251
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Speleman F, Park JR, Henderson TO. Neuroblastoma: A Tough Nut to Crack. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2017; 35:e548-57. [PMID: 27249766 DOI: 10.1200/edbk_159169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma, an embryonal tumor arising from neural crest-derived progenitor cells, is the most common solid tumor in childhood, with more than 700 cases diagnosed per year in the United States. In the past several decades, significant advances have been made in the treatment of neuroblastoma. Treatment advances reflect improved understanding of the biology of neuroblastoma. Although amplification of MYCN was discovered in the early 1980s, our understanding of neuroblastoma oncogenesis has advanced in the last decade as a result of high-throughput genomic analysis, exome and whole-genome sequencing, genome-wide association studies, and synthetic lethal drug screens. Our refined understanding of neuroblastoma biology and genetics is reflected in improved prognostic stratification and appropriate tailoring of therapy in recent clinical trials. Moreover, for high-risk neuroblastoma, a disease that was uniformly fatal 3 decades ago, recent clinical trials incorporating autologous hematopoietic transplant and immunotherapy utilizing anti-GD2 antibody plus cytokines have shown improved event-free and overall survival. These advances have resulted in a growing population of long-term survivors of neuroblastoma. Examination of the late effects and second malignant neoplasms (SMNs) in both older generations of survivors and more recently treated survivors will inform both design of future trials and surveillance guidelines for long-term follow-up. As a consequence of advances in understanding of the biology of neuroblastoma, successful clinical trials, and refined understanding of the late effects and SMNs of survivors, the promise of precision medicine is becoming a reality for patients with neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Speleman
- From the Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium; Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA; University of Chicago Comer Children's Hospital, Chicago, IL
| | - Julie R Park
- From the Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium; Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA; University of Chicago Comer Children's Hospital, Chicago, IL
| | - Tara O Henderson
- From the Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium; Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA; University of Chicago Comer Children's Hospital, Chicago, IL
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252
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Salazar BM, Balczewski EA, Ung CY, Zhu S. Neuroblastoma, a Paradigm for Big Data Science in Pediatric Oncology. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 18:E37. [PMID: 28035989 PMCID: PMC5297672 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediatric cancers rarely exhibit recurrent mutational events when compared to most adult cancers. This poses a challenge in understanding how cancers initiate, progress, and metastasize in early childhood. Also, due to limited detected driver mutations, it is difficult to benchmark key genes for drug development. In this review, we use neuroblastoma, a pediatric solid tumor of neural crest origin, as a paradigm for exploring "big data" applications in pediatric oncology. Computational strategies derived from big data science-network- and machine learning-based modeling and drug repositioning-hold the promise of shedding new light on the molecular mechanisms driving neuroblastoma pathogenesis and identifying potential therapeutics to combat this devastating disease. These strategies integrate robust data input, from genomic and transcriptomic studies, clinical data, and in vivo and in vitro experimental models specific to neuroblastoma and other types of cancers that closely mimic its biological characteristics. We discuss contexts in which "big data" and computational approaches, especially network-based modeling, may advance neuroblastoma research, describe currently available data and resources, and propose future models of strategic data collection and analyses for neuroblastoma and other related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany M Salazar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55902, USA.
| | - Emily A Balczewski
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Choong Yong Ung
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Shizhen Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55902, USA.
