251
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Camattari R. Laue lens for radiotherapy applications through a focused hard x-ray beam: a feasibility study on requirements and tolerances. Phys Med Biol 2017; 62:7249-7266. [PMID: 28742054 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aa81fa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Focusing a hard x-ray beam would represent an innovative technique for tumour treatment, since such a beam may deliver a dose to a tumour located at a given depth under the skin, sparing the surrounding healthy cells. A detailed study of a focusing system for hard x-ray aimed at radiotherapy is presented here. Such a focusing system, named Laue lens, exploits x-ray diffraction and consists of a series of crystals disposed as concentric rings capable of concentrating a flux of x-rays towards a focusing point. A feasibility study regarding the positioning tolerances of the crystalline optical elements has been carried out. It is shown that a Laue lens can effectively be used in the context of radiotherapy for tumour treatments provided that the mounting errors are below certain values, which are reachable in the modern micromechanics. An extended survey based on an analytical approach and on simulations is presented for precisely estimating all the contributions of each mounting error, analysing their effect on the focal spot of the Laue lens. Finally, a simulation for evaluating the released dose in a water phantom is shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Camattari
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Saragat 1/c, 44122 Ferrara and INFN section of Ferrara, Italy
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252
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Song G, Cheng L, Chao Y, Yang K, Liu Z. Emerging Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials for Cancer Radiation Therapy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1700996. [PMID: 28643452 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201700996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 430] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Radiation therapy (RT) including external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) and internal radioisotope therapy (RIT) has been widely used for clinical cancer treatment. However, owing to the low radiation absorption of tumors, high doses of ionizing radiations are often needed during RT, leading to severe damages to normal tissues adjacent to tumors. Meanwhile, the RT efficacies are limited by different mechanisms, among which the tumor hypoxia-associated radiation resistance is a well-known one, as there exists hypoxia inside most solid tumors while oxygen is essential to enhance radiation-induced DNA damages. With the development in nanotechnology, there have been great interests in using nanomedicine strategies to enhance radiation responses of tumors. Nanomaterials containing high-Z elements to absorb radiation rays (e.g. X-ray) can act as radio-sensitizers to deposit radiation energy within tumors and promote treatment efficacy. Nanoscale carriers are able to deliver therapeutic radioisotopes into tumors for internal RIT, or chemotherapeutic drugs for synergistically combined chemo-radiotherapy. As uncovered in recent studies, the tumor microenvironment could be modulated by various nanomedicine approaches to overcome hypoxia-associated radiation resistance. Herein, the authors will summarize the applications of nanomedicine for RT cancer treatment, and pay particular attention to the latest development of 'advanced materials' for enhanced cancer RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guosheng Song
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Road, Stanford, California, 94305-5484, USA
| | - Liang Cheng
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Yu Chao
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Kai Yang
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection and School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Zhuang Liu
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
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253
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Grellet S, Tzelepi K, Roskamp M, Williams P, Sharif A, Slade-Carter R, Goldie P, Whilde N, Śmiałek MA, Mason NJ, Golding JP. Cancer-selective, single agent chemoradiosensitising gold nanoparticles. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181103. [PMID: 28700660 PMCID: PMC5507319 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Two nanometre gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), bearing sugar moieties and/or thiol-polyethylene glycol-amine (PEG-amine), were synthesised and evaluated for their in vitro toxicity and ability to radiosensitise cells with 220 kV and 6 MV X-rays, using four cell lines representing normal and cancerous skin and breast tissues. Acute 3 h exposure of cells to AuNPs, bearing PEG-amine only or a 50:50 ratio of alpha-galactose derivative and PEG-amine resulted in selective uptake and toxicity towards cancer cells at unprecedentedly low nanomolar concentrations. Chemotoxicity was prevented by co-administration of N-acetyl cysteine antioxidant, or partially prevented by the caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK. In addition to their intrinsic cancer-selective chemotoxicity, these AuNPs acted as radiosensitisers in combination with 220 kV or 6 MV X-rays. The ability of AuNPs bearing simple ligands to act as cancer-selective chemoradiosensitisers at low concentrations is a novel discovery that holds great promise in developing low-cost cancer nanotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Grellet
- School of Life, Health & Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
| | - Konstantina Tzelepi
- School of Life, Health & Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
| | - Meike Roskamp
- Midatech Pharma, Milton Park, Abingdon, United Kingdom
| | - Phil Williams
- Midatech Pharma, Milton Park, Abingdon, United Kingdom
| | - Aquila Sharif
- GenesisCare, Milton Keynes Medical Centre, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
| | | | - Peter Goldie
- Radiotherapy Department, Northampton General Hospital NHS Trust, Northampton, United Kingdom
| | - Nicky Whilde
- Radiotherapy Department, Northampton General Hospital NHS Trust, Northampton, United Kingdom
| | - Małgorzata A. Śmiałek
- Department of Control and Power Engineering, Faculty of Ocean Engineering and Ship Technology, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
- School of Physical Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel J. Mason
- School of Physical Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
| | - Jon P. Golding
- School of Life, Health & Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
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254
