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Adrianto I, Wang S, Wiley GB, Lessard CJ, Kelly JA, Adler AJ, Glenn SB, Williams AH, Ziegler JT, Comeau ME, Marion MC, Wakeland BE, Liang C, Kaufman KM, Guthridge JM, Alarcón-Riquelme ME, Alarcón GS, Anaya JM, Bae SC, Kim JH, Joo YB, Boackle SA, Brown EE, Petri MA, Ramsey-Goldman R, Reveille JD, Vilá LM, Criswell LA, Edberg JC, Freedman BI, Gilkeson GS, Jacob CO, James JA, Kamen DL, Kimberly RP, Martin J, Merrill JT, Niewold TB, Pons-Estel BA, Scofield RH, Stevens AM, Tsao BP, Vyse TJ, Langefeld CD, Harley JB, Wakeland EK, Moser KL, Montgomery CG, Gaffney PM. Association of two independent functional risk haplotypes in TNIP1 with systemic lupus erythematosus. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2012; 64:3695-705. [PMID: 22833143 PMCID: PMC3485412 DOI: 10.1002/art.34642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by autoantibody production and altered type I interferon expression. Genetic surveys and genome-wide association studies have identified >30 SLE susceptibility genes. One of these genes, TNIP1, encodes the ABIN1 protein. ABIN1 functions in the immune system by restricting NF-κB signaling. The present study was undertaken to investigate the genetic factors that influence association with SLE in genes that regulate the NF-κB pathway. METHODS We analyzed a dense set of genetic markers spanning TNIP1 and TAX1BP1, as well as the TNIP1 homolog TNIP2, in case-control populations of diverse ethnic origins. TNIP1, TNIP2, and TAX1BP1 were fine-mapped in a total of 8,372 SLE cases and 7,492 healthy controls from European-ancestry, African American, Hispanic, East Asian, and African American Gullah populations. Levels of TNIP1 messenger RNA (mRNA) and ABIN1 protein in Epstein-Barr virus-transformed human B cell lines were analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting, respectively. RESULTS We found significant associations between SLE and genetic variants within TNIP1, but not in TNIP2 or TAX1BP1. After resequencing and imputation, we identified 2 independent risk haplotypes within TNIP1 in individuals of European ancestry that were also present in African American and Hispanic populations. Levels of TNIP1 mRNA and ABIN1 protein were reduced among subjects with these haplotypes, suggesting that they harbor hypomorphic functional variants that influence susceptibility to SLE by restricting ABIN1 expression. CONCLUSION Our results confirm the association signals between SLE and TNIP1 variants in multiple populations and provide new insight into the mechanism by which TNIP1 variants may contribute to SLE pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indra Adrianto
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Shaofeng Wang
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Graham B. Wiley
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Christopher J. Lessard
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK
- College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Jennifer A. Kelly
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Adam J. Adler
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Stuart B. Glenn
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Adrienne H. Williams
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Julie T. Ziegler
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Mary E. Comeau
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Miranda C. Marion
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Benjamin E. Wakeland
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Chaoying Liang
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Kenneth M. Kaufman
- Division of Rheumatology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
- US Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Joel M. Guthridge
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Marta E. Alarcón-Riquelme
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK
- Centro de Genómica e Investigaciones Oncológicas (GENyO), Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía Granada, Spain
| | | | | | - Juan-Manuel Anaya
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Sang-Cheol Bae
- Department of Rheumatology, Hanyang University Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hoon Kim
- Department of Rheumatology, Hanyang University Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Bin Joo
- Department of Rheumatology, Hanyang University Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Susan A. Boackle
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO
| | - Elizabeth E. Brown
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Michelle A. Petri
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | | | - John D. Reveille
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunogenetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Luis M. Vilá
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Lindsey A. Criswell
- Rosalind Russell Medical Research Center for Arthritis, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Jeffrey C. Edberg
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Barry I. Freedman
- Department of Internal Medicine/Nephrology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Gary S. Gilkeson
- Division of Rheumatology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Chaim O. Jacob
- Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Judith A. James
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK
- College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Diane L. Kamen
- Division of Rheumatology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Robert P. Kimberly
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Javier Martin
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina “López-Neyra”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Joan T. Merrill
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Timothy B. Niewold
- Section of Rheumatology and Gwen Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | | | - R. Hal Scofield
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK
- College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
- US Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center (DVAMC), Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Anne M. Stevens
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Betty P. Tsao
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Timothy J. Vyse
- Divisions of Genetics and Molecular Medicine and Immunology, Infection and Inflammatory Diseases, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Carl D. Langefeld
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - John B. Harley
- Division of Rheumatology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
- US Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Edward K. Wakeland
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Kathy L. Moser
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK
- College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Courtney G. Montgomery
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Patrick M. Gaffney
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK
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Romagnoli M, Belguise K, Yu Z, Wang X, Landesman-Bollag E, Seldin DC, Chalbos D, Barillé-Nion S, Jézéquel P, Seldin ML, Sonenshein GE. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition induced by TGF-β1 is mediated by Blimp-1-dependent repression of BMP-5. Cancer Res 2012; 72:6268-78. [PMID: 23054396 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-2270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Induction of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by TGF-β1 requires Ras signaling. We recently identified the transcriptional repressor Blimp-1 (PRDM1) as a downstream effector of the NF-κB, RelB/Bcl-2/Ras-driven pathway that promotes breast cancer cell migration. As the RelB/Blimp-1 pathway similarly required Ras signaling activation, we tested whether Blimp-1 plays a role in TGF-β1-mediated EMT. Here, TGF-β1 treatment of untransformed NMuMG mammary epithelial and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells was shown to induce Blimp-1 expression, which promoted an EMT signature and cell migration. TGFB1 and BLIMP1 RNA levels were correlated in patient breast tumors. BLIMP1 gene transcription was activated by TGF-β1 via a c-Raf (RAF1) to AP-1 pathway. Blimp-1 induced expression of the EMT master regulator Snail (SNAI1) via repressing BMP-5, which inhibited Snail expression upon TGF-β1 treatment. Interestingly, a similar cascade was observed during postnatal mouse mammary gland development. RelB expression was detected early in pregnancy followed progressively by Blimp-1 and then Snail; whereas, BMP-5 levels were high in nulliparous and regressing glands. Finally, lower BMP5 RNA levels were detected in patient breast tumors versus normal tissues, and correlated with cancer recurrence. Thus, the Ras effector Blimp-1 plays an essential role in TGF-β1-induced EMT via repression of BMP-5 in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Romagnoli
- Department of Biochemistry, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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253
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Prediction of core cancer genes using multi-task classification framework. J Theor Biol 2012; 317:62-70. [PMID: 23041449 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2012.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Revised: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is deemed as a highly heterogeneous disease specific to cell type and tissue origin. All cancers, however, share a common pathogenesis. Therefore, it is widely believed that cancers may share common mechanisms. In this study, we introduce a novel strategy based on multi-tasking learning methods to predict core cancer genes shared by multiple cancers in the hope of elucidating common cancer mechanisms. Our strategy uses two multi-tasking learning algorithms, one for feature selection and the other for validation of selected features. The combined use of two methods results in more robust classifiers and reliable selected features. The top 73 significant features, mapped to 72 genes, are selected as core cancer genes. The effectiveness of the 73 features is further demonstrated in a blind test conducted on an independent test data. The biological significance of these genes is evaluated using systems biology analyses. Extensive functional, pathway and network analysis confirms findings in previous studies and brings new insights into common cancer mechanisms. Our strategy can be used as a general method to find important genes from large gene expression datasets on the genomic level. The selected genes can be used to predict cancers.
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254
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Cytotoxic effect of disulfiram/copper on human glioblastoma cell lines and ALDH-positive cancer-stem-like cells. Br J Cancer 2012; 107:1488-97. [PMID: 23033007 PMCID: PMC3493777 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2012.442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cells are resistant to anticancer drugs. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a key mediator of chemoresistance. We have reported that disulfiram (DS), an aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) inhibitor, targets breast CSC-like cells. In this study, the effect of DS and combination of DS and gemcitabine (dFdC) on GBM cells and GBM stem-like cells was investigated. Methods: 1-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-3,5-diphenylformazan (MTT), combination index (CI)-isobologram, western blot, luciferase reporter gene assay, electrophoretic mobility-shift assay and ALDH analysis were used in this study. Results: Disulfiram is cytotoxic in GBM cell lines in a copper (Cu)-dependent manner. Disulfiram/copper enhances the cytotoxicity of dFdC. Combination index-isobologram analysis indicates a synergistic effect between DS/Cu and dFdC. Disulfiram/copper induces reactive oxygen species (ROS), activates JNK and p38 pathways and inhibits nuclear factor-kappa B activity in GBM cell lines. Disulfiram/copper may trigger intrinsic apoptotic pathway via modulation of the Bcl2 family. Disulfiram/copper abolishes stem-like cell population in GBM cell lines. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that the cytotoxicity of DS/Cu and the enhancing effect of DS/Cu on the cytotoxicity of dFdC in GBM stem-like cells may be caused by induction of ROS and inhibition of both ALDH and the NFkB pathway. Both DS and dFdC can traverse the blood–brain barrier. Further study may lead them into GBM chemotherapy.