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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253
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Kawashima M, Kojima M, Ueda Y, Kurihara S, Hiyama E. Telomere biology including TERT rearrangements in neuroblastoma: a useful indicator for surgical treatments. J Pediatr Surg 2016; 51:2080-2085. [PMID: 27793328 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2016.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Our telomere biology study of neuroblastomas (NBLs) has revealed that unfavorable NBLs acquired telomere stabilization by telomerase activation or ALT (alternative lengthening of telomeres). Recently, genomic rearrangements in a region proximal to the telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) gene have been discovered in NBLs. In this study, TERT rearrangements were examined in NBLs along with their relationship to other aspects of telomere biology. METHODS In 121 NBLs, including 67 cases detected by mass-screening whose telomere length, telomerase activity, ALT with ATRX/DAXX alterations, and MYCN amplification were already known, TERT rearrangements were examined using GeneChip SNP arrays. RESULTS The 11 ATRX/DAXX mutated ALT cases and 29 cases with high telomerase activity showed poor prognosis. MYCN amplification and TERT rearrangements were independently detected in 16 and 13 cases, respectively, and these alterations were significantly correlated with high telomerase activity. In 81 infant cases, MYCN amplification, TERT rearrangements and ATRX mutations were detected in 3, 4, and 3 cases, respectively. Among them, 6 cases showed progression or recurrences. CONCLUSIONS Telomere stabilization in NBLs is acquired by telomerase activation through MYCN amplification, TERT rearrangements or by ALT. Since these tumors usually show progression and recurrence, complete resection should be considered, even in infant cases. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Prognosis study, level III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masumi Kawashima
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan; Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Masato Kojima
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan; Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuka Ueda
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan; Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Sho Kurihara
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan; Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Eiso Hiyama
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan; Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan; Natural Science Center for Basic Research and Development (N-BARD), Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
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254
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Charlet J, Tomari A, Dallosso AR, Szemes M, Kaselova M, Curry TJ, Almutairi B, Etchevers HC, McConville C, Malik KTA, Brown KW. Genome-wide DNA methylation analysis identifies MEGF10 as a novel epigenetically repressed candidate tumor suppressor gene in neuroblastoma. Mol Carcinog 2016; 56:1290-1301. [PMID: 27862318 PMCID: PMC5396313 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is a childhood cancer in which many children still have poor outcomes, emphasising the need to better understand its pathogenesis. Despite recent genome‐wide mutation analyses, many primary neuroblastomas do not contain recognizable driver mutations, implicating alternate molecular pathologies such as epigenetic alterations. To discover genes that become epigenetically deregulated during neuroblastoma tumorigenesis, we took the novel approach of comparing neuroblastomas to neural crest precursor cells, using genome‐wide DNA methylation analysis. We identified 93 genes that were significantly differentially methylated of which 26 (28%) were hypermethylated and 67 (72%) were hypomethylated. Concentrating on hypermethylated genes to identify candidate tumor suppressor loci, we found the cell engulfment and adhesion factor gene MEGF10 to be epigenetically repressed by DNA hypermethylation or by H3K27/K9 methylation in neuroblastoma cell lines. MEGF10 showed significantly down‐regulated expression in neuroblastoma tumor samples; furthermore patients with the lowest‐expressing tumors had reduced relapse‐free survival. Our functional studies showed that knock‐down of MEGF10 expression in neuroblastoma cell lines promoted cell growth, consistent with MEGF10 acting as a clinically relevant, epigenetically deregulated neuroblastoma tumor suppressor gene. © 2016 The Authors. Molecular Carcinogenesis Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Charlet
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Ayumi Tomari
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Anthony R Dallosso
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Marianna Szemes
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Martina Kaselova
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Thomas J Curry
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Bader Almutairi
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Heather C Etchevers
- Faculté de Médecine, Aix-Marseille University, GMGF, UMR_S910, Marseille, France.,Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U910, Marseille, France
| | - Carmel McConville
- Institute of Cancer & Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Karim T A Malik
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Keith W Brown
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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255
