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Earley H, Lennon G, Balfe A, Kilcoyne M, Clyne M, Joshi L, Carrington S, Martin ST, Coffey JC, Winter DC, O’Connell PR. A Preliminary Study Examining the Binding Capacity of Akkermansia muciniphila and Desulfovibrio spp., to Colonic Mucin in Health and Ulcerative Colitis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135280. [PMID: 26491870 PMCID: PMC4619660 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Akkermansia muciniphila and Desulfovibrio spp. are commensal microbes colonising the mucus gel layer of the colon. Both species have the capacity to utilise colonic mucin as a substrate. A. muciniphila degrades colonic mucin, while Desulfovibrio spp. metabolise the sulfate moiety of sulfated mucins. Altered abundances of these microorganisms have been reported in ulcerative colitis (UC). However their capacity to bind to human colonic mucin, and whether this binding capacity is affected by changes in mucin associated with UC, remain to be defined. Methods Mucin was isolated from resected colon from control patients undergoing resection for colonic cancer (n = 7) and patients undergoing resection for UC (n = 5). Isolated mucin was purified and printed onto mucin microarrays. Binding of reference strains and three clinical isolates of A. muciniphila and Desulfovibrio spp. to purified mucin was investigated. Results Both A. muciniphila and Desulfovibro spp. bound to mucin. The reference strain and all clinical isolates of A. muciniphila showed increased binding capacity for UC mucin (p < .005). The Desulfovibrio reference strain showed increased affinity for UC mucin. The mucin binding profiles of clinical isolates of Desulfovibrio spp. were specific to each isolate. Two isolates showed no difference in binding. One UC isolate bound with increased affinity to UC mucin (p < .005). Conclusion These preliminary data suggest that differences exist in the mucin binding capacity of isolates of A. muciniphila and Desulfovibrio spp. This study highlights the mucin microarray platform as a means of studying the ability of bacteria to interact with colonic mucin in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Earley
- School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Centre for Colorectal Disease, St Vincent’s University Hospital, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Grainne Lennon
- School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Centre for Colorectal Disease, St Vincent’s University Hospital, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Aine Balfe
- School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Centre for Colorectal Disease, St Vincent’s University Hospital, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Michelle Kilcoyne
- Glycoscience Group, National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
- Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Marguerite Clyne
- School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Lokesh Joshi
- Glycoscience Group, National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Stephen Carrington
- College of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Sean T. Martin
- Centre for Colorectal Disease, St Vincent’s University Hospital, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | | | - Desmond C. Winter
- Centre for Colorectal Disease, St Vincent’s University Hospital, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - P. Ronan O’Connell
- School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Centre for Colorectal Disease, St Vincent’s University Hospital, Dublin 4, Ireland
- * E-mail:
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Kelly JR, Kennedy PJ, Cryan JF, Dinan TG, Clarke G, Hyland NP. Breaking down the barriers: the gut microbiome, intestinal permeability and stress-related psychiatric disorders. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:392. [PMID: 26528128 PMCID: PMC4604320 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 627] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The emerging links between our gut microbiome and the central nervous system (CNS) are regarded as a paradigm shift in neuroscience with possible implications for not only understanding the pathophysiology of stress-related psychiatric disorders, but also their treatment. Thus the gut microbiome and its influence on host barrier function is positioned to be a critical node within the brain-gut axis. Mounting preclinical evidence broadly suggests that the gut microbiota can modulate brain development, function and behavior by immune, endocrine and neural pathways of the brain-gut-microbiota axis. Detailed mechanistic insights explaining these specific interactions are currently underdeveloped. However, the concept that a "leaky gut" may facilitate communication between the microbiota and these key signaling pathways has gained traction. Deficits in intestinal permeability may underpin the chronic low-grade inflammation observed in disorders such as depression and the gut microbiome plays a critical role in regulating intestinal permeability. In this review we will discuss the possible role played by the gut microbiota in maintaining intestinal barrier function and the CNS consequences when it becomes disrupted. We will draw on both clinical and preclinical evidence to support this concept as well as the key features of the gut microbiota which are necessary for normal intestinal barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Kelly
