251
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Terrier VP, Adihou H, Arnould M, Delmas AF, Aucagne V. A straightforward method for automated Fmoc-based synthesis of bio-inspired peptide crypto-thioesters. Chem Sci 2015; 7:339-345. [PMID: 29861986 PMCID: PMC5952550 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc02630j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A bio-inspired method for the synthesis of peptide thioester surrogates for native chemical ligation was developed. The process can be fully automated and does not require postsynthetic steps.
Despite recent advances, the direct Fmoc-based solid phase synthesis of peptide α-thioesters for the convergent synthesis of proteins via native chemical ligation (NCL) remains a challenge in the field. We herein report a simple and general methodology, enabling access to peptide thioester surrogates. A novel C-terminal N-(2-hydroxybenzyl)cysteine thioesterification device based on an amide-to-thioester rearrangement was developed, and the resulting peptide crypto-thioesters can be directly used in NCL reactions with fast N → S shift kinetics at neutral pH. These fast kinetics arise from our bio-inspired design, via intein-like intramolecular catalysis. Due to a well-positioned phenol moiety, an impressive >50 fold increase in the kinetic rate is observed compared to an O-methylated derivative. Importantly, the synthesis of this new device can be fully automated using inexpensive commercially available materials and does not require any post-synthetic steps prior to NCL. We successfully applied this new method to the synthesis of two long naturally-occurring cysteine-rich peptide sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor P Terrier
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire , CNRS UPR 4301 , Rue Charles Sadron , 45071 Orléans Cedex 2 , France .
| | - Hélène Adihou
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire , CNRS UPR 4301 , Rue Charles Sadron , 45071 Orléans Cedex 2 , France .
| | - Mathieu Arnould
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire , CNRS UPR 4301 , Rue Charles Sadron , 45071 Orléans Cedex 2 , France .
| | - Agnès F Delmas
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire , CNRS UPR 4301 , Rue Charles Sadron , 45071 Orléans Cedex 2 , France .
| | - Vincent Aucagne
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire , CNRS UPR 4301 , Rue Charles Sadron , 45071 Orléans Cedex 2 , France .
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252
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Recent advances in chemical functionalization of nanoparticles with biomolecules for analytical applications. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:8627-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8981-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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253
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Postsynthetic Domain Assembly with NpuDnaE and SspDnaB Split Inteins. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2015; 177:1137-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-015-1802-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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254
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Li Y. Split-inteins and their bioapplications. Biotechnol Lett 2015; 37:2121-37. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-015-1905-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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255
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Berlow RB, Dyson HJ, Wright PE. Functional advantages of dynamic protein disorder. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:2433-40. [PMID: 26073260 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Intrinsically disordered proteins participate in many important cellular regulatory processes. The absence of a well-defined structure in the free state of a disordered domain, and even on occasion when it is bound to physiological partners, is fundamental to its function. Disordered domains are frequently the location of multiple sites for post-translational modification, the key element of metabolic control in the cell. When a disordered domain folds upon binding to a partner, the resulting complex buries a far greater surface area than in an interaction of comparably-sized folded proteins, thus maximizing specificity at modest protein size. Disorder also maintains accessibility of sites for post-translational modification. Because of their inherent plasticity, disordered domains frequently adopt entirely different structures when bound to different partners, increasing the repertoire of available interactions without the necessity for expression of many different proteins. This feature also adds to the faithfulness of cellular regulation, as the availability of a given disordered domain depends on competition between various partners relevant to different cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca B Berlow
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology and Skaggs Institute of Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - H Jane Dyson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology and Skaggs Institute of Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Peter E Wright
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology and Skaggs Institute of Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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256
