - Motomu Kanai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo‐ku, Tokyo 113‐0033 (Japan)
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257
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Suzuki Y, Sun B, Yoshino T, Kanai M, Matsunaga S. Cp∗Co(III)-catalyzed oxidative C–H alkenylation of benzamides with ethyl acrylate. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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258
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Suzuki Y, Sun B, Sakata K, Yoshino T, Matsunaga S, Kanai M. Dehydrative Direct CH Allylation with Allylic Alcohols under [Cp*CoIII] Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201503704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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259
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RETRACTED ARTICLE: Functionalized benzyls as selective κ-OR agonists. Med Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-014-1023-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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260
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Dempsey Hyatt IF, Nasrallah DJ, Maxwell MA, Hairston ACF, Abdalhameed MM, Croatt MP. Formation and in situ reactions of hypervalent iodonium alkynyl triflates to form cyanocarbenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:5287-9. [PMID: 25558484 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc08676g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The conversion of readily available silylalkynes, iodobenzene diacetate, and azide anions was utilized to form and react cyanocarbenes. A copper(II)-catalyzed reaction was found to react in a different manner. Both of these methods benefit from the formation and in situ reaction of hypervalent iodonium alkynyl triflates in O-H insertion reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- I F Dempsey Hyatt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402, USA.
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261
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Chandrasoma N, Pathmanathan S, Buszek KR. A Practical, Multi-gram Synthesis of (±)-Herbindole A, (±)-Herbindole B, and (±)-Herbindole C from a Common Intermediate via 6,7-Indole Aryne Cycloaddition and Pd(0)-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions. Tetrahedron Lett 2015; 56:3507-3510. [PMID: 26516291 PMCID: PMC4620576 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.02.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A practical, multi-gram 10-step synthesis of racemic herbindole A, B, and C from a common intermediate is described. The key step features a remarkably regioselective C-7 metal-halogen exchange and elimination from a Bartoli-generated N-t-butyldimethylsilyl-4,6,7-tribromo-5-methylindole scaffold to afford the 6,7-indole aryne. Cycloaddition with cyclopentadiene, oxidative cleavage, and Fujimoto reduction gave a common intermediate from which all three herbindoles were readily derived. A final Pd(0)-catalyzed Negishi and Stille cross-coupling reaction at the C-4 bromide afforded each of the herbindoles on a multigram scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalin Chandrasoma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, 205 Kenneth A. Spencer Chemical Laboratories, 5100 Rockhill Road, Kansas City, MO 64110
| | - Sivadarshini Pathmanathan
- Center of Excellence in Chemical Methodologies and Library Development (KU-CMLD), University of Kansas, Delbert M. Shankel Structural Biology Center, 2034 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047
| | - Keith R. Buszek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, 205 Kenneth A. Spencer Chemical Laboratories, 5100 Rockhill Road, Kansas City, MO 64110
- Center of Excellence in Chemical Methodologies and Library Development (KU-CMLD), University of Kansas, Delbert M. Shankel Structural Biology Center, 2034 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047
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262
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Li DY, Wei Y, Shi M. Gold(I)-Catalyzed 1,3-O-Transposition Reactions: Ynesulfonamides to Ynamides. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201500604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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263
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264
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Wender PA, Jeffreys MS, Raub AG. Tetramethyleneethane Equivalents: Recursive Reagents for Serialized Cycloadditions. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:9088-93. [PMID: 25961416 PMCID: PMC4772776 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b04091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
![]()
New reactions and reagents that allow
for multiple bond-forming
events per synthetic operation are required to achieve structural
complexity and thus value with step-, time-, cost-, and waste-economy.
Here we report a new class of reagents that function like tetramethyleneethane
(TME), allowing for back-to-back [4 + 2] cycloadditions, thereby amplifying
the complexity-increasing benefits of Diels–Alder and metal-catalyzed
cycloadditions. The parent recursive reagent, 2,3-dimethylene-4-trimethylsilylbutan-1-ol
(DMTB), is readily available from the metathesis of ethylene and THP-protected
4-trimethylsilylbutyn-1-ol. DMTB and related reagents engage diverse
dienophiles in an initial Diels–Alder or metal-catalyzed [4
+ 2] cycloaddition, triggering a subsequent vinylogous Peterson elimination
that recursively generates a new diene for a second cycloaddition.