- Laboratory of Neurogastroenterology, APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork Cork, Ireland ; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork Cork, Ireland
| | - Paul J Kennedy
- Laboratory of Neurogastroenterology, APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- Laboratory of Neurogastroenterology, APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork Cork, Ireland ; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork Cork, Ireland
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- Laboratory of Neurogastroenterology, APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork Cork, Ireland ; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard Clarke
- Laboratory of Neurogastroenterology, APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork Cork, Ireland ; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork Cork, Ireland
| | - Niall P Hyland
- Laboratory of Neurogastroenterology, APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork Cork, Ireland ; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork Cork, Ireland
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Kelly JR, Kennedy PJ, Cryan JF, Dinan TG, Clarke G, Hyland NP. Breaking down the barriers: the gut microbiome, intestinal permeability and stress-related psychiatric disorders. Front Cell Neurosci 2015. [DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00392 order by 1-- -] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
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254
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Kelly JR, Kennedy PJ, Cryan JF, Dinan TG, Clarke G, Hyland NP. Breaking down the barriers: the gut microbiome, intestinal permeability and stress-related psychiatric disorders. Front Cell Neurosci 2015. [DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00392 order by 8029-- -] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
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Kelly JR, Kennedy PJ, Cryan JF, Dinan TG, Clarke G, Hyland NP. Breaking down the barriers: the gut microbiome, intestinal permeability and stress-related psychiatric disorders. Front Cell Neurosci 2015. [DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00392 order by 8029-- #] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
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Kelly JR, Kennedy PJ, Cryan JF, Dinan TG, Clarke G, Hyland NP. Breaking down the barriers: the gut microbiome, intestinal permeability and stress-related psychiatric disorders. Front Cell Neurosci 2015. [DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00392 order by 1-- gadu] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
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Kelly JR, Kennedy PJ, Cryan JF, Dinan TG, Clarke G, Hyland NP. Breaking down the barriers: the gut microbiome, intestinal permeability and stress-related psychiatric disorders. Front Cell Neurosci 2015. [DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00392 order by 8029-- awyx] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
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Kelly JR, Kennedy PJ, Cryan JF, Dinan TG, Clarke G, Hyland NP. Breaking down the barriers: the gut microbiome, intestinal permeability and stress-related psychiatric disorders. Front Cell Neurosci 2015. [DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00392 order by 1-- #] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
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259
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Kelly JR, Kennedy PJ, Cryan JF, Dinan TG, Clarke G, Hyland NP. Breaking down the barriers: the gut microbiome, intestinal permeability and stress-related psychiatric disorders. Front Cell Neurosci 2015. [DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00392 and 1880=1880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
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260
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Bejaoui M, Sokol H, Marteau P. Targeting the Microbiome in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Critical Evaluation of Current Concepts and Moving to New Horizons. Dig Dis 2015; 33 Suppl 1:105-112. [PMID: 26366577 DOI: 10.1159/000437104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Microorganisms present in the intestine possess proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory activities which may modulate inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The concepts followed by researchers in trying to target the microbiota in IBD were to decrease pathogens or pathobionts, or only the microbial load, and more recently, to favor growth and persistence of favorable microorganisms. We review, here, those concepts and critically analyze the clinical data (especially randomized controlled trials) obtained using antibiotics and probiotics. We eventually present and criticize the rational and data obtained so far following new research strategies including the use of new probiotics, genetically modified organisms and fecal transplantation.
