251
|
Current understanding of Th2 cell differentiation and function. Protein Cell 2011; 2:604-11. [PMID: 21904976 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-011-1083-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Helper T cell (Th) has been identified as a critical immune cell for regulating immune response since 1980s. The type 2 helper Tcell (Th2), characterized by the production of interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5 and IL-13, plays a critical role in immune response against helminths invading cutaneous or mucosal sites. It also has a functional role in the pathophysiology of allergic diseases such as asthma and allergic diarrhea. Currently, most studies have shed light on Th2 cell function and behavior in specific diseases, such as asthma and helminthes inflammation, but not on Th2 cell itself and its differentiation. Based on different cytokines and specific behavior in recent research, Th2 cell is also regarded as new subtypes of T cell, such as IL-9 secreting T cell (Th9) and CXCR5(+) T follicular helper cells. Here, we will discuss the latest view of Th2 cell towards their function and the involvement of Th2 cell in diseases.
Collapse
|
252
|
Hughson A, Bromberg I, Johnson B, Quataert S, Jospe N, Fowell DJ. Uncoupling of proliferation and cytokines from suppression within the CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T-cell compartment in the 1st year of human type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 2011; 60:2125-33. [PMID: 21715555 PMCID: PMC3142074 DOI: 10.2337/db10-1661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The mechanistic basis for the breakdown of T-cell tolerance in type 1 diabetes is unclear and could result from a gain of effector function and/or loss of regulatory function. In humans, the CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T-cell compartment contains both effector and regulatory T cells, and it is not known how their relative proportions vary in disease states. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We performed a longitudinal study of CD4+CD25+ T-cell function in children with type 1 diabetes at onset and throughout the 1st year of disease. Function was assessed using single-cell assays of proliferation, cytokine production, and suppression. Type 1 diabetic individuals were compared with age-matched control subjects, and suppression was directly assessed by coculture with control T-cell targets. RESULTS We identify novel functional changes within the type 1 diabetes CD4+CD25+ compartment. Type 1 diabetic CD4+CD25+ cells exhibited a striking increase in proliferative capacity in coculture with CD4 T cells that was present at onset and stable 9-12 months from diagnosis. Elevated type 1 diabetes CD4+CD25+ cell proliferation correlated with increased inflammatory cytokines interleukin 17 and tumor necrosis factor-α but not γ-interferon. Type 1 diabetes CD4+CD25+ cytokine production occurred coincident with suppression of the same cytokines in the control targets. Indeed, enhanced proliferation/cytokines by CD4+CD25+ cells was uncoupled from their suppressive ability. Longitudinally, we observed a transient defect in type 1 diabetes CD4+CD25+ suppression that unexpectedly correlated with measures of improved metabolic function. CONCLUSIONS Type 1 diabetes onset, and its subsequent remission period, is associated with two independent functional changes within the CD4+CD25+ T-cell compartment: a stable increase in effector function and a transient decrease in regulatory T-cell suppression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Hughson
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Aab Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Irina Bromberg
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Aab Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Barbara Johnson
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Rochester Medical School, Rochester, New York
| | - Sally Quataert
- Human Immunology Center, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical School, Rochester, New York
| | - Nicholas Jospe
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Rochester Medical School, Rochester, New York
| | - Deborah J. Fowell
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Aab Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| |
Collapse
|
253
|
Abstract
The vertebrate immune system has evolved in concert with a broad range of infectious agents, including ubiquitous helminth (worm) parasites. The constant pressure of helminth infections has been a powerful force in shaping not only how immunity is initiated and maintained, but also how the body self-regulates and controls untoward immune responses to minimize overall harm. In this Review, we discuss recent advances in defining the immune cell types and molecules that are mobilized in response to helminth infection. Finally, we more broadly consider how these immunological players are blended and regulated in order to accommodate persistent infection or to mount a vigorous protective response and achieve sterile immunity.
Collapse
|
254
|
Lee JH, Ulrich B, Cho J, Park J, Kim CH. Progesterone promotes differentiation of human cord blood fetal T cells into T regulatory cells but suppresses their differentiation into Th17 cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:1778-87. [PMID: 21768398 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Progesterone, a key female sex hormone with pleiotropic functions in maintenance of pregnancy, has profound effects on regulation of immune responses. We report in this work a novel function of progesterone in regulation of naive cord blood (CB) fetal T cell differentiation into key T regulatory cell (Treg) subsets. Progesterone drives allogeneic activation-induced differentiation of CB naive, but not adult peripheral blood, T cells into immune-suppressive Tregs, many of which express FoxP3. Compared with those induced in the absence of progesterone, the FoxP3(+) T cells induced in the presence of progesterone highly expressed memory T cell markers. In this regard, the Treg compartment in progesterone-rich CB is enriched with memory-type FoxP3(+) T cells. Moreover, CB APCs were more efficient than their peripheral blood counterparts in inducing FoxP3(+) T cells. Another related function of progesterone that we discovered was to suppress the differentiation of CB CD4(+) T cells into inflammation-associated Th17 cells. Progesterone enhanced activation of STAT5 in response to IL-2, whereas it decreased STAT3 activation in response to IL-6, which is in line with the selective activity of progesterone in generation of Tregs versus Th17 cells. Additionally, progesterone has a suppressive function on the expression of the IL-6 receptor by T cells. The results identified a novel role of progesterone in regulation of fetal T cell differentiation for promotion of immune tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jee H Lee
- Laboratory of Immunology and Hematopoiesis, Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
255
|
Ye ZJ, Zhou Q, Zhang JC, Li X, Wu C, Qin SM, Xin JB, Shi HZ. CD39+ regulatory T cells suppress generation and differentiation of Th17 cells in human malignant pleural effusion via a LAP-dependent mechanism. Respir Res 2011; 12:77. [PMID: 21663645 PMCID: PMC3120670 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-12-77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both regulatory T cells (Tregs) and T helper IL-17-producing cells (Th17 cells) have been found to be involved in human malignancies, however, the possible implication of Tregs in regulating generation and differentiation of Th17 cells in malignant pleural effusion remains to be elucidated. METHODS The numbers of both CD39(+)Tregs and Th17 cells in malignant pleural effusion and peripheral blood from patients with lung cancer were determined by flow cytometry. The regulation and mechanism of Tregs on generation and differentiation of Th17 cells were explored. RESULTS Both CD39(+)Tregs and Th17 cells were increased in malignant pleural effusion when compared with blood, and the numbers of CD39(+)Tregs were correlated negatively with those of Th17 cells. It was also noted that high levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TGF-β1 could be observed in malignant pleural effusion when compared the corresponding serum, and that pleural CD39(+)Tregs could express latency-associated peptide on their surface. When naïve CD4(+) T cells were cocultured with CD39(+)Tregs, Th17 cell numbers decreased as CD39(+)Treg numbers increased, addition of the anti-latency-associated peptide mAb to the coculture reverted the inhibitory effect exerted by CD39(+)Tregs. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, the above results indicate that CD39(+)Tregs inhibit generation and differentiation of Th17 cells via a latency-associated peptide-dependent mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Jian Ye
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Health Ministry, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Qiong Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Health Ministry, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Jian-Chu Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Health Ministry, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Health Ministry, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Cong Wu
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, China
| | - Shou-Ming Qin
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, China
| | - Jian-Bao Xin
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Health Ministry, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Huan-Zhong Shi
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Health Ministry, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China
| |
Collapse
|