Overall, this multicomponent catalytic cascade produces in one operation
carbo- and heterobicyclic building blocks for the synthesis of a variety
of natural products, therapeutic leads, imaging agents, and materials.
Its application to the three step synthesis of a new solvatochromic
fluorophore, N-ethyl(6-N,N-dimethylaminoanthracene-2,3-dicarboximide) (6-DMA), and
the photophysical characterization of this fluorophore are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Wender
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080, United States
| | - Matthew S Jeffreys
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080, United States
| | - Andrew G Raub
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080, United States
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265
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Drew SL, Lawrence AL, Sherburn MS. Unified total synthesis of the natural products endiandric acid A, kingianic acid E, and kingianins A, D, and F. Chem Sci 2015; 6:3886-3890. [PMID: 29218159 PMCID: PMC5707472 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc00794a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A measure of the strength of a synthetic strategy is its versatility: specifically, whether it allows structurally distinct targets to be prepared. Herein we disclose a unified approach for the total synthesis of natural products of three distinct structural types, all of which occur naturally as racemic mixtures. The point of divergence involves the terminal alkylation of a conjugated tetrayne, and culminates in a significantly shortened synthesis of endiandric acid A (8 steps), the first total synthesis of kingianic acid E (8 steps), and a second-generation synthesis of kingianins A, D, and F (11 steps). Evidence for redox catalysis in the biosynthesis of kingianic acid E is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Drew
- Research School of Chemistry , Australian National University , Canberra , ACT 2601 , Australia .
| | - A L Lawrence
- Research School of Chemistry , Australian National University , Canberra , ACT 2601 , Australia .
| | - M S Sherburn
- Research School of Chemistry , Australian National University , Canberra , ACT 2601 , Australia .
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266
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Murata R, Hirano K, Uchiyama M. Highly Chemoselective and Versatile Method for Direct Conversion of Carboxylic Acids to Ketones Utilizing Zinc Ate Complexes. Chem Asian J 2015; 10:1286-90. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201500308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Murata
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; The University of Tokyo; 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Keiichi Hirano
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; The University of Tokyo; 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
- Advanced Elements Chemistry Research Team; RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, and Elements Chemistry Laboratory; 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Masanobu Uchiyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; The University of Tokyo; 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
- Advanced Elements Chemistry Research Team; RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, and Elements Chemistry Laboratory; 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198 Japan
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267
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A novel multicomponent reaction and its application in sequence-ordered functional polymer synthesis. POLYMER 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2014.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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268
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Recent developments in sulfur- and selenium-catalyzed oxidative and isohypsic functionalization reactions of alkenes. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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269
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Morange M. Synthetic Biology: A Bridge Between Functional and Evolutionary Biology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1162/biot_a_00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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270
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Lacoske M, Theodorakis EA. Spirotetronate polyketides as leads in drug discovery. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2015; 78:562-75. [PMID: 25434976 PMCID: PMC4380204 DOI: 10.1021/np500757w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of chlorothricin (1) defined a new family of microbial metabolites with potent antitumor antibiotic properties collectively referred to as spirotetronate polyketides. These microbial metabolites are structurally distinguished by the presence of a spirotetronate motif embedded within a macrocyclic core. Glycosylation at the periphery of this core contributes to the structural complexity and bioactivity of this motif. The spirotetronate family displays impressive chemical structures, potent bioactivities, and significant pharmacological potential. This review groups the family members based on structural and biosynthetic considerations and summarizes synthetic and biological studies that aim to elucidate their mode of action and explore their pharmacological potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle
H. Lacoske
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California,
San Diego, 9500 Gilman
Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Emmanuel A. Theodorakis
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California,