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255
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Li X, Xu B, Moran MS, Zhao Y, Su P, Haffty BG, Shao C, Yang Q. 53BP1 functions as a tumor suppressor in breast cancer via the inhibition of NF-κB through miR-146a. Carcinogenesis 2012; 33:2593-600. [PMID: 23027628 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgs298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
p53-binding protein-1 (53BP1) plays a critical role in cell cycle checkpoint and DNA repair activities. Recently, 53BP1 was recognized as a potential tumor suppressor gene. In this study, we investigated its tumor suppressor function in breast cancer. In clinical samples, we observed a lower level of 53BP1 expression in the cancer lesions than in the matched non-tumor tissues. Furthermore, the 53BP1 level showed a gradual decrease during the progression from precancerous to cancer lesion. Ectopic expression of 53BP1 can significantly inhibit cell proliferation and curb the invasiveness in breast cancer cell lines, whereas knockdown of 53BP1 by RNA interference had the opposite effects. Additionally, 53BP1 markedly inhibited xenograft formation and metastasis of breast cancer cells in nude mice. Both in vitro and in vivo studies revealed that the 53BP1 expression level was inversely correlated to the function of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB), which contributes to the invasion and metastasis of breast cancer. Importantly, the inhibitory effect of 53BP1 on NF-κB activity was shown to be mediated by the upregulation of miR-146a. Together, our findings demonstrated that 53BP1 has a potent tumor suppressor activity in breast cancer, and it may serve as a novel target for breast cancer prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Wenhua Xi Road No.107, Jinan 250012, China
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256
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Kumar S, Kunec D, Buza JJ, Chiang HI, Zhou H, Subramaniam S, Pendarvis K, Cheng HH, Burgess SC. Nuclear Factor kappa B is central to Marek's disease herpesvirus induced neoplastic transformation of CD30 expressing lymphocytes in-vivo. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2012; 6:123. [PMID: 22979947 PMCID: PMC3472249 DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-6-123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Marek’s Disease (MD) is a hyperproliferative, lymphomatous, neoplastic disease of chickens caused by the oncogenic Gallid herpesvirus type 2 (GaHV-2; MDV). Like several human lymphomas the neoplastic MD lymphoma cells overexpress the CD30 antigen (CD30hi) and are in minority, while the non-neoplastic cells (CD30lo) form the majority of population. MD is a unique natural in-vivo model of human CD30hi lymphomas with both natural CD30hi lymphomagenesis and spontaneous regression. The exact mechanism of neoplastic transformation from CD30lo expressing phenotype to CD30hi expressing neoplastic phenotype is unknown. Here, using microarray, proteomics and Systems Biology modeling; we compare the global gene expression of CD30lo and CD30hi cells to identify key pathways of neoplastic transformation. We propose and test a specific mechanism of neoplastic transformation, and genetic resistance, involving the MDV oncogene Meq, host gene products of the Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NF-κB) family and CD30; we also identify a novel Meq protein interactome. Results Our results show that a) CD30lo lymphocytes are pre-neoplastic precursors and not merely reactive lymphocytes; b) multiple transformation mechanisms exist and are potentially controlled by Meq; c) Meq can drive a feed-forward cycle that induces CD30 transcription, increases CD30 signaling which activates NF-κB, and, in turn, increases Meq transcription; d) Meq transcriptional repression or activation of the CD30 promoter generally correlates with polymorphisms in the CD30 promoter distinguishing MD-lymphoma resistant and susceptible chicken genotypes e) MDV oncoprotein Meq interacts with proteins involved in physiological processes central to lymphomagenesis. Conclusions In the context of the MD lymphoma microenvironment (and potentially in other CD30hi lymphomas as well), our results show that the neoplastic transformation is a continuum and the non-neoplastic cells are actually pre-neoplastic precursor cells and not merely immune bystanders. We also show that NF-κB is a central player in MDV induced neoplastic transformation of CD30-expressing lymphocytes in vivo. Our results provide insights into molecular mechanisms of neoplastic transformation in MD specifically and also herpesvirus induced lymphoma in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyamesh Kumar
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS 39762, USA.
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257
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Chaudhary SC, Kurundkar D, Elmets CA, Kopelovich L, Athar M. Metformin, an antidiabetic agent reduces growth of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma by targeting mTOR signaling pathway. Photochem Photobiol 2012; 88:1149-56. [PMID: 22540890 PMCID: PMC3476735 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2012.01165.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The biguanide metformin is widely used for the treatment of Type-II diabetes. Its antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic effects in various tumor cells suggest its potential candidacy for cancer chemoprevention. Herein, we report that metformin significantly inhibited human epidermoid A431 tumor xenograft growth in nu/nu mice, which was associated with a significant reduction in proliferative biomarkers PCNA and cyclins D1/B1. This tumor growth reduction was accompanied by the enhanced apoptotic cell death and an increase in Bax:Bcl2 ratio. The mechanism by which metformin manifests antitumor effects appears to be dependent on the inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B (NFkB) and mTOR signaling pathways. Decreased phosphorylation of NFkB inhibitory protein IKBα together with reduced enhancement of NFkB transcriptional target proteins, iNOS/COX-2 were observed. In addition, a decrease in the activation of ERK/p38-driven MAP kinase signaling was seen. Similarly, AKT signaling activation as assessed by the diminished phosphorylation at Ser473 with a concomitant decrease in mTOR signaling pathway was also noted as phosphorylation of mTOR regulatory proteins p70S6K and 4E-BP-1 was significantly reduced. Consistently, decreased phosphorylation of GSK3β, which is carried out by AKT kinases was also observed. These results suggest that metformin blocks SCC growth by dampening NFkB and mTOR signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep C. Chaudhary
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1530 3 Avenue South, VH 509, Birmingham, AL 35294-0019
| | - Deepali Kurundkar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1530 3 Avenue South, VH 509, Birmingham, AL 35294-0019
| | - Craig A. Elmets
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1530 3 Avenue South, VH 509, Birmingham, AL 35294-0019
| | - Levy Kopelovich
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, 6130 Executive Blvd, Suite 2114, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Mohammad Athar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1530 3 Avenue South, VH 509, Birmingham, AL 35294-0019
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Sutcliffe EL, Li J, Zafar A, Hardy K, Ghildyal R, McCuaig R, Norris NC, Lim PS, Milburn PJ, Casarotto MG, Denyer G, Rao S. Chromatinized Protein Kinase C-θ: Can It Escape the Clutches of NF-κB? Front Immunol 2012; 3:260. [PMID: 22969762 PMCID: PMC3428636 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently provided the first description of a nuclear mechanism used by Protein Kinase C-theta (PKC-θ) to mediate T cell gene expression. In this mode, PKC-θ tethers to chromatin to form an active nuclear complex by interacting with proteins including RNA polymerase II, the histone kinase MSK-1, the demethylase LSD1, and the adaptor molecule 14-3-3ζ at regulatory regions of inducible immune response genes. Moreover, our genome-wide analysis identified many novel PKC-θ target genes and microRNAs implicated in T cell development, differentiation, apoptosis, and proliferation. We have expanded our ChIP-on-chip analysis and have now identified a transcription factor motif containing NF-κB binding sites that may facilitate recruitment of PKC-θ to chromatin at coding genes. Furthermore, NF-κB association with chromatin appears to be a prerequisite for the assembly of the PKC-θ active complex. In contrast, a distinct NF-κB-containing module appears to operate at PKC-θ targeted microRNA genes, and here NF-κB negatively regulates microRNA gene transcription. Our efforts are also focusing on distinguishing between the nuclear and cytoplasmic functions of PKCs to ascertain how these kinases may synergize their roles as both cytoplasmic signaling proteins and their functions on the chromatin template, together enabling rapid induction of eukaryotic genes. We have identified an alternative sequence within PKC-θ that appears to be important for nuclear translocation of this kinase. Understanding the molecular mechanisms used by signal transduction kinases to elicit specific and distinct transcriptional programs in T cells will enable scientists to refine current therapeutic strategies for autoimmune diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elissa L Sutcliffe
- Discipline of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Applied Science, The University of Canberra Canberra, ACT, Australia
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Pacak K, Sirova M, Giubellino A, Lencesova L, Csaderova L, Laukova M, Hudecova S, Krizanova O. NF-κB inhibition significantly upregulates the norepinephrine transporter system, causes apoptosis in pheochromocytoma cell lines and prevents metastasis in an animal model. Int J Cancer 2012; 131:2445-55. [PMID: 22407736 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Pheochromocytomas (PHEOs) and paragangliomas (PGLs) are specific types of neuroendocrine tumors that originate in the adrenal medulla or sympathetic/parasympathetic paraganglia, respectively. Although these tumors are intensively studied, a very effective treatment for metastatic PHEO or PGL has not yet been established. Preclinical evaluations of novel therapies for these tumors are very much required. Therefore, in this study we tested the effect of triptolide (TTL), a potent nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) inhibitor, on the cell membrane norepinephrine transporter (NET) system, considered to be the gatekeeper for the radiotherapeutic agent 131I-metaiodobenzylguanidine (131I-MIBG). We measured changes in the mRNA and protein levels of NET and correlated them with proapoptotic factors and metastasis inhibition. The study was performed on three different stable PHEO cell lines. We found that blocking NF-κB with TTL or capsaicin increased both NET mRNA and protein levels. Involvement of NF-κB in the upregulation of NET was verified by mRNA silencing of this site and also by using NF-κB antipeptide. Moreover, in vivo treatment with TTL significantly reduced metastatic burden in an animal model of metastatic PHEO. The present study for the first time shows how NF-κB inhibitors could be successfully used in the treatment of metastatic PHEO/PGL by a significant upregulation of NET to increase the efficacy of 131I-MIBG and by the induction of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel Pacak