256
|
Wang J, Cai D, Ma B, Wu G, Wu J. Skewing the Balance of Regulatory T-Cells and T-Helper 17 Cells in Breast Cancer Patients. J Int Med Res 2011; 39:691-701. [PMID: 21819700 DOI: 10.1177/147323001103900301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the distribution of interleukin (IL)-17-producing CD4+ T-cells (T-helper [Th17] cells) in relation to CD4+CD25+CD127− cells (regulatory T-cells [Treg]) in tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from breast cancer patients. The Th17 and Treg cells were evaluated by flow cytometry and reported as a percentage of total CD4+ cells. In TILs from early breast cancer patients ( n = 12), the frequency of Th17 cells was significantly higher than in PBMCs (14.5 ± 7.2% versus 6.9 ± 2.1%). In TILs from patients with advanced breast cancer ( n = 15), the frequency of Th17 cells was also significantly higher than that in PBMCs (9.1 ± 5.7% versus 3.2 ± 2.3%) but lower compared with early disease. The Th17/Treg ratio in TILs was markedly increased in early versus advanced disease. In conclusion, Th17 and Treg cell accumulation in the tumour microenvironment of breast cancer occurred in early disease; Th17 cell infiltration gradually decreased and Treg cells accumulated with disease progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Wang
- Department of Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - D Cai
- Department of Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - B Ma
- Department of Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - G Wu
- Department of Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - J Wu
- Department of Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
257
|
Affiliation(s)
- Judith E Allen
- Institutes of Evolution, Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
| | | |
Collapse
|
258
|
Regulatory T cells but not T helper 17 cells are modulated in an animal model of Graves’ hyperthyroidism. Clin Exp Med 2011; 12:39-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s10238-011-0137-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 04/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
259
|
Vanaudenaerde BM, Verleden SE, Vos R, Vleeschauwer SID, Willems-Widyastuti A, Geenens R, Raemdonck DEV, Dupont LJ, Verbeken EK, Meyts I. Innate and Adaptive Interleukin-17–producing Lymphocytes in Chronic Inflammatory Lung Disorders. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011; 183:977-86. [DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201007-1196pp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
|
260
|
Wang Q, Zheng Y, Huang Z, Tian Y, Zhou J, Mao Q, Wu Y, Ni B. Activated IL-23/IL-17 pathway closely correlates with increased Foxp3 expression in livers of chronic hepatitis B patients. BMC Immunol 2011; 12:25. [PMID: 21489307 PMCID: PMC3094328 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-12-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Foxp3 protein plays a critical role in mediating the inflammatory response and can inhibit the proinflammatory IL-23/IL-17 pathway. However, the molecular interplay of Foxp3 and the IL-23/IL-17 pathway in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) remains unclear. To this end, we analyzed the expression patterns of Foxp3- and IL-23/IL-17 pathway-related proinflammatory cytokines in 39 patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure, 71 patients with CHB and 32 healthy controls. Results Foxp3 expression was found to be elevated in and mainly expressed by the CD4+ T cell sub-population of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and liver tissues of patients with hepatitis B. The intrahepatic expression of Foxp3 strongly correlated with the copies of HBV DNA and the concentration of surface antigen, HBsAg. IL-23/IL-17 pathway-related proinflammatory cytokines were also found to be significantly increased in patients' liver tissues, as compared to healthy controls. Moreover, Foxp3 expression was strikingly correlated with the production of these cytokines in liver tissues of CHB patients. Conclusions The closely-correlated increase of Foxp3 and IL-23/IL-17 pathway activity in HBV-infected livers suggests that the proinflammatory IL-23/IL-17 pathway had not been effectively suppressed by the host immune machinery, such as Treg (Foxp3) cells. Constitutive activation of the IL-23/17 pathway, thus, may support the chronic hepatitis B state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qinghong Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
261
|
Sanos SL, Vonarbourg C, Mortha A, Diefenbach A. Control of epithelial cell function by interleukin-22-producing RORγt+ innate lymphoid cells. Immunology 2011; 132:453-65. [PMID: 21391996 PMCID: PMC3075499 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2011.03410.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2010] [Revised: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
It is rapidly emerging that the defence system of innate lymphocytes is more diverse than previously recognized. In addition to natural killer (NK) cells, lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi) cells, and natural helper cells have now been identified. LTi cells are developmentally dependent on the orphan transcription factor RORγt and instruct lymph node development during embryogenesis. More recently, it has become evident, that in addition to their role for lymph organ development, LTi cells are also potent producers of cytokines such as interleukin-22 (IL-22) and IL-17 in adult mice. In addition to LTi cells, another RORγt-dependent innate lymphocyte subset co-expressing RORγt and NK cell receptors (NKRs) has been identified. These NKR(+) RORγt(+) cells are also potent producers of IL-22 but it is unclear whether they are part of the NK cell or LTi cell lineage. This review will highlight recent progress in understanding development and function of innate IL-22-producing lymphocyte subsets.
Collapse
|
262
|
Hummelen R, Vos AP, van't Land B, van Norren K, Reid G. Altered host-microbe interaction in HIV: a target for intervention with pro- and prebiotics. Int Rev Immunol 2011; 29:485-513. [PMID: 20839912 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2010.505310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal immune system is severely affected by HIV and circulating microbial products from the intestinal tract that provide an ongoing source of systemic inflammation and concomitant viral replication. In addition, HIV-infected individuals can have a deregulated immune response that may hamper the anti-viral capacity of the host. Various probiotic organisms and prebiotic agents have been shown to enhance intestinal epithelial barrier functions, reduce inflammation, and support effective Th-1 responses. As these characteristics may benefit HIV patients, this review aims to provide a theoretical framework for the development of probiotic and prebiotic interventions specifically for this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Hummelen
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
263
|
Li J, Lai X, Liao W, He Y, Liu Y, Gong J. The dynamic changes of Th17/Treg cytokines in rat liver transplant rejection and tolerance. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 11:962-7. [PMID: 21376155 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2011.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2010] [Revised: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Acute rejection is still a major cause of early graft loss and a risk factor for long-term recipient post-transplant survival. Recently, CD4(+) CD25(+) Foxp3(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells and Th17 cells have been described as two distinct subsets with opposing effects on autoimmunity and transplant immunity. We investigated the existence of Th17/Treg functional imbalance between tolerance and rejection groups during rat liver transplantation. Then, Th17/Treg functions on different levels were investigated comparatively between those two groups, including related cytokine secretion and key transcription factors. REJ groups revealed significant increase in Th17-related cytokine (IL-17, IL-6 and IL-23) and transcription factor (RORγt) levels and remarkable decrease in Treg-related cytokine (IL-10 and TGF-β1) and transcription factor (Foxp3) levels when compared to day-matched TOL groups from day 3 post-transplantation. Results indicated Th17/Treg functional imbalance between tolerance and rejection groups during rat liver transplantation, suggesting a potential role of Th17/Treg imbalance in pathogenesis of acute transplant rejection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinzheng Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
264
|
Liu LL, Qin Y, Cai JF, Wang HY, Tao JL, Li H, Chen LM, Li MX, Li XM, Li XW. Th17/Treg imbalance in adult patients with minimal change nephrotic syndrome. Clin Immunol 2011; 139:314-20. [PMID: 21450528 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2011.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Revised: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
To determine whether Th17/Treg balance was abnormal in adult patients with minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS), we studied 25 patients with new-onset MCNS and 20 normal persons. The results showed that MCNS patients exhibited a significant increase in Th17 number, Th17-related cytokines (IL-17 and IL-23), and transcription factor (RORγt) levels, as well as an obvious decrease in Treg number, Treg-related cytokines (TGF-β1 and IL-10), and transcription factor (Foxp3) levels. The Th17/Treg ratios increased along with increased proteinuria and decreased albumin levels in patients with MCNS. IL-17 protein expression was also detected in the renal biopsy tissue of MCNS patients, particularly in patients with acute renal failure. Further, Th17/Treg balance returned to normal after effective corticosteroids therapy in 16 MCNS patients. These results indicated that Th17/Treg imbalance existed in MCNS patients, suggesting a potential role of Th17/Treg imbalance in the pathogenesis of MCNS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Li Liu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital,Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