San Diego, 9500 Gilman
Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
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271
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Weng J, Chen Y, Yue B, Xu M, Jin H. Synthesis of Polysubstituted Pyrroles from Activated Alkynes andN-Propargylamines through Base-Catalyzed Cascade Reaction. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201500166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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272
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Abstract
![]()
In 1996,
a snapshot of the field of synthesis was provided by many
of its thought leaders in a Chemical Reviews thematic
issue on “Frontiers in Organic Synthesis”. This Accounts of Chemical Research thematic issue on “Synthesis,
Design, and Molecular Function” is intended to provide further
perspective now from well into the 21st century. Much has happened
in the past few decades. The targets, methods, strategies, reagents,
procedures, goals, funding, practices, and practitioners of synthesis
have changed, some in dramatic ways as documented in impressive contributions
to this issue. However, a constant for most synthesis studies continues
to be the goal of achieving function with synthetic economy. Whether in the form of new catalysts, reagents, therapeutic leads,
diagnostics, drug delivery systems, imaging agents, sensors, materials,
energy generation and storage systems, bioremediation strategies,
or molecules that challenge old theories or test new ones, the function
of a target has been and continues to be a major and compelling justification
for its synthesis. While the targets of synthesis have historically
been heavily represented by natural products, increasingly design,
often inspired by natural structures, is providing a new source of
target structures exhibiting new or natural functions and new or natural
synthetic challenges. Complementing isolation and screening approaches
to new target identification, design enables one to create targets de novo with an emphasis on sought-after function and synthetic
innovation with step-economy. Design provides choice. It allows one
to determine how close a synthesis will come to the ideal synthesis
and how close a structure will come to the ideal function. In
this Account, we address studies in our laboratory on function-oriented
synthesis (FOS), a strategy to achieve
function by design and with synthetic economy. By starting with function
rather than structure, FOS places an initial emphasis on target design,
thereby harnessing the power of chemists and computers to create new
structures with desired functions that could be prepared in a simple,
safe, economical, and green, if not ideal, fashion. Reported herein
are examples of FOS associated with (a) molecular recognition, leading
to the first designed phorbol-inspired protein kinase C regulatory
ligands, the first designed bryostatin analogs, the newest bryologs,
and a new family of designed kinase inhibitors, (b) target modification,
leading to highly simplified but functionally competent photonucleases—molecules
that cleave DNA upon photoactivation, (c) drug delivery, leading to
cell penetrating molecular transporters, molecules that ferry other
attached or complexed molecules across biological barriers, and (d)
new reactivity-regenerating reagents in the form of functional equivalents
of butatrienes, reagents that allow for back-to-back three-component
cycloaddition reactions, thus achieving structural complexity and
value with step-economy. While retrosynthetic analysis seeks to identify
the best way to make a target, retrofunction analysis seeks to identify
the best targets to make. In essence, form (structure) follows function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A. Wender
- Departments of Chemistry
and Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080, United States
| | - Ryan V. Quiroz
- Departments of Chemistry
and Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080, United States
| | - Matthew C. Stevens
- Departments of Chemistry
and Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080, United States
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273
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Mustard TJL, Wender PA, Cheong PHY. Catalytic Efficiency Is a Function of How Rhodium(I) (5 + 2) Catalysts Accommodate a Conserved Substrate Transition State Geometry: Induced Fit Model for Explaining Transition Metal Catalysis. ACS Catal 2015; 5:1758-1763. [PMID: 26146588 DOI: 10.1021/cs501828e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The origins of differential catalytic reactivities of four Rh(I) catalysts and their derivatives in the (5 + 2) cycloaddition reaction were elucidated using density functional theory. Computed free energy spans are in excellent agreement with known experimental rates. For every catalyst, the substrate geometries in the transition state remained constant (<0.1 Å RMSD for atoms involved in bond-making and -breaking processes). Catalytic efficiency is shown to be a function of how well the catalyst accommodates the substrate transition state geometry and electronics. This shows that the induced fit model for explaining biological catalysis may be relevant to transition metal catalysis. This could serve as a general model for understanding the origins of efficiencies of catalytic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. L. Mustard
- Department
of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-4003, United States
| | - Paul A. Wender
- Departments
of Chemistry and Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080, United States
| | - Paul Ha-Yeon Cheong
- Department
of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-4003, United States