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Heidenreich B, Kumar R. TERT promoter mutations in telomere biology. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2016; 771:15-31. [PMID: 28342451 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Telomere repeats at chromosomal ends, critical to genome integrity, are maintained through an elaborate network of proteins and pathways. Shelterin complex proteins shield telomeres from induction of DNA damage response to overcome end protection problem. A specialized ribonucleic protein, telomerase, maintains telomere homeostasis through repeat addition to counter intrinsic shortcomings of DNA replication that leads to gradual sequence shortening in successive mitoses. The biogenesis and recruitment of telomerase composed of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) subunit and an RNA component, takes place through the intricate machinery that involves an elaborate number of molecules. The synthesis of telomeres remains a controlled and limited process. Inherited mutations in the molecules involved in the process directly or indirectly cause telomeropathies. Telomerase, while present in stem cells, is deactivated due to epigenetic silencing of the rate-limiting TERT upon differentiation in most of somatic cells with a few exceptions. However, in most of the cancer cells telomerase reactivation remains a ubiquitous process and constitutes one of the major hallmarks. Discovery of mutations within the core promoter of the TERT gene that create de novo binding sites for E-twenty-six (ETS) transcription factors provided a mechanism for cancer-specific telomerase reactivation. The TERT promoter mutations occur mainly in tumors from tissues with low rates of self-renewal. In melanoma, glioma, hepatocellular carcinoma, urothelial carcinoma and others, the promoter mutations have been shown to define subsets of patients with adverse disease outcomes, associate with increased transcription of TERT, telomerase reactivation and affect telomere length; in stem cells the mutations inhibit TERT silencing following differentiation into adult cells. The TERT promoter mutations cause an epigenetic switch on the mutant allele along with recruitment of pol II following the binding of GABPA/B1 complex that leads to mono-allelic expression. Thus, the TERT promoter mutations hold potential as biomarkers as well as future therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology; German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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256
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Pan-cancer analysis of somatic copy-number alterations implicates IRS4 and IGF2 in enhancer hijacking. Nat Genet 2016; 49:65-74. [PMID: 27869826 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Extensive prior research focused on somatic copy-number alterations (SCNAs) affecting cancer genes, yet the extent to which recurrent SCNAs exert their influence through rearrangement of cis-regulatory elements (CREs) remains unclear. Here we present a framework for inferring cancer-related gene overexpression resulting from CRE reorganization (e.g., enhancer hijacking) by integrating SCNAs, gene expression data and information on topologically associating domains (TADs). Analysis of 7,416 cancer genomes uncovered several pan-cancer candidate genes, including IRS4, SMARCA1 and TERT. We demonstrate that IRS4 overexpression in lung cancer is associated with recurrent deletions in cis, and we present evidence supporting a tumor-promoting role. We additionally pursued cancer-type-specific analyses and uncovered IGF2 as a target for enhancer hijacking in colorectal cancer. Recurrent tandem duplications intersecting with a TAD boundary mediate de novo formation of a 3D contact domain comprising IGF2 and a lineage-specific super-enhancer, resulting in high-level gene activation. Our framework enables systematic inference of CRE rearrangements mediating dysregulation in cancer.
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257
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Abstract
Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid tumour occurring in childhood and has a diverse clinical presentation and course depending on the tumour biology. Unique features of these neuroendocrine tumours are the early age of onset, the high frequency of metastatic disease at diagnosis and the tendency for spontaneous regression of tumours in infancy. The most malignant tumours have amplification of the MYCN oncogene (encoding a transcription factor), which is usually associated with poor survival, even in localized disease. Although transgenic mouse models have shown that MYCN overexpression can be a tumour-initiating factor, many other cooperating genes and tumour suppressor genes are still under investigation and might also have a role in tumour development. Segmental chromosome alterations are frequent in neuroblastoma and are associated with worse outcome. The rare familial neuroblastomas are usually associated with germline mutations in ALK, which is mutated in 10-15% of primary tumours, and provides a potential therapeutic target. Risk-stratified therapy has facilitated the reduction of therapy for children with low-risk and intermediate-risk disease. Advances in therapy for patients with high-risk disease include intensive induction chemotherapy and myeloablative chemotherapy, followed by the treatment of minimal residual disease using differentiation therapy and immunotherapy; these have improved 5-year overall survival to 50%. Currently, new approaches targeting the noradrenaline transporter, genetic pathways and the tumour microenvironment hold promise for further improvements in survival and long-term quality of life.