265
|
Wang AY, Crome SQ, Jenkins KM, Medin JA, Bramson JL, Levings MK. Adenoviral-transduced dendritic cells are susceptible to suppression by T regulatory cells and promote interleukin 17 production. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2011; 60:381-8. [PMID: 21153637 PMCID: PMC11028621 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-010-0948-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC) vaccines offer a robust platform for the development of cancer vaccines, but their effectiveness is thought to be limited by T regulatory cells (Tregs). Recombinant adenoviruses (RAdV) have been used successfully to engineer tumor antigen expression in DCs, but the impact of virus transduction on susceptibility to suppression by Tregs is unknown. We investigated the functional consequences of exposure to adenovirus on interactions between human monocyte-derived DCs and Tregs. Since the development of Tregs is linked to that of pro-inflammatory Th17 cells, the role of Th17 cells and IL-17-producing Tregs in the context of DC-based immunotherapies was also investigated. We found that Tregs potently suppressed the co-stimulatory capacity of RAdV-transduced DCs, regardless of whether the DCs were maturated by inflammatory cytokines or by exposure to Th1 or Th17 cells. Furthermore, exposure of Tregs to RAdV-exposed DCs increased IL-17 production and suppressive capacity, and correlated with enhanced secretion of IL-1β and IL-6 by DCs. The findings that DCs exposed to RAdV are suppressed by Tregs, promote Treg plasticity, and enhance Treg suppression indicates that strategies to limit Tregs will be required to enhance the efficacy of such DC-based immunotherapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adele Y. Wang
- Department of Surgery, Immunity and Infection Research Centre, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, University of British Columbia, 950 West 28th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z4H4 Canada
| | - Sarah Q. Crome
- Department of Surgery, Immunity and Infection Research Centre, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, University of British Columbia, 950 West 28th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z4H4 Canada
| | - Kristina M. Jenkins
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine Centre for Gene Therapeutics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada
| | - Jeffrey A. Medin
- Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Jonathan L. Bramson
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine Centre for Gene Therapeutics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada
| | - Megan K. Levings
- Department of Surgery, Immunity and Infection Research Centre, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, University of British Columbia, 950 West 28th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z4H4 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
266
|
Yang XP, Ghoreschi K, Steward-Tharp SM, Rodriguez-Canales J, Zhu J, Grainger JR, Hirahara K, Sun HW, Wei L, Vahedi G, Kanno Y, O’Shea JJ, Laurence A. Opposing regulation of the locus encoding IL-17 through direct, reciprocal actions of STAT3 and STAT5. Nat Immunol 2011; 12:247-54. [PMID: 21278738 PMCID: PMC3182404 DOI: 10.1038/ni.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 481] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin 2 (IL-2), a cytokine linked to human autoimmune disease, limits IL-17 production. Here we found that deletion of the gene encoding the transcription factor STAT3 in T cells abrogated IL-17 production and attenuated autoimmunity associated with IL-2 deficiency. Whereas STAT3 induced IL-17 and the transcription factor RORγt and inhibited the transcription factor Foxp3, IL-2 inhibited IL-17 independently of Foxp3 and RORγt. STAT3 and STAT5 bound to multiple common sites across the locus encoding IL-17. The induction of STAT5 binding by IL-2 was associated with less binding of STAT3 at these sites and the inhibition of associated active epigenetic marks. 'Titration' of the relative activation of STAT3 and STAT5 modulated the specification of cells to the IL-17-producing helper T cell (T(H)17 cell) subset. Thus, the balance rather than the absolute magnitude of these signals determined the propensity of cells to make a key inflammatory cytokine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Ping Yang
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kamran Ghoreschi
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Scott M. Steward-Tharp
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jaime Rodriguez-Canales
- Laser Capture Microdissection Core Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jinfang Zhu
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John R. Grainger
- Mucosal immunology section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kiyoshi Hirahara
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hong-Wei Sun
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lai Wei
- Clinical Immunology Section, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Golnaz Vahedi
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yuka Kanno
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John J. O’Shea
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Arian Laurence
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| |
Collapse
|
267
|
Zhang Z, Chi H, Niu C, Bøgwald J, Dalmo RA. Molecular cloning and characterization of Foxp3 in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 30:902-909. [PMID: 21276855 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2011.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Revised: 01/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Foxp3 is a T cell-specific transcription factor and plays a key role in the development of Treg cells and in the immune regulatory process during inflammation. Here we report cloning and characterization of the full-length cDNA of Atlantic salmon Foxp3, which possesses a Forkhead domain, a zinc finger domain and a leucine-zipper domain as its counterpart in mammals. Foxp3 is highly expressed in thymus. Furthermore, regulated expression was observed in head kidney cells in response to β-glucan and mitogens (LPS and ConA), and in the head kidney, spleen and liver after intraperitoneal injection of live Aeromonas salmonicida. In addition, transfection of CHSE-214 cells with salmon Foxp3 fused with a C-termial RFP tag, resulted in the expression of the transgene in and close to the nuclei upon stimulation. Taken together, these results suggest the presence of a Foxp3 gene in Atlantic salmon that may be an important transcription factor in immune regulation, and further research may reveal the existence of Treg-like T cells in this species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zuobing Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 100875 Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
268
|
Fernández S, Molina IJ, Romero P, González R, Peña J, Sánchez F, Reynoso FR, Pérez-Navero JL, Estevez O, Ortega C, Santamaría M. Characterization of gliadin-specific Th17 cells from the mucosa of celiac disease patients. Am J Gastroenterol 2011; 106:528-38. [PMID: 21206487 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2010.465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Celiac disease (CD) is a disorder characterized by a deregulated immune response to ingested wheat gluten and related cereal proteins in susceptible individuals. It has been considered that the onset of CD is mediated by a skewed Th1 response. However, the participation of Th17 cells in the pathogenesis of the disease, a key cell population in other autoimmune disorders, has not been studied in detail. We have investigated the presence of Th17 cells in the mucosa of active CD patients and their functional implications in the pathogenesis of the disease. METHODS T cells obtained from duodenum biopsies from 15 untreated patients and 11 control individuals were characterized by flow cytometry, immunoassays, and real-time PCR. RESULTS We found gliadin-specific CD4(+) interleukin (IL)-17A-producing T cells in the mucosa of CD patients with a phenotype consisting of TCR (T-cell receptor)αβ(+) CD45RO(+) CD161(+) CCR6(+) (C-C chemokine receptor type 6) and IL-23R(+). Functional analysis showed that Th17 cells from CD patients are different from those of control individuals in terms of cytokines production. Th17 cells from CD patients, but not from controls, simultaneously express transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ). Th17 CD cells also produce interferon-γ (IFNγ), IL-21, and IL-22. The analysis of the transcription factors revealed a high expression of interferon regulatory factor-4 as a feature of gliadin-specific cells from CD patients with respect to controls. CONCLUSIONS Gliadin-specific Th17 cells are present in the mucosa of CD patients having a dual role in the pathogenesis of the disease as they produce proinflammatory cytokines (such as IL-17, IFNγ, IL-21), mucosa-protective IL-22, and regulatory TGFβ, which actively modulates IL-17A production by T cells in the celiac mucosa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Fernández
- Unidad de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
269
|