- Program in Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Curcumin abrogates bile-induced NF-κB activity and DNA damage in vitro and suppresses NF-κB activity whilst promoting apoptosis in vivo, suggesting chemopreventative potential in Barrett's oesophagus. Clin Transl Oncol 2012; 14:302-11. [PMID: 22484638 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-012-0799-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Curcumin has been suggested to possess anti-neoplastic properties. As oesophageal adenocarcinoma (OA) and Barrett's oesophagus (BO) represent a neoplastic series, we postulated that curcumin supplementation may slow neoplastic progression at this site. Our aim was to investigate the effects of curcumin in vitro and in vivo on markers of oesophageal cancer progression. METHODS We investigated the in vitro ability of curcumin to prevent bile acid-induced DNA damage using micronucleus assay and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) activity in the oesophageal cell lines (OE33) using real-time PCR of the extracted RNA. We also analysed NF-κB p65 activation in curcumin-pre-treated OE33 cells exposed to deoxycholic acid (DCA) using ELISA. In another pilot study, BO patients took a daily 500 mg curcumin tablet for 7 days prior to their endoscopy. In biopsies collected from these patients (n=33, 16 curcumin, 17 control), we examined NF-κB-driven gene expression (interleukin (IL)-8, inhibitor- kappaB (I-κB)) using real-time PCR of the extracted RNA from the biopsy sample. The apoptotic frequency was assessed by counting the number of apoptotic bodies in the epithelial cells from the Barrett's tissue with and without curcumin. RESULTS In vitro, curcumin (50 μM) significantly abrogated DNA damage and NF-κB activity induced by bile. Pretreating OE33 cells with curcumin (50 μM) completely abolished the ability of DCA (300 μM) to activate NF-κB. In vivo, IL-8 expression was non-significantly suppressed in the curcumin-supplemented patients compared to the squamous control tissue, whilst also showing a doubling in the apoptotic frequency compared to non-supplemented control patients. CONCLUSIONS Curcumin abrogated bile-driven effects in vitro. The in vivo data also suggests that curcumin supplementation had beneficial effects (increased apoptosis, potentially reduced NF-κB activity) in the Barrett's tissues themselves, despite poor delivery of the curcumin to the oesophagus.
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Nguyen MH, Ueda K, Nakamura Y, Daigo Y. Identification of a novel oncogene, MMS22L, involved in lung and esophageal carcinogenesis. Int J Oncol 2012; 41:1285-96. [PMID: 22895565 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2012.1589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide gene expression profile analyses using a cDNA microarray containing 27,648 genes or expressed sequence tags identified MMS22L (methyl methanesulfonate-sensitivity protein 22-like) to be overexpressed in the majority of clinical lung and esophageal cancers, but not expressed in normal organs except testis. Transfection of siRNAs against MMS22L into cancer cells suppressed its expression and inhibited cell growth, while exogenous expression of MMS22L enhanced the growth of mammalian cells. MMS22L protein was translocated to the nucleus and stabilized by binding to C-terminal portion of NFKBIL2 [nuclear factor of kappa (NFKB) light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor-like 2]. Expression of a C-terminal portion of NFKBIL2 protein including the MMS22L-interacting site in cancer cells could reduce the levels of MMS22L in nucleus and suppressed cancer cell growth. Interestingly, reduction of MMS22L by siRNAs in cancer cells inhibited the TNF-α-dependent activation of RelA/p65 in the NFKB pathway and expression of its downstream anti-apoptotic molecules such as Bcl-XL and TRAF1. In addition, knockdown of MMS22L expression also enhanced the apoptosis of cancer cells that were exposed to DNA-damaging agents including 5-FU and CDDP. Our data strongly suggest that targeting MMS22L as well as its interaction with NFKBIL2 could be a promising strategy for novel cancer treatments, and also improve the efficacy of DNA damaging anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh-Hue Nguyen
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Lovas A, Weidemann A, Albrecht D, Wiechert L, Weih D, Weih F. p100 Deficiency is insufficient for full activation of the alternative NF-κB pathway: TNF cooperates with p52-RelB in target gene transcription. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42741. [PMID: 22880094 PMCID: PMC3412832 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Constitutive activation of the alternative NF-κB pathway leads to marginal zone B cell expansion and disorganized spleen microarchitecture. Furthermore, uncontrolled alternative NF-κB signaling may result in the development and progression of cancer. Here, we focused on the question how does the constitutive alternative NF-κB signaling exert its effects in these malignant processes. Methodology/Principal Findings To explore the consequences of unrestricted alternative NF-κB activation on genome-wide transcription, we compared gene expression profiles of wild-type and NF-κB2/p100-deficient (p100−/−) primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and spleens. Microarray experiments revealed only 73 differentially regulated genes in p100−/− vs. wild-type MEFs. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays showed in p100−/− MEFs direct binding of p52 and RelB to the promoter of the Enpp2 gene encoding ENPP2/Autotaxin, a protein with an important role in lymphocyte homing and cell migration. Gene ontology analysis revealed upregulation of genes with anti-apoptotic/proliferative activity (Enpp2/Atx, Serpina3g, Traf1, Rrad), chemotactic/locomotory activity (Enpp2/Atx, Ccl8), and lymphocyte homing activity (Enpp2/Atx, Cd34). Most importantly, biochemical and gene expression analyses of MEFs and spleen, respectively, indicated a marked crosstalk between classical and alternative NF-κB pathways. Conclusions/Significance Our results show that p100 deficiency alone was insufficient for full induction of genes regulated by the alternative NF-κB pathway. Moreover, alternative NF-κB signaling strongly synergized both in vitro and in vivo with classical NF-κB activation, thereby extending the number of genes under the control of the p100 inhibitor of the alternative NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Lovas
- Research Group Immunology, Leibniz-Institute for Age Research – Fritz-Lipmann-Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Anja Weidemann
- Research Group Immunology, Leibniz-Institute for Age Research – Fritz-Lipmann-Institute, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Lars Wiechert
- Research Group Immunology, Leibniz-Institute for Age Research – Fritz-Lipmann-Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Debra Weih
- Research Group Immunology, Leibniz-Institute for Age Research – Fritz-Lipmann-Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Falk Weih
- Research Group Immunology, Leibniz-Institute for Age Research – Fritz-Lipmann-Institute, Jena, Germany
- Faculty of Biology and Pharmacology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Wu SY, Leu YL, Chang YL, Wu TS, Kuo PC, Liao YR, Teng CM, Pan SL. Physalin F induces cell apoptosis in human renal carcinoma cells by targeting NF-kappaB and generating reactive oxygen species. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40727. [PMID: 22815798 PMCID: PMC3398016 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to determine the molecular mechanisms of physalin F, an effective purified extract of Physalis angulata L. (Solanacae), in renal carcinoma A498 cells. Methodology/Principal Findings Physalin F was observed to significantly induce cytotoxicity of three human renal carcinoma A498, ACHN, and UO-31 cells in a concentration-dependent manner; this was especially potent in A498 cells. The physalin F-induced cell apoptosis of A498 cells was characterized by MTT assay, nuclear DNA fragmentation and chromatin condensation. Using flow cytometry analysis, physalin F induced A498 cell apoptosis as demonstrated by the accumulation of the sub-G1 phase in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Moreover, physalin F-mediated accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) caused Bcl-2 family proteins, Bcl-2, and Bcl-xL degradation, which led to disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential and release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria into the cytosol. These effects were associated with induction of caspase-3 and caspase-9 activity, which led to poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage. However, the antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) and glutathione (GSH) resulted in the inhibition of these events and reversed physalin F-induced cell apoptosis. In addition, physalin F suppressed NF-κB activity and nuclear translocation of p65 and p50, which was reversed by NAC and GSH. Conclusion Physalin F induced cell apoptosis through the ROS-mediated mitochondrial pathway and suppressed NF-κB activation in human renal cancer A498 cells. Thus, physalin F appears to be a promising anti-cancer agent worthy of further clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szu-Ying Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yann-Lii Leu
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ling Chang
- Department of Pharmacology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tian-Shung Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Taina, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacy and Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Chung Kuo
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Taina, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ren Liao
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Taina, Taiwan