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258
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Hart LS, Rader J, Raman P, Batra V, Russell MR, Tsang M, Gagliardi M, Chen L, Martinez D, Li Y, Wood A, Kim S, Parasuraman S, Delach S, Cole KA, Krupa S, Boehm M, Peters M, Caponigro G, Maris JM. Preclinical Therapeutic Synergy of MEK1/2 and CDK4/6 Inhibition in Neuroblastoma. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 23:1785-1796. [PMID: 27729458 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-1131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Neuroblastoma is treated with aggressive multimodal therapy, yet more than 50% of patients experience relapse. We recently showed that relapsed neuroblastomas frequently harbor mutations leading to hyperactivated ERK signaling and sensitivity to MEK inhibition therapy. Here we sought to define a synergistic therapeutic partner to potentiate MEK inhibition.Experimental Design: We first surveyed 22 genetically annotated human neuroblastoma-derived cell lines (from 20 unique patients) for sensitivity to the MEK inhibitor binimetinib. After noting an inverse correlation with sensitivity to ribociclib (CDK4/6 inhibitor), we studied the combinatorial effect of these two agents using proliferation assays, cell-cycle analysis, Ki67 immunostaining, time-lapse microscopy, and xenograft studies.Results: Sensitivity to binimetinib and ribociclib was inversely related (r = -0.58, P = 0.009). MYCN amplification status and expression were associated with ribociclib sensitivity and binimetinib resistance, whereas increased MAPK signaling was the main determinant of binimetinib sensitivity and ribociclib resistance. Treatment with both compounds resulted in synergistic or additive cellular growth inhibition in all lines tested and significant inhibition of tumor growth in three of four xenograft models of neuroblastoma. The augmented growth inhibition was attributed to diminished cell-cycle progression that was reversible upon removal of drugs.Conclusions: Here we demonstrate that combined binimetinib and ribociclib treatment shows therapeutic synergy across a broad panel of high-risk neuroblastoma preclinical models. These data support testing this combination therapy in relapsed high-risk neuroblastoma patients, with focus on cases with hyperactivated RAS-MAPK signaling. Clin Cancer Res; 23(7); 1785-96. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori S Hart
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - JulieAnn Rader
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Pichai Raman
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Vandana Batra
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mike R Russell
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Matthew Tsang
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Maria Gagliardi
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Lucy Chen
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Daniel Martinez
- Division of Pathology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Yimei Li
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrew Wood
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sunkyu Kim
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Sudha Parasuraman
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Scott Delach
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Kristina A Cole
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Shiva Krupa
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - John M Maris
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. .,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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259
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Chromatin structure-based prediction of recurrent noncoding mutations in cancer. Nat Genet 2016; 48:1321-1326. [PMID: 27723759 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recurrence is a hallmark of cancer-driving mutations. Recurrent mutations can arise at the same site or affect the same gene at different sites. Here we identified a set of mutations arising in individual samples and altering different cis-regulatory elements that converge on a common gene via chromatin interactions. The mutations and genes identified in this fashion showed strong relevance to cancer, in contrast to noncoding mutations with site-specific recurrence only. We developed a prediction method that identifies potentially recurrent mutations on the basis of the features shared by mutations whose recurrence is observed in a given cohort. Our method was capable of accurately predicting recurrent mutations at the level of target genes but not mutations recurring at the same site. We experimentally validated predicted mutations in distal regulatory regions of the TERT gene. In conclusion, we propose a novel approach to discovering potential cancer-driving mutations in noncoding regions.
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260
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Gunkel M, Chung I, Wörz S, Deeg KI, Simon R, Sauter G, Jones DTW, Korshunov A, Rohr K, Erfle H, Rippe K. Quantification of telomere features in tumor tissue sections by an automated 3D imaging-based workflow. Methods 2016; 114:60-73. [PMID: 27725304 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2016.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The microscopic analysis of telomere features provides a wealth of information on the mechanism by which tumor cells maintain their unlimited proliferative potential. Accordingly, the analysis of telomeres in tissue sections of patient tumor samples can be exploited to obtain diagnostic information and to define tumor subgroups. In many instances, however, analysis of the image data is conducted by manual inspection of 2D images at relatively low resolution for only a small part of the sample. As the telomere feature signal distribution is frequently heterogeneous, this approach is prone to a biased selection of the information present in the image and lacks subcellular details. Here we address these issues by using an automated high-resolution imaging and analysis workflow that quantifies individual telomere features on tissue sections for a large number of cells. The approach is particularly suited to assess telomere heterogeneity and low abundant cellular subpopulations with distinct telomere characteristics in a reproducible manner. It comprises the integration of multi-color fluorescence in situ hybridization, immunofluorescence and DNA staining with targeted automated 3D fluorescence microscopy and image analysis. We apply our method to telomeres in glioblastoma and prostate cancer samples, and describe how the imaging data can be used to derive statistically reliable information on telomere length distribution or colocalization with PML nuclear bodies. We anticipate that relating this approach to clinical outcome data will prove to be valuable for pretherapeutic patient stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Gunkel
- VIROQUANT CellNetworks RNAi Screening Facility and Research Group High-Content Analysis of the Cell (HiCell), Bioquant Center, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Inn Chung
- Research Group Genome Organization & Function, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Bioquant Center, Germany.