Kryczek I, Wu K, Zhao E, Wei S, Vatan L, Szeliga W, Huang E, Greenson J, Chang A, Roliński J, Radwan P, Fang J, Wang G, Zou W. IL-17+ regulatory T cells in the microenvironments of chronic inflammation and cancer. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:4388-95. [PMID: 21357259 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Foxp3(+)CD4(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells inhibit immune responses and temper inflammation. IL-17(+)CD4(+) T (Th17) cells mediate inflammation of autoimmune diseases. A small population of IL-17(+)Foxp3(+)CD4(+) T cells has been observed in peripheral blood in healthy human beings. However, the biology of IL-17(+)Foxp3(+)CD4(+) T cells remains poorly understood in humans. We investigated their phenotype, cytokine profile, generation, and pathological relevance in patients with ulcerative colitis. We observed that high levels of IL-17(+)Foxp3(+)CD4(+) T cells were selectively accumulated in the colitic microenvironment and associated colon carcinoma. The phenotype and cytokine profile of IL-17(+)Foxp3(+)CD4(+) T cells was overlapping with Th17 and Treg cells. Myeloid APCs, IL-2, and TGF-β are essential for their induction from memory CCR6(+) T cells or Treg cells. IL-17(+)Foxp3(+)CD4(+) T cells functionally suppressed T cell activation and stimulated inflammatory cytokine production in the colitic tissues. Our data indicate that IL-17(+)Foxp3(+) cells may be "inflammatory" Treg cells in the pathological microenvironments. These cells may contribute to the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis through inducing inflammatory cytokines and inhibiting local T cell immunity, and in turn may mechanistically link human chronic inflammation to tumor development. Our data therefore challenge commonly held beliefs of the anti-inflammatory role of Treg cells and suggest a more complex Treg cell biology, at least in the context of human chronic inflammation and associated carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Kryczek
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
270
|
Alteration of Th17 and Treg cell subpopulations co-exist in patients affected with systemic sclerosis. Clin Immunol 2011; 139:249-57. [PMID: 21419712 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2011.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Revised: 01/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Aim of the study has been to understand the relationship between TH17 and Treg cell subsets in patients affected with systemic sclerosis (SSc). Phenotypes and functions of Th17 and Treg cell subsets were analyzed in a series of 36 SSc patients. Th17 cell concentration in the peripheral blood was found to be increased in SSc patients with respect to healthy controls independently from type or stage of disease. After PBMC stimulation with a polyclonal stimulus or Candida albicans antigens the frequency of Th17 T cell clones was significantly higher in SSc patients with respect to controls suggesting the skewing of immune response in SSc patients toward Th17 cell generation/expansion. Concerning the Treg compartment, both CD4+CD25+ and CD8+CD28- Treg subsets showed quantitative and qualitative alteration in the peripheral blood of SSc patients. Collectively, these data highlight the existence of an imbalanced ratio between Th17 and Treg cell subsets in SSc patients.
Collapse
|
271
|
Gringhuis SI, Wevers BA, Kaptein TM, van Capel TMM, Theelen B, Boekhout T, de Jong EC, Geijtenbeek TBH. Selective C-Rel activation via Malt1 controls anti-fungal T(H)-17 immunity by dectin-1 and dectin-2. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1001259. [PMID: 21283787 PMCID: PMC3024268 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
C-type lectins dectin-1 and dectin-2 on dendritic cells elicit protective immunity against fungal infections through induction of TH1 and TH-17 cellular responses. Fungal recognition by dectin-1 on human dendritic cells engages the CARD9-Bcl10-Malt1 module to activate NF-κB. Here we demonstrate that Malt1 recruitment is pivotal to TH-17 immunity by selective activation of NF-κB subunit c-Rel, which induces expression of TH-17-polarizing cytokines IL-1β and IL-23p19. Malt1 inhibition abrogates c-Rel activation and TH-17 immunity to Candida species. We found that Malt1-mediated activation of c-Rel is similarly essential to induction of TH-17-polarizing cytokines by dectin-2. Whereas dectin-1 activates all NF-κB subunits, dectin-2 selectively activates c-Rel, signifying a specialized TH-17-enhancing function for dectin-2 in anti-fungal immunity by human dendritic cells. Thus, dectin-1 and dectin-2 control adaptive TH-17 immunity to fungi via Malt1-dependent activation of c-Rel. Fungal infections are a major health threat and the incidence is growing worldwide. There is a need for efficient antifungal vaccines. Adaptive immune responses and in particular T helper cell type 17 (TH-17) responses are crucial in the defence against fungal infections. Human dendritic cells (DCs) induce TH-17 responses after interaction with fungi. DCs express C-type lectins dectin-1 and dectin-2 that interact with the carbohydrate structures present in the cell-wall of fungi. It is unclear how signaling by these C-type lectins leads to specific TH-17 responses. Here we demonstrate that the signaling molecule Malt1 present in the CARD9-Bcl10-Malt1 complex is responsible for TH-17 induction by selectively activating the NF-κB transcription factor c-Rel, which drives transcription of the TH-17-polarizing cytokines. Inhibition of either Malt1 or c-Rel prevents TH-17 induction in response to fungi. Furthermore, we show that the C-type lectin dectin-2 selectively activates c-Rel, signifying a specialized TH-17-enhancing function for this C-type lectin. Thus, novel vaccination strategies that target dectin-2 or activate Malt1 can induce predominant TH-17 responses. Since aberrant TH-17 responses underlie the pathology of atopic dermatitis and various autoimmune diseases, Malt1 is a rational therapeutic target to attenuate anomalous adaptive immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonja I. Gringhuis
- Center of Infection and Immunity Amsterdam and Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail: (SIG); (TBHG)
| | - Brigitte A. Wevers
- Center of Infection and Immunity Amsterdam and Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tanja M. Kaptein
- Center of Infection and Immunity Amsterdam and Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Toni M. M. van Capel
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bart Theelen
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Teun Boekhout
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Esther C. de Jong
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Teunis B. H. Geijtenbeek
- Center of Infection and Immunity Amsterdam and Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail: (SIG); (TBHG)
| |
Collapse
|
272
|
Langhendries JP, Maton P, François A, Marguglio A, Marion W, Smeets S, Philippet P. [Implementation of the intestinal micro flora in the early stage and adequate immunity later on]. Arch Pediatr 2011; 17 Suppl 3:S110-8. [PMID: 20728810 DOI: 10.1016/s0929-693x(10)70910-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The pre and postnatal development of human immunity are remarkably continuous. The feto-placental unit builds up to promote a climate of immune tolerance specifically driven in this way by the maternal immunity. The process of birth triggers the development of the infant's postnatal immunity, in first place through the bacterial colonisation of a sterile intestinal mucosa. The progressive immune response stabilisation at the sub-mucosa level during the first year of life will arise from the interface between the host and its microflora. It will take place progressively and will occur thanks to a variety of successive and complementary very complex immune mechanisms, under the influence of a rich and diversified intestinal microbiotia. Solid scientific arguments allow hypothesising that immune deviances later in life could be the consequence of an inadequate bacterial pressure on the intestinal mucosa at the early stage. A variety of epigenetic modifications taking place in this early stage could account for the deviant programming of later immunity. Each health care provider should acknowledge that some therapeutic and nutritional interventions during the first year of life may interfere with this complex immune development, giving rise to a risk of increasing immune deviancies later on.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J-P Langhendries
- CHC-Site St Vincent, NICU, Rue François Lefèbvre 207, Liège-Rocourt, Belgique.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
273
|
Effector CD4+ T cells, the cytokines they generate, and GVHD: something old and something new. Blood 2011; 117:3268-76. [PMID: 21245483 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-12-290403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
GVHD is a syndrome that results from minor and major histocompatibility complex incompatibilities between the donor and recipient. More than 50 years after its initial description, the pathophysiology of GVHD remains poorly understood. Nonetheless, donor T cells have been shown to be critical to the pathophysiology of acute and chronic GVHD, yet precisely how they function remains unclear. The effector mechanisms by which donor T cells mediate tissue inflammation is even less well understood. Identification of several new lineages of CD4(+) T cells made in the past decade and their roles in the pathophysiology of T cell-mediated diseases has shed new light on these effector mechanisms. In this review, we summarize the recent descriptions of these T-cell lineages and the current data supporting their role in acute and to a lesser extent chronic GVHD. Investigations into the activity of these new T-cell lineages may provide more rationale approaches to the treatment or prevention of GVHD.