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274
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Sugimoto K, Yamamoto N, Tominaga D, Matsuya Y. Three-Component Domino Process for the Pyrrolizine Skeleton via [3 + 2]-Cycloaddition–Enamine Cyclization Triggered by a Gold Catalyst. Org Lett 2015; 17:1320-3. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b00320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Sugimoto
- Graduate
School of Medicine
and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Nozomi Yamamoto
- Graduate
School of Medicine
and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Daisuke Tominaga
- Graduate
School of Medicine
and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Yuji Matsuya
- Graduate
School of Medicine
and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
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275
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Mi P, Liao P, Tu T, Bi X. Decarbonylative CC Bond-Forming Reactions of Saccharins by Nickel Catalysis: Homocoupling and Cycloaddition. Chemistry 2015; 21:5332-6. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201406227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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276
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277
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278
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Balieu S, Hallett GE, Burns M, Bootwicha T, Studley J, Aggarwal VK. Toward ideality: the synthesis of (+)-kalkitoxin and (+)-hydroxyphthioceranic acid by assembly-line synthesis. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:4398-403. [PMID: 25625684 DOI: 10.1021/ja512875g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The iterative homologation of boronic esters using chiral lithiated benzoate esters and chloromethyllithium has been applied to the highly efficient syntheses of two natural products, (+)-kalkitoxin and (+)-hydroxyphthioceranic acid. The chiral lithiated benzoate esters (>99% ee) were generated from the corresponding stannanes, which themselves were prepared by Hoppe-Beak deprotonation of ethyl 2,4,6-triisopropyl-benzoate with s-BuLi in the presence of (+)- or (-)-sparteine and trapping with Me3SnCl followed by recrystallization. In addition, it was found that purification between several homologations could be avoided, substantially increasing both chemical and manpower efficiency. In the case of (+)-kalkitoxin, six iterative homologations were conducted on commercially available p-MeOC6H4CH2Bpin to build up the core of the molecule before the C-B bond was converted into the desired C-N bond, without purification of intermediates. In the case of (+)-hydroxyphthioceranic acid, 16 iterative homologations were conducted on p-MeOC6H4Bpin with only four intermediate purifications before oxidation of the C-B bond to the desired alcohol. The stereocontrolled and efficient syntheses of these complex molecules highlight the power of iterative chemical synthesis using boronic esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien Balieu
- †School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Gayle E Hallett
- †School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Burns
- †School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Teerawut Bootwicha
- †School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - John Studley
- ‡Vertex Pharmaceuticals Limited, Milton Park, Abingdon OX14 4RW, United Kingdom
| | - Varinder K Aggarwal
- †School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
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279
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Catalytic Asymmetric Addition Reactions of Cu(I)-Conjugated Soft Carbon Nucleophiles. TOP ORGANOMETAL CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/3418_2015_163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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280
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Gu L, Jin C. Copper-catalyzed aerobic oxidative cleavage of C–C bonds in epoxides leading to aryl nitriles and aryl aldehydes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:6572-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc00360a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Novel copper-catalyzed aerobic synthesis of aryl nitriles and aldehydes from epoxides via C–C single bond cleavage has been discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Gu
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources
- State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education
- Yunnan Minzu University
- Kunming
- China
| | - Cheng Jin
- New United Group Company Limited
- Changzhou
- China
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281
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Hong X, Stevens MC, Liu P, Wender PA, Houk KN. Reactivity and chemoselectivity of allenes in Rh(I)-catalyzed intermolecular (5 + 2) cycloadditions with vinylcyclopropanes: allene-mediated rhodacycle formation can poison Rh(I)-catalyzed cycloadditions. