251
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HDAC1 and HDAC2 integrate the expression of p53 mutants in pancreatic cancer. Oncogene 2016; 36:1804-1815. [PMID: 27721407 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Mutation of p53 is a frequent genetic lesion in pancreatic cancer being an unmet clinical challenge. Mutants of p53 have lost the tumour-suppressive functions of wild type p53. In addition, p53 mutants exert tumour-promoting functions, qualifying them as important therapeutic targets. Here, we show that the class I histone deacetylases HDAC1 and HDAC2 contribute to maintain the expression of p53 mutants in human and genetically defined murine pancreatic cancer cells. Our data reveal that the inhibition of these HDACs with small molecule HDAC inhibitors (HDACi), as well as the specific genetic elimination of HDAC1 and HDAC2, reduce the expression of mutant p53 mRNA and protein levels. We further show that HDAC1, HDAC2 and MYC directly bind to the TP53 gene and that MYC recruitment drops upon HDAC inhibitor treatment. Therefore, our results illustrate a previously unrecognized class I HDAC-dependent control of the TP53 gene and provide evidence for a contribution of MYC. A combined approach targeting HDAC1/HDAC2 and MYC may present a novel and molecularly defined strategy to target mutant p53 in pancreatic cancer.
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252
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Shetzer Y, Molchadsky A, Rotter V. Oncogenic Mutant p53 Gain of Function Nourishes the Vicious Cycle of Tumor Development and Cancer Stem-Cell Formation. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2016; 6:cshperspect.a026203. [PMID: 27235476 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a026203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
More than half of human tumors harbor an inactivated p53 tumor-suppressor gene. It is well accepted that mutant p53 shows an oncogenic gain-of-function (GOF) activity that facilitates the transformed phenotype of cancer cells. In addition, a growing body of evidence supports the notion that cancer stem cells comprise a seminal constituent in the initiation and progression of cancer development. Here, we elaborate on the mutant p53 oncogenic GOF leading toward the acquisition of a transformed phenotype, as well as placing mutant p53 as a major component in the establishment of cancer stem cell entity. Therefore, therapy targeted toward cancer stem cells harboring mutant p53 is expected to pave the way to eradicate tumor growth and recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoav Shetzer
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Alina Molchadsky
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Varda Rotter
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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253
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Dando I, Cordani M, Donadelli M. Mutant p53 and mTOR/PKM2 regulation in cancer cells. IUBMB Life 2016; 68:722-6. [PMID: 27385486 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mutations of TP53 gene are the most common feature in aggressive malignant cells. In addition to the loss of the tumor suppressive role of wild-type p53, hotspot mutant p53 isoforms display oncogenic proprieties notoriously referred as gain of functions (GOFs) which result in chemoresistance to therapies, genomic instability, aberrant deregulation of cell cycle progression, invasiveness and enhanced metastatic potential, and finally, in patient poor survival rate. The identification of novel functional oncogenic pathways regulated by mutant p53 represent and intriguing topic for emerging therapies against a broad spectrum of cancer types bearing mutant TP53 gene. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), as well as pyruvate kinase isoform M2 (PKM2) are master regulators of cancer growth, metabolism, and cell proliferation. Herein, we report that GOF mutant R175H and R273H p53 proteins trigger PKM2 phosphorylation on Tyr 105 through the involvement of mTOR signaling. Our data, together with the newly discovered connection between mutant p53 and mTOR stimulation, raise important implications for the potential therapeutic use of synthetic drugs inhibiting mTOR/PKM2 axis in cancer cells bearing mutant TP53 gene. We further hypothesize that mTOR/PKM2 pathway stimulation serves to sustain the oncogenic activity of mutant p53 through both the enhancement of chemoresistance and of aerobic glycolysis of cancer cells. © 2016 IUBMB Life, 68(9):722-726, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Dando
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, Biochemistry Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Marco Cordani
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, Biochemistry Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Massimo Donadelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, Biochemistry Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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254
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Corcoran NM, Clarkson MJ, Stuchbery R, Hovens CM. Molecular Pathways: Targeting DNA Repair Pathway Defects Enriched in Metastasis. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:3132-7. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-1050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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255
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256
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Tinhofer I, Budach V, Saki M, Konschak R, Niehr F, Jöhrens K, Weichert W, Linge A, Lohaus F, Krause M, Neumann K, Endris V, Sak A, Stuschke M, Balermpas P, Rödel C, Avlar M, Grosu A, Abdollahi A, Debus J, Belka C, Pigorsch S, Combs S, Mönnich D, Zips D, Baumann M. Targeted next-generation sequencing of locally advanced squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck reveals druggable targets for improving adjuvant chemoradiation. Eur J Cancer 2016; 57:78-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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257