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Xie Y, Filchakova O, Yang Q, Yesbolatov Y, Tursynkhan D, Kassymbek A, Bouhrara M, Wang K, Balanay M, Fan H. Inhibition of Cancer Cell Proliferation by Carbon Dots Derived from Date Pits at Low-Dose. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201700575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingqiu Xie
- Department of Biology, School of Science and Technology; Nazarbayev University; Astana 010000 Kazakhstan
| | - Olena Filchakova
- Department of Biology, School of Science and Technology; Nazarbayev University; Astana 010000 Kazakhstan
| | - Qing Yang
- Department of Biology, School of Science and Technology; Nazarbayev University; Astana 010000 Kazakhstan
| | - Yerkebulan Yesbolatov
- Department of Biology, School of Science and Technology; Nazarbayev University; Astana 010000 Kazakhstan
| | - Darkhan Tursynkhan
- Department of Chemistry; School of Science and Technology; Nazarbayev University; Astana 010000 Kazakhstan
| | - Aishabibi Kassymbek
- Department of Chemistry; School of Science and Technology; Nazarbayev University; Astana 010000 Kazakhstan
| | - Mohamed Bouhrara
- Department of Chemistry; School of Science and Technology; Nazarbayev University; Astana 010000 Kazakhstan
| | - Kunjie Wang
- Department of Chemistry; Lanzhou University of Technology; Lanzhou, Gansu 730050 China
| | - Mannix Balanay
- Department of Chemistry; School of Science and Technology; Nazarbayev University; Astana 010000 Kazakhstan
| | - Haiyan Fan
- Department of Chemistry; School of Science and Technology; Nazarbayev University; Astana 010000 Kazakhstan
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255
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Ma N, Wu FG, Zhang X, Jiang YW, Jia HR, Wang HY, Li YH, Liu P, Gu N, Chen Z. Shape-Dependent Radiosensitization Effect of Gold Nanostructures in Cancer Radiotherapy: Comparison of Gold Nanoparticles, Nanospikes, and Nanorods. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:13037-13048. [PMID: 28338323 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b01112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The shape effect of gold (Au) nanomaterials on the efficiency of cancer radiotherapy has not been fully elucidated. To address this issue, Au nanomaterials with different shapes but similar average size (∼50 nm) including spherical gold nanoparticles (GNPs), gold nanospikes (GNSs), and gold nanorods (GNRs) were synthesized and functionalized with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) molecules. Although all of these Au nanostructures were coated with the same PEG molecules, their cellular uptake behavior differed significantly. The GNPs showed the highest cellular responses as compared to the GNSs and the GNRs (based on the same gold mass) after incubation with KB cancer cells for 24 h. The cellular uptake in cells increased in the order of GNPs > GNSs > GNRs. Our comparative studies indicated that all of these PEGylated Au nanostructures could induce enhanced cancer cell-killing rates more or less upon X-ray irradiation. The sensitization enhancement ratios (SERs) calculated by a multitarget single-hit model were 1.62, 1.37, and 1.21 corresponding to the treatments of GNPs, GNSs, and GNRs, respectively, demonstrating that the GNPs showed a higher anticancer efficiency than both GNSs and GNRs upon X-ray irradiation. Almost the same values were obtained by dividing the SERs of the three types of Au nanomaterials by their corresponding cellular uptake amounts, indicating that the higher SER of GNPs was due to their much higher cellular uptake efficiency. The above results indicated that the radiation enhancement effects were determined by the amount of the internalized gold atoms. Therefore, to achieve a strong radiosensitization effect in cancer radiotherapy, it is necessary to use Au-based nanomaterials with a high cellular internalization. Further studies on the radiosensitization mechanisms demonstrated that ROS generation and cell cycle redistribution induced by Au nanostructures played essential roles in enhancing radiosensitization. Taken together, our results indicated that the shape of Au-based nanomaterials had a significant influence on cancer radiotherapy. The present work may provide important guidance for the design and use of Au nanostructures in cancer radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Zhan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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256
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Anand K, Singh T, Madhumitha G, Phulukdaree A, Gengan RM, Chuturgoon A. Biosynthesis and computational analysis of amine-ended dual thiol ligand functionalized gold nanoparticles for conventional spectroscopy detection of melamine. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2017; 169:75-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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257
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Gold nanoparticles, radiations and the immune system: Current insights into the physical mechanisms and the biological interactions of this new alliance towards cancer therapy. Pharmacol Ther 2017; 178:1-17. [PMID: 28322970 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Considering both cancer's serious impact on public health and the side effects of cancer treatments, strategies towards targeted cancer therapy have lately gained considerable interest. Employment of gold nanoparticles (GNPs), in combination with ionizing and non-ionizing radiations, has been shown to improve the effect of radiation treatment significantly. GNPs, as high-Z particles, possess the ability to absorb ionizing radiation and enhance the deposited dose within the targeted tumors. Furthermore, they can convert non-ionizing radiation into heat, due to plasmon resonance, leading to hyperthermic damage to cancer cells. These observations, also supported by experimental evidence both in vitro and in vivo systems, reveal the capacity of GNPs to act as radiosensitizers for different types of radiation. In addition, they can be chemically modified to selectively target tumors, which renders them suitable for future cancer treatment therapies. Herein, a current review of the latest data on the physical properties of GNPs and their effects on GNP circulation time, biodistribution and clearance, as well as their interactions with plasma proteins and the immune system, is presented. Emphasis is also given with an in depth discussion on the underlying physical and biological mechanisms of radiosensitization. Furthermore, simulation data are provided on the use of GNPs in photothermal therapy upon non-ionizing laser irradiation treatment. Finally, the results obtained from the application of GNPs at clinical trials and pre-clinical experiments in vivo are reported.
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