251
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Hall WA, Sabharwal L, Udhane V, Maranto C, Nevalainen MT. Cytokines, JAK-STAT Signaling and Radiation-Induced DNA Repair in Solid Tumors: Novel Opportunities for Radiation Therapy. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2020; 127:105827. [PMID: 32822847 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2020.105827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A number of solid tumors are treated with radiation therapy (RT) as a curative modality. At the same time, for certain types of cancers the applicable doses of RT are not high enough to result in a successful eradication of cancer cells. This is often caused by limited pharmacological tools and strategies to selectively sensitize tumors to RT while simultaneously sparing normal tissues from RT. We present an outline of a novel strategy for RT sensitization of solid tumors utilizing Jak inhibitors. Here, recently published pre-clinical data are reviewed which demonstrate the promising role of Jak inhibition in sensitization of tumors to RT. A wide number of currently approved Jak inhibitors for non-malignant conditions are summarized including Jak inhibitors currently in clinical development. Finally, intersection between Jak/Stat and the levels of serum cytokines are presented and discussed as they relate to susceptibility to RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Hall
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States; Prostate Cancer Center of Excellence at Medical College of Wisconsin Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Lavannya Sabharwal
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States; Prostate Cancer Center of Excellence at Medical College of Wisconsin Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Vindhya Udhane
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States; Prostate Cancer Center of Excellence at Medical College of Wisconsin Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Cristina Maranto
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States; Prostate Cancer Center of Excellence at Medical College of Wisconsin Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Marja T Nevalainen
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States; Prostate Cancer Center of Excellence at Medical College of Wisconsin Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.
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252
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Aleksandrov R, Hristova R, Stoynov S, Gospodinov A. The Chromatin Response to Double-Strand DNA Breaks and Their Repair. Cells 2020; 9:cells9081853. [PMID: 32784607 PMCID: PMC7464352 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular DNA is constantly being damaged by numerous internal and external mutagenic factors. Probably the most severe type of insults DNA could suffer are the double-strand DNA breaks (DSBs). They sever both DNA strands and compromise genomic stability, causing deleterious chromosomal aberrations that are implicated in numerous maladies, including cancer. Not surprisingly, cells have evolved several DSB repair pathways encompassing hundreds of different DNA repair proteins to cope with this challenge. In eukaryotic cells, DSB repair is fulfilled in the immensely complex environment of the chromatin. The chromatin is not just a passive background that accommodates the multitude of DNA repair proteins, but it is a highly dynamic and active participant in the repair process. Chromatin alterations, such as changing patterns of histone modifications shaped by numerous histone-modifying enzymes and chromatin remodeling, are pivotal for proficient DSB repair. Dynamic chromatin changes ensure accessibility to the damaged region, recruit DNA repair proteins, and regulate their association and activity, contributing to DSB repair pathway choice and coordination. Given the paramount importance of DSB repair in tumorigenesis and cancer progression, DSB repair has turned into an attractive target for the development of novel anticancer therapies, some of which have already entered the clinic.