| | - Che-Ming Teng
- Department of Pharmacology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (C-MT); (S-LP)
| | - Shiow-Lin Pan
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (C-MT); (S-LP)
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Kim E, Matsuse M, Saenko V, Suzuki K, Ohtsuru A, Mitsutake N, Yamashita S. Imatinib enhances docetaxel-induced apoptosis through inhibition of nuclear factor-κB activation in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cells. Thyroid 2012; 22:717-24. [PMID: 22650230 PMCID: PMC3387763 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2011.0380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously reported the partial effectiveness of imatinib (also known as STI571, Glivec, or Gleevec) on anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) cells. Imatinib is a selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor that has been used for various types of cancer treatments. Recently, several reports have demonstrated that imatinib enhanced the sensitivity of cancer cells to other anticancer drugs. In this study, therefore, we investigated whether imatinib enhances the antitumor activity of docetaxel in ATC cells. METHODS Two ATC cell lines, FRO and KTC-2, were treated with imatinib and/or docetaxel. Cell survival assay and flow cytometry for annexin V were used to assess the induction of apoptosis. Changes of pro- and antiapoptotic factors were determined by Western blot. Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activity was measured by DNA-binding assay. Tumor growth was also investigated in vivo. RESULTS The combined treatment significantly enhanced apoptosis compared with single treatment. ATC cells themselves expressed high levels of antiapoptotic factors, X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP), and survivin. The treatment with docetaxel alone further increased their expressions; however, the combined treatment blocked the inductions. Although imatinib alone had no effect on NF-κB background levels, combined treatment significantly suppressed the docetaxel-induced NF-κB activation. Further, the combined administration of the drugs also showed significantly greater inhibitory effect on tumor growth in mice xenograft model. CONCLUSIONS Imatinib enhanced antitumor activity of docetaxel in ATC cells. Docetaxel seemed to induce both pro- and antiapoptotic signaling pathways in ATC cells, and imatinib blocked the antiapoptotic signal. Thus, docetaxel combined with imatinib emerges as an attractive strategy for the treatment of ATC.
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Affiliation(s)
- EunSook Kim
- Department of Radiation Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Michiko Matsuse
- Department of Radiation Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Vladimir Saenko
- Department of Health Risk Control, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Keiji Suzuki
- Department of Radiation Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Akira Ohtsuru
- Takashi Nagai Memorial International Hibakusha Medical Center, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Norisato Mitsutake
- Department of Radiation Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
- Nagasaki University Research Center for Genomic Instability and Carcinogenesis (NRGIC), Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Shunichi Yamashita
- Department of Radiation Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Korea
- Takashi Nagai Memorial International Hibakusha Medical Center, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
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Inhibition of nuclear factor-κB by dehydroxymethylepoxyquinomicin induces schedule-dependent chemosensitivity to anticancer drugs and enhances chemoinduced apoptosis in osteosarcoma cells. Anticancer Drugs 2012; 23:638-50. [DOI: 10.1097/cad.0b013e328350e835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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266
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Ma X, Beeghly-Fadiel A, Lu W, Shi J, Xiang YB, Cai Q, Shen H, Shen CY, Ren Z, Matsuo K, Khoo US, Iwasaki M, Long J, Zhang B, Ji BT, Zheng Y, Wang W, Hu Z, Liu Y, Wu PE, Shieh YL, Wang S, Xie X, Ito H, Kasuga Y, Chan KY, Iwata H, Tsugane S, Gao YT, Shu XO, Moses HL, Zheng W. Pathway analyses identify TGFBR2 as potential breast cancer susceptibility gene: results from a consortium study among Asians. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2012; 21:1176-84. [PMID: 22539603 PMCID: PMC3810157 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-12-0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The TGF-β signaling pathway plays a significant role in the carcinogenic process of breast cancer. METHODS We systematically evaluated associations of common variants in TGF-β signaling pathway genes with breast cancer risk using a multistage, case-control study among Asian women. RESULTS In the first stage, 341 single-nucleotide polymorphisms with minor allele frequencies ≥ 0.05 across 11 genes were evaluated among 2,926 cases and 2,380 controls recruited as a part of the Shanghai Breast Cancer Genetics Study (SBCGS). In the second stage, 20 SNPs with promising associations were evaluated among an additional 1,890 cases and 2,000 controls from the SBCGS. One variant, TGFBR2 rs1078985, had highly consistent and significant associations with breast cancer risk among participants in both study stages, as well as promising results from in silico analysis. Additional genotyping was carried out among 2,475 cases and 2,343 controls from the SBCGS, as well as among 5,077 cases and 5,384 controls from six studies in the Asian Breast Cancer Consortium (stage III). Pooled analysis of all data indicated that minor allele homozygotes (GG) of TGFBR2 rs1078985 had a 24% reduced risk of breast cancer compared with major allele carriers (AG or AA; OR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.65-0.89; P = 8.42 × 10(-4)). CONCLUSION These findings support a role for common genetic variation in TGF-β signaling pathway genes, specifically in TGFBR2, in breast cancer susceptibility. IMPACT These findings may provide new insights into the etiology of breast cancer as well as future potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Ma
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Visiting from Department of Epidemiology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Alicia Beeghly-Fadiel
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Wei Lu
- Shanghai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiajun Shi
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Yong-Bing Xiang
- Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiuyin Cai
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Hongbing Shen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chen-Yang Shen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Zefang Ren
- Division of Epidemiology and Prevention, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Keitaro Matsuo
- Division of Epidemiology and Prevention, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ui Soon Khoo
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Motoki Iwasaki
- Epidemiology and Prevention Division, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jirong Long
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ben Zhang
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Bu-Tian Ji
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ying Zheng
- Shanghai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjing Wang
- Shanghai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhibin Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yao Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pei-Ei Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Lan Shieh
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shenming Wang
- First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoming Xie
- Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hidemi Ito
- Division of Epidemiology and Prevention, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshio Kasuga
- Department of Surgery, Nagano Matsushiro General Hospital, Nagano, Japan
| | - Kelvin Y.K. Chan
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hiroji Iwata
- Department of Breast Oncology, Aichi Cancer Center Central Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Tsugane
- Epidemiology and Prevention Division, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yu-Tang Gao
- Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Ou Shu
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Harold L. Moses
- Department of Cancer Biology, Medicine and Pathology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Wei Zheng
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
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Chairatvit K, Wongnoppavich A, Choonate S. Up-regulation of interferon-stimulated gene15 and its conjugates by tumor necrosis factor-α via type I interferon-dependent and -independent pathways. Mol Cell Biochem 2012; 368:195-201. [PMID: 22729740 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-012-1360-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Interferon-stimulated gene15 (ISG15) is the first characterized ubiquitin-like protein, which is strongly induced by type I interferons (IFN-α/β), bacterial endotoxin, and cellular stress. Up-regulation of ISG15 is observed in several cancer cell types and is associated with cancer progression. As many cytokines can influence all stages of tumorigenesis, the elevated expression of ISG15 system may be regulated in cancer cells by inflammatory cytokines. In this study, we showed that TNF-α, but not TGF-β and IL-6, up-regulates levels of both ISG15 and its conjugates in human lung carcinoma A549 and human squamous carcinoma HSC4 cell lines. Induction of ISG15 and its conjugates by TNF-α was dose-dependent and required mediation of p38 MAP kinase and Jak1 through up-regulation of endogenous type I interferon expression. SB202190 (p38 MAPK inhibitor) and Jak1 inhibitor suppressed TNF-α-induced expression of ISG15 and its conjugates. However, only SB202190 inhibited the expression of type I interferons by TNF-α. Although B18R, a soluble type I interferon receptor, totally abolished the effect of exogenous IFN-β, it was unable to inhibit completely the TNF-α-induced ISG15 production. In addition, the initiation of ISG15 induction by TNF-α was detected earlier than that of IFN-β induction. Taken together, TNF-α elicits the induction of ISG15 and ISG15 conjugates not only via the autocrine stimulation of type I interferon expression, but also through a type I interferon-independent pathway. These data provide a possible link between inflammatory response and cancer progression.