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261
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Lean QY, Gueven N, Eri RD, Bhatia R, Sohal SS, Stewart N, Peterson GM, Patel RP. Heparins in ulcerative colitis: proposed mechanisms of action and potential reasons for inconsistent clinical outcomes. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2015; 8:795-811. [PMID: 26308504 DOI: 10.1586/17512433.2015.1082425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Current drug therapies for ulcerative colitis (UC) are not completely effective in managing moderate-to-severe UC and approximately 20% of patients with severe UC require surgical interventions. Heparins, polydisperse mixtures of non-anticoagulant and anticoagulant oligosaccharides, are widely used as anticoagulants. However, heparins are also reported to have anti-inflammatory properties. Unfractionated heparin was initially used in patients with UC for the treatment of rectal microthrombi. Surprisingly, it was found to be effective in reducing UC-associated symptoms. Since then, several pre-clinical and clinical studies have reported promising outcomes of heparins in UC. In contrast, some controlled clinical trials demonstrated no or only limited benefits, thus the potential of heparins for the treatment of UC remains uncertain. This review discusses potential mechanisms of action of heparins, as well as proposed reasons for their contradictory clinical effectiveness in the treatment of UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Ying Lean
- a 1 Division of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania , Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.,b 2 Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Technology MARA, Puncak Alam , Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nuri Gueven
- a 1 Division of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania , Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Rajaraman D Eri
- c 3 School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Launceston , Tasmania, Australia
| | - Rajesh Bhatia
- d 4 Royal Hobart Hospital , Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Sukhwinder Singh Sohal
- c 3 School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Launceston , Tasmania, Australia.,e 5 Breathe Well Centre of Research Excellence for Chronic Respiratory Disease and Lung Ageing, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania , Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Niall Stewart
- a 1 Division of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania , Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Gregory M Peterson
- a 1 Division of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania , Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.,e 5 Breathe Well Centre of Research Excellence for Chronic Respiratory Disease and Lung Ageing, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania , Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.,f 6 Health Services Innovation Tasmania, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania , Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Rahul P Patel
- a 1 Division of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania , Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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Abstract
Colonization with toxigenic Clostridium difficile may be associated with a wide spectrum of clinical presentation ranging from asymptomatic carriage to mild diarrhea to life-threatening colitis. Over the last 15 years, there has been a marked increase in the incidence of C. difficile infection, which predominantly affects elderly patients on antibiotics. More recently, there has been significant interest in the association between inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and C. difficile infection. This review article discusses in some detail current knowledge of the mechanisms by which C. difficile toxins may mediate mucosal inflammation, together with the role of cell wall components of the microorganism in disease pathogenesis. Innate and adaptive host responses to C. difficile toxins and other components are described and include consideration of the potential role of known mucosal changes in IBD that may lead to an enhanced inflammatory response in the presence of C. difficile infection. Recent studies, which have characterized resident microbiota that may mediate protection against colonization by C. difficile, including their mechanisms of action, are also discussed. This includes the role of bile acids and 7α-dehydroxylase-expressing bacteria, such as Clostridium scindens. Recent studies suggest a higher carriage rate of C. difficile in patients with IBD. It is anticipated that future studies will determine the role of dysbiosis in IBD in predisposing to colonization with C. difficile.