Collapse
|
274
|
Zheng H, Jeong Y, Song J, Ji GE. Oral administration of ginsenoside Rh1 inhibits the development of atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions induced by oxazolone in hairless mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 11:511-8. [PMID: 21238621 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2010.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2010] [Revised: 12/11/2010] [Accepted: 12/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we examined the inhibitive effect of ginsenoside Rh1 on oxazolone-induced atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in hairless mice. Oral administration of ginsenoside Rh1 improved clinical symptoms, and it was confirmed by histophathological analysis. In ginsenoside Rh1 (20mg/kg) group, ear swellings and ear weights were significantly lower than the control group. Moreover, elevation of IL-6 and total IgE levels in serum were suppressed by ginsenoside Rh1 (20mg/kg). In addition, ginsenoside Rh1 (20mg/kg) significantly increased mRNA expression of IFNγ and Foxp3, and slightly decreased IL-4 expression in draining lymph nodes. The results suggest that ginsenoside Rh1 can alleviate inflammatory symptoms in atopic dermatitis (AD) by reduction of IgE and IL-6 levels in peripheral blood, increase of Foxp3 expression in draining lymph nodes and suppression of inflammation in skin regions. Indeed, ginsenoside Rh1 exhibited therapeutic possibility in immune disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zheng
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
275
|
Abstract
The development of regulatory T (Treg) cells is essential for the maintenance of immune tolerance and homeostasis. Here, we review recent studies that have advanced our understanding of Treg cell differentiation. In the thymus, TCR specificity to self-antigen appears to be a primary determinant for Treg cell lineage commitment, with c-Rel being an important factor that links T cell receptor (TCR) engagement and Foxp3 expression, along with cytokines and costimulatory molecules. It is also clear that postthymic events shape the peripheral Treg cell population. This includes preferential maintenance of Treg cells specific to self-antigens presented in the periphery, as well as the de novo generation of Treg cells from conventional Foxp3(-) T cells. The process of peripheral Treg cell differentiation shares some features with thymic Treg cell development, but there are notable differences. Together, thymic and peripheral Treg cell differentiation appear to generate an "imprint" of both self- and foreign antigens in the peripheral Treg cell population to provide dominant tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyang-Mi Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
276
|
Marek N, Bieniaszewska M, Krzystyniak A, Juścińska J, Myśliwska J, Witkowski P, Hellmann A, Trzonkowski P. The time is crucial for ex vivo expansion of T regulatory cells for therapy. Cell Transplant 2011; 20:1747-58. [PMID: 21457615 DOI: 10.3727/096368911x566217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ex vivo expanded CD4(+)CD25(high)CD127(-) T regulatory cells (Tregs) are recognized as a promising candidate for immunosuppressive therapy in humans. However, due to the plasticity of Tregs lineage and artificial environment present during ex vivo expansion, Tregs easily lose suppressive activity. Here, we followed expanding CD4(+)CD25(high)CD127(-) Tregs and their naive (CD45RA(+)) and memory-like (CD45RA(-)) subsets in order to establish the best conditions of the expansion. We found that, regardless of the phenotype sorted, expanding Tregs were undergoing changes resembling homeostatic proliferation and transformed into effector memory-like cells which produced not only suppressive interleukin-10 (IL-10) but also IL-6, IL-17, and interferon-γ (IFN-γ). With the time ex vivo, Tregs were losing the expression of FoxP3 and suppressive activity both when stimulated and when at rest. The only variable that helped preserve suppressive abilities of Tregs was the limitation of the time of ex vivo cultures to 2 weeks only. According to our study, the highest number of highly suppressive Tregs could be yielded with CD4(+)CD25(high)CD127(-) Tregs cultured no longer than 2 weeks. Thorough quality check, preferentially with the assessment of FoxP3 expression and IFN-γ suppression assay, should be applied to assess suppressive activity of the cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Marek
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transplantology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk Poland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
277
|
SÁNCHEZ–FUEYO ALBERTO, STROM TERRYB. Immunologic basis of graft rejection and tolerance following transplantation of liver or other solid organs. Gastroenterology 2011; 140:51-64. [PMID: 21073873 PMCID: PMC3866688 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.10.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2010] [Revised: 10/24/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Transplantation of organs between genetically different individuals of the same species causes a T cell-mediated immune response that, if left unchecked, results in rejection and graft destruction. The potency of the alloimmune response is determined by the antigenic disparity that usually exists between donors and recipients and by intragraft expression of proinflammatory cytokines in the early period after transplantation. Studies in animal models have identified many molecules that, when targeted, inhibit T-cell activation. In addition, some of these studies have shown that certain immunologic interventions induce transplantation tolerance, a state in which the allograft is specifically accepted without the need for chronic immunosuppression. Tolerance is an important aspect of liver transplantation, because livers have a unique microenvironment that promotes tolerance rather than immunity. In contrast to the progress achieved in inducing tolerance in animal models, patients who receive transplanted organs still require nonspecific immunosuppressant drugs. The development of calcineurin inhibitors has reduced the acute rejection rate and improved short-term, but not long-term, graft survival. However, long-term use of immunosuppressive drugs leads to nephrotoxicity and metabolic disorders, as well as manifestations of overimmunosuppression such as opportunistic infections and cancers. The status of pharmacologic immunosuppression in the clinic is therefore not ideal. We review recently developed therapeutic strategies to promote tolerance to transplanted livers and other organs and diagnostic tools that might be used to identify patients most likely to accept or reject allografts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- ALBERTO SÁNCHEZ–FUEYO
- Liver Transplant Unit, Hospital Clinic Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBEREHD, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - TERRY B. STROM
- Transplant Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
278
|
Abstract
Unbalanced Th1/Th2 T-cell responses in the liver are a characteristic of hepatic inflammation and subsequent liver fibrosis. The recently discovered Th17 cells, a subtype of CD4(+) T-helper cells mainly producing IL-17 and IL-22, have initially been linked to host defense against infections and to autoimmunity. Their preferred differentiation upon TGFβ and IL-6, two cytokines abundantly present in injured liver, makes a contribution of Th17 cells to hepatic inflammation very likely. Indeed, initial studies in humans revealed activated Th17 cells and Th17-related cytokines in various liver diseases. However, functional experiments in mouse models are not fully conclusive at present, and the pathogenic contribution of Th17 cells to liver inflammation might vary upon the disease etiology, for example, between infectious and autoimmune disorders. Understanding the chemokines and chemokine receptors promoting hepatic Th17 cell recruitment (possibly CCR6 or CCR4) might reveal new therapeutic targets interfering with Th17 migration or differentiation in liver disease.