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253
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Guan X, Zhang H, Qin H, Chen C, Hu Z, Tan J, Zeng L. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated whole genomic wide knockout screening identifies mitochondrial ribosomal proteins involving in oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion resistance. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:9313-9322. [PMID: 32618081 PMCID: PMC7417733 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recanalization therapy by intravenous thrombolysis or endovascular therapy is critical for the treatment of cerebral infarction. However, the recanalization treatment will also exacerbate acute brain injury and even severely threatens human life due to the reperfusion injury. So far, the underlying mechanisms for cerebral ischaemia-reperfusion injury are poorly understood and effective therapeutic interventions are yet to be discovered. Therefore, in the research, we subjected SK-N-BE(2) cells to oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGDR) insult and performed a pooled genome-wide CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)/Cas9 (CRISPR-associated protein 9) knockout screen to discover new potential therapeutic targets for cerebral ischaemia-reperfusion injury. We used Metascape to identify candidate genes which might involve in OGDR resistance. We found that the genes contributed to OGDR resistance were primarily involved in neutrophil degranulation, mitochondrial translation, and regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process and response to oxidative stress. We then knocked down some of the identified candidate genes individually. We demonstrated that MRPL19, MRPL32, MRPL52 and MRPL51 inhibition increased cell viability and attenuated OGDR-induced apoptosis. We also demonstrated that OGDR down-regulated the expression of MRPL19 and MRPL51 protein. Taken together, our data suggest that genome-scale screening with Cas9 is a reliable tool to analyse the cellular systems that respond to OGDR injury. MRPL19 and MRPL51 contribute to OGDR resistance and are supposed to be promising targets for the treatment of cerebral ischaemia-reperfusion damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjie Guan
- Center for Medical GeneticsSchool of Life SciencesCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical GeneticsCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Model for Human DiseasesCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Hainan Zhang
- Department of NeurologySecond Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Haiyun Qin
- Department of NeurologySecond Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Chunli Chen
- Department of NeurologySecond Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Zhiping Hu
- Department of NeurologySecond Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Jieqiong Tan
- Center for Medical GeneticsSchool of Life SciencesCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical GeneticsCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Model for Human DiseasesCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Liuwang Zeng
- Department of NeurologySecond Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
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254
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Zhang J, Jing L, Tan S, Zeng EM, Lin Y, He L, Hu Z, Liu J, Guo Z. Inhibition of miR-1193 leads to synthetic lethality in glioblastoma multiforme cells deficient of DNA-PKcs. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:602. [PMID: 32732911 PMCID: PMC7393494 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-02812-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most malignant primary brain tumor and has the highest mortality rate among cancers and high resistance to radiation and cytotoxic chemotherapy. Although some targeted therapies can partially inhibit oncogenic mutation-driven proliferation of GBM cells, therapies harnessing synthetic lethality are ‘coincidental’ treatments with high effectiveness in cancers with gene mutations, such as GBM, which frequently exhibits DNA-PKcs mutation. By implementing a highly efficient high-throughput screening (HTS) platform using an in-house-constructed genome-wide human microRNA inhibitor library, we demonstrated that miR-1193 inhibition sensitized GBM tumor cells with DNA-PKcs deficiency. Furthermore, we found that miR-1193 directly targets YY1AP1, leading to subsequent inhibition of FEN1, an important factor in DNA damage repair. Inhibition of miR-1193 resulted in accumulation of DNA double-strand breaks and thus increased genomic instability. RPA-coated ssDNA structures enhanced ATR checkpoint kinase activity, subsequently activating the CHK1/p53/apoptosis axis. These data provide a preclinical theory for the application of miR-1193 inhibition as a potential synthetic lethal approach targeting GBM cancer cells with DNA-PKcs deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 210097, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China.
| | - Li Jing
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 210097, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Subee Tan
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Er-Ming Zeng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 330006, Nanchang, R.P. China
| | - Yingbo Lin
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, 17176, Sweden
| | - Lingfeng He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 210097, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Zhigang Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 210097, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Jianping Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 210097, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China.
| | - Zhigang Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 210097, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China.
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255
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Haley B, Roudnicky F. Functional Genomics for Cancer Drug Target Discovery. Cancer Cell 2020; 38:31-43. [PMID: 32442401 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2020.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Functional genomics describes a field of biology that uses a range of approaches for assessing gene function with high-throughput molecular, genetic, and cellular technologies. The near limitless potential for applying these concepts to study the activities of all genetic loci has completely upended how today's cancer biologists tackle drug target discovery. We provide an overview of contemporary functional genomics platforms, highlighting areas of distinction and complementarity across technologies, so as to aid in the development or interpretation of cancer-focused screening efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Haley
- Molecular Biology Department, Genentech Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Filip Roudnicky
- Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel 4070, Switzerland.