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p53MutaGene: an online tool to estimate the effect of p53 mutational status on gene regulation in cancer. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2148. [PMID: 26986515 PMCID: PMC4823943 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
p53MutaGene is the first online tool for statistical validation of hypotheses regarding the effect of p53 mutational status on gene regulation in cancer. This tool is based on several large-scale clinical gene expression data sets and currently covers breast, colon and lung cancers. The tool detects differential co-expression patterns in expression data between p53 mutated versus p53 normal samples for the user-specified genes. Statistically significant differential co-expression for a gene pair is indicative that regulation of two genes is sensitive to the presence of p53 mutations. p53MutaGene can be used in ‘single mode' where the user can test a specific pair of genes or in ‘discovery mode' designed for analysis of several genes. Using several examples, we demonstrate that p53MutaGene is a useful tool for fast statistical validation in clinical data of p53-dependent gene regulation patterns. The tool is freely available at http://www.bioprofiling.de/tp53
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258
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Miciak J, Bunz F. Long story short: p53 mediates innate immunity. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2016; 1865:220-7. [PMID: 26951863 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The story of p53 and how we came to understand it is punctuated by fundamental insights into the essence of cancer. In the decades since its discovery, p53 has been shown to be centrally involved in most, if not all, of the cellular processes that maintain tissue homeostasis. Extensive functional analyses of p53 and its tumor-associated mutants have illuminated many of the common defects shared by most cancer cells. As the central character in a tale that continues to unfold, p53 has become increasingly familiar and yet remains surprisingly inscrutable. New relationships periodically come to light, and surprising, novel activities continue to emerge, thereby revealing new dimensions and aspects of its function. What lies at the very core of this complex protagonist? What is its prime motivation? As every avid reader knows, the elements of character are profoundly shaped by adversity--originating from within and without. And so it is with p53. This review will briefly recap the coordinated responses of p53 to viral infection, and outline a hypothetical model that would explain how an abundance of seemingly unrelated phenotypic attributes may in the end reflect a singular function. All stories eventually draw to a conclusion. This epic tale may eventually leave us with the realization that p53, most simply described, is a protein that evolved to mediate immune surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Miciak
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, The Kimmel Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
| | - Fred Bunz
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, The Kimmel Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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259
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Abstract
TP53 is one of the most frequently inactivated tumor suppressor genes in human cancer. However, unlike other tumor suppressor genes whose expression is lost, TP53 is usually inactivated as a result of a single nucleotide change within the coding region. Typically, these single nucleotide mutations result in a codon change that creates an amino acid substitution. Thus, unlike other tumor suppressor genes whose expression is lost due to genetic or epigenetic changes, the p53 gene primarily suffers missense mutations, and therefore, the cells retain and express a mutant form of the p53 protein (mtp53). It is now well established that mtp53 contributes to tumor development through its gain-of-function (GOF) activities. These GOF activities can arise from novel protein–protein interactions that can either disable other tumor suppressors (e.g., p63 and p73) or enable oncogenes such as ETS2, an ETS family member. In this review, I will focus on the identification of the mtp53/ETS2 complex and outline the diverse activities that this transcriptional regulatory complex controls to promote cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Alfonso Martinez
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook University , Stony Brook, NY , USA
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260
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Wang S, Liu JC, Kim D, Datti A, Zacksenhaus E. Targeted Pten deletion plus p53-R270H mutation in mouse mammary epithelium induces aggressive claudin-low and basal-like breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2016; 18:9. [PMID: 26781438 PMCID: PMC4717616 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-015-0668-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), an aggressive disease comprising several subtypes including basal-like and claudin-low, involves frequent deletions or point mutations in TP53, as well as loss of PTEN. We previously showed that combined deletion of both tumor suppressors in the mouse mammary epithelium invariably induced claudin-low-like TNBC. The effect of p53 mutation plus Pten deletion on mammary tumorigenesis and whether this combination can induce basal-like TNBC in the mouse are unknown. METHODS WAP-Cre:Pten(f/f):p53(lox.stop.lox_R270H) composite mice were generated in which Pten is deleted and a p53-R270H mutation in the DNA-binding domain is induced upon expression of Cre-recombinase in pregnancy-identified alveolar progenitors. Tumors were characterized by histology, marker analysis, transcriptional profiling [GEO-GSE75989], bioinformatics, high-throughput (HTP) FDA drug screen as well as orthotopic injection to quantify tumor-initiating cells (TICs) and tail vein injection to identify lung metastasis. RESULTS Combined Pten