| | - Stefan Wörz
- Department of Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Biomedical Computer Vision Group, Bioquant Center and IPMB, University of Heidelberg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Germany
| | - Katharina I Deeg
- Research Group Genome Organization & Function, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Bioquant Center, Germany
| | - Ronald Simon
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Guido Sauter
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - David T W Jones
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Germany
| | - Andrey Korshunov
- Department of Neuropathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany
| | - Karl Rohr
- Department of Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Biomedical Computer Vision Group, Bioquant Center and IPMB, University of Heidelberg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Germany.
| | - Holger Erfle
- VIROQUANT CellNetworks RNAi Screening Facility and Research Group High-Content Analysis of the Cell (HiCell), Bioquant Center, University of Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Karsten Rippe
- Research Group Genome Organization & Function, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Bioquant Center, Germany.
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261
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Decock A, Ongenaert M, De Wilde B, Brichard B, Noguera R, Speleman F, Vandesompele J. Stage 4S neuroblastoma tumors show a characteristic DNA methylation portrait. Epigenetics 2016; 11:761-771. [PMID: 27599161 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2016.1226739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Stage 4S neuroblastoma (NB) is a special type of NB found in infants with metastases at diagnosis and is associated with an excellent outcome due to its remarkable capacity to undergo spontaneous regression. As genomics have not been able to explain this intriguing clinical presentation, we here aimed at profiling the DNA methylome of stage 4S NB to better understand this phenomenon. To this purpose, differential methylation analyses between International Neuroblastoma Staging System (INSS) stage 4S, stage 4 and stage 1/2 were performed, using methyl-CpG-binding domain (MBD) sequencing data of 14 stage 4S, 14 stage 4, and 13 stage 1/2 primary NB tumors (all MYCN non-amplified in order not to confound results). Stage 4S-specific hyper- and hypomethylated promoters were determined and further characterized for genomic localization and function by cytogenetic band enrichment, gene set enrichment, transcription factor target enrichment and differential RNA expression analyses. We show that specific chromosomal locations are enriched for stage 4S differentially methylated promoters and that stage 4S tumors show characteristic hypermethylation of specific subtelomeric promoters. Furthermore, genes involved in important oncogenic pathways, in neural crest development and differentiation, and in epigenetic processes are differentially methylated and expressed in stage 4S tumors. Based on these findings, we describe new biological mechanisms possibly contributing to the stage 4S-specific tumor biology and spontaneous regression. In conclusion, this study is the first to describe the highly characteristic stage 4S DNA methylome. These findings will open new avenues to further unravel the NB pathology in general and stage 4S disease specifically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneleen Decock
- a Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium.,b Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG) , Ghent , Belgium
| | - Maté Ongenaert
- a Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium
| | - Bram De Wilde
- a Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium.,b Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG) , Ghent , Belgium.,c Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology , Ghent University Hospital , Ghent , Belgium
| | - Bénédicte Brichard
- d Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain , Brussels , Belgium
| | - Rosa Noguera
- e Department of Pathology , Medical School, University of Valencia, and Health Research Institute INCLIVA , Valencia , Spain
| | - Frank Speleman
- a Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium.,b Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG) , Ghent , Belgium
| | - Jo Vandesompele
- a Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium.,b Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG) , Ghent , Belgium.,f Bioinformatics Institute Ghent - From Nucleotides to Networks (BIG N2N) , Ghent , Belgium
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262
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Chicard M, Boyault S, Colmet Daage L, Richer W, Gentien D, Pierron G, Lapouble E, Bellini A, Clement N, Iacono I, Bréjon S, Carrere M, Reyes C, Hocking T, Bernard V, Peuchmaur M, Corradini N, Faure-Conter C, Coze C, Plantaz D, Defachelles AS, Thebaud E, Gambart M, Millot F, Valteau-Couanet D, Michon J, Puisieux A, Delattre O, Combaret V, Schleiermacher G. Genomic Copy Number Profiling Using Circulating Free Tumor DNA Highlights Heterogeneity in Neuroblastoma. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:5564-5573. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-0500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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263