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268
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Chen L, Conda-Sheridan M, Reddy PVN, Morrell A, Park EJ, Kondratyuk TP, Pezzuto JM, van Breemen RB, Cushman M. Identification, synthesis, and biological evaluation of the metabolites of 3-amino-6-(3'-aminopropyl)-5H-indeno[1,2-c]isoquinoline-5,11-(6H)dione (AM6-36), a promising rexinoid lead compound for the development of cancer chemotherapeutic and chemopreventive agents. J Med Chem 2012; 55:5965-81. [PMID: 22712432 DOI: 10.1021/jm3006806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Activation of the retinoid X receptor (RXR), which is involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis, is a strategy for cancer chemotherapy and chemoprevention, and 3-amino-6-(3'-aminopropyl)-5H-indeno[1,2-c]isoquinoline-5,11-(6H)dione (AM6-36) (3) is among the few RXR ligands known. The presently reported studies of 3 include its binding to human plasma proteins, metabolic stability using human liver microsomes, metabolism by human liver microsomes and hepatocytes, and in vivo disposition in rat serum, liver, and mammary tissue. Compound 3 was 75% bound to human plasma proteins, and its metabolic stability was much greater than propranolol. One phase I metabolite was formed by human liver microsomes, seven phase I and II metabolites were formed by human hepatocytes, and five metabolites were detected in rat serum and liver after oral administration. The putative metabolites predicted using LC-MS-MS were synthesized to confirm their structures and to provide sufficient material for investigation of induction of RXRE transcriptional activity and inhibition of NFκB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
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Liu KQ, Liu ZP, Hao JK, Chen L, Zhao XM. Identifying dysregulated pathways in cancers from pathway interaction networks. BMC Bioinformatics 2012; 13:126. [PMID: 22676414 PMCID: PMC3443452 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-13-126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cancers, a group of multifactorial complex diseases, are generally caused by mutation of multiple genes or dysregulation of pathways. Identifying biomarkers that can characterize cancers would help to understand and diagnose cancers. Traditional computational methods that detect genes differentially expressed between cancer and normal samples fail to work due to small sample size and independent assumption among genes. On the other hand, genes work in concert to perform their functions. Therefore, it is expected that dysregulated pathways will serve as better biomarkers compared with single genes. Results In this paper, we propose a novel approach to identify dysregulated pathways in cancer based on a pathway interaction network. Our contribution is three-fold. Firstly, we present a new method to construct pathway interaction network based on gene expression, protein-protein interactions and cellular pathways. Secondly, the identification of dysregulated pathways in cancer is treated as a feature selection problem, which is biologically reasonable and easy to interpret. Thirdly, the dysregulated pathways are identified as subnetworks from the pathway interaction networks, where the subnetworks characterize very well the functional dependency or crosstalk between pathways. The benchmarking results on several distinct cancer datasets demonstrate that our method can obtain more reliable and accurate results compared with existing state of the art methods. Further functional analysis and independent literature evidence also confirm that our identified potential pathogenic pathways are biologically reasonable, indicating the effectiveness of our method. Conclusions Dysregulated pathways can serve as better biomarkers compared with single genes. In this work, by utilizing pathway interaction networks and gene expression data, we propose a novel approach that effectively identifies dysregulated pathways, which can not only be used as biomarkers to diagnose cancers but also serve as potential drug targets in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Qin Liu
- Institute of Systems Biology, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
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A selective inhibitor of the immunoproteasome subunit LMP2 induces apoptosis in PC-3 cells and suppresses tumour growth in nude mice. Br J Cancer 2012; 107:53-62. [PMID: 22677907 PMCID: PMC3389428 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2012.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the proteasome is a validated anticancer target, the clinical application of its inhibitors has been limited because of inherent systemic toxicity. To broaden clinical utility of proteasome inhibitors as anticancer agents, it is critical to develop strategies to selectively target proteasomes in cancer cells. The immunoproteasome is an alternative form of the constitutive proteasome that is expressed at high levels in cancer tissues, but not in most normal cells in the body. METHODS To validate the immunoproteasome as a chemotherapeutic target, an immunoproteasome catalytic subunit LMP2-targeting inhibitor and siRNA were used. The sensitivity of PC-3 prostate cancer cells to these reagents was investigated using viability assays. Further, a xenograft model of prostate cancer was studied to test the in vivo effects of LMP2 inhibition. RESULTS A small molecule inhibitor of the immunoproteasome subunit LMP2, UK-101, induced apoptosis of PC-3 cells and resulted in significant inhibition (~50-60%) of tumour growth in vivo. Interestingly, UK-101 did not block degradation of IκBα in PC-3 cells treated with TNF-α, suggesting that its mode of action may be different from that of general proteasome inhibitors, such as bortezomib, which block IκBα degradation. CONCLUSION These results strongly suggest that the immunoproteasome has important roles in cancer cell growth and thus provide a rationale for targeting the immunoproteasome in the treatment of prostate cancer.
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Iofrida C, Melissari E, Mariotti V, Guglielmi C, Guidugli L, Caligo MA, Pellegrini S. Effects on human transcriptome of mutated BRCA1 BRCT domain: a microarray study. BMC Cancer 2012; 12:207. [PMID: 22646717 PMCID: PMC3489683 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND BRCA1 (breast cancer 1, early onset) missense mutations have been detected in familial breast and ovarian cancers, but the role of these variants in cancer predisposition is often difficult to ascertain. In this work, the molecular mechanisms affected in human cells by two BRCA1 missense variants, M1775R and A1789T, both located in the second BRCT (BRCA1 C Terminus) domain, have been investigated. Both these variants were isolated from familial breast cancer patients and the study of their effect on yeast cell transcriptome has previously provided interesting clues to their possible role in the pathogenesis of breast cancer. METHODS We compared by Human Whole Genome Microarrays the expression profiles of HeLa cells transfected with one or the other variant and HeLa cells transfected with BRCA1 wild-type. Microarray data analysis was performed by three comparisons: M1775R versus wild-type (M1775RvsWT-contrast), A1789T versus wild-type (A1789TvsWT-contrast) and the mutated BRCT domain versus wild-type (MutvsWT-contrast), considering the two variants as a single mutation of BRCT domain. RESULTS 201 differentially expressed genes were found in M1775RvsWT-contrast, 313 in A1789TvsWT-contrast and 173 in MutvsWT-contrast. Most of these genes mapped in pathways deregulated in cancer, such as cell cycle progression and DNA damage response and repair. CONCLUSIONS Our results represent the first molecular evidence of the pathogenetic role of M1775R, already proposed by functional studies, and give support to a similar role for A1789T that we first hypothesized based on the yeast cell experiments. This is in line with the very recently suggested role of BRCT domain as the main effector of BRCA1 tumor suppressor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Iofrida
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Medical Biotechnology, Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Pisa, Italy
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Abstract
The MEK5 [MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase)/ERK (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase) kinase 5]/ERK5 pathway is the least well studied MAPK signalling module. It has been proposed to play a role in the pathology of cancer. In the present paper, we review the role of the MEK5/ERK5 pathway using the 'hallmarks of cancer' as a framework and consider how this pathway is deregulated. As well as playing a key role in endothelial cell survival and tubular morphogenesis during tumour neovascularization, ERK5 is also emerging as a regulator of tumour cell invasion and migration. Several oncogenes can stimulate ERK5 activity, and protein levels are increased by a novel amplification at chromosome locus 17p11 and by down-regulation of the microRNAs miR-143 and miR-145. Together, these finding underscore the case for further investigation into understanding the role of ERK5 in cancer.
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273
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Xia H, Liang W, Song Q, Chen X, Chen X, Hong J. The in vitro study of apoptosis in NB4 cell induced by citral. Cytotechnology 2012; 65:49-57. [PMID: 22573288 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-012-9453-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Citral, 3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienal, is a key component of the essential oils extracted from several lemon-scented herbal plants. Besides its antifungal activity, the anticancer effect of citral was studied in recent years. In this study, we investigated the effect of citral on the acute promyelocytic leukemia cell line NB4. Citral treatment had an antiproliferative effect in NB4 cells via the induction of apoptosis assessed by morphology, proliferation assay, DNA electrophoresis, Annexin V-FITC/PI staining and caspase-3 activation. And citral induced apoptosis of NB4 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. In addition, citral treatment induced decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, indicating that citral induced apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway. Bax up-regulation and Bcl-2 down-regulation on mRNA level and NF-κB down-regulation on protein level was found in this study, suggesting that Bcl-2, Bax and NF-κB may be involved in the mechanism of the apoptotic effect of citral on NB4 cells. These data suggest that citral has a potential therapeutic effect on leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Xia
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218# Jixi Road, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, People's Republic of China,
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274
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NSCLC and the alternative pathway of NF-κB: uncovering an unknown relation. Virchows Arch 2012; 460:515-23. [PMID: 22562129 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-012-1230-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Although our knowledge on the pathobiology of the disease has increased in the last decades, the prognosis of lung cancer patients has hardly changed. Many signaling pathways are implicated in lung carcinogenesis, but the role of the alternative pathway of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) in lung cancer pathogenesis and progression has not been investigated. The aim of our study was to investigate the role of this pathway in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. NF-κB2 and RelB protein expression was retrospectively assessed by immunohistochemistry in tissue samples from 109 NSCLC patients. RelB and NF-κB2 protein levels differed between tumors and adjacent nonneoplastic lung parenchyma. Cytoplasmic immunoreactivity of NF-κB2 and RelB was correlated with tumor stage (p = 0.03 and p = 0.016, respectively). In addition, cytoplasmic NF-κB2 levels were related to tumor grade (p = 0.046). Expression of RelB in the cytoplasm was tumor histologic type-specific, with squamous cell carcinomas having the highest protein levels. Nuclear expression of RelB and NF-κB2 differed between tumor and nonneoplastic tissues, possibly indicating activation of the alternative pathway of NF-κB in cancer cells. Moreover, lymph node metastasis was related to nuclear NF-κB2 expression in tumor cells. The deregulation of the alternative NF-κB pathway in NSCLC could play a role in the development and progression of the disease.