Collapse
|
279
|
Hammerich L, Heymann F, Tacke F. Role of IL-17 and Th17 cells in liver diseases. Clin Dev Immunol 2010; 2011:345803. [PMID: 21197451 PMCID: PMC3010664 DOI: 10.1155/2011/345803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Revised: 10/03/2010] [Accepted: 10/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Unbalanced Th1/Th2 T-cell responses in the liver are a characteristic of hepatic inflammation and subsequent liver fibrosis. The recently discovered Th17 cells, a subtype of CD4(+) T-helper cells mainly producing IL-17 and IL-22, have initially been linked to host defense against infections and to autoimmunity. Their preferred differentiation upon TGFβ and IL-6, two cytokines abundantly present in injured liver, makes a contribution of Th17 cells to hepatic inflammation very likely. Indeed, initial studies in humans revealed activated Th17 cells and Th17-related cytokines in various liver diseases. However, functional experiments in mouse models are not fully conclusive at present, and the pathogenic contribution of Th17 cells to liver inflammation might vary upon the disease etiology, for example, between infectious and autoimmune disorders. Understanding the chemokines and chemokine receptors promoting hepatic Th17 cell recruitment (possibly CCR6 or CCR4) might reveal new therapeutic targets interfering with Th17 migration or differentiation in liver disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linda Hammerich
- Department of Medicine III, RWTH-University Hospital Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Felix Heymann
- Department of Medicine III, RWTH-University Hospital Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Medicine III, RWTH-University Hospital Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
280
|
Disanto G, Berlanga AJ, Handel AE, Para AE, Burrell AM, Fries A, Handunnetthi L, De Luca GC, Morahan JM. Heterogeneity in multiple sclerosis: scratching the surface of a complex disease. Autoimmune Dis 2010; 2011:932351. [PMID: 21197462 PMCID: PMC3005811 DOI: 10.4061/2011/932351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is the most common demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Although the etiology and the pathogenesis of MS has been extensively investigated, no single pathway, reliable biomarker, diagnostic test, or specific treatment have yet been identified for all MS patients. One of the reasons behind this failure is likely to be the wide heterogeneity observed within the MS population. The clinical course of MS is highly variable and includes several subcategories and variants. Moreover, apart from the well-established association with the HLA-class II DRB1*15:01 allele, other genetic variants have been shown to vary significantly across different populations and individuals. Finally both pathological and immunological studies suggest that different pathways may be active in different MS patients. We conclude that these "MS subtypes" should still be considered as part of the same disease but hypothesize that spatiotemporal effects of genetic and environmental agents differentially influence MS course. These considerations are extremely relevant, as outcome prediction and personalised medicine represent the central aim of modern research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Disanto
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
281
|
Zheng J, Liu Y, Qin G, Lam KT, Guan J, Xiang Z, Lewis DB, Lau YL, Tu W. Generation of human Th1-like regulatory CD4+ T cells by an intrinsic IFN-γ- and T-bet-dependent pathway. Eur J Immunol 2010; 41:128-39. [PMID: 21182084 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201040724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2010] [Revised: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 10/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Murine Foxp3(+) Treg have recently been shown to express T-bet, a transcription factor characteristic of Th1 effector cells. A human Treg phenotype equivalent has not been reported. Here, we show that naïve human CD4(+) T cells incubated with low numbers of CD40-activated allogeneic B cells preferentially differentiate into alloantigen-specific CD4(hi) CD25(hi) Treg. These differentiated cells potently suppress effector T-cell responses and express T-bet, IFN-γ, and CXCR3, the features of Th1 effector cells. In contrast, co-culture of naïve CD4(+) T cells with high numbers of allogeneic B cells results in CD4(+) CD25(+) T cells that promote, rather than inhibit, effector T-cell responses, demonstrating the plasticity of CD4(+) T-cell differentiation in response to alloantigen-presenting B cells. The optimal accumulation of CD4(hi) CD25(hi) Treg induced using higher T cell:B cell co-culture ratios was dependent on the expression of T-bet and endogenously produced IFN-γ. Induction of Treg-mediated suppression function in the Treg population was not. As CXCR3 confers the preferential trafficking of T cells to tissue sites of IFN-γ, these human Th1-like Treg might be useful for modulating pathological Th1 effector responses, such as that occurring during graft-versus-host disease or graft rejection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zheng
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P R China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
282
|
Zhang JY, Song CH, Shi F, Zhang Z, Fu JL, Wang FS. Decreased ratio of Treg cells to Th17 cells correlates with HBV DNA suppression in chronic hepatitis B patients undergoing entecavir treatment. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13869. [PMID: 21079784 PMCID: PMC2975625 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Accepted: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Treatment with nucleotide analogs is known to be effective in inhibiting HBV replication; however, patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) often show a wide range of clinical responses to these drugs. Therefore, the identification of an early immunologic marker associated with the clinical outcomes in such cases is critical for the improved clinical management. In our study, we aimed to investigate whether the viral load in CHB patients affected the ratio of the number of regulatory T cells (Tregs) to the number of interleukin-17-producing helper (Th17) cells. Further, we evaluated the clinical implications of the alterations in this ratio. Methodology/Principal Findings Nine patients seropositive for hepatitis B e antigen received entecavir monotherapy for 12 months and the percentages of Tregs and Th17 cells as well as the HBV-specific IL-17 productions in these patients were longitudinally analyzed. The entecavir-induced suppression of HBV replication was accompanied by a rapid increase in the number of Th17 cells, together with a decrease in Treg cells, which lead to a significant reduction of Treg/Th17 ratios. In addition, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) exhibited a decreased IL-17 production upon stimulation with the HBV core antigen in vitro. Conclusions The inhibition of viral replication results in an increase in Th17 cells and concomitant decrease in Treg cells. This imbalance of Treg cells to Th17 cells might have an important role in HBV persistence during entecavir treatment.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Alanine Transaminase/blood
- Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use
- DNA, Viral/blood
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Follow-Up Studies
- Guanine/analogs & derivatives
- Guanine/therapeutic use
- Hepatitis B Core Antigens/immunology
- Hepatitis B virus/drug effects
- Hepatitis B virus/genetics
- Hepatitis B virus/immunology
- Hepatitis B, Chronic/drug therapy
- Hepatitis B, Chronic/immunology
- Hepatitis B, Chronic/virology
- Humans
- Interleukin-17/blood
- Interleukin-17/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/drug effects
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Count
- Male
- Middle Aged
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- Th17 Cells/cytology
- Th17 Cells/drug effects
- Th17 Cells/immunology
- Time Factors
- Treatment Outcome
- Viral Load/drug effects
- Young Adult
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yuan Zhang
- Research Center for Biological Therapy, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chun-Hui Song
- Research Center for Biological Therapy, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Shi
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Research Center for Biological Therapy, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jun-Liang Fu
- Research Center for Biological Therapy, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fu-Sheng Wang
- Research Center for Biological Therapy, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
283
|
Abstract
Food allergies are caused by immune responses to food proteins and represent a breakdown of oral tolerance. They can range from mild pruritus to life-threatening anaphylaxis. The only current consensus for treatment is food avoidance, which is fraught with compliance issues. For this reason, there has been recent interest in immunotherapy, which may induce desensitization and possibly even tolerance. Through these effects, immunotherapy may decrease the potential for adverse serious reactions with accidental ingestions while potentially leading to an overall health benefit. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of food allergy and give an overview of the various immunotherapeutic options and current supporting evidence, as well as look towards the future of potential novel therapeutic modalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toral Kamdar
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 240 E Huron, M315 Chicago, IL 60610, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
284
|
Inflammation and the balance of Treg and Th17 cells in transplant rejection and tolerance. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2010; 15:411-5. [PMID: 20613526 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0b013e32833b7929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Inflammation of the allograft, occurring as a consequence of hypoxia and ischemia/reperfusion injury, adversely influences short-term and long-term transplant outcomes. Thus far, imbalance of tissue-protective Treg and tissue-destructive Th17 cells has been confirmed in a number of tissue-inflammatory states, including autoimmune disease. Hence, benefits of tilting Treg-Th17 equilibrium toward dominance of Tregs may promote transplant tolerance. RECENT FINDINGS Adverse graft inflammation creates extreme resistance to the induction of donor-specific tolerance. Proinflammatory cytokines, when abundantly expressed within the graft and draining lymph nodes, prevent commitment of donor-activated T cells into graft-protective, T-regulatory phenotype, while fostering generation of donor-reactive Th1, Th2 or Th17 effector subsets. In addition, the inflammatory milieu may destabilize the program of both natural and induced Tregs, converting them into inflammatory, effector-like phenotypes. Therefore permanent, Treg-dependent acceptance of an allograft may not be achieved without limiting adverse tissue inflammation. SUMMARY Balance of graft-protective regulatory and graft-destructive effector T cells largely depends on the balance of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the milieu, in which donor-directed T-cell response occurs. In the absence of proinflammatory cytokines, the constitutive expression of TGF-beta may guide recipient T cells into a tissue-protective, pro-tolerant mode. Therefore, targeting adverse tissue inflammation may represent a powerful means to tilt antidonor immunity towards tolerance.
