251
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French KC, Antonyak MA, Cerione RA. Extracellular vesicle docking at the cellular port: Extracellular vesicle binding and uptake. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 67:48-55. [PMID: 28104520 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), lipid bilayer-enclosed structures that contain a variety of biological molecules shed by cells, are increasingly becoming appreciated as a major form of cell-to-cell communication. Indeed, EVs have been shown to play important roles in several physiological processes, as well as diseases such as cancer. EVs dock on to the surfaces of recipient cells where they transmit signals from the cell surface and/or transfer their contents into cells to elicit functional responses. EV docking and uptake by cells represent critical, but poorly understood processes. Here, we focus on the mechanisms by which EVs dock and transfer their contents to cells. Moreover, we highlight how these findings may provide new avenues for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinsley C French
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, United States
| | - Marc A Antonyak
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, United States
| | - Richard A Cerione
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, United States.
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252
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Takahashi Y, Nishikawa M, Takakura Y. In Vivo Tracking of Extracellular Vesicles in Mice Using Fusion Protein Comprising Lactadherin and Gaussia Luciferase. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1660:245-254. [PMID: 28828662 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7253-1_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived vesicles comprising a lipid bilayer and are found in body fluids, such as blood, sweat, and urine. As EVs, especially exosomes, function as endogenous intercellular delivery tools, their roles in various biological events have been extensively investigated. In addition, they are expected to become safe and effective drug delivery systems (DDS) because of their intrinsic nature. In the development of EV-based DDS, as well as in the investigation of the biological functions of EVs, it is important to analyze the in vivo behavior of EVs by tracking them. Therefore, we have developed a sensitive EV-labeling method to track EVs in vivo by designing a fusion protein comprising lactadherin (LA) (alias milk fat globule-EGF factor 8), a protein that binds to EV membranes through interaction with phosphatidylserine, and Gaussia luciferase (gLuc), a chemiluminescent protein. gLuc-LA-labeled EVs are easily obtained by transfecting EV-producing cells with a gLuc-LA-encoding plasmid vector. Here, we describe methods to label EVs with the fusion protein and to track the labeled EVs in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Takahashi
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Drug Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshidashimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Makiya Nishikawa
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Drug Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshidashimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Takakura
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Drug Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshidashimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
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253
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Devhare PB, Ray RB. A novel role of exosomes in the vaccination approach. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2017; 5:23. [PMID: 28164108 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2016.12.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pradip B Devhare
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Ratna B Ray
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
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254
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Gallo A, Vella S, Miele M, Timoneri F, Di Bella M, Bosi S, Sciveres M, Conaldi PG. Global profiling of viral and cellular non-coding RNAs in Epstein-Barr virus-induced lymphoblastoid cell lines and released exosome cargos. Cancer Lett 2016; 388:334-343. [PMID: 27956246 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The human EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid cell line (LCL), obtained by infecting peripheral blood monocular cells with Epstein-Barr Virus, has been extensively used for human genetic, pharmacogenomic, and immunologic studies. Recently, the role of exosomes has also been indicated as crucial in the crosstalk between EBV and the host microenvironment. Because the role that the LCL and LCL exosomal cargo might play in maintaining persistent infection, and since little is known regarding the non-coding RNAs of LCL, the aim of our work was the comprehensive characterization of this class of RNA, cellular and viral miRNAs, and cellular lncRNAs, in LCL compared with PBMC derived from the same donors. In this study, we have demonstrated, for the first time, that all the viral miRNAs expressed by LCL are also packaged in the exosomes, and we found that two miRNAs, ebv-miR-BART3 and ebv-miR-BHRF1-1, are more abundant in the exosomes, suggesting a microvescicular viral microRNA transfer. In addition, lncRNA profiling revealed that LCLs were enriched in lncRNA H19 and H19 antisense, and released these through exosomes, suggesting a leading role in the regulation of the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Gallo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Advanced Biotechnologies, IRCCS-ISMETT (Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad alta specializzazione), Italy.