deletion plus induction of p53-R270H mutation accelerated formation of four distinct mammary tumors including poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma (PDA) and spindle/mesenchymal-like lesions. Transplantation assays revealed highest frequency of TICs in PDA and spindle tumors compared with other subtypes. Hierarchical clustering demonstrated that the PDA and spindle tumors grouped closely with human as well as mouse models of basal and claudin-low subtypes, respectively. HTP screens of primary Pten(∆):p53(∆) vs. Pten(∆):p53(R270H) spindle tumor cells with 1120 FDA-approved drugs identified 8-azaguanine as most potent for both tumor types, but found no allele-specific inhibitor. A gene set enrichment analysis revealed increased expression of a metastasis pathway in Pten(∆):p53(R270H) vs. Pten(∆):p53(∆) spindle tumors. Accordingly, following tail vein injection, both Pten(∆):p53(R270H) spindle and PDA tumor cells induced lung metastases and morbidity significantly faster than Pten(∆):p53(∆) double-deletion cells, and this was associated with the ability of Pten(∆):p53(R270H) tumor cells to upregulate E-cadherin expression in lung metastases. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that WAP-Cre:Pten(f/f):p53(lox.stop.lox_R270H) mice represent a tractable model to study basal-like breast cancer because unlike p53 deletion, p53(R270H) mutation in the mouse does not skew tumors toward the claudin-low subtype. The WAP-Cre:Pten(f/f):p53(lox.stop.lox_R270H) mice develop basal-like breast cancer that is enriched in TICs, can readily form lung metastasis, and provides a preclinical model to study both basal-like and claudin-low TNBC in immune-competent mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Wang
- Division of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Research Institute - University Health Network, 67 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M1, Canada. .,Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Jeff C Liu
- Division of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Research Institute - University Health Network, 67 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M1, Canada.
| | - Danbi Kim
- Division of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Research Institute - University Health Network, 67 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M1, Canada.
| | - Alessandro Datti
- SMART Laboratory for High-Throughput Screening Programs, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X5, Canada. .,Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno, 74, 06121, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Eldad Zacksenhaus
- Division of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Research Institute - University Health Network, 67 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M1, Canada. .,Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.
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261
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Walerych D, Lisek K, Del Sal G. Mutant p53: One, No One, and One Hundred Thousand. Front Oncol 2015; 5:289. [PMID: 26734571 PMCID: PMC4685664 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Encoded by the mutated variants of the TP53 tumor suppressor gene, mutant p53 proteins are getting an increased experimental support as active oncoproteins promoting tumor growth and metastasis. p53 missense mutant proteins are losing their wild-type tumor suppressor activity and acquire oncogenic potential, possessing diverse transforming abilities in cell and mouse models. Whether various mutant p53s differ in their oncogenic potential has been a matter of debate. Recent discoveries are starting to uncover the existence of mutant p53 downstream programs that are common to different mutant p53 variants. In this review, we discuss a number of studies on mutant p53, underlining the advantages and disadvantages of alternative experimental approaches that have been used to describe the numerous mutant p53 gain-of-function activities. Therapeutic possibilities are also discussed, taking into account targeting either individual or multiple mutant p53 proteins in human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawid Walerych
- Laboratorio Nazionale CIB, Area Science Park Padriciano , Trieste , Italy
| | - Kamil Lisek
- Laboratorio Nazionale CIB, Area Science Park Padriciano, Trieste, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Giannino Del Sal
- Laboratorio Nazionale CIB, Area Science Park Padriciano, Trieste, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
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262
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Parrales A, Iwakuma T. Targeting Oncogenic Mutant p53 for Cancer Therapy. Front Oncol 2015; 5:288. [PMID: 26732534 PMCID: PMC4685147 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Among genetic alterations in human cancers, mutations in the tumor suppressor p53 gene are the most common, occurring in over 50% of human cancers. The majority of p53 mutations are missense mutations and result in the accumulation of dysfunctional p53 protein in tumors. These mutants frequently have oncogenic gain-of-function activities and exacerbate malignant properties of cancer cells, such as metastasis and drug resistance. Increasing evidence reveals that stabilization of mutant p53 in tumors is crucial for its oncogenic activities, while depletion of mutant p53 attenuates malignant properties of cancer cells. Thus, mutant p53 is an attractive druggable target for cancer therapy. Different approaches have been taken to develop small-molecule compounds that specifically target mutant p53. These include compounds that restore wild-type conformation and transcriptional activity of mutant p53, induce depletion of mutant p53, inhibit downstream pathways of oncogenic mutant p53, and induce synthetic lethality to mutant p53. In this review article, we comprehensively discuss the current strategies targeting oncogenic mutant p53 in cancers, with special focus on compounds that restore wild-type p53 transcriptional activity of mutant p53 and those reducing mutant p53 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Parrales