Collapse
|
285
|
Comerford I, Bunting M, Fenix K, Haylock-Jacobs S, Litchfield W, Harata-Lee Y, Turvey M, Brazzatti J, Gregor C, Nguyen P, Kara E, McColl SR. An immune paradox: how can the same chemokine axis regulate both immune tolerance and activation?: CCR6/CCL20: a chemokine axis balancing immunological tolerance and inflammation in autoimmune disease. Bioessays 2010; 32:1067-76. [PMID: 20954179 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201000063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines (chemotactic cytokines) drive and direct leukocyte traffic. New evidence suggests that the unusual CCR6/CCL20 chemokine receptor/ligand axis provides key homing signals for recently identified cells of the adaptive immune system, recruiting both pro-inflammatory and suppressive T cell subsets. Thus CCR6 and CCL20 have been recently implicated in various human pathologies, particularly in autoimmune disease. These studies have revealed that targeting CCR6/CCL20 can enhance or inhibit autoimmune disease depending on the cellular basis of pathogenesis and the cell subtype most affected through different CCR6/CCL20 manipulations. Here, we discuss the significance of this chemokine receptor/ligand axis in immune and inflammatory functions, consider the potential for targeting CCR6/CCL20 in human autoimmunity and propose that the shared evolutionary origins of pro-inflammatory and regulatory T cells may contribute to the reason why both immune activation and regulation might be controlled through the same chemokine pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iain Comerford
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
286
|
Schirbel A, Fiocchi C. Inflammatory bowel disease: Established and evolving considerations on its etiopathogenesis and therapy. J Dig Dis 2010; 11:266-76. [PMID: 20883422 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-2980.2010.00449.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Modern studies of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) pathogenesis have been pursued for about four decades, a period of time where the pace of progress has been steadily increasing. This progress has occurred in parallel with and is largely due to developments in multiple basic scientific disciplines that range from population and social studies, genetics, microbiology, immunology, biochemistry, cellular and molecular biology, and DNA engineering. From this cumulative and constantly expanding knowledge base the fundamental pillars of IBD pathogenesis appear to have been identified and consolidated during the last couple of decades. Presently there is a general consensus among basic IBD investigators that both Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are the result of the combined effects of four basic components: global changes in the environment, the input of multiple genetic variations, alterations in the intestinal microbiota, and aberrations of innate and adaptive immune responses. There is also agreement on the conclusion that none of these four components can by itself trigger or maintain intestinal inflammation. A combination of various factors, and most likely of all four factors, is probably needed to bring about CD or UC in individual patients, but each patient or set of patients seems to have a different combination of alterations leading to the disease. This would imply that different causes and diverse mechanisms underlie IBD, and this could also explain why every patient displays his or her own clinical manifestations and a personalized response to therapy, and requires tailored approaches with different medications. While we are becoming increasingly aware of the importance of this individual variability, we have only a superficial notion of the reasons why this occurs, as hinted by the uniqueness of the genetic background and of the gut flora in each person. So, we are apparently facing the paradox of having to deal with the tremendous complexity of the mechanisms responsible for chronic intestinal inflammation in the setting of each patient's individuality in the response to this biological complexity. This obviously poses considerable challenges to reaching a full understanding of IBD pathogenesis, but being aware of the difficulties is the first step in finding answers to them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Schirbel
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité- Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
287
|
Nguyen CQ, Peck AB. Inflammation in dry eye diseases culminating in loss of ocular homeostasis. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1586/eop.10.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
288
|
|
289
|
|
290
|
Garlet GP. Destructive and protective roles of cytokines in periodontitis: a re-appraisal from host defense and tissue destruction viewpoints. J Dent Res 2010; 89:1349-63. [PMID: 20739705 DOI: 10.1177/0022034510376402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 476] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontal diseases (PD) are chronic infectious inflammatory diseases characterized by the destruction of tooth-supporting structures, being the presence of periodontopathogens required, but not sufficient, for disease development. As a general rule, host inflammatory mediators have been associated with tissue destruction, while anti-inflammatory mediators counteract and attenuate disease progression. With the discovery of several T-cell subsets bearing distinct immunoregulatory properties, this pro- vs. anti-inflammatory scenario became more complex, and a series of studies has hypothesized protective or destructive roles for Th1, Th2, Th17, and Treg subpopulations of polarized lymphocytes. Interestingly, the "protective vs. destructive" archetype is usually considered in a framework related to tissue destruction and disease progression. However, it is important to remember that periodontal diseases are infectious inflammatory conditions, and recent studies have demonstrated that cytokines (TNF-α and IFN-γ) considered harmful in the context of tissue destruction play important roles in the control of periodontal infection. Therefore, in this review, the state-of-the-art knowledge concerning the protective and destructive roles of host inflammatory immune response will be critically evaluated and discussed from the tissue destruction and control-of-infection viewpoints.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G P Garlet
- OSTEOimmunology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry of Bauru, São Paulo University, FOB/USP, Al. Octávio Pinheiro Brisola, 9-75 CEP 17012-901, Bauru, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
291
|
CD28 exerts protective and detrimental effects in a pulmonary model of paracoccidioidomycosis. Infect Immun 2010; 78:4922-35. [PMID: 20713624 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00297-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
T-cell immunity has been claimed as the main immunoprotective mechanism against Paracoccidioides brasiliensis infection, the most important fungal infection in Latin America. As the initial events that control T-cell activation in paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) are not well established, we decided to investigate the role of CD28, an important costimulatory molecule for the activation of effector and regulatory T cells, in the immunity against this pulmonary pathogen. Using CD28-deficient (CD28(-/-)) and normal wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 mice, we were able to demonstrate that CD28 costimulation determines in pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis an early immunoprotection but a late deleterious effect associated with impaired immunity and uncontrolled fungal growth. Up to week 10 postinfection, CD28(-/-) mice presented increased pulmonary and hepatic fungal loads allied with diminished production of antibodies and pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines besides impaired activation and migration of effector and regulatory T (Treg) cells to the lungs. Unexpectedly, CD28-sufficient mice progressively lost the control of fungal growth, resulting in an increased mortality associated with persistent presence of Treg cells, deactivation of inflammatory macrophages and T cells, prevalent presence of anti-inflammatory cytokines, elevated fungal burdens, and extensive hepatic lesions. As a whole, our findings suggest that CD28 is required for the early protective T-cell responses to P. brasiliensis infection, but it also induces the expansion of regulatory circuits that lately impair adaptive immunity, allowing uncontrolled fungal growth and overwhelming infection, which leads to precocious mortality of mice.