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256
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Zhang Z, Zhou L, Xie N, Nice EC, Zhang T, Cui Y, Huang C. Overcoming cancer therapeutic bottleneck by drug repurposing. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:113. [PMID: 32616710 PMCID: PMC7331117 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00213-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ever present hurdles for the discovery of new drugs for cancer therapy have necessitated the development of the alternative strategy of drug repurposing, the development of old drugs for new therapeutic purposes. This strategy with a cost-effective way offers a rare opportunity for the treatment of human neoplastic disease, facilitating rapid clinical translation. With an increased understanding of the hallmarks of cancer and the development of various data-driven approaches, drug repurposing further promotes the holistic productivity of drug discovery and reasonably focuses on target-defined antineoplastic compounds. The "treasure trove" of non-oncology drugs should not be ignored since they could target not only known but also hitherto unknown vulnerabilities of cancer. Indeed, different from targeted drugs, these old generic drugs, usually used in a multi-target strategy may bring benefit to patients. In this review, aiming to demonstrate the full potential of drug repurposing, we present various promising repurposed non-oncology drugs for clinical cancer management and classify these candidates into their proposed administration for either mono- or drug combination therapy. We also summarize approaches used for drug repurposing and discuss the main barriers to its uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Na Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Edouard C Nice
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Tao Zhang
- The School of Biological Science and Technology, Chengdu Medical College, 610083, Chengdu, China.
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital, Chengdu, 610051, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yongping Cui
- Cancer Institute, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (PKU-HKUST) Medical Center, and Cancer Institute, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory Shenzhen, 518035, Shenzhen, China.
- Department of Pathology & Shanxi Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research on Esophageal Cancer, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China.
| | - Canhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, 610041, Chengdu, China.
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, Sichuan, China.
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257
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Sprissler R, Perkins B, Johnstone L, Babiker HM, Chalasani P, Lau B, Hammer M, Mahadevan D. Rare Tumor-Normal Matched Whole Exome Sequencing Identifies Novel Genomic Pathogenic Germline and Somatic Aberrations. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1618. [PMID: 32570879 PMCID: PMC7352311 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole exome sequencing (WES) of matched tumor-normal pairs in rare tumors has the potential to identify genome-wide mutations and copy number alterations (CNAs). We evaluated 27 rare cancer patients with tumor-normal matching by WES and tumor-only next generation sequencing (NGS) as a comparator. Our goal was to: 1) identify known and novel variants and CNAs in rare cancers with comparison to common cancers; 2) examine differences between germline and somatic variants and how that functionally impacts rare tumors; 3) detect and characterize alleles in biologically relevant genes-pathways that may be of clinical importance but not represented in classical cancer genes. We identified 3343 germline single nucleotide variants (SNVs) and small indel variants-1670 in oncogenes and 1673 in tumor suppressor genes-generating an average of 124 germline variants/case. The number of somatic SNVs and small indels detected in all cases was 523:306 in oncogenes and 217 in tumor suppressor genes. Of the germline variants, six were identified to be pathogenic or likely pathogenic. In the 27 analyzed rare cancer cases, CNAs are variable depending on tumor type, germline pathogenic variants are more common. Cell fate pathway mutations (e.g., Hippo, Notch, Wnt) dominate pathogenesis and double hit (mutation + CNV) represent ~18% cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Sprissler
- Department of Health Sciences, Center for Applied Genetics and Genomic Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA;
- Arizona Research Labs, University of Arizona Genetics Core, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (L.J.); (B.L.)
| | - Bryce Perkins
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; (B.P.); (H.M.B.); (P.C.)
| | - Laurel Johnstone
- Arizona Research Labs, University of Arizona Genetics Core, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (L.J.); (B.L.)
| | - Hani M. Babiker
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; (B.P.); (H.M.B.); (P.C.)
- Department of Medicine—Hematology/Oncology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, Mays Cancer Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Pavani Chalasani
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; (B.P.); (H.M.B.); (P.C.)
- Department of Medicine—Hematology/Oncology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, Mays Cancer Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Branden Lau
- Arizona Research Labs, University of Arizona Genetics Core, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (L.J.); (B.L.)
| | - Michael Hammer
- Department of Health Sciences, Center for Applied Genetics and Genomic Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA;
- Arizona Research Labs, University of Arizona Genetics Core, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (L.J.); (B.L.)