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Lean QY, Eri RD, Randall-Demllo S, Sohal SS, Stewart N, Peterson GM, Gueven N, Patel RP. Orally Administered Enoxaparin Ameliorates Acute Colitis by Reducing Macrophage-Associated Inflammatory Responses. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134259. [PMID: 26218284 PMCID: PMC4517792 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases, such as ulcerative colitis, cause significant morbidity and decreased quality of life. The currently available treatments are not effective in all patients, can be expensive and have potential to cause severe side effects. This prompts the need for new treatment modalities. Enoxaparin, a widely used antithrombotic agent, is reported to possess anti-inflammatory properties and therefore we evaluated its therapeutic potential in a mouse model of colitis. Acute colitis was induced in male C57BL/6 mice by administration of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). Mice were treated once daily with enoxaparin via oral or intraperitoneal administration and monitored for colitis activities. On termination (day 8), colons were collected for macroscopic evaluation and cytokine measurement, and processed for histology and immunohistochemistry. Oral but not intraperitoneal administration of enoxaparin significantly ameliorated DSS-induced colitis. Oral enoxaparin-treated mice retained their body weight and displayed less diarrhea and fecal blood loss compared to the untreated colitis group. Colon weight in enoxaparin-treated mice was significantly lower, indicating reduced inflammation and edema. Histological examination of untreated colitis mice showed a massive loss of crypt architecture and goblet cells, infiltration of immune cells and the presence of edema, while all aspects of this pathology were alleviated by oral enoxaparin. Reduced number of macrophages in the colon of oral enoxaparin-treated mice was accompanied by decreased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Oral enoxaparin significantly reduces the inflammatory pathology associated with DSS-induced colitis in mice and could therefore represent a novel therapeutic option for the management of ulcerative colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Ying Lean
- Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Technology MARA, Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rajaraman D. Eri
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Sarron Randall-Demllo
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Sukhwinder Singh Sohal
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
- Breathe Well Centre of Research Excellence for Chronic Respiratory Disease and Lung Ageing, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Niall Stewart
- Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Gregory M. Peterson
- Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- Breathe Well Centre of Research Excellence for Chronic Respiratory Disease and Lung Ageing, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- Health Services Innovation Tasmania, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Nuri Gueven
- Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Rahul P. Patel
- Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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264
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Wei ZZ, Li N. Application of confocal laser endomicroscopy in ulcerative colitis. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2015; 23:1924-1929. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v23.i12.1924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The etiology of ulcerative colitis (UC) is not very clear. Most scholars believe that intestinal inflammation caused by immune system abnormalities plays an important role in the pathogenesis of UC. The clinical course of UC is characterized by episodes of exacerbation and remission alternately. Traditional electronic endoscopy with random biopsy plays an important role in the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis evaluation of UC. However, this method has some deficiencies, such as poor sensitivity, cumbersome procedures, bleeding caused by multiple biopsies and other complications. The advent of high resolution confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) can allow real-time, noninvasive histopathological examination in vivo, to achieve the goal of "virtual biopsy". This paper reviews the application of CLE in UC.
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Hua S, Marks E, Schneider JJ, Keely S. Advances in oral nano-delivery systems for colon targeted drug delivery in inflammatory bowel disease: selective targeting to diseased versus healthy tissue. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2015; 11:1117-32. [PMID: 25784453 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2015.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Colon targeted drug delivery is an active area of research for local diseases affecting the colon, as it improves the efficacy of therapeutics and enables localized treatment, which reduces systemic toxicity. Targeted delivery of therapeutics to the colon is particularly advantageous for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Advances in oral drug delivery design have significantly improved the bioavailability of drugs to the colon; however in order for a drug to have therapeutic efficacy during disease, considerations must be made for the altered physiology of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract that is associated with GI inflammation. Nanotechnology has been used in oral dosage formulation design as strategies to further enhance uptake into diseased tissue within the colon. This review will describe some of the physiological challenges faced by orally administered delivery systems in IBD, the important developments in orally administered nano-delivery systems for colon targeting, and the future advances of this research. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) poses a significant problem for a large number of patients worldwide. Current medical therapy mostly aims at suppressing the active inflammatory episodes. In this review article, the authors described and discussed the various approaches current nano-delivery systems can offer in overcoming the limitations of conventional drug formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Hua
- The School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.
