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Abstract
The type 1 IGF receptor (IGF-IR) is activated by two ligands, IGF-1 and IGF-2, and by insulin at supraphysiological concentrations. It plays a significant role in the growth of normal and abnormal cells, and antibodies against the IGF-IR are now in clinical trials. Targeting of the IGF-IR in cancer cells (by antibodies or other means) can be improved by the appropriate selection of responsive tumors. This review focuses on the optimization of IGF-IR targeting in human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Baserga
- Thomas Jefferson University, Kimmel Cancer Center, Bluemle Life Sciences Center, Philadelphia, PA 1910, USA.
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252
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The insulin receptor substrate-1: A biomarker for cancer? Exp Cell Res 2009; 315:727-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2008.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2008] [Revised: 09/23/2008] [Accepted: 09/23/2008] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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253
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Lin EA, Kong L, Bai XH, Luan Y, Liu CJ. miR-199a, a bone morphogenic protein 2-responsive MicroRNA, regulates chondrogenesis via direct targeting to Smad1. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:11326-35. [PMID: 19251704 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m807709200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNA) are short non-coding RNA molecules that regulate a variety of biological processes. The role of miRNAs in BMP2-mediated biological processes is of considerable interest. A comparative miRNA array led to the isolation of several BMP2-responsive miRNAs. Among them, miR-199a(*) is of particular interest, because it was reported to be specifically expressed in the skeletal system. Here we demonstrate that miR-199a(*) is an early responsive target of BMP2: its level was dramatically reduced at 5 h, quickly increased at 24 h and remained higher thereafter in the course of BMP2-triggered chondrogenesis of a micromass culture of pluripotent C3H10T1/2 stem cells. miR-199a(*) significantly inhibited early chondrogenesis, as revealed by the reduced expression of early marker genes for chondrogenesis such as cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP), type II collagen, and Sox9, whereas anti-miR-199a(*) increased the expression of these chondrogenic marker genes. A computer-based prediction algorithm led to the identification of Smad1, a well established downstream molecule of BMP-2 signaling, as a putative target of miR-199a(*). The pattern of Smad1 mRNA expression exhibited the mirror opposite of miR-199a(*) expression following BMP-2 induction. Furthermore, miR-199a(*) demonstrated remarkable inhibition of both endogenous Smad1 as well as a reporter construct bearing the 3-untranslated region of Smad1 mRNA. In addition, mutation of miR-199a(*) binding sites in the 3'-untranslated region of Smad1 mRNA abolished miR-199a(*)-mediated repression of reporter gene activity. Mechanism studies revealed that miR-199a(*) inhibits Smad1/Smad4-mediated transactivation of target genes, and that overexpression of Smad1 completely corrects miR-199a(*)-mediated repression of early chondrogenesis. Taken together, miR-199a(*) is the first BMP2 responsive microRNA found to adversely regulate early chondrocyte differentiation via direct targeting of the Smad1 transcription factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward A Lin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10003, USA
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254
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Rehman SK, Baldassarre G, Calin GA, Nicoloso MS. MicroRNAs: The Jack of All Trades. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.3816/clk.2009.n.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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255
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256
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Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of highly conserved small noncoding RNAs that negatively regulate gene expression by imperfectly base pairing to the 3'-untranslated region of their target mRNAs, leading to mRNA degradation or translational inhibition. The emerging field of miRNA biology has begun to unravel roles for these regulatory molecules in a variety of biological processes. This review concentrates on the roles of miRNAs in skeletogenesis as well as in skeleton-related disease processes. Before describing these data, we present a brief review of the biogenesis and action of miRNAs, the approaches to miRNAs study, and miRNAs as global regulators of development. We finish by emphasizing that the study of the biological functions of miRNAs in skeletogenesis and dysplasia represents an entirely new avenue in the exploration of bone and cartilage biology, and large gaps remain in our knowledge of miRNAs in skeletogenesis in vivo and in our knowledge of the molecular events underlying miRNA-mediated musculoskeletal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Ju Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10003, USA.