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275
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Aloe emodin inhibits colon cancer cell migration/angiogenesis by downregulating MMP-2/9, RhoB and VEGF via reduced DNA binding activity of NF-κB. Eur J Pharm Sci 2012; 45:581-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2011.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Revised: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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276
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of adult cancer mortality in the USA. It represents one of the greatest challenges in cancer treatment. The NF-κB transcriptional factors are constitutively activated in the majority of pancreatic cancers and are involved in the regulation of numerous aspects of tumor development and progression. NF-κB and the signaling cascades that regulate its activity have thus become attractive targets for novel therapeutic approaches for pancreatic cancer. AREAS COVERED This review describes and discusses the most important advances in the comprehension of the complex molecular biology of NF-κB, as well as the development of novel NF-κB-targeting strategies for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. EXPERT OPINION Although the inhibition of NF-κB, especially when combined with more classic chemotherapeutic drugs, could be a promising therapeutic strategy, direct targeting NF-κB still faces important challenges. In the future, targeting nonredundant cytosolic mediators of the activation of NF-κB - such as TNF receptor associated factor family member-associated NF-κB activator -binding kinase 1 (TBK1) and TGF-beta activated kinase 1 (TAK1) - could represent a better approach to inhibit key processes in pancreatic tumor cells and make a difference for this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmine Carbone
- Digestive Molecular Clinical Oncology Research Unit , Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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277
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Chan JK, Greene WC. Dynamic roles for NF-κB in HTLV-I and HIV-1 retroviral pathogenesis. Immunol Rev 2012; 246:286-310. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2012.01094.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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278
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Switzer CH, Cheng RYS, Ridnour LA, Murray MC, Tazzari V, Sparatore A, Del Soldato P, Hines HB, Glynn SA, Ambs S, Wink DA. Dithiolethiones inhibit NF-κB activity via covalent modification in human estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer. Cancer Res 2012; 72:2394-404. [PMID: 22436383 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-3115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The NF-κB transcription factor family influences breast cancer outcomes by regulating genes involved in tumor progression, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Dithiolethiones, a class of naturally occurring compounds with cancer chemoprevention effects that have become clinically available, have been found to inhibit NF-κB activity. However, the mechanism of this inhibition has not been identified, and the influence of dithiolethines on NF-κB pathway in breast cancer cells has not been examined. Here, we investigated the chemical and biochemical effects of dithiolethione on NF-κB and downstream effector molecules in estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer cells and murine tumor xenografts. The dithiolethiones ACS-1 and ACS-2 inhibited NF-κB transcriptional activity. Interestingly, this inhibition was not due to H(2)S release or protein phosphatase 2A activation, which are key properties of dithiolethiones, but occurred via a covalent reaction with the NF-κB p50 and p65 subunits to inhibit DNA binding. Dithiolethione-mediated inhibition of NF-κB-regulated genes resulted in the inhibition of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, urokinase-type plasminogen activator, and VEGF production. ACS-1 also inhibited matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity, cellular migration, and invasion, and ACS-2 reduced tumor burden and resulted in increased tumor host interactions. Together, our findings suggest that dithiolethiones show potential clinical use for estrogen negative breast cancer as a chemotherapeutic or adjuvant therapy.
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279
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Fenollar-Ferrer C, Anselmi C, Carnevale V, Raugei S, Carloni P. Insights on the acetylated NF-κB transcription factor complex with DNA from molecular dynamics simulations. Proteins 2012; 80:1560-8. [PMID: 22419549 DOI: 10.1002/prot.24047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Revised: 01/15/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) is a DNA sequence-specific regulator of many important biological processes, whose activity is modulated by enzymatic acetylation. In one of the best functionally characterized NF-κB complexes, the p50/p65 heterodimer, acetylation of K221 at p65 causes a decrease of DNA dissociation rate, whilst the acetylation of K122 and K123, also at p65, markedly decreases the binding affinity for DNA. By means of molecular dynamics simulations based on the X-ray structure of the p50/p65 complex with DNA, we provide insights on the structural determinants of the acetylated complexes in aqueous solution. Lysine acetylation involves the loss of favorable electrostatic interactions between DNA and NF-κB, which is partially compensated by the reduction of the desolvation free-energy of the two binding partners. Acetylation at both positions K122 and K123 is associated with a decrease of the electrostatic potential at the p65/DNA interface, which is only partially counterbalanced by an increase of the local Na(+) concentration. It induces the disruption of base-specific and nonspecific interactions between DNA and NF-κB and it is consistent with the observed decrease of binding affinity. In contrast, acetylation at position K221 results in the loss of nonspecific protein-DNA interactions, but the DNA recognition sites are not affected. In addition, the loss of protein-DNA interactions is likely to be counterbalanced by an increase of the configurational entropy of the complex, which provides, at a speculative level, a justification for the observed decrease of NF-κB/DNA dissociation rate.
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280
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Li F, Hu G, Jiang Z, Guo J, Wang K, Ouyang K, Wen D, Zhu M, Liang J, Qin X, Zhang L. Identification of NME5 as a contributor to innate resistance to gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer cells. FEBS J 2012; 279:1261-73. [PMID: 22325559 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08521.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The limited therapeutic effect of gemcitabine on pancreatic cancer is largely attributed to pre-existing or acquired resistance of the tumor cells. This study was aimed at screening for candidate resistance-related gene(s) and elucidating the underlying mechanisms. NME5 was found to be highly expressed in an innate gemcitabine-resistant human pancreatic cancer sample and the cell line PAXC002 derived from the sample. Downregulation of NME5 significantly reversed gemcitabine resistance in PAXC002 cells, whereas NME5 overexpression induced gemcitabine resistance in the pancreatic cancer cell line BxPC-3. NME5 attenuated the induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest induced by gemcitabine, probably accounting for the blunted sensitivity to gemcitabine. Furthermore, NME5 was demonstrated to play its role in a nuclear factor kappaB (NF-κB)-dependent manner. NME5 was capable of directly binding NF-κB, and possibly regulated its expression level in PAXC002 cells. Our results also suggest that NF-κB is a key executor of NME5 in regulating apoptosis and cell cycle. All of these data suggest that NME5 is a promising target for relieving innate gemcitabine resistance in pancreatic cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu Li
- Jiangsu Center of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
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281
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Abstract
The noncanonical nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway mediates activation of the p52/RelB NF-κB complex and, thereby, regulates specific immunological processes. This NF-κB pathway relies on the inducible processing of NF-κB2 precursor protein, p100, as opposed to the degradation of IκBα in the canonical NF-κB pathway. A central signaling component of the noncanonical NF-κB pathway is NF-κB-inducing kinase (NIK), which functions together with a downstream kinase, IKKα (inhibitor of NF-κB kinase α), to induce phosphorylation-dependent ubiquitination and processing of p100. Under normal conditions, NIK is targeted for continuous degradation by a tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-associated factor-3 (TRAF3)-dependent E3 ubiquitin ligase. In response to signals mediated by a subset of TNF receptor superfamily members, NIK becomes stabilized as a result of TRAF3 degradation, leading to the activation of noncanonical NF-κB. This review discusses both the historical perspectives and the recent progress in the regulation and biological function of the noncanonical NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Cong Sun
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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282
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Cyclin D1 is a NF-κB corepressor. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2012; 1823:1119-31. [PMID: 22306268 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Revised: 12/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
NF-κB regulates the expression of Cyclin D1 (CD1), while RAC3 is an NF-κB coactivator that enhances its transcriptional activity. In this work, we investigated the regulatory role of CD1 on NF-κB activity. We found that CD1 inhibits NF-κB transcriptional activity through a corepressor function that can be reverted by over-expressing RAC3. In both, tumoral and non-tumoral cells, the expression pattern of RAC3 and CD1 is regulated by the cell cycle, showing a gap between the maximal expression levels of each protein. The individual increase, by transfection, of either CD1 or RAC3 enhances cell proliferation. However the simultaneous and constitutive over-expression of both proteins has an inhibitory effect. Our results suggest that the relative amounts of CD1 and RAC3, and the timing of expression of these oncogenes could tilt the balance of tumor cell proliferation in response to external signals.