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:17273-83. [PMID: 25379606 PMCID: PMC4277756 DOI: 10.1021/ja5098308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Allenes are important 2π building blocks in organic synthesis and engage as 2-carbon components in many metal-catalyzed reactions. Wender and co-workers discovered that methyl substituents on the terminal allene double bond counterintuitively change the reactivities of allenes in [Rh(CO)2Cl]2-catalyzed intermolecular (5 + 2) cycloadditions with vinylcyclopropanes (VCPs). More sterically encumbered allenes afford higher cycloadduct yields, and such effects are also observed in other Rh(I)-catalyzed intermolecular cycloadditions. Through density functional theory calculations (B3LYP and M06) and experiment, we explored this enigmatic reactivity and selectivity of allenes in [Rh(CO)2Cl]2-catalyzed intermolecular (5 + 2) cycloadditions with VCPs. The apparent low reactivity of terminally unsubstituted allenes is associated with a competing allene dimerization that irreversibly sequesters rhodium. With terminally substituted allenes, steric repulsion between the terminal substituents significantly increases the barrier of allene dimerization while the barrier of the (5 + 2) cycloaddition is not affected, and thus the cycloaddition prevails. Computation has also revealed the origin of chemoselectivity in (5 + 2) cycloadditions with allene-ynes. Although simple allene and acetylene have similar reaction barriers, intermolecular (5 + 2) cycloadditions of allene-ynes occur exclusively at the terminal allene double bond. The terminal double bond is more reactive due to the enhanced d-π* backdonation. At the same time, insertion of the internal double bond of an allene-yne has a higher barrier as it would break π conjugation. Substituted alkynes are more difficult to insert compared with acetylene, because of the steric repulsion from the additional substituents. This leads to the greater reactivity of the allene double bond relative to the alkynyl group in allene-ynes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Hong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Matthew C. Stevens
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Paul A. Wender
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - K. N. Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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282
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Larionov E, Lin L, Guénée L, Mazet C. Scope and Mechanism in Palladium-Catalyzed Isomerizations of Highly Substituted Allylic, Homoallylic, and Alkenyl Alcohols. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:16882-94. [DOI: 10.1021/ja508736u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny Larionov
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 quai Ernest Ansermet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Luqing Lin
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 quai Ernest Ansermet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Laure Guénée
- Laboratory
of Crystallography, University of Geneva, 24 quai Ernest Ansermet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Clément Mazet
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 quai Ernest Ansermet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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283
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Liang Y, Hong X, Yu P, Houk KN. Why Alkynyl Substituents Dramatically Accelerate Hexadehydro-Diels–Alder (HDDA) Reactions: Stepwise Mechanisms of HDDA Cycloadditions. Org Lett 2014; 16:5702-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ol502780w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liang
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Xin Hong
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Peiyuan Yu
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - K. N. Houk
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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284
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Wender PA, Axtman AD, Golden JE, Kee JM, Sirois LE, Quiroz RV, Stevens MC. Function through bio-inspired, synthesis-informed design: step-economical syntheses of designed kinase inhibitors†Dedicated to Max Malacria, a friend and scholar whose science and creative contributions to step-economical synthesis have inspired us all and moved the field closer to the ideal.‡Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: Synthetic procedures and spectral data. See DOI: 10.1039/c4qo00228hClick here for additional data file. Org Chem Front 2014; 1:1166-1171. [PMID: 25632347 PMCID: PMC4304288 DOI: 10.1039/c4qo00228h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
We describe here step-economical, function-oriented strategies towards the syntheses of potent kinase inhibitors inspired by the natural product staurosporine.
The human kinome comprises over 500 protein kinases. When mutated or over-expressed, many play critical roles in abnormal cellular functions associated with cancer, cardiovascular disease and neurological disorders. Here we report a step-economical approach to designed kinase inhibitors inspired by the potent, but non-selective, natural product staurosporine, and synthetically enabled by a novel, complexity-increasing, serialized [5 + 2]/[4 + 2] cycloaddition strategy. This function-oriented synthesis approach rapidly affords tunable scaffolds, and produced a low nanomolar inhibitor of protein kinase C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Wender
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Systems Biology , Stanford University , Stanford , CA 94305 , USA .
| | - Alison D Axtman
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Systems Biology , Stanford University , Stanford , CA 94305 , USA .
| | - Jennifer E Golden
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Systems Biology , Stanford University , Stanford , CA 94305 , USA .
| | - Jung-Min Kee
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Systems Biology , Stanford University , Stanford , CA 94305 , USA .
| | - Lauren E Sirois
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Systems Biology , Stanford University , Stanford , CA 94305 , USA .
| | - Ryan V Quiroz
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Systems Biology , Stanford University , Stanford , CA 94305 , USA .
| | - Matthew C Stevens
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Systems Biology , Stanford University , Stanford , CA 94305 , USA .