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257
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Wolpin BM, Meyerhardt JA, Chan AT, Ng K, Chan JA, Wu K, Pollak MN, Giovannucci EL, Fuchs CS. Insulin, the insulin-like growth factor axis, and mortality in patients with nonmetastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 2008; 27:176-85. [PMID: 19064975 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2008.17.9945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and Western dietary pattern have been linked to increased risk of cancer recurrence and mortality among patients with surgically resected colorectal cancer. Excess energy balance leads to increased circulating insulin and depressed levels of circulating insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP) -1, which promote cancer cell growth in preclinical models. PATIENTS AND METHODS Among 373 patients diagnosed with nonmetastatic colorectal cancer between 1991 and 2004, we performed a prospective observational study nested within two large US cohorts to evaluate the association between mortality and prediagnosis circulating C-peptide (a marker of insulin secretion), IGFBP-1, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), and IGFBP-3. RESULTS Compared with patients in the bottom quartile, patients in the top quartile of plasma C-peptide had an age-adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for death of 1.87 (95% CI, 1.04 to 3.36; P = .03 for trend), whereas those in the top quartile of circulating IGFBP-1 had a significant reduction in mortality (HR = 0.48; 95% CI, 0.28 to 0.84; P = .02 for trend). Little change in these estimates was noted after adjusting for other covariates known or suspected to influence survival. No associations were noted between mortality and IGF-I or IGFBP-3, which are two components of the IGF axis not closely correlated with lifestyle factors. CONCLUSION Among patients with surgically resected colorectal cancer, higher levels of prediagnosis plasma C-peptide and lower levels of prediagnosis plasma IGFBP-1 were associated with increased mortality. Circulating insulin and IGFBP-1 are potential mediators of the association between lifestyle factors and mortality after colorectal cancer resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Wolpin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney St, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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258
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The cell growth suppressor, mir-126, targets IRS-1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 377:136-40. [PMID: 18834857 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.09.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2008] [Accepted: 09/18/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
miRNAs are a family of approximately 22-nuleotide-long noncoding RNAs involved in the formation and progress of tumors. Since traditional methods for the detection of miRNAs expression have many disadvantages, we developed a simple method called polyA RT PCR. With this method, we detected a series of miRNAs and found that mir-126 is one of the miRNAs underexpressed in breast cancer cells. Flow cytometry analysis showed that mir-126 inhibited cell cycle progression from G1/G0 to S. Further studies revealed that mir-126 targeted IRS-1 at the translation level. Knocking down of IRS-1 suppresses cell growth in HEK293 and breast cancer cell MCF-7, which recapitulates the effects of mir-126. In conclusion, we developed a simple method for high-throughput screening of miRNAs and found that mir-126, a cell growth suppressor, targets IRS-1.
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259
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Schepeler T, Reinert JT, Ostenfeld MS, Christensen LL, Silahtaroglu AN, Dyrskjøt L, Wiuf C, Sørensen FJ, Kruhøffer M, Laurberg S, Kauppinen S, Ørntoft TF, Andersen CL. Diagnostic and prognostic microRNAs in stage II colon cancer. Cancer Res 2008; 68:6416-24. [PMID: 18676867 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-6110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 381] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNA) are a class of small noncoding RNAs with important posttranscriptional regulatory functions. Recent data suggest that miRNAs are aberrantly expressed in many human cancers and that they may play significant roles in carcinogenesis. Here, we used microarrays to profile the expression of 315 human miRNAs in 10 normal mucosa samples and 49 stage II colon cancers differing with regard to microsatellite status and recurrence of disease. Several miRNAs were differentially expressed between normal tissue and tumor microsatellite subtypes, with miR-145 showing the lowest expression in cancer relative to normal tissue. Microsatellite status for the majority of cancers could be correctly predicted based on miRNA expression profiles. Furthermore, a biomarker based on miRNA expression profiles could predict recurrence of disease with an overall performance accuracy of 81%, indicating a potential role of miRNAs in determining tumor aggressiveness. The expression levels of miR-320 and miR-498, both included in the predictive biomarker, correlated with the probability of recurrence-free survival by multivariate analysis. We successfully verified the expression of selected miRNAs using real-time reverse transcription-PCR assays for mature miRNAs, whereas in situ hybridization was used to detect the accumulation of miR-145 and miR-320 in normal epithelial cells and adenocarcinoma cells. Functional studies showed that miR-145 potently suppressed growth of three different colon carcinoma cell lines. In conclusion, our results suggest that perturbed expression of numerous miRNAs in colon cancer may have a functional effect on tumor cell behavior, and, furthermore, that some miRNAs with prognostic potential could be of clinical importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troels Schepeler
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
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260
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Tang X, Tang G, Ozcan S. Role of microRNAs in diabetes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2008; 1779:697-701. [PMID: 18655850 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2008.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2008] [Revised: 06/18/2008] [Accepted: 06/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is one of the most common chronic diseases in the world. Multiple and complex factors including various genetic and physiological changes can lead to type 1 and type 2 diabetes. However, the major mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of diabetes remain obscure. With the recent discovery of microRNAs (miRNAs), these small ribonucleotides have been implicated as new players in the pathogenesis of diabetes and diabetes-associated complications. MiRNAs have been shown to regulate insulin production, insulin secretion, and insulin action. This review summarizes the recent progress in the cutting-edge research of miRNAs involved in diabetes and diabetes related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Tang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, 741 South Limestone, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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261
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262
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Braconi C, Bracci R, Bearzi I, Bianchi F, Sabato S, Mandolesi A, Belvederesi L, Cascinu S, Valeri N, Cellerino R. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) 1 and 2 help to predict disease outcome in GIST patients. Ann Oncol 2008; 19:1293-1298. [PMID: 18372285 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdn040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The expression of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system has never been studied in gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). PATIENTS AND METHODS We studied the immunohistochemical expression of IGF1 receptor (IGFR-I), IGF1 and IGF2 in 94 samples of GISTs. IGF1 and IGF2 expression was scored in three classes: negative (N), moderate (M) and strong (S), according to staining intensity and extent. RESULTS IGFR-I was overexpressed in all cases. IGF1 and IGF2 expression was absent in 25 and 48 cases, moderate in 29 and 16 cases and strong in 40 and 30 cases, respectively. Strong IGF1 expression significantly correlated with higher mitotic index (P = 0.0001), larger (P = 0.01), higher risk (P = 0.0002), metastatic (P = 0.0001) and relapsed (P = 0.04) GISTs. Strong IGF2 expression correlated with higher mitotic index (P = 0.05) and higher risk GISTs (P = 0.001). The Kaplan-Meier analysis (N versus M versus S) showed a significant worsening of the disease-free survival (DFS) with the increase of IGF1 (P = 0.02) and IGF2 (P = 0.02) expression. In the subgroup of patients with operated high-risk GISTs, there was a better trend in DFS for patients affected by GISTs with negative IGF1 and IGF2. CONCLUSIONS The expression of IGF1 and IGF2 seems to predict relapse in GIST patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Braconi
- Centro Regionale di Genetica Oncologica-Oncologia Medica, Università Politecnica delle Marche.