| | - Ellen Marks
- The School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; Gastrointestinal Research Group, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Jennifer J Schneider
- The School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Simon Keely
- The School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; Gastrointestinal Research Group, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
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Zhu X, Messer JS, Wang Y, Lin F, Cham CM, Chang J, Billiar TR, Lotze MT, Boone DL, Chang EB. Cytosolic HMGB1 controls the cellular autophagy/apoptosis checkpoint during inflammation. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:1098-110. [PMID: 25642769 DOI: 10.1172/jci76344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The intracellular protein HMGB1 is released from cells and acts as a damage-associated molecular pattern molecule during many diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD); however, the intracellular function of HMGB1 during inflammation is poorly understood. Here, we demonstrated that cytosolic HMGB1 regulates apoptosis by protecting the autophagy proteins beclin 1 and ATG5 from calpain-mediated cleavage during inflammation. Colitis in mice with an intestinal epithelial cell-specific Hmgb1 deletion and patients with IBD were both characterized by increased calpain activation, beclin 1 and ATG5 cleavage, and intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) death compared with controls. In vitro cleavage assays and studies of enteroids verified that HMGB1 protects beclin 1 and ATG5 from calpain-mediated cleavage events that generate proapoptotic protein fragments. Together, our results indicate that HMGB1 is essential for mitigating the extent and severity of inflammation-associated cellular injury by controlling the switch between the proautophagic and proapoptotic functions of beclin 1 and ATG5 during inflammation. Moreover, these studies demonstrate that HMGB1 is pivotal for reducing tissue injury in IBD and other complex inflammatory disorders.
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Biedermann L, Rogler G. The intestinal microbiota: its role in health and disease. Eur J Pediatr 2015; 174:151-67. [PMID: 25563215 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-014-2476-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The intestinal microbiota (previously referred to as "intestinal flora") has entered the focus of research interest not only in microbiology but also in medicine. Huge progress has been made with respect to the analysis of composition and functions of the human microbiota. An "imbalance" of the microbiota, frequently also called a "dysbiosis," has been associated with different diseases in recent years. Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis as two major forms of inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and some infectious intestinal diseases such as Clostridium difficile colitis feature a dysbiosis of the intestinal flora. Whereas this is somehow expected or less surprising, an imbalance of the microbiota or an enrichment of specific bacterial strains in the flora has been associated with an increasing number of other diseases such as diabetes, metabolic syndrome, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease or steatohepatitis and even psychiatric disorders such as depression or multiple sclerosis. It is important to understand the different aspects of potential contributions of the microbiota to pathophysiology of the mentioned diseases. CONCLUSION With the present manuscript, we aim to summarize the current knowledge and provide an overview of the different concepts on how bacteria contribute to health and disease in animal models and-more importantly-humans. In addition, it has to be borne in mind that we are only at the very beginning to understand the complex mechanisms of host-microbial interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Biedermann
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zürich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091, Zürich, Switzerland,
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Increasing fat content from 20 to 45 wt% in a complex diet induces lower endotoxemia in parallel with an increased number of intestinal goblet cells in mice. Nutr Res 2015; 35:346-56. [PMID: 25687164 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The impacts of high-fat diets (HFDs) on the onset of metabolic endotoxemia and low-grade inflammation are well established in rodent models. However, the dose-effect of dietary lipid intakes on these parameters is not known. We hypothesized that increasing dietary lipid amounts could be linked to parallel increases of endotoxemia, low-grade inflammation, and metabolic and intestinal alterations. Six-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were fed a low-fat diet (LFD, 2.6 wt% of lipids), a moderate HFD (mHFD, 22 wt% of lipids), or a very HFD (vHFD, 45 wt% of lipids) formulated mainly using chow ingredients and milk fat. After 12 weeks, white adipose tissues, liver, intestine, distal colon contents, and plasma were collected. Only vHFD mice significantly increased body weight and fat mass vs LFD mice. This was associated with increases of plasma concentrations of triglycerides, leptin and adiponectin, and liver lipids. No such differences were observed between LFD and mHFD mice. However, mHFD developed metabolic endotoxemia and inflammation, unlike vHFD mice. In turn, vHFD mice showed more goblet cells in all intestine segments vs both other groups and a decrease of Bacteroides-Prevotella in their microbiota vs LFD mice. Finally, mHFD mice colon exhibited a decrease in lactobacilli and in the levels of occludin phosphorylation. Altogether, using complex HFD, no associations were observed between dietary lipid amounts and the magnitude of endotoxemia, inflammation, and physiological alterations developed. These results reveal the impact of the diet composition on intestinal goblet cells and mucus coat, bringing new insights about further consequences on HFD-induced metabolic disorders.