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von der Heyde A, Lockhauserbäumer J, Uetrecht C, Elleuche S. A hydrolase-based reporter system to uncover the protein splicing performance of an archaeal intein. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:7613-24. [PMID: 26026939 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6689-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Extein amino acid residues around the splice site junctions affect the functionality of inteins. To identify an optimal sequence context for efficient protein splicing of an intein from the thermoacidophilic archaeon Picrophilus torridus, single extein amino acid residues at the splice site junctions were continuously deleted. The construction of a set of different truncated extein variants showed that this intein tolerates multiple amino acid variations near the excision sites and exhibits full activity when -1 and +1 extein amino acid residues are conserved in an artificial GST-intein-HIS fusion construct. Moreover, splicing of the recombinant intein took place at temperatures between 4 and 42 °C with high efficiency, when produced in Escherichia coli. Therefore, structural model predictions were used to identify optimal insertion sites for the intein to be embedded within a hemicellulase from the psychrophilic bacterium Pseudoalteromonas arctica. The P. torridus intein inserted before amino acid residue Thr75 of the reporter enzyme retained catalytic activity. Moreover, the catalytic activity of the xylan-degrading hydrolase could be easily monitored in routine plate assays and in liquid test measurements at room temperature when produced in recombinant form in E. coli. This tool allows the indirect detection of the intein's catalytic activity to be used in screenings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie von der Heyde
- Hamburg University of Technology (TUHH), Institute of Technical Microbiology, Kasernenstr. 12, 21073, Hamburg, Germany
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257
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Chemical tagging and customizing of cellular chromatin states using ultrafast trans-splicing inteins. Nat Chem 2015; 7:394-402. [PMID: 25901817 PMCID: PMC4617616 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational modification of the histone proteins in chromatin plays a central role in epigenetic control of DNA-templated processes in eukaryotic cells. Developing methods that enable the structure of histones to be manipulated is therefore essential to understand the biochemical mechanisms underlying genomic regulation. Here we present a synthetic biology method to engineer histones bearing site-specific modifications on cellular chromatin using protein trans-splicing. We genetically fused the N-terminal fragment of ultrafast split-intein to the C-terminus of histone H2B, which upon reaction with a complementary synthetic C-intein, generated labeled histone. Using this approach, we incorporated various non-native chemical modifications to chromatin in vivo with temporal control. Furthermore, the time and concentration dependence of protein trans-splicing performed in nucleo enabled us to examine differences in the accessibility of the euchromatin and heterochromatin regions of the epigenome. Finally, we used protein trans-splicing to semi-synthesize a native histone modification, H2BK120 ubiquitination, in isolated nuclei, and show that this can trigger downstream epigenetic cross-talk of H3K79 methylation.
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258
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Abstract
Protein splicing in trans by split inteins has increasingly become a powerful protein-engineering tool for protein ligation, both in vivo and in vitro. Over 100 naturally occurring and artificially engineered split inteins have been reported for protein ligation using protein trans-splicing. Here, we review the current status of the reported split inteins in order to delineate an empirical or rational strategy for constructing new split inteins suitable for various applications in biotechnology and chemical biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sesilja Aranko
- Research Program in Structural Biology and Biophysics, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Alexander Wlodawer
- Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Hideo Iwaï
- Research Program in Structural Biology and Biophysics, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
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259
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel M. Müller
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University,
Frick Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Tom W. Muir
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University,
Frick Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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260
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Holt M, Muir T. Application of the protein semisynthesis strategy to the generation of modified chromatin. Annu Rev Biochem 2015; 84:265-90. [PMID: 25784050 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biochem-060614-034429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Histone proteins are subject to a host of posttranslational modifications (PTMs) that modulate chromatin structure and function. Such control is achieved by the direct alteration of the intrinsic physical properties of the chromatin fiber or by regulating the recruitment and activity of a host of trans-acting nuclear factors. The sheer number of histone PTMs presents a formidable barrier to understanding the molecular mechanisms at the heart of epigenetic regulation of eukaryotic genomes. One aspect of this multifarious problem, namely how to access homogeneously modified chromatin for biochemical studies, is well suited to the sensibilities of the organic chemist. Indeed, recent years have witnessed a critical role for synthetic protein chemistry methods in generating the raw materials needed for studying how histone PTMs regulate chromatin biochemistry. This review focuses on what is arguably the most powerful, and widely employed, of these chemical strategies, namely histone semisynthesis via the chemical ligation of peptide fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Holt