Collapse
|
292
|
|
293
|
Bi Y, Liu G, Yang R. Reciprocal modulation between TH17 and other helper T cell lineages. J Cell Physiol 2010; 226:8-13. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
|
294
|
Mai J, Wang H, Yang XF. Th 17 cells interplay with Foxp3+ Tregs in regulation of inflammation and autoimmunity. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 2010; 15:986-1006. [PMID: 20515737 DOI: 10.2741/3657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
T helper 17 cells (Th17) are a new CD4+ T helper subset that has been implicated in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Th17, along with CD4(+)CD25(high) Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) and other new T helper subsets, have expanded the Th1-Th2 paradigm. Although this new eight-subset paradigm significantly improved our understanding on the differentiation and regulation of CD4+ T helper subsets, many questions remain to be answered. Here we will briefly review the following issues: a) Old Th1-Th2 paradigm versus new multi-subset paradigm; b) Structural features of IL-17 family cytokines; c) Th17 cells; d) Effects of IL-17 on various cell types and tissues; e) IL-17 receptor and signaling pathways; f) Th17-mediated inflammations; and g) Protective mechanisms of IL-17 in infections. Lastly, we will examine the interactions of Th17 and Treg in autoimmune diseases and inflammation: Th17 cells interplay with Tregs. Regulation of autoimmunity and inflammation lies in the interplays of the different T helper subsets, therefore, better understanding of these subsets' interactions would greatly improve our approaches in developing therapy to combat inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jietang Mai
- Department of Pharmacology and Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
295
|
Qian Y, Kang Z, Liu C, Li X. IL-17 signaling in host defense and inflammatory diseases. Cell Mol Immunol 2010; 7:328-33. [PMID: 20514051 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2010.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-17, the signature cytokine secreted by T helper (Th) 17 cells, plays important roles in host defense against extracellular bacterial infection and fungal infection and contributes to the pathogenesis of various autoimmune inflammatory diseases. Here we review the recent advances in IL-17-mediated functions with emphasis on the studies of IL-17-mediated signal transduction, providing perspective on potential drug targets for the treatment of autoimmune inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youcun Qian
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences/Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
296
|
Saito S. Th17 cells and regulatory T cells: new light on pathophysiology of preeclampsia. Immunol Cell Biol 2010; 88:615-7. [PMID: 20498674 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2010.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
297
|
Huber SA. Autoimmunity in Coxsackievirus B3 induced myocarditis: role of estrogen in suppressing autoimmunity. Future Virol 2010; 5:273-286. [PMID: 20963181 DOI: 10.2217/fvl.10.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Picornaviruses are small, non-enveloped, single stranded, positive sense RNA viruses which cause multiple diseases including myocarditis/dilated cardiomyopathy, type 1 diabetes, encephalitis, myositis, orchitis and hepatitis. Although picornaviruses directly kill cells, tissue injury primarily results from autoimmunity to self antigens. Viruses induce autoimmunity by: aborting deletion of self-reactive T cells during T cell ontogeny; reversing anergy of peripheral autoimmune T cells; eliminating T regulatory cells; stimulating self-reactive T cells through antigenic mimicry or cryptic epitopes; and acting as an adjuvant for self molecules released during virus infection. Most autoimmune diseases (SLE, rheumatoid arthritis, Grave's disease) predominate in females, but diseases associated with picornavirus infections predominate in males. T regulatory cells are activated in infected females because of the combined effects of estrogen and innate immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- SA Huber
- Department of Pathology, University of Vermont, 208 S Park Drive, Colchester, VT 05446, USA
| |
Collapse
|
298
|
Abstract
The transcription factor Foxp3 controls the differentiation and function of Treg, but the molecular mechanisms that regulate Foxp3 transcription remain elusive. In particular, signals and factors that open and remodel the Foxp3 locus and imprint developing Treg with a stable Foxp3 phenotype are largely unknown. Two reports in this issue of the European Journal of Immunology, together with recent reports published elsewhere, demonstrate that a member of the NF-kappaB family transcription factors, c-Rel, is required for thymic differentiation of Foxp3(+) Treg. Moreover, c-Rel is shown to regulate Foxp3 transcription directly by binding to cis-regulatory elements at the Foxp3 locus upon TCR/CD28 stimulation, including the promoter and the newly identified conserved non-coding DNA sequence harboring a "permissive" chromatin status in Treg precursors. These findings collectively suggest that c-Rel may act as a pioneer transcription factor in initiating Foxp3 transcription in Treg precursors in the thymus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Hori
- Research Unit for Immune Homeostasis, RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
299
|
Inflammatory and autoimmune reactions in atherosclerosis and vaccine design informatics. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2010:459798. [PMID: 20414374 PMCID: PMC2858284 DOI: 10.1155/2010/459798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2009] [Revised: 01/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the leading pathological contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality worldwide. As its complex pathogenesis has been gradually unwoven, the regime of treatments and therapies has increased with still much ground to cover. Active research in the past decade has attempted to develop antiatherosclerosis vaccines with some positive results. Nevertheless, it remains to develop a vaccine against atherosclerosis with high affinity, specificity, efficiency, and minimal undesirable pathology. In this review, we explore vaccine development against atherosclerosis by interpolating a number of novel findings in the fields of vascular biology, immunology, and bioinformatics. With recent technological breakthroughs, vaccine development affords precision in specifying the nature of the desired immune response—useful when addressing a disease as complex as atherosclerosis with a manifold of inflammatory and autoimmune components. Moreover, our exploration of available bioinformatic tools for epitope-based vaccine design provides a method to avoid expenditure of excess time or resources.
Collapse
|
300
|
IL-17 in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2010:943254. [PMID: 20379379 PMCID: PMC2850519 DOI: 10.1155/2010/943254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2010] [Accepted: 02/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-17 is a cytokine with powerful proinflammatory activity. Production of IL-17 is abnormally increased in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), a multiorgan chronic autoimmune disease. In patients with SLE, CD3+CD4−CD8− (double negative) T cells are an important source of IL-17. IL-17 produced by double negative and CD4 T cells participates in the pathogenesis of the disease. IL-17-producing T cells are present in the kidneys of patients with lupus nephritis. IL-17 increased production in patients with SLE can amplify the immune response by increasing target organ inflammation and damage and by augmenting the production of antibodies by B cells.
Collapse
|