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285
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Saya L, Fernández I, López F, Mascareñas JL. Nickel-catalyzed intramolecular [3 + 2 + 2] cycloadditions of alkylidenecyclopropanes. A straightforward entry to fused 6,7,5-tricyclic systems. Org Lett 2014; 16:5008-11. [PMID: 25232684 PMCID: PMC4306596 DOI: 10.1021/ol502288x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A highly diastereo- and chemoselective intramolecular nickel-catalyzed cycloaddition of alkene- and alkyne-tethered alkynylidenecyclopropanes is reported. The method constitutes the first fully intramolecular [3 + 2 + 2] alkylidenecyclopropropane cycloaddition occurring via a proximal cleavage of the cyclopropane and makes it possible to build relevant 6,7,5-tricyclic frameworks in a single-pot reaction. Importantly, the reaction outcome is highly dependent on the characteristics of the nickel ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Saya
- Centro
Singular de Investigación en Química Biológica
y Materiales Moleculares (CIQUS) and Departamento de Química
Orgánica, Universidad de Santiago
de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense Madrid, 28040-Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando López
- Centro
Singular de Investigación en Química Biológica
y Materiales Moleculares (CIQUS) and Departamento de Química
Orgánica, Universidad de Santiago
de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Instituto de Química
Orgánica General (CSIC), Juan
de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - José L. Mascareñas
- Centro
Singular de Investigación en Química Biológica
y Materiales Moleculares (CIQUS) and Departamento de Química
Orgánica, Universidad de Santiago
de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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286
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Jürjens G, Kirschning A. Pushing Flow Chemistry to New Limits: Development of a Flow Process towards Spirangien A. ChemCatChem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201402522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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287
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Marek I, Masarwa A, Delaye PO, Leibeling M. Selective Carbon-Carbon Bond Cleavage for the Stereoselective Synthesis of Acyclic Systems. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 54:414-29. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201405067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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288
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Marek I, Masarwa A, Delaye PO, Leibeling M. Selektive C-C-Bindungsspaltung zur stereoselektiven Synthese acyclischer Systeme. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201405067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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289
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Park SS, Gervay-Hague J. Synthesis of partially O-acetylated N-acetylneuraminic acid using regioselective silyl exchange technology. Org Lett 2014; 16:5044-7. [PMID: 25247390 PMCID: PMC4184446 DOI: 10.1021/ol502389g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Postglycosylation acetylation of
sialic acid imparts unique roles
to sialoglycoconjugates in mammalian immune response making structural
and functional understanding of these analogues important. Five partially O-acetylated Neu5Ac analogues have been synthesized. Reaction
of per-O-silylated Neu5Ac ester with AcOH and Ac2O in pyridine promotes regioselective silyl ether/acetate
exchange in the following order: C4 (2°) > C9 (1°) > C8 (2°) > C2 (anomeric).