| | - R Bracci
- Centro Regionale di Genetica Oncologica-Oncologia Medica, Università Politecnica delle Marche; Clinica di Oncologia Medica, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona
| | - I Bearzi
- Anatomia ed Istologia Patologica
| | - F Bianchi
- Centro Regionale di Genetica Oncologica-Oncologia Medica, Università Politecnica delle Marche
| | - S Sabato
- Anatomia ed Istologia Patologica
| | | | - L Belvederesi
- Centro Regionale di Genetica Oncologica-Oncologia Medica, Università Politecnica delle Marche
| | - S Cascinu
- Clinica di Oncologia Medica, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona
| | - N Valeri
- Scuola di Specializzazione in Oncologia, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - R Cellerino
- Centro Regionale di Genetica Oncologica-Oncologia Medica, Università Politecnica delle Marche
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263
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Hudder A, Novak RF. miRNAs: effectors of environmental influences on gene expression and disease. Toxicol Sci 2008; 103:228-40. [PMID: 18281715 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfn033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Discovered less than a decade ago, micro-RNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as important regulators of gene expression in mammals. They consist of short nucleic acids, on average approximately 22 nucleotides in length. The miRNAs exert their effect by binding directly to target messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and inhibiting mRNA stability and translation. Each miRNA can bind to multiple targets and many miRNAs can bind to the same target mRNA, allowing for a complex pattern of regulation of gene expression. Once bound to their targets, miRNAs can suppress translation of the mRNA by either sequestration or degradation of the message. Thus, miRNAs function as powerful and sensitive posttranscriptional regulators of gene expression. This review will summarize what is known about miRNA biogenesis, expression, regulation, function, mode of action, and role in disease processes with an emphasis on miRNAs in mammals. We discuss some of the methodology employed in miRNA research and the potential of miRNAs as therapeutic targets. The role of miRNAs in signal transduction and cellular stress is reviewed. Lastly, we identify new exciting avenues of research on the role of miRNAs in toxicogenomics and the possibility of epigenetic effects on gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Hudder
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201-2654, USA
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264
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Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E, Murray T, Xu J, Smigal C, Thun MJ. Cancer statistics, 2006. CA Cancer J Clin 2006; 341:291-9. [PMID: 16514137 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-010-0463-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2009] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Each year, the American Cancer Society estimates the number of new cancer cases and deaths expected in the United States in the current year and compiles the most recent data on cancer incidence, mortality, and survival based on incidence data from the National Cancer Institute and mortality data from the National Center for Health Statistics. Incidence and death rates are age-standardized to the 2000 US standard million population. A total of 1,399,790 new cancer cases and 564,830 deaths from cancer are expected in the United States in 2006. When deaths are aggregated by age, cancer has surpassed heart disease as the leading cause of death for those younger than age 85 since 1999. Delay-adjusted cancer incidence rates stabilized in men from 1995 through 2002, but continued to increase by 0.3% per year from 1987 through 2002 in women. Between 2002 and 2003, the actual number of recorded cancer deaths decreased by 778 in men, but increased by 409 in women, resulting in a net decrease of 369, the first decrease in the total number of cancer deaths since national mortality record keeping was instituted in 1930. The death rate from all cancers combined has decreased by 1.5% per year since 1993 among men and by 0.8% per year since 1992 among women. The mortality rate has also continued to decrease for the three most common cancer sites in men (lung and bronchus, colon and rectum, and prostate) and for breast and colon and rectum cancers in women. Lung cancer mortality among women continues to increase slightly. In analyses by race and ethnicity, African American men and women have 40% and 18% higher death rates from all cancers combined than White men and women, respectively. Cancer incidence and death rates are lower in other racial and ethnic groups than in Whites and African Americans for all sites combined and for the four major cancer sites. However, these groups generally have higher rates for stomach, liver, and cervical cancers than Whites. Furthermore, minority populations are more likely to be diagnosed with advanced stage disease than are Whites. Progress in reducing the burden of suffering and death from cancer can be accelerated by applying existing cancer control knowledge across all segments of the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmedin Jemal
- Department of Epidemiology and Surveillance Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA
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