| | - Serena Vella
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Advanced Biotechnologies, IRCCS-ISMETT (Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad alta specializzazione), Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Marco Sciveres
- Pediatric Hepatology and Liver Transplantation, IRCCS ISMETT, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Palermo, Italy
| | - Pier Giulio Conaldi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Advanced Biotechnologies, IRCCS-ISMETT (Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad alta specializzazione), Italy; Fondazione Ri.MED, Italy
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255
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Russell AE, Doll DN, Sarkar SN, Simpkins JW. TNF-α and Beyond: Rapid Mitochondrial Dysfunction Mediates TNF-α-Induced Neurotoxicity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 7. [PMID: 28652929 PMCID: PMC5482413 DOI: 10.4172/2155-9899.1000467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This short communication describes our research which demonstrates that TNF-α causes a rapid decline in mitochondrial function, leading to neuronal cell death. As such, this neurotoxic proinflammatory cytokine may play a role in brain damage from stroke and neurodegeneration in chronic conditions such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease. We have extended this initial observation by demonstrating that TNF-α stimulates a microRNA (miR-34a) which we have shown reduces five key proteins in the mitochondrial electron transport chain through base-pair complementarity. miR-34a is increased in affected brain regions of Alzheimer's patients and transgenic AD mouse models. We have further shown that oligomeric amyloid beta 42 (oAβ42) stimulates miR-34a. Collectively, these data suggest that TNF-α, oAβ42, and miR-34a participate in a vicious cycle, resulting in mitochondrial dysfunction, which is critical to the neuropathology of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley E Russell
- Physiology & Pharmacology, Center for Basic and Translational Stroke Research, Blanchett Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Danielle N Doll
- Physiology & Pharmacology, Center for Basic and Translational Stroke Research, Blanchett Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Saumyendra N Sarkar
- Physiology & Pharmacology, Center for Basic and Translational Stroke Research, Blanchett Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - James W Simpkins
- Physiology & Pharmacology, Center for Basic and Translational Stroke Research, Blanchett Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
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256
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Atayde VD, Hassani K, da Silva Lira Filho A, Borges AR, Adhikari A, Martel C, Olivier M. Leishmania exosomes and other virulence factors: Impact on innate immune response and macrophage functions. Cell Immunol 2016; 309:7-18. [PMID: 27499212 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania parasites are the causative agents of the leishmaniases, a collection of vector-borne diseases that range from simple cutaneous to fatal visceral forms. Employing potent immune modulation mechanisms, Leishmania is able to render the host macrophage inactive and persist inside its phagolysosome. In the last few years, the role of exosomes in Leishmania-host interactions has been increasingly investigated. For instance, it was reported that Leishmania exosome release is augmented following temperature shift, a condition mimicking parasite's entry into its mammalian host. Leishmania exosomes were found to strongly affect macrophage cell signaling and functions, similarly to whole parasites. Importantly, these vesicles were shown to be pro-inflammatory, capable to recruit neutrophils at their inoculation site exacerbating the pathology. In this review, we provide the most recent insights on the role of exosomes and other virulence factors, especially the surface protease GP63, in Leishmania-host interactions, deepening our knowledge on leishmaniasis and paving the way for the development of new therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Diniz Atayde
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada; Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Heath Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Boulevard Décarie, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Kasra Hassani
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada; Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Heath Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Boulevard Décarie, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Alonso da Silva Lira Filho
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada; Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Heath Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Boulevard Décarie, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Andrezza Raposo Borges
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada; Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Heath Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Boulevard Décarie, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Anupam Adhikari
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada; Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Heath Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Boulevard Décarie, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Caroline Martel
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada; Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Heath Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Boulevard Décarie, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Martin Olivier
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada; Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Heath Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Boulevard Décarie, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada.
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257
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Abstract
Viruses have evolved many mechanisms by which to evade and subvert the immune system to ensure survival and persistence. However, for each method undertaken by the immune system for pathogen removal, there is a counteracting mechanism utilized by pathogens. The new and emerging role of microvesicles in immune intercellular communication and function is no different. Viruses across many different families have evolved to insert viral components in exosomes, a subtype of microvesicle, with many varying downstream effects. When assessed cumulatively, viral antigens in exosomes increase persistence through cloaking viral genomes, decoying the immune system, and even by increasing viral infection in uninfected cells. Exosomes therefore represent a source of viral antigen that can be used as a biomarker for disease and targeted for therapy in the control and eradication of these disorders. With the rise in the persistence of new and reemerging viruses like Ebola and Zika, exploring the role of exosomes become more important than ever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique R Anderson
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Neuroimmunology Branch, Viral Immunology Section, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
- Department of Pathology Molecular and Cellular Basis of Disease Graduate Program, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA.