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Walsh KM, Whitehead TP, de Smith AJ, Smirnov IV, Park M, Endicott AA, Francis SS, Codd V, Samani NJ, Metayer C, Wiemels JL. Common genetic variants associated with telomere length confer risk for neuroblastoma and other childhood cancers. Carcinogenesis 2016; 37:576-582. [PMID: 27207662 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgw037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant telomere lengthening is an important feature of cancer cells in adults and children. In addition to somatic mutations, germline polymorphisms in telomere maintenance genes impact telomere length. Whether these telomere-associated polymorphisms affect risk of childhood malignancies remains largely unexplored. We collected genome-wide data from three groups with pediatric malignancies [neuroblastoma (N = 1516), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) (N = 958) and osteosarcoma (N = 660)] and three control populations (N = 6892). Using case-control comparisons, we analyzed eight single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes definitively associated with interindividual variation in leukocyte telomere length (LTL) in prior genome-wide association studies: ACYP2, TERC, NAF1, TERT, OBFC1, CTC1, ZNF208 and RTEL1 Six of these SNPs were associated (P < 0.05) with neuroblastoma risk, one with leukemia risk and one with osteosarcoma risk. The allele associated with longer LTL increased cancer risk for all these significantly associated SNPs. Using a weighted linear combination of the eight LTL-associated SNPs, we observed that neuroblastoma patients were predisposed to longer LTL than controls, with each standard deviation increase in genotypically estimated LTL associated with a 1.15-fold increased odds of neuroblastoma (95%CI = 1.09-1.22; P = 7.9×10(-7)). This effect was more pronounced in adolescent-onset neuroblastoma patients (OR = 1.46; 95%CI = 1.03-2.08). A one standard deviation increase in genotypically estimated LTL was more weakly associated with osteosarcoma risk (OR = 1.10; 95%CI = 1.01-1.19; P = 0.017) and leukemia risk (OR = 1.07; 95%CI = 1.00-1.14; P = 0.044), specifically for leukemia patients who relapsed (OR = 1.19; 95%CI = 1.01-1.40; P = 0.043). These results indicate that genetic predisposition to longer LTL is a newly identified risk factor for neuroblastoma and potentially for other cancers of childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle M Walsh
- Division of Neuroepidemiology, Department of Neurological Surgery.,Program in Pediatric Malignancies, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Todd P Whitehead
- School of Public Health , University of California , Berkeley , CA 94720 , USA
| | - Adam J de Smith
- Program in Pediatric Malignancies, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
| | - Ivan V Smirnov
- Department of Neurological Surgery , University of California , San Francisco , CA 94143 , USA
| | - Minsun Park
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
| | - Alyson A Endicott
- Program in Pediatric Malignancies , Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center , University of California , San Francisco , CA 94143 , USA
| | - Stephen S Francis
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Veryan Codd
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK and.,National Institute for Health Research Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK
| | | | - Nilesh J Samani
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK and.,National Institute for Health Research Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK
| | - Catherine Metayer
- School of Public Health , University of California , Berkeley , CA 94720 , USA
| | - Joseph L Wiemels
- Program in Pediatric Malignancies, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
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264
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Bell RJA, Rube HT, Xavier-Magalhães A, Costa BM, Mancini A, Song JS, Costello JF. Understanding TERT Promoter Mutations: A Common Path to Immortality. Mol Cancer Res 2016; 14:315-23. [PMID: 26941407 PMCID: PMC4852159 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-16-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Telomerase (TERT) activation is a fundamental step in tumorigenesis. By maintaining telomere length, telomerase relieves a main barrier on cellular lifespan, enabling limitless proliferation driven by oncogenes. The recently discovered, highly recurrent mutations in the promoter of TERT are found in over 50 cancer types, and are the most common mutation in many cancers. Transcriptional activation of TERT, via promoter mutation or other mechanisms, is the rate-limiting step in production of active telomerase. Although TERT is expressed in stem cells, it is naturally silenced upon differentiation. Thus, the presence of TERT promoter mutations may shed light on whether a particular tumor arose from a stem cell or more differentiated cell type. It is becoming clear that TERT mutations occur early during cellular transformation, and activate the TERT promoter by recruiting transcription factors that do not normally regulate TERT gene expression. This review highlights the fundamental and widespread role of TERT promoter mutations in tumorigenesis, including recent progress on their mechanism of transcriptional activation. These somatic promoter mutations, along with germline variation in the TERT locus also appear to have significant value as biomarkers of patient outcome. Understanding the precise molecular mechanism of TERT activation by promoter mutation and germline variation may inspire novel cancer cell-specific targeted therapies for a large number of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J A Bell
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - H Tomas Rube
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Ana Xavier-Magalhães
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California. Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal. ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Braga, Portugal
| | - Bruno M Costa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal. ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Braga, Portugal
| | - Andrew Mancini
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Jun S Song
- Departments of Bioengineering and Physics, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois
| | - Joseph F Costello
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California.