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283
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Taylor CE, Pan Q, Mapp AK. Synergistic enhancement of the potency and selectivity of small molecule transcriptional inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2012; 3:30-34. [PMID: 22368762 DOI: 10.1021/ml200186r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In spite of their considerable therapeutic potential, the development of highly potent and selective transcriptional inhibitors has proven elusive. We demonstrate that combinations of transcriptional inhibitors of erbB2 expression and existing therapeutic agents that target erbB2 activity and lifetime lead to a synergistic increase in activity, with dose reductions as high 30 fold compared to individual agents. The synergy is selective for erbB2 overexpressing cancer cells. These results highlight the potential of a generalizable approach that will improve the utility of transcriptional inhibitors as both biochemical tools and potential therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E. Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109,
United States
| | - Quintin Pan
- Department
of Otolaryngology, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus,
Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Anna K. Mapp
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109,
United States
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284
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Skórka K, Giannopoulos K. Budowa i funkcje jądrowego czynnika transkrypcyjnego NF kappa B (NF-κB) oraz jego znaczenie w przewlekłej białaczce limfocytowej. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s0001-5814(12)31005-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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285
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Maldonado V, Melendez-Zajgla J. Role of Bcl-3 in solid tumors. Mol Cancer 2011; 10:152. [PMID: 22195643 PMCID: PMC3258214 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-10-152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bcl-3 is an established oncogene in hematologic malignancies, such as B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemias. Nevertheless, recent research has shown that it also participates in progression of diverse solid tumors. The present review summarizes the current knowledge of Bcl3 role in solid tumors progression, including some new insights in its possible molecular mechanisms of action.
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286
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Lagisetty P, Subramaniam D, Sahoo K, Anant S, Awasthi V. Anticancer activity of an imageable curcuminoid 1-[2-aminoethyl-(6-hydrazinopyridine-3-carbamidyl)-3,5-bis-(2-fluorobenzylidene)-4-piperidone (EFAH). Chem Biol Drug Des 2011; 79:194-201. [PMID: 22107757 DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2011.01271.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
3,5-Bis(2-fluorobenzylidine)-4-piperidone or EF24 is a potent anticancer derivative of curcumin. Using an amine derivative of EF24, we synthesized a hydrazinonicotinic acid conjugate, EFAH, for Tc-99m radiolabelling and single photon emission tomography imaging. The aqueous solubility of EFAH (3.5 mg/mL) was significantly more than that of EF24 (1.2 mg/mL); the octanol/water partition coefficient of EFAH was estimated at log P = 0.33. As an antiproliferative agent, EFAH was as effective as EF24 in suppressing the proliferation of H441, MiaPaCa-2 and Panc-1 cells. Daily intraperitoneal injection of EFAH (5 μg) for 3 weeks in mice carrying xenografts of Panc-1 pancreatic cancer showed a mean tumour volume reduction of 79%; the tumour weight decreased by 82% in the treated group. For imaging and biodistribution, EFAH was labelled with Tc-99m (98% RCY) and intravenously administered in rats. Approximately 23.7% and 14.3% of injected dose accumulated in liver and intestine, respectively, suggesting that EFAH is mostly eliminated by hepatobiliary route. The results indicate that HYNIC modification of EF24 for Tc-99m radiolabelling does not affect its antiproliferative efficacy. For the first time, a visual biodisposition of EF24 in a live animal model has been demonstrated. Such knowledge could be of benefit in developing therapeutic curcuminoids, such as EF24.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Lagisetty
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Small Animal Imaging Facility, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, 1110 N, Stonewall Avenue, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA
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287
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Jiang L, Lin C, Song L, Wu J, Chen B, Ying Z, Fang L, Yan X, He M, Li J, Li M. MicroRNA-30e* promotes human glioma cell invasiveness in an orthotopic xenotransplantation model by disrupting the NF-κB/IκBα negative feedback loop. J Clin Invest 2011; 122:33-47. [PMID: 22156201 DOI: 10.1172/jci58849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Constitutive activation of NF-κB is a frequent event in human cancers, playing important roles in cancer development and progression. In nontransformed cells, NF-κB activation is tightly controlled by IκBs. IκBs bind NF-κB in the cytoplasm, preventing it from translocating to the nucleus to modulate gene expression. Stimuli that activate NF-κB signaling trigger IκB degradation, enabling nuclear translocation of NF-κB. Among the genes regulated by NF-κB are those encoding the IκBs, providing a negative feedback loop that limits NF-κB activity. How transformed cells override this NF-κB/IκB negative feedback loop remains unclear. Here, we report in human glioma cell lines that microRNA-30e* (miR-30e*) directly targets the IκBα 3ι-UTR and suppresses IκBα expression. Overexpression of miR-30e* in human glioma cell lines led to hyperactivation of NF-κB and enhanced expression of NF-κB-regulated genes, which promoted glioma cell invasiveness in in vitro assays and in an orthotopic xenotransplantation model. These effects of miR-30e* were shown to be clinically relevant, as miR-30e* was found to be upregulated in primary human glioma cells and correlated with malignant progression and poor survival. Hence, miR-30e* provides an epigenetic mechanism that disrupts the NF-κB/IκBα loop and may represent a new therapeutic target and prognostic marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Jiang
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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288
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Yeudall WA, Vaughan CA, Miyazaki H, Ramamoorthy M, Choi MY, Chapman CG, Wang H, Black E, Bulysheva AA, Deb SP, Windle B, Deb S. Gain-of-function mutant p53 upregulates CXC chemokines and enhances cell migration. Carcinogenesis 2011; 33:442-51. [PMID: 22114072 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgr270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of dominant transforming p53 in carcinogenesis is poorly understood. Our previous data suggested that aberrant p53 proteins can enhance tumorigenesis and metastasis. Here, we examined potential mechanisms through which gain-of-function (GOF) p53 proteins can induce motility. Cells expressing GOF p53 -R175H, -R273H and -D281G showed enhanced migration, which was reversed by RNA interference (RNAi) or transactivation-deficient mutants. In cells with engineered or endogenous p53 mutants, enhanced migration was reduced by downregulation of nuclear factor-kappaB2, a GOF p53 target. We found that GOF p53 proteins upregulate CXC-chemokine expression, the inflammatory mediators that contribute to multiple aspects of tumorigenesis. Elevated expression of CXCL5, CXCL8 and CXCL12 was found in cells expressing oncogenic p53. Transcription was elevated as CXCL5 and CXCL8 promoter activity was higher in cells expressing GOF p53, whereas wild-type p53 repressed promoter activity. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed enhanced presence of acetylated histone H3 on the CXCL5 promoter in H1299/R273H cells, in agreement with increased transcriptional activity of the promoter, whereas RNAi-mediated repression of CXCL5 inhibited cell migration. Consistent with this, knockdown of the endogenous mutant p53 in lung cancer or melanoma cells reduced CXCL5 expression and cell migration. Furthermore, short hairpin RNA knockdown of mutant p53 in MDA-MB-231 cells reduced expression of a number of key targets, including several chemokines and other inflammatory mediators. Finally, CXCL5 expression was also elevated in lung tumor samples containing GOF p53, indicating relevance to human cancer. The data suggest a mechanistic link between GOF p53 proteins and chemokines in enhanced cell motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Andrew Yeudall
- VCU Philips Institute of Oral and Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
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289
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Je EM, Yoo NJ, Lee SH. Absence of MYD88 gene mutation in acute leukemias and multiple myelomas. Eur J Haematol 2011; 88:273-4. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.2011.01720.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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290
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291
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Umemura N, Zhu J, Mburu YK, Forero A, Hsieh PN, Muthuswamy R, Kalinski P, Ferris RL, Sarkar SN. Defective NF-κB signaling in metastatic head and neck cancer cells leads to enhanced apoptosis by double-stranded RNA. Cancer Res 2011; 72:45-55. [PMID: 22058147 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-1484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ligands to several Toll-like receptors (TLR), which mediate innate immune responses and chronic inflammation have been used as adjuvants to immunotherapy to enhance their antitumor activity. In particular, double-stranded RNAs that are cognate ligands of TLR3 have been used to trigger proapoptotic activity in cancer cells. However, a mechanistic understanding of TLR3-mediated apoptosis and its potential involvement in controlling tumor metastasis has been lacking. In this study, we used paired cell lines and fresh tumor specimens, derived from autologous primary and metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, to investigate the role of TLR3 signaling in metastatic progression. Compared with primary tumor cells, metastatic tumor cells were highly sensitive to TLR3-mediated apoptosis after double-stranded RNA treatment. Enhanced apoptosis in metastatic cells was dependent on double-stranded RNA and TLR3 and also the TLR3 effector signaling protein TRIF. Downstream responses requiring NF-κB were critical for apoptosis in metastatic cells, the defects in which could be resuscitated by alternative pathways of NF-κB activation. By elucidating how TLR3 ligands trigger apoptosis in metastatic cells, our findings suggest insights into how to improve their clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Umemura
- Cancer Virology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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292
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Morais C, Gobe G, Johnson DW, Healy H. The emerging role of nuclear factor kappa B in renal cell carcinoma. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2011; 43:1537-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2011.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Revised: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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293
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES A risk association has been observed between non-O blood groups and pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Chronic pancreatitis also increases risk for pancreatic cancer, raising questions as to whether non-O blood groups are a risk for chronic pancreatitis and whether the pathophysiologic pathways are linked. Our goal was to determine whether ABO blood group may affect the risk of chronic pancreatitis. METHODS The study cohort included chronic pancreatitis patients (n = 499) and healthy controls (n = 631) from the North American Pancreatitis Study 2 study. Genotyping was performed using Sequenom assay of rs8176746 A/C and rs505922 C/T to classify participants into ABO blood groups. RESULTS O blood group was nonsignificantly more common among cases (44.7% vs 42.0%; P = 0.36), particularly among cases with alcohol-related chronic pancreatitis (49.3% vs 42%; P = 0.060). Alcoholic patients without coexisting high-risk PRSS1, CFTR, or SPINK1 variants had a significant overrepresentation of O blood type when compared with controls (odds ratio, 1.54; 95% confidence interval, 1.09-2.17; P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS A, B, and AB blood groups were not associated with a greater likelihood of having chronic pancreatitis and may decrease the risk of chronic pancreatitis in individuals who are very heavy drinkers. These results suggest that the mechanism linking non-O blood type with pancreatic pathology is specific to carcinogenesis.