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center , Kansas City, KS , USA
| | - Tomoo Iwakuma
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center , Kansas City, KS , USA
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263
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Vijayakumaran R, Tan KH, Miranda PJ, Haupt S, Haupt Y. Regulation of Mutant p53 Protein Expression. Front Oncol 2015; 5:284. [PMID: 26734569 PMCID: PMC4681805 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
For several decades, p53 has been detected in cancer biopsies by virtue of its high protein expression level which is considered indicative of mutation. Surprisingly, however, mouse genetic studies revealed that mutant p53 is inherently labile, similar to its wild type (wt) counterpart. Consistently, in response to stress conditions, both wt and mutant p53 accumulate in cells. While wt p53 returns to basal level following recovery from stress, mutant p53 remains stable. In part, this can be explained in mutant p53-expressing cells by the lack of an auto-regulatory loop with Mdm2 and other negative regulators, which are pivotal for wt p53 regulation. Further, additional protective mechanisms are acquired by mutant p53, largely mediated by the co-chaperones and their paralogs, the stress-induced heat shock proteins. Consequently, mutant p53 is accumulated in cancer cells in response to chronic stress and this accumulation is critical for its oncogenic gain of functions (GOF). Building on the extensive knowledge regarding wt p53, the regulation of mutant p53 is unraveling. In this review, we describe the current understanding on the major levels at which mutant p53 is regulated. These include the regulation of p53 protein levels by microRNA and by enzymes controlling p53 proteasomal degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshma Vijayakumaran
- Tumour Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
| | - Kah Hin Tan
- Tumour Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
| | | | - Sue Haupt
- Tumour Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
| | - Ygal Haupt
- Tumour Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology and Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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264
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Sabapathy K. The Contrived Mutant p53 Oncogene - Beyond Loss of Functions. Front Oncol 2015; 5:276. [PMID: 26697411 PMCID: PMC4674554 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in p53 are almost synonymous with cancer – be it susceptibility to the disease or response to treatment – and therefore, are a critical determinant of overall survival. As most of these mutations occur in the DNA-binding domain of p53, many of the clinical correlations with mutant p53 have been initially relegated to the loss of its transcription-dependent activities as a tumor suppressor. However, significant efforts over the last two decades have led to the vast knowledge on the potential functions of the mutated p53 protein, which have been attributed to the physical presence of the mutant protein rather than the loss of its wild-type (WT) functions. Beyond the inhibitory effects of mutant p53 on the remaining WT protein that leads to the dominant-negative effect in the heterozygous state, mutant p53’s presence has also been significantly attributed to novel gain-of-functions that lead to addiction of cancer cells to its presence for survival, as well as for their ability to invade and metastasize, elevating it to a contrived oncogene that drives the cancer cells forward. This review will summarize the functional consequences of the presence of mutant p53 protein on cellular and organismal physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanaga Sabapathy
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research , Singapore ; Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School , Singapore ; Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology , Singapore ; Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore
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265
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Nicolai S, Pieraccioli M, Peschiaroli A, Melino G, Raschellà G. Neuroblastoma: oncogenic mechanisms and therapeutic exploitation of necroptosis. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e2010. [PMID: 26633716 PMCID: PMC4720889 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most common extracranial childhood tumor classified in five stages (1, 2, 3, 4 and 4S), two of which (3 and 4) identify chemotherapy-resistant, highly aggressive disease. High-risk NB frequently displays MYCN amplification, mutations in ALK and ATRX, and genomic rearrangements in TERT genes. These NB subtypes are also characterized by reduced susceptibility to programmed cell death induced by chemotherapeutic drugs. The latter feature is a major cause of failure in the treatment of advanced NB patients. Thus, proper reactivation of apoptosis or of other types of programmed cell death pathways in response to treatment is relevant for the clinical management of aggressive forms of NB. In this short review, we will discuss the most relevant genomic rearrangements that define high-risk NB and the role that destabilization of p53 and p73 can have in NB aggressiveness. In addition, we will propose a strategy to stabilize p53 and p73 by using specific inhibitors of their ubiquitin-dependent degradation. Finally, we will introduce necroptosis as an alternative strategy to kill NB cells and increase tumor immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nicolai
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - M Pieraccioli
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - A Peschiaroli
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology (IBCN), CNR, Via E. Ramarini 32, Rome 00015, Italy
| | - G Melino
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, Rome 00133, Italy.,Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Hodgkin Building, Leicester University, Lancaster Road, PO Box 138, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - G Raschellà