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265
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Abstract
The interpretation of noncoding alterations in cancer genomes presents an unresolved problem in cancer studies. While the impact of somatic variations in protein-coding regions is widely accepted, noncoding aberrations are mostly considered as passenger events. However, with the advance of genome-wide profiling strategies, alterations outside the coding context entered the focus, and multiple examples highlight the role of gene deregulation as cancer-driving events. This review describes the implication of noncoding alterations in oncogenesis and provides a theoretical framework for the identification of causal somatic variants using quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis. Assuming that functional noncoding alterations affect quantifiable regulatory processes, somatic QTL studies constitute a valuable strategy to pinpoint cancer gene deregulation. Eventually, the comprehensive identification and interpretation of coding and noncoding alterations will guide our future understanding of cancer biology.
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266
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Decock A, Ongenaert M, Van Criekinge W, Speleman F, Vandesompele J. DNA methylation profiling of primary neuroblastoma tumors using methyl-CpG-binding domain sequencing. Sci Data 2016; 3:160004. [PMID: 26836295 PMCID: PMC4736656 DOI: 10.1038/sdata.2016.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Comprehensive genome-wide DNA methylation studies in neuroblastoma (NB), a childhood tumor that originates from precursor cells of the sympathetic nervous system, are scarce. Recently, we profiled the DNA methylome of 102 well-annotated primary NB tumors by methyl-CpG-binding domain (MBD) sequencing, in order to identify prognostic biomarker candidates. In this data descriptor, we give details on how this data set was generated and which bioinformatics analyses were applied during data processing. Through a series of technical validations, we illustrate that the data are of high quality and that the sequenced fragments represent methylated genomic regions. Furthermore, genes previously described to be methylated in NB are confirmed. As such, these MBD sequencing data are a valuable resource to further study the association of NB risk factors with the NB methylome, and offer the opportunity to integrate methylome data with other -omic data sets on the same tumor samples such as gene copy number and gene expression, also publically available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneleen Decock
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, Ghent 9000, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), De Pintelaan 185, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Maté Ongenaert
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Wim Van Criekinge
- Department of Mathematical Modelling, Statistics and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent 9000, Belgium.,MDxHealth, 15279 Alton Parkway, Suite 100, Irvine, California 92618, USA.,NXTGNT, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Frank Speleman
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, Ghent 9000, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), De Pintelaan 185, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Jo Vandesompele
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, Ghent 9000, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), De Pintelaan 185, Ghent 9000, Belgium.,Bioinformatics Institute Ghent From Nucleotides to Networks (BIG N2N), De Pintelaan 185, Ghent 9000, Belgium
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267
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Hertwig F, Peifer M, Fischer M. Telomere maintenance is pivotal for high-risk neuroblastoma. Cell Cycle 2015; 15:311-2. [PMID: 26653081 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1125243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Falk Hertwig
- a Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology , University Children's Hospital of Cologne, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne , Cologne , Germany.,b Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne , Cologne , Germany
| | - Martin Peifer
- b Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne , Cologne , Germany.,c Department of Translational Genomics , Center of Integrated Oncology Cologne-Bonn, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne , Cologne , Germany
| | - Matthias Fischer
- a Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology , University Children's Hospital of Cologne, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne , Cologne , Germany.,b Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne , Cologne , Germany.,d Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research , Cologne , Germany
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