- Department of Chemistry, Frick Laboratory, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544; ,
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261
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Zhang B, Rapolu M, Liang Z, Han Z, Williams PG, Su WW. A dual-intein autoprocessing domain that directs synchronized protein co-expression in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8541. [PMID: 25712612 PMCID: PMC4339811 DOI: 10.1038/srep08541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Being able to coordinate co-expression of multiple proteins is necessary for a variety of important applications such as assembly of protein complexes, trait stacking, and metabolic engineering. Currently only few options are available for multiple recombinant protein co-expression, and most of them are not applicable to both prokaryotic and eukaryotic hosts. Here, we report a new polyprotein vector system that is based on a pair of self-excising mini-inteins fused in tandem, termed the dual-intein (DI) domain, to achieve synchronized co-expression of multiple proteins. The DI domain comprises an Ssp DnaE mini-intein N159A mutant and an Ssp DnaB mini-intein C1A mutant connected in tandem by a peptide linker to mediate efficient release of the flanking proteins via autocatalytic cleavage. Essentially complete release of constituent proteins, GFP and RFP (mCherry), from a polyprotein precursor, in bacterial, mammalian, and plant hosts was demonstrated. In addition, successful co-expression of GFP with chloramphenicol acetyltransferase, and thioredoxin with RFP, respectively, further substantiates the general applicability of the DI polyprotein system. Collectively, our results demonstrate the DI-based polyprotein technology as a highly valuable addition to the molecular toolbox for multi-protein co-expression which finds vast applications in biotechnology, biosciences, and biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - Madhusudhan Rapolu
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - Zhibin Liang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - Zhenlin Han
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - Philip G. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - Wei Wen Su
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
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262
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Ren W, Ji A, Ai HW. Light Activation of Protein Splicing with a Photocaged Fast Intein. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:2155-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ja508597d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ren
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Ao Ji
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Hui-wang Ai
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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263
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Matern JCJ, Bachmann AL, Thiel IV, Volkmann G, Wasmuth A, Binschik J, Mootz HD. Ligation of synthetic peptides to proteins using semisynthetic protein trans-splicing. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1266:129-143. [PMID: 25560072 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2272-7_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Protein trans-splicing using split inteins is a powerful and convenient reaction to chemically modify recombinantly expressed proteins under mild conditions. In particular, semisynthetic protein trans-splicing with one intein fragment short enough to be accessible by solid-phase peptide synthesis can be used to transfer a short peptide segment with the desired synthetic moiety to the protein of interest. In this chapter, we provide detailed protocols for two such split intein systems. The M86 mutant of the Ssp DnaB intein and the MX1 mutant of the AceL-TerL intein are two highly engineered split inteins with very short N-terminal intein fragments of only 11 and 25 amino acids, respectively, and allow the efficient N-terminal labeling of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian C J Matern
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Muenster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 2, 48149, Münster, Germany
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264
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Waldhauer MC, Schmitz SN, Ahlmann-Eltze C, Gleixner JG, Schmelas CC, Huhn AG, Bunne C, Büscher M, Horn M, Klughammer N, Kreft J, Schäfer E, Bayer PA, Krämer SG, Neugebauer J, Wehler P, Mayer MP, Eils R, Di Ventura B. Backbone circularization of Bacillus subtilis family 11 xylanase increases its thermostability and its resistance against aggregation. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2015; 11:3231-43. [DOI: 10.1039/c5mb00341e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
While using a serine (S) as linker for circularization increases the thermostability, a longer linker (RGKCWE) leads to reduced aggregation after heat shock at elevated temperatures.