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; (B.P.); (H.M.B.); (P.C.)
| | - Daruka Mahadevan
- Department of Medicine—Hematology/Oncology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, Mays Cancer Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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258
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Liptay M, Barbosa JS, Rottenberg S. Replication Fork Remodeling and Therapy Escape in DNA Damage Response-Deficient Cancers. Front Oncol 2020; 10:670. [PMID: 32432041 PMCID: PMC7214843 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Most cancers have lost a critical DNA damage response (DDR) pathway during tumor evolution. These alterations provide a useful explanation for the initial sensitivity of tumors to DNA-targeting chemotherapy. A striking example is dysfunctional homology-directed repair (HDR), e.g., due to inactivating mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. Extensive efforts are being made to develop novel targeted therapies exploiting such an HDR defect. Inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) are an instructive example of this approach. Despite the success of PARP inhibitors, the presence of primary or acquired therapy resistance remains a major challenge in clinical oncology. To move the field of precision medicine forward, we need to understand the precise mechanisms causing therapy resistance. Using preclinical models, various mechanisms underlying chemotherapy resistance have been identified. Restoration of HDR seems to be a prevalent mechanism but this does not explain resistance in all cases. Interestingly, some factors involved in DNA damage response (DDR) have independent functions in replication fork (RF) biology and their loss causes RF instability and therapy sensitivity. However, in BRCA-deficient tumors, loss of these factors leads to restored stability of RFs and acquired drug resistance. In this review we discuss the recent advances in the field of RF biology and its potential implications for chemotherapy response in DDR-defective cancers. Additionally, we review the role of DNA damage tolerance (DDT) pathways in maintenance of genome integrity and their alterations in cancer. Furthermore, we refer to novel tools that, combined with a better understanding of drug resistance mechanisms, may constitute a great advance in personalized diagnosis and therapeutic strategies for patients with HDR-deficient tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Liptay
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Joana S. Barbosa
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sven Rottenberg
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Bern Center for Precision Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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259
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Williams KB, Largaespada DA. New Model Systems and the Development of Targeted Therapies for the Treatment of Neurofibromatosis Type 1-Associated Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E477. [PMID: 32353955 PMCID: PMC7290716 DOI: 10.3390/genes11050477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1) is a common genetic disorder and cancer predisposition syndrome (1:3000 births) caused by mutations in the tumor suppressor gene NF1. NF1 encodes neurofibromin, a negative regulator of the Ras signaling pathway. Individuals with NF1 often develop benign tumors of the peripheral nervous system (neurofibromas), originating from the Schwann cell linage, some of which progress further to malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs). Treatment options for neurofibromas and MPNSTs are extremely limited, relying largely on surgical resection and cytotoxic chemotherapy. Identification of novel therapeutic targets in both benign neurofibromas and MPNSTs is critical for improved patient outcomes and quality of life. Recent clinical trials conducted in patients with NF1 for the treatment of symptomatic plexiform neurofibromas using inhibitors of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK) have shown very promising results. However, MEK inhibitors do not work in all patients and have significant side effects. In addition, preliminary evidence suggests single agent use of MEK inhibitors for MPNST treatment will fail. Here, we describe the preclinical efforts that led to the identification of MEK inhibitors as promising therapeutics for the treatment of NF1-related neoplasia and possible reasons they lack single agent efficacy in the treatment of MPNSTs. In addition, we describe work to find targets other than MEK for treatment of MPNST. These have come from studies of RAS biochemistry, in vitro drug screening, forward genetic screens for Schwann cell tumors, and synthetic lethal screens in cells with oncogenic RAS gene mutations. Lastly, we discuss new approaches to exploit drug screening and synthetic lethality with NF1 loss of function mutations in human Schwann cells using CRISPR/Cas9 technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle B. Williams
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - David A. Largaespada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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260