Subsequent hydrogenolysis affords the corresponding sialic acid analogues
as useful chemical biology tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon S Park
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis , One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
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290
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Wender PA, Staveness D. Improved protein kinase C affinity through final step diversification of a simplified salicylate-derived bryostatin analog scaffold. Org Lett 2014; 16:5140-3. [PMID: 25238640 PMCID: PMC4334251 DOI: 10.1021/ol502492b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Bryostatin
1, in clinical
trials or preclinical development for cancer, Alzheimer’s disease,
and a first-of-its-kind strategy for HIV/AIDS eradication, is neither
readily available nor optimally suited for clinical use. In preceding
work, we disclosed a new class of simplified bryostatin analogs designed
for ease of access and tunable activity. Here we describe a final
step diversification strategy that provides, in only 25 synthetic
steps, simplified and tunable analogs with bryostatin-like PKC modulatory
activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Wender
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
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291
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Wender PA, Nakagawa Y, Near KE, Staveness D. Computer-guided design, synthesis, and protein kinase C affinity of a new salicylate-based class of bryostatin analogs. Org Lett 2014; 16:5136-9. [PMID: 25238583 PMCID: PMC4334246 DOI: 10.1021/ol502491f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Bryostatin 1 is in
clinical trials for the treatment of cancer
and Alzheimer’s disease and is a candidate for a first-in-class
approach to HIV/AIDS eradication. It is neither readily available
nor optimally suited for clinical use. Using a function oriented synthesis
strategy, a new class of bryostatin-inspired analogs was designed
with a simplified salicylate-derived subunit, enabling step-economical
synthesis (23 total steps) of agents exhibiting bryostatin-like affinity
to protein kinase C (PKC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Wender
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
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292
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Gabriele B, Veltri L, Mancuso R, Carfagna C. Cascade Reactions: A Multicomponent Approach to Functionalized Indane Derivatives by a Tandem Palladium- Catalyzed Carbamoylation/Carbocylization Process. Adv Synth Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201301051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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293
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Abstract
Lyconadins A-C are important members of the Lycopodium alkaloid family with challenging structural features and interesting biological profile. Herein, various synthetic strategies and methods for their preparation are summarized with the focus on constructive bond formation and our efficient and divergent synthesis based on functional group pairing (FGP) strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Mingji Dai
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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294
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Shimizu Y, Kanai M. Recent progress in copper-catalyzed difunctionalization of unactivated carboncarbon multiple bonds. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.05.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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295
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Fürstner A. Catalysis for Total Synthesis: A Personal Account. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:8587-98. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201402719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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296
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297
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Moragas T, Correa A, Martin R. Metal-Catalyzed Reductive Coupling Reactions of Organic Halides with Carbonyl-Type Compounds. Chemistry 2014; 20:8242-58. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201402509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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298
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Kedei N, Chen JQ, Herrmann MA, Telek A, Goldsmith PK, Petersen ME, Keck GE, Blumberg PM. Molecular systems pharmacology: isoelectric focusing signature of protein kinase Cδ provides an integrated measure of its modulation in response to ligands. J Med Chem 2014; 57:5356-69. [PMID: 24906106 PMCID: PMC4216220 DOI: 10.1021/jm500417b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Protein
kinase C (PKC), a validated therapeutic target for cancer
chemotherapy, provides a paradigm for assessing structure–activity
relations, where ligand binding has multiple consequences for a target.
For PKC, ligand binding controls not only PKC activation and multiple
phosphorylations but also subcellular localization, affecting subsequent
signaling. Using a capillary isoelectric focusing immunoassay system,
we could visualize a high resolution isoelectric focusing signature
of PKCδ upon stimulation by ligands of the phorbol ester and
bryostatin classes. Derivatives that possessed different physicochemical
characteristics and induced different patterns of biological response
generated different signatures. Consistent with different patterns
of PKCδ localization as one factor linked to these different
signatures, we found different signatures for activated PKCδ
from the nuclear and non-nuclear fractions. We conclude that the capillary
isoelectric focusing immunoassay system may provide a window into
the integrated consequences of ligand binding and thus afford a powerful
platform for compound development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Kedei
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, ‡Collaborative Protein Technology Resource, Laboratory of Cell Biology, and §Office of Science and Technology Partnerships, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
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299
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Mathur D, Rana N, Olsen CE, Parmar VS, Prasad AK. Cu(I)-Catalyzed Efficient Synthesis of 2′-Triazolo-nucleoside Conjugates. J Heterocycl Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.2159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Mathur
- Bioorganic Laboratory, Department of Chemistry; University of Delhi; Delhi 110 007 India
| | - N. Rana
- Bioorganic Laboratory, Department of Chemistry; University of Delhi; Delhi 110 007 India
| | - C. E. Olsen
- Department of Natural Sciences; University of Copenhagen; DK-1871 Frederiksberg C Denmark
| | - V. S. Parmar
- Bioorganic Laboratory, Department of Chemistry; University of Delhi; Delhi 110 007 India
| | - A. K. Prasad
- Bioorganic Laboratory, Department of Chemistry; University of Delhi; Delhi 110 007 India
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300
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Collins KD, Rühling A, Glorius F. Application of a robustness screen for the evaluation of synthetic organic methodology. Nat Protoc 2014; 9:1348-53. [DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2014.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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