- ENEA Research Center Casaccia, Laboratory of Biosafety and Risk Assessment, Via Anguillarese, 301, Rome 00123, Italy
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266
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Kim MP, Zhang Y, Lozano G. Mutant p53: Multiple Mechanisms Define Biologic Activity in Cancer. Front Oncol 2015; 5:249. [PMID: 26618142 PMCID: PMC4641161 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The functional importance of p53 as a tumor suppressor gene is evident through its pervasiveness in cancer biology. The p53 gene is the most commonly altered gene in human cancer; however, not all genetic alterations are biologically equivalent. The majority of alterations involve p53 missense mutations that result in the production of mutant p53 proteins. Such mutant p53 proteins lack normal p53 function and may concomitantly gain novel functions, often with deleterious effects. Here, we review characterized mechanisms of mutant p53 gain of function in various model systems. In addition, we review mutant p53 addiction as emerging evidence suggests that tumors may depend on sustained mutant p53 activity for continued growth. We also discuss the role of p53 in stromal elements and their contribution to tumor initiation and progression. Lastly, current genetic mouse models of mutant p53 in various organ systems are reviewed and their limitations discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Paul Kim
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX , USA ; Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX , USA
| | - Yun Zhang
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX , USA
| | - Guillermina Lozano
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX , USA
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267
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Alexandrova EM, Yallowitz AR, Li D, Xu S, Schulz R, Proia DA, Lozano G, Dobbelstein M, Moll UM. Corrigendum: Improving survival by exploiting tumour dependence on stabilized mutant p53 for treatment. Nature 2015; 527:398. [PMID: 26416737 DOI: 10.1038/nature15720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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268
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Zhu J, Sammons MA, Donahue G, Dou Z, Vedadi M, Getlik M, Barsyte-Lovejoy D, Al-Awar R, Katona BW, Shilatifard A, Huang J, Hua X, Arrowsmith CH, Berger SL. Gain-of-function p53 mutants co-opt chromatin pathways to drive cancer growth. Nature 2015; 525:206-11. [PMID: 26331536 PMCID: PMC4568559 DOI: 10.1038/nature15251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
TP53 (which encodes p53 protein) is the most frequently mutated gene among all human cancers. Prevalent p53 missense mutations abrogate its tumour suppressive function and lead to a 'gain-of-function' (GOF) that promotes cancer. Here we show that p53 GOF mutants bind to and upregulate chromatin regulatory genes, including the methyltransferases MLL1 (also known as KMT2A), MLL2 (also known as KMT2D), and acetyltransferase MOZ (also known as KAT6A or MYST3), resulting in genome-wide increases of histone methylation and acetylation. Analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas shows specific upregulation of MLL1, MLL2, and MOZ in p53 GOF patient-derived tumours, but not in wild-type p53 or p53 null tumours. Cancer cell proliferation is markedly lowered by genetic knockdown of MLL1 or by pharmacological inhibition of the MLL1 methyltransferase complex. Our study reveals a novel chromatin mechanism underlying the progression of tumours with GOF p53, and suggests new possibilities for designing combinatorial chromatin-based therapies for treating individual cancers driven by prevalent GOF p53 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Zhu
- Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania
- Epigenetics Program, University of Pennsylvania
- Biomedical Graduate Studies, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Morgan A. Sammons
- Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania
- Epigenetics Program, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Greg Donahue
- Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania
- Epigenetics Program, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Zhixun Dou
- Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania
- Epigenetics Program, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Masoud Vedadi
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Matthaeus Getlik
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 0A3, Canada
| | | | - Rima Al-Awar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Bryson W. Katona
- Abramson Family Cancer Institute, Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania
| | | | - Jing Huang
- Cancer and Stem Cell Epigenetics, Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Xianxin Hua
- Abramson Family Cancer Institute, Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Cheryl H. Arrowsmith
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, and Department of Medical Biophysics University of Toronto
| | - Shelley L. Berger
- Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania
- Epigenetics Program, University of Pennsylvania
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Prives
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Scott W Lowe
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
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Yallowitz AR, Hanel W, Moll UM. Expansion of the hematopoietic stem cell compartment is necessary but not sufficient for gain-of-function mutant p53 R248Q to accelerate lymphomagenesis. Cell Death Differ 2015; 22:1397. [PMID: 26045050 PMCID: PMC4495365 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2015.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A R Yallowitz
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - W Hanel
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - U M Moll
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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