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294
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Tsai HJ, Kobayashi S, Izawa K, Ishida T, Watanabe T, Umezawa K, Lin SF, Tojo A. Bioimaging analysis of nuclear factor-κB activity in Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells reveals its synergistic upregulation by tumor necrosis factor-α-stimulated changes to the microenvironment. Cancer Sci 2011; 102:2014-21. [PMID: 21777350 PMCID: PMC11158770 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2011.02039.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
To gain an insight into the microenvironmental regulation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB activity in the progression of leukemia, we established a bioluminescent imaging model of Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph+ALL) cells transduced with a NF-κB/luciferase (Luc) reporter and cocultured with murine stromal cells and cytokines. Stromal cells alone did not augment Luc activity, taken as an index of NF-κB, but Luc activity was synergistically upregulated by the combination of stromal cells and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Dehydroxymethylepoxyquinomicin (DHMEQ), a specific inhibitor of NF-κB DNA binding, rapidly induced the apoptosis of Ph+ALL cells, indicating that NF-κB is necessary for the growth and survival of these cells. However, the DHMEQ-induced suppression of NF-κB activity and the apoptosis of leukemia cells were attenuated by the presence of stromal cells and TNF-α. In NOD-SCID mice transplanted with NF-κB/Luc reporter-containing Ph+ALL cell lines and monitored periodically during the progression of the leukemia, murine TNF-α was significantly expressed in lesions in which the leukemia cells emitted a significant NF-κB signal. These results support the notion that TNF-α also triggers microenvironmental upregulation of NF-κB activity in vivo. Collectively, the results indicated that TNF-α-stimulated microenvironment may contribute to the survival and progression of Ph+ALL cells through the synergistic upregulation of NF-κB activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Jen Tsai
- Division of Molecular Therapy, Advanced Clinical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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295
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Zhao J, Lu Y, Shen HM. Targeting p53 as a therapeutic strategy in sensitizing TRAIL-induced apoptosis in cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2011; 314:8-23. [PMID: 22030255 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2011] [Revised: 09/18/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) has been intensively studied as a cancer therapeutic agent due to its unique ability to induce apoptosis in malignant cells but not in normal cells. However, as more human cancer cells are reported to be resistant to TRAIL treatment, it is important to develop new therapeutic strategies to overcome this resistance. p53 is an important tumor suppressor that is widely involved in cellular responses to various stresses. In this mini-review, we aim to provide an overview of the intricate relationship between p53 and the TRAIL-mediated apoptosis pathway, and to summarize the current approaches of targeting p53 as a therapeutic strategy to sensitize TRAIL-induced apoptosis in human cancer cells. Although in some cases TRAIL kills cancer cells in a p53-independent manner, it is believed that in cancers with wild-type and functional p53, targeting p53 may be an important strategy for overcoming TRAIL-resistance in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 16 Medical Drive, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
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296
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Fukushima T, Kawaguchi M, Yorita K, Tanaka H, Takeshima H, Umezawa K, Kataoka H. Antitumor effect of dehydroxymethylepoxyquinomicin, a small molecule inhibitor of nuclear factor-κB, on glioblastoma. Neuro Oncol 2011; 14:19-28. [PMID: 21968049 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nor168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most malignant type of brain tumor. Despite recent advances in therapeutic modalities, the prognosis of glioblastoma remains very poor. Recent studies have indicated that RelA/nuclear factor (NF)-κB is consistently activated in human glioblastoma. In this study, we searched for a new treatment modality for glioblastoma, by examining the effects of dehydroxymethylepoxyquinomicin (DHMEQ), a unique small molecule inhibitor of NF-κB. Addition of DHMEQ to cultured human glioblastoma cells inhibited the nuclear translocation of RelA. It also reduced the growth rate of human glioblastoma cells significantly in 6 cell lines and modestly in 3 among 10 cell lines examined. Then, we performed further analyses using 3 sensitive cell lines (U87, U251, and YKG-1). The growth retardation was accompanied by G2/M arrest in vitro. Increased apoptosis was observed in U87 and YKG-1, but not U251 cells after DHMEQ treatment. Then, we tested the efficacy of DHMEQ in chemoprevention through the use of a nude mouse model. Subcutaneous tumors formed by U87 or U251 cells were reduced by ∼40% in size by intraperitoneal administration of DHMEQ started immediately after implantation of the cells. DHMEQ treatment achieved statistically significant improvements in survival curves of mice intracranially implanted with U87 or U251 cells. Histological analysis revealed increased areas of necrosis, increased numbers of collapsed microvessels, decreased nuclear immunoreactivity of RelA, and decreased immunoreactivity of urokinase-type plasminogen activator in the DHMEQ-treated U87 tumor tissues. These results suggest that the targeting of NF-κB by DHMEQ may serve as a promising treatment modality in glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Fukushima
- Section of Oncopathology and Regenerative Biology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
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297
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Kanakis D, Levidou G, Gakiopoulou H, Eftichiadis C, Thymara I, Fragkou P, Trigka EA, Boviatsis E, Patsouris E, Korkolopoulou P. Replication protein A: a reliable biologic marker of prognostic and therapeutic value in human astrocytic tumors. Hum Pathol 2011; 42:1545-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2010.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Revised: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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298
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Pandey V, Chaube B, Bhat MK. Hyperglycemia regulates MDR-1, drug accumulation and ROS levels causing increased toxicity of carboplatin and 5-fluorouracil in MCF-7 cells. J Cell Biochem 2011; 112:2942-52. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.23210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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299
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Van Meter M, Mao Z, Gorbunova V, Seluanov A. SIRT6 overexpression induces massive apoptosis in cancer cells but not in normal cells. Cell Cycle 2011; 10:3153-8. [PMID: 21900744 DOI: 10.4161/cc.10.18.17435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that Sirtuin 6 (SIRT6) functions as a longevity assurance gene by promoting genomic stability, regulating metabolic processes and attenuating inflammation. Here, we examine the effect of SIRT6 activation on cancer cells. We show that SIRT6 overexpression induces massive apoptosis in a variety of cancer cell lines but not in normal, non-transformed cells. This cell death requires the mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase but not the deacetylase activity of SIRT6 and is mediated by the activation of both the p53 and p73 apoptotic signaling cascades in cancer cells by SIRT6. These results suggest that SIRT6 is an attractive target for pharmacological activation in cancer treatment.
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300
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Noetzel E, Rose M, Bornemann J, Gajewski M, Knüchel R, Dahl E. Nuclear transport receptor karyopherin-α2 promotes malignant breast cancer phenotypes in vitro. Oncogene 2011; 31:2101-14. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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