| | - Fatah Kashanchi
- George Mason University, National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Disease, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Manassas, VA, 20110, USA
| | - Steven Jacobson
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Neuroimmunology Branch, Viral Immunology Section, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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258
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Pereira EA, daSilva LLP. HIV-1 Nef: Taking Control of Protein Trafficking. Traffic 2016; 17:976-96. [PMID: 27161574 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The Nef protein of the human immunodeficiency virus is a crucial determinant of viral pathogenesis and disease progression. Nef is abundantly expressed early in infection and is thought to optimize the cellular environment for viral replication. Nef controls expression levels of various cell surface molecules that play important roles in immunity and virus life cycle, by directly interfering with the itinerary of these proteins within the endocytic and late secretory pathways. To exert these functions, Nef physically interacts with host proteins that regulate protein trafficking. In recent years, considerable progress was made in identifying host-cell-interacting partners for Nef, and the molecular machinery used by Nef to interfere with protein trafficking has started to be unraveled. Here, we briefly review the knowledge gained and discuss new findings regarding the mechanisms by which Nef modifies the intracellular trafficking pathways to prevent antigen presentation, facilitate viral particle release and enhance the infectivity of HIV-1 virions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estela A Pereira
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Luis L P daSilva
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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259
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Exosomes mediate hepatitis B virus (HBV) transmission and NK-cell dysfunction. Cell Mol Immunol 2016; 14:465-475. [PMID: 27238466 PMCID: PMC5423088 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2016.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that exosomes can transfer genetic material between cells. However, their roles in hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remain unclear. Here, we report that exosomes present in the sera of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients contained both HBV nucleic acids and HBV proteins, and transferred HBV to hepatocytes in an active manner. Notably, HBV nucleic acids were detected in natural killer (NK) cells from both CHB patients and healthy donors after exposure to HBV-positive exosomes. Through real-time fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry, 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3',-tetramethylindodicarbocyanine, 4-chlorobenzenesulfnate salt (DiD)-labeled exosomes were observed to interact with NK cells and to be taken up by NK cells, which was enhanced by transforming growth factor-β treatment. Furthermore, HBV-positive exosomes impaired NK-cell functions, including interferon (IFN)-γ production, cytolytic activity, NK-cell proliferation and survival, as well as the responsiveness of the cells to poly (I:C) stimulation. HBV infection suppressed the expression of pattern-recognition receptors, especially retinoic acid inducible gene I (RIG-I), on NK cells, resulting in the dampening of the nuclear factor κB(NF-κB) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. Our results highlight a previously unappreciated role of exosomes in HBV transmission and NK-cell dysfunction during CHB infection.
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260
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Juliano RL. The delivery of therapeutic oligonucleotides. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:6518-48. [PMID: 27084936 PMCID: PMC5001581 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 580] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The oligonucleotide therapeutics field has seen remarkable progress over the last few years with the approval of the first antisense drug and with promising developments in late stage clinical trials using siRNA or splice switching oligonucleotides. However, effective delivery of oligonucleotides to their intracellular sites of action remains a major issue. This review will describe the biological basis of oligonucleotide delivery including the nature of various tissue barriers and the mechanisms of cellular uptake and intracellular trafficking of oligonucleotides. It will then examine a variety of current approaches for enhancing the delivery of oligonucleotides. This includes molecular scale targeted ligand-oligonucleotide conjugates, lipid- and polymer-based nanoparticles, antibody conjugates and small molecules that improve oligonucleotide delivery. The merits and liabilities of these approaches will be discussed in the context of the underlying basic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolph L Juliano
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy and UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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261
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Kalamvoki M, Deschamps T. Extracellular vesicles during Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 infection: an inquire. Virol J 2016; 13:63. [PMID: 27048572 PMCID: PMC4822280 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0518-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles are defined as a heterogeneous group of vesicles that are released by prokaryotic to higher eukaryotic cells and by plant cells in an evolutionary conserved manner. The significance of these vesicles lies in their capacity to transfer selected cargo composed of proteins, lipids and nucleic acids to both recipient and parent cells and to influence various physiological and pathological functions. Microorganisms such as parasites, fungi and protozoa and even single cell organisms such as bacteria generate extracellular vesicles. In addition, several viruses have evolved strategies to hijack the extracellular vesicles for egress or to alter the surrounding environment. The thesis of this article is that: a) during HSV-1 infection vesicles are delivered from infected to uninfected cells that influence the infection; b) the cargo of these vesicles consists of viral and host transcripts (mRNAs, miRNAs and non-coding RNAs) and proteins including innate immune components, such as STING; and c) the viral vesicles carry the tetraspanins CD9, CD63 and CD81, which are considered as markers of exosomes. Therefore, we assume that the STING-carrying vesicles, produced during HSV-1 infection, are reminiscent to exosomes. The presumed functions of the exosomes released from HSV-1 infected cells include priming the recipient cells and accelerating antiviral responses to control the dissemination of the virus. This may be one strategy used by the virus to prevent the elimination by the host and establish persistent infection. In conclusion, the modification of the cargo of exosomes appears to be part of the strategy that HSV-1 has evolved to establish lifelong persistent infections into the human body to ensure successful dissemination between individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kalamvoki
- Department Microbiology, Molecular Genetics Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Building Hixon, room 3009, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
| | - Thibaut Deschamps
- Department Microbiology, Molecular Genetics Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Building Hixon, room 3009, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
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262
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The Dual Role of Exosomes in Hepatitis A and C Virus Transmission and Viral Immune Activation. Viruses 2015; 7:6707-15. [PMID: 26694453 PMCID: PMC4690890 DOI: 10.3390/v7122967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are small nanovesicles of about 100 nm in diameter that act as intercellular messengers because they can shuttle RNA, proteins and lipids between different cells. Many studies have found that exosomes also play various roles in viral pathogenesis. Hepatitis A virus (HAV; a picornavirus) and Hepatitis C virus (HCV; a flavivirus) two single strand plus-sense RNA viruses, in particular, have been found to use exosomes for viral transmission thus evading antibody-mediated immune responses. Paradoxically, both viral exosomes can also be detected by plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) leading to innate immune activation and type I interferon production. This article will review recent findings regarding these two viruses and outline how exosomes are involved in their transmission and immune sensing.
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