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265
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Bachmann AL, Matern JCJ, Schütz V, Mootz HD. Chemical-tag labeling of proteins using fully recombinant split inteins. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1266:145-159. [PMID: 25560073 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2272-7_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Chemical-tag labeling of proteins involving split inteins is an approach for the selective chemical modification of proteins without the requirement of any chemical synthesis to be performed. In a two-step protocol, a very short tag fused to a split intein auxiliary protein is first labeled in a bioconjugation reaction with a synthetic moiety either at its N-terminus (amine-tag) or at the side chain of an unnatural amino acid (click-tag). The labeled protein is then mixed with the protein of interest fused to the complementary intein fragment. In the resulting spontaneous protein trans-splicing reaction the split intein fragments remove themselves and ligate the tag to the protein of interest in a virtually traceless fashion. The reaction can be performed either using a purified protein of interest or to label a protein in the context of a living cell. All protein components are recombinantly expressed and all chemical reagents are commercially available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Lena Bachmann
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Muenster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 2, 48149, Münster, Germany
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266
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Bringing functions together with fusion enzymes—from nature’s inventions to biotechnological applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 99:1545-56. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6315-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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267
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Kajihara Y, Kanemitsu Y, Nishihara M, Okamoto R, Izumi M. Efficient synthesis of polypeptide-α-thioester by the method combining polypeptide expression and chemical activation for the semi-synthesis of interferon-γ having oligosaccharides. J Pept Sci 2014; 20:958-63. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.2709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Kajihara
- Department of chemistry; Osaka University; 1-1, Machikaneyama Toyonaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Yurie Kanemitsu
- Department of chemistry; Osaka University; 1-1, Machikaneyama Toyonaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Mika Nishihara
- Department of chemistry; Osaka University; 1-1, Machikaneyama Toyonaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Ryo Okamoto
- Department of chemistry; Osaka University; 1-1, Machikaneyama Toyonaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Masayuki Izumi
- Department of chemistry; Osaka University; 1-1, Machikaneyama Toyonaka 560-0043 Japan
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268
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From protein total synthesis to peptide transamidation and metathesis: playing with the reversibility of N,S-acyl or N,Se-acyl migration reactions. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2014; 22:137-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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269
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Human Therapies as a Successful Liaison between Chemistry and Biology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 21:1046-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2014.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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270
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Veggiani G, Zakeri B, Howarth M. Superglue from bacteria: unbreakable bridges for protein nanotechnology. Trends Biotechnol 2014; 32:506-12. [PMID: 25168413 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 07/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Biotechnology is often limited by weak interactions. We suggest that an ideal interaction between proteins would be covalent, specific, require addition of only a peptide tag to the protein of interest, and form under a wide range of conditions. Here we summarize peptide tags that are able to form spontaneous amide bonds, based on harnessing reactions of adhesion proteins from the bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes. These include the irreversible peptide-protein interaction of SpyTag with SpyCatcher, as well as irreversible peptide-peptide interactions via SpyLigase. We describe existing applications, including polymerization to enhance cancer cell capture, assembly of living biomaterial, access to diverse protein shapes, and improved enzyme resilience. We also indicate future opportunities for resisting biological force and extending the scope of protein nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Veggiani
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Bijan Zakeri
- MIT Synthetic Biology Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Mark Howarth
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK.
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271
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Branching out of the intein active site in protein splicing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:8323-4. [PMID: 24872446 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1407116111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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272
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Novikova O, Topilina N, Belfort M. Enigmatic distribution, evolution, and function of inteins. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:14490-7. [PMID: 24695741 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r114.548255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Inteins are mobile genetic elements capable of self-splicing post-translationally. They exist in all three domains of life including in viruses and bacteriophage, where they have a sporadic distribution even among very closely related species. In this review, we address this anomalous distribution from the point of view of the evolution of the host species as well as the intrinsic features of the inteins that contribute to their genetic mobility. We also discuss the incidence of inteins in functionally important sites of their host proteins. Finally, we describe instances of conditional protein splicing. These latter observations lead us to the hypothesis that some inteins have adapted to become sensors that play regulatory roles within their host protein, to the advantage of the organism in which they reside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Novikova
- From the Department of Biological Sciences and RNA Institute, University at Albany, The State University of New York, Albany, New York 12222
| | - Natalya Topilina
- From the Department of Biological Sciences and RNA Institute, University at Albany, The State University of New York, Albany, New York 12222
| | - Marlene Belfort
- From the Department of Biological Sciences and RNA Institute, University at Albany, The State University of New York, Albany, New York 12222
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