251
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Coolen MW, Statham AL, Gardiner-Garden M, Clark SJ. Genomic profiling of CpG methylation and allelic specificity using quantitative high-throughput mass spectrometry: critical evaluation and improvements. Nucleic Acids Res 2007; 35:e119. [PMID: 17855397 PMCID: PMC2094090 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkm662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
CpG methylation is a key component of the epigenome architecture that is associated with changes in gene expression without a change to the DNA sequence. Since the first reports on deregulation of DNA methylation, in diseases such as cancer, and the initiation of the Human Epigenome Project, an increasing need has arisen for a detailed, high-throughput and quantitative method of analysis to discover and validate normal and aberrant DNA methylation profiles in large sample cohorts. Here we present an improved protocol using base-specific fragmentation and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry that enables a sensitive and high-throughput method of DNA methylation analysis, quantitative to 5% methylation for each informative CpG residue. We have determined the accuracy, variability and sensitivity of the protocol, implemented critical improvements in experimental design and interpretation of the data and developed a new formula to accurately measure CpG methylation. Key innovations now permit determination of differential and allele-specific methylation, such as in cancer and imprinting. The new protocol is ideally suitable for detailed DNA methylation analysis of multiple genomic regions and large sample cohorts that is critical for comprehensive profiling of normal and diseased human epigenomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Susan J. Clark
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed. +61 2 92958315+61 2 92958316
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252
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Murphy B J, Dorudi S, Bustin SA. Molecular staging of colorectal cancer: new paradigm or waste of time? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 1:31-45. [DOI: 10.1517/17530059.1.1.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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253
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Habbe N, Bert T, Simon B. Identification of methylation-associated gene expression in neuroendocrine pancreatic tumor cells. Pancreatology 2007; 7:352-9. [PMID: 17703082 DOI: 10.1159/000107270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2006] [Accepted: 02/21/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CpG islands methylation is the main epigenetic modification found in human tumors leading to transcriptional silencing of certain tumor suppressor genes. Reacquisition of p16/CDKN2A tumor suppressor gene expression by 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine results in concurrent growth inhibition of neuroendocrine pancreatic tumor cells. However, the growth suppressive effects of 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine is unlikely to be solely attributable to the restored p16/CDKN2A function, but rather a consequence of re-expression of additional genes silenced by de novo methylation. In an effort to validate DNA methylation as an important mechanism in neuroendocrine tumorigenesis and metastatic spread, we attempted to isolate methylation-specific transcripts in neuroendocrine pancreatic tumor cells. METHODS Differentially expressed methylation-associated genes were identified by cDNA-representational difference analysis (cDNA-RDA). Differential expression was confirmed by semiquantitative RT-PCR using insert specific primers. RESULTS We identified 48 differently expressed gene fragments and methylation-associated expression was confirmed by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. 52,3% (25 of 48) showed elevated expression levels after 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine treatment, whereas 47.7% revealed lower expression levels. 7 fragments showed homology to genes with unknown function. Interestingly, 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine treatment led to re-expression of cofillin whereas matriptase expression levels were significantly lower. Both genes have been associated with metastatic spread and tissue invasion. The other differentially expressed genes play an unknown role in the course of neuroendocrine tumorigenesis. CONCLUSION DNA methylation appears to be an important molecular mechanism in the process of neuroendocrine pancreatic tumorigenesis and metastatic spread. The definition of DNA methylation patterns associated with neuroendocrine pancreatic tumors might open up the potential for a new sensitive diagnostic tool and might serve as a new antitumor target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Habbe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
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254
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Abstract