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Murciano-Goroff YR, Taylor BS, Hyman DM, Schram AM. Toward a More Precise Future for Oncology. Cancer Cell 2020; 37:431-442. [PMID: 32289268 PMCID: PMC7499397 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2020.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Prospective molecular characterization of cancer has enabled physicians to define the genomic changes of each patient's tumor in real time and select personalized therapies based on these detailed portraits. Despite the promise of such an approach, previously unrecognized biological and therapeutic complexity is emerging. Here, we synthesize lessons learned and discuss the steps required to extend the benefits of genome-driven oncology, including proposing strategies for improved drug design, more nuanced patient selection, and optimized use of available therapies. Finally, we suggest ways that next-generation genome-driven clinical trials can evolve to accelerate our understanding of cancer biology and improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonina R Murciano-Goroff
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Barry S Taylor
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Human Oncogenesis and Pathology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - David M Hyman
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA; Loxo Oncology, A Wholly Owned Subsidiary of Eli Lilly, Stamford, CT, USA
| | - Alison M Schram
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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261
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Wolter K, Zender L. Therapy-induced senescence - an induced synthetic lethality in liver cancer? Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 17:135-136. [PMID: 31965074 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-020-0262-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Wolter
- Department of Medical Oncology and Pneumology (Internal Medicine VIII), University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence 'Image Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies' (iFIT), Eberhard-Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lars Zender
- Department of Medical Oncology and Pneumology (Internal Medicine VIII), University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany. .,Cluster of Excellence 'Image Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies' (iFIT), Eberhard-Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany. .,German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Partner Site Tübingen, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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262
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Sui JSY, Martin P, Gray SG. Pre-clinical models of small cell lung cancer and the validation of therapeutic targets. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2020; 24:187-204. [PMID: 32068452 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2020.1732353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive form of lung cancer that has a dismal prognosis. One of the factors hindering therapeutic developments for SCLC is that most SCLC is not surgically resected resulting in a paucity of material for analysis. To address this, significant efforts have been made by investigators to develop pre-clinical models of SCLC allowing for downstream target identification in this difficult to treat cancer.Areas covered: In this review, we describe the current pre-clinical models that have been developed to interrogate SCLC, and outline the benefits and limitations associated with each. Using examples we show how each has been used to (i) improve our knowledge of this intractable cancer, and (ii) identify and validate potential therapeutic targets that (iii) are currently under development and testing within the clinic.Expert opinion: The large numbers of preclinical models that have been developed have dramatically improved the ways in which we can examine SCLC and test therapeutic targets/interventions. The newer models are rapidly providing novel avenues for the design and testing of new therapeutics. Despite this many of these models have inherent flaws that limit the possibility of their use for individualized therapy decision-making for SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane S Y Sui
- Thoracic Oncology Research Group, Laboratory Medicine and Molecular Pathology, Central Pathology Laboratory, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Medical Oncology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Petra Martin
- Thoracic Oncology Research Group, Laboratory Medicine and Molecular Pathology, Central Pathology Laboratory, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Steven G Gray
- Thoracic Oncology Research Group, Laboratory Medicine and Molecular Pathology, Central Pathology Laboratory, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,Labmed Directorate, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Biological Sciences, Dublin Institute of Technology, Dublin, Ireland
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RAD52: Viral Friend or Foe? Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12020399. [PMID: 32046320 PMCID: PMC7072633 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian Radiation Sensitive 52 (RAD52) is a gene whose scientific reputation has recently seen a strong resurgence. In the past decade, RAD52, which was thought to be dispensable for most DNA repair and recombination reactions in mammals, has been shown to be important for a bevy of DNA metabolic pathways. One of these processes is termed break-induced replication (BIR), a mechanism that can be used to re-start broken replication forks and to elongate the ends of chromosomes in telomerase-negative cells. Viruses have historically evolved a myriad of mechanisms in which they either conscript cellular factors or, more frequently, inactivate them as a means to enable their own replication and survival. Recent data suggests that Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV) may replicate its DNA in a BIR-like fashion and/or utilize RAD52 to facilitate viral transduction and, as such, likely conscripts/requires the host RAD52 protein to promote its perpetuation.
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