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Understanding host-adherent-invasive Escherichia coli interaction in Crohn's disease: opening up new therapeutic strategies. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:567929. [PMID: 25580435 PMCID: PMC4279263 DOI: 10.1155/2014/567929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A trillion of microorganisms colonize the mammalian intestine. Most of them have coevolved with the host in a symbiotic relationship and some of them have developed strategies to promote their replication in the presence of competing microbiota. Recent evidence suggests that perturbation of the microbial community favors the emergence of opportunistic pathogens, in particular adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) that can increase incidence and severity of gut inflammation in the context of Crohn's disease (CD). This review will report the importance of AIEC as triggers of intestinal inflammation, focusing on their impact on epithelial barrier function and stimulation of mucosal inflammation. Beyond manipulation of immune response, restoration of gut microbiota as a new treatment option for CD patients will be discussed.
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Nivoliez A, Veisseire P, Alaterre E, Dausset C, Baptiste F, Camarès O, Paquet-Gachinat M, Bonnet M, Forestier C, Bornes S. Influence of manufacturing processes on cell surface properties of probiotic strain Lactobacillus rhamnosus Lcr35®. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 99:399-411. [PMID: 25280746 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6110-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The influence of the industrial process on the properties of probiotics, administered as complex manufactured products, has been poorly investigated. In the present study, we comparatively assessed the cell wall characteristics of the probiotic strain Lactobacillus rhamnosus Lcr35® together with three of its commercial formulations with intestinal applications. Putative secreted and transmembrane-protein-encoding genes were initially searched in silico in the genome of L. rhamnosus Lcr35®. A total of 369 candidate genes were identified which expressions were followed using a custom Lactobacillus DNA chip. Among them, 60 or 67 genes had their expression either upregulated or downregulated in the Lcr Restituo® packet or capsule formulations, compared to the native Lcr35® strain. Moreover, our data showed that the probiotic formulations (Lcr Lenio®, Lcr restituo® capsule and packet) showed a better capacity to adhere to intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells than the native Lcr35® strain. Microbial (MATS) tests showed that the probiotic was an electron donor and that they were more hydrophilic than the native strain. The enhanced adhesion capacity of the active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) to epithelial Caco-2 cells and their antipathogen effect could be due to this greater surface hydrophilic character. These findings suggest that the manufacturing process influences the protein composition and the chemical properties of the cell wall. It is therefore likely that the antipathogen effect of the formulation is modulated by the industrial process. Screening of the manufactured products' properties would therefore represent an essential step in evaluating the effects of probiotic strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Nivoliez
- Département Recherche et Développement-Probionov, Rue des frères Lumières, 15130, Arpajon-sur-Cère, France,
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Wilson NL, Vance DE, Moneyham LD, Raper JL, Mugavero MJ, Heath SL, Kempf MC. Connecting the dots: could microbial translocation explain commonly reported symptoms in HIV disease? J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care 2014; 25:483-95. [PMID: 25305025 DOI: 10.1016/j.jana.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Microbial translocation within the context of HIV disease has been described as one of the contributing causes of inflammation and disease progression in HIV infection. HIV-associated symptoms have been related to inflammatory markers and sCD14, a surrogate marker for microbial translocation, suggesting a plausible link between microbial translocation and symptom burden in HIV disease. Similar pathophysiological responses and symptoms have been reported in inflammatory bowel disease. We provide a comprehensive review of microbial translocation, HIV-associated symptoms, and symptoms connected with inflammation. We identify studies showing a relationship among inflammatory markers, sCD14, and symptoms reported in HIV disease. A conceptual framework and rationale to investigate the link between microbial translocation and symptoms is presented. The impact of inflammation on symptoms supports recommendations to reduce inflammation as part of HIV symptom management. Research in reducing microbial translocation-induced inflammation is limited, but needed, to further promote positive health outcomes among HIV-infected patients.
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