Histone modifications such as acetylation, methylation and phosphorylation have been implicated in fundamental cellular processes such as epigenetic regulation of gene expression, organization of chromatin structure, chromosome segregation, DNA replication and DNA repair. Males absent on the first (MOF) is responsible for acetylating histone H4 at lysine 16 (H4K16) and is a key component of the MSL complex required for dosage compensation in Drosophila. The human ortholog of MOF (hMOF) has the same substrate specificity and recent purification of the human and Drosophila MOF complexes showed that these complexes were also highly conserved through evolution. Several studies have shown that loss of hMOF in mammalian cells leads to a number of different phenotypes; a G2/M cell cycle arrest, nuclear morphological defects, spontaneous chromosomal aberrations, reduced transcription of certain genes and an impaired DNA repair response upon ionizing irradiation. Moreover, hMOF is involved in ATM activation in response to DNA damage and acetylation of p53 by hMOF influences the cell's decision to undergo apoptosis instead of a cell cycle arrest. These data, highlighting hMOF as an important component of many cellular processes, as well as links between hMOF and cancer will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rea
- Gene Expression Programme, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
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255
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Sato H, Suzuki H, Toyota M, Nojima M, Maruyama R, Sasaki S, Takagi H, Sogabe Y, Sasaki Y, Idogawa M, Sonoda T, Mori M, Imai K, Tokino T, Shinomura Y. Frequent epigenetic inactivation of DICKKOPF family genes in human gastrointestinal tumors. Carcinogenesis 2007; 28:2459-66. [PMID: 17675336 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgm178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of Wnt signaling has been implicated in tumorigenesis, and epigenetic silencing of Wnt antagonist genes has been detected in various cancers. In the present study, we examined the expression and methylation of DICKKOPF (DKK) family genes in gastrointestinal cancer cell lines. We found that all known DKK genes were frequently silenced in colorectal cancer (CRC) cells (DKK1, 3/9, 33%; DKK2, 8/9, 89%; DKK3, 5/9, 56% and DKK4, 5/9, 56%), but not in normal colon mucosa. DKK1, -2 and -3 have 5' CpG islands, and show an inverse relation between expression and methylation. DKK methylation also was frequently observed in gastric cancer (GC) cell lines (DKK1, 6/16, 38%; DKK2, 15/16, 94% and DKK3, 10/16, 63%), but was seen less frequently in hepatocellular carcinoma and pancreatic cancer cell lines. DKKs also were frequently methylated in primary CRCs (DKK1, 7/58, 12%; DKK2, 45/58, 78% and DKK3, 12/58, 21%) and GCs (DKK1, 15/31, 48%; DKK2, 26/31, 84% and DKK3, 12/31, 39%). Against a background of CTNNB1 or APC mutations, Dickkopfs (Dkks) were less effective inhibitors of Wnt signaling than secreted frizzled-related proteins, though over-expression of Dkks suppressed colony formation of CRC cells with such mutations. Our results demonstrate that DKKs are frequent targets of epigenetic silencing in gastrointestinal tumors, and that loss of DKKs may facilitate tumorigenesis through beta-catenin/T-cell factor-independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironobu Sato
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8543, Japan
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256
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Wutz A. Xist function: bridging chromatin and stem cells. Trends Genet 2007; 23:457-64. [PMID: 17681633 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2007.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2007] [Revised: 06/06/2007] [Accepted: 07/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, dosage compensation is achieved by transcriptional silencing of one of the two female X chromosomes. X inactivation is dynamically regulated in development. The non-coding Xist RNA localizes to the inactive X, initiates gene repression in the early embryo, and later stabilizes the inactive state. Different functions of Xist are observed depending on which epigenetic regulatory pathways are active in a given cell. Because Xist has evolved recently, with the origin of placental mammals, the underlying pathways are also important in regulating developmental control genes. This review emphasizes the opportunity that Xist provides to functionally define epigenetic transitions in development, to understand cell identity, pluripotency and stem cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Wutz
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 7, 1030 Vienna, Austria.
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257
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Brown WT, Wu X, Amendola B, Perman M, Han H, Fayad F, Garcia S, Lewin A, Abitbol A, de la Zerda A, Schwade JG. Cancer as a manifestation of aberrant chromatin structure. Cancer J 2007; 13:87-94. [PMID: 17476136 PMCID: PMC3586529 DOI: 10.1097/ppo.0b013e31803c5415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this article we review many important epigenetic changes in early carcinogenesis and discuss the possibility of these alterations being targeted for therapeutic intervention in the future. Both regional DNA methylation and global chromatin packaging are interrelated partners that function in concert to control gene transcription. We first summarize briefly DNA methylation and its role in gene expression. Then, we focus on how the DNA is packaged into chromatin and the tight relationship between chromatin and DNA methylation. A more complete understanding of these key, regulatory events is vital in approaching a more rational drug therapy to various malignancies.
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258
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259
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Abstract
An International Symposium on Epigenomics took place at Yonsei University, Korea in December, 2006. The meeting brought to light new aspects of genome regulation by DNA and protein modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwan Sung Cho
- Department of Biochemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea.
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260
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Hwang C, Giri VN, Wilkinson JC, Wright CW, Wilkinson AS, Cooney KA, Duckett CS. EZH2 regulates the transcription of estrogen-responsive genes through association with REA, an estrogen receptor corepressor. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2007; 107:235-42. [PMID: 17453341 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-007-9542-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2007] [Accepted: 02/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) is a histone methyltransferase polycomb group (PcG) protein, which has been implicated in the process of cellular differentiation and cancer progression for both breast and prostate cancer. Although transcriptional repression by histone modification appears to contribute to the process of cellular differentiation, it is unclear what mediates the specificity of PcG proteins. Since EZH2 requires a binding partner for its histone methyltransferase activity, we surmised that evaluating interacting proteins might shed light on how the activity of EZH2 is regulated. Here we describe the identification of a novel binding partner of EZH2, the repressor of estrogen receptor activity (REA). REA functions as a transcriptional corepressor of the estrogen receptor and can potentiate the effect of anti-estrogens. REA expression levels have also previously been associated with the degree of differentiation of human breast cancers. We show here that EZH2 can also mediate the repression of estrogen-dependent transcription, and that moreover, the ability of both REA and EZH2 to repress estrogen-dependent transcription are mutually dependent. These data suggest that EZH2 may be recruited to specific target genes by its interaction with the estrogen receptor corepressor REA. The identification of a novel interaction between EZH2 and REA, two transcription factors that have been linked to breast cancer carcinogenesis, may lead to further insights into the process of deregulated gene expression in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Hwang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0602, USA
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261
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De La Rosa-Velázquez IA, Rincón-Arano H, Benítez-Bribiesca L, Recillas-Targa F. Epigenetic regulation of the human retinoblastoma tumor suppressor gene promoter by CTCF. Cancer Res 2007; 67:2577-85. [PMID: 17363576 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic misregulation is a more common feature in human cancer than previously anticipated. In the present investigation, we identified CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF), the multivalent 11-zinc-finger nuclear factor, as a regulator that favors a particular local chromatin conformation of the human retinoblastoma gene promoter. We show that its binding contributes to Rb gene promoter epigenetic stability. Ablation of the CTCF binding site from the human Rb gene promoter induced a rapid epigenetic silencing of reporter gene expression in an integrated genome context. CTCF DNA binding is methylation sensitive, and the methylated Rb-CTCF site is recognized by the Kaiso methyl-CpG-binding protein. This is the first evidence suggesting that CTCF protects the Rb gene promoter, a classic CpG island, against DNA methylation, and when such control region is abnormally methylated Kaiso, and probably its associated repressor complex, induce epigenetic silencing of the promoter. Our results identify CTCF as a novel epigenetic regulator of the human retinoblastoma gene promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inti A De La Rosa-Velázquez
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Departamento de Genética Molecular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F., México
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262
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Miremadi A, Oestergaard MZ, Pharoah PDP, Caldas C. Cancer genetics of epigenetic genes. Hum Mol Genet 2007; 16 Spec No 1:R28-49. [PMID: 17613546 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddm021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The cancer epigenome is characterised by specific DNA methylation and chromatin modification patterns. The proteins that mediate these changes are encoded by the epigenetics genes here defined as: DNA methyltransferases (DNMT), methyl-CpG-binding domain (MBD) proteins, histone acetyltransferases (HAT), histone deacetylases (HDAC), histone methyltransferases (HMT) and histone demethylases. We review the evidence that these genes can be targeted by mutations and expression changes in human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Miremadi
- Cancer Genomics Program, Department of Oncology, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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263
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Lefort K, Mandinova A, Ostano P, Kolev V, Calpini V, Kolfschoten I, Devgan V, Lieb J, Raffoul W, Hohl D, Neel V, Garlick J, Chiorino G, Dotto GP. Notch1 is a p53 target gene involved in human keratinocyte tumor suppression through negative regulation of ROCK1/2 and MRCKalpha kinases. Genes Dev 2007; 21:562-77. [PMID: 17344417 PMCID: PMC1820898 DOI: 10.1101/gad.1484707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the regulation and function of the Notch1 gene in negative control of human tumors. Here we show that Notch1 gene expression and activity are substantially down-modulated in keratinocyte cancer cell lines and tumors, with expression of this gene being under p53 control in these cells. Genetic suppression of Notch signaling in primary human keratinocytes is sufficient, together with activated ras, to cause aggressive squamous cell carcinoma formation. Similar tumor-promoting effects are also caused by in vivo treatment of mice, grafted with keratinocytes expressing oncogenic ras alone, with a pharmacological inhibitor of endogenous Notch signaling. These effects are linked with a lesser commitment of keratinocytes to differentiation, an expansion of stem cell populations, and a mechanism involving up-regulation of ROCK1/2 and MRCKalpha kinases, two key effectors of small Rho GTPases previously implicated in neoplastic progression. Thus, the Notch1 gene is a p53 target with a role in human tumor suppression through negative regulation of Rho effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Lefort
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges CH-1066, Switzerland
| | - Anna Mandinova
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | - Paola Ostano
- Laboratory of Cancer Pharmacogenomics, Fondo “Edo Tempia,” Biella 13900, Italy
| | - Vihren Kolev
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | - Valerie Calpini
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges CH-1066, Switzerland
| | - Ingrid Kolfschoten
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges CH-1066, Switzerland
| | - Vikram Devgan
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | - Jocelyn Lieb
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | - Wassim Raffoul
- Department of Surgery, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne CH-1011, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Hohl
- Department of Dermatology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne CH-1011, Switzerland
| | - Victor Neel
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Jonathan Garlick
- Division of Cancer Biology and Tissue Engineering, Tufts University Dental School, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA
| | - Giovanna Chiorino
- Laboratory of Cancer Pharmacogenomics, Fondo “Edo Tempia,” Biella 13900, Italy
| | - G. Paolo Dotto
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges CH-1066, Switzerland
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
- Corresponding author.E-MAIL ; FAX 41-21-692-5705
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