301
|
Stafford SE, Gralow JR, Schubert EK, Rinn KJ, Dunnwald LK, Livingston RB, Mankoff DA. Use of serial FDG PET to measure the response of bone-dominant breast cancer to therapy. Acad Radiol 2002; 9:913-21. [PMID: 12186440 DOI: 10.1016/s1076-6332(03)80461-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES The authors performed this study to determine the feasibility of using quantitative 2-[fluorine-18]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) to monitor the response of breast cancer bone metastases to therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-four women with stage IV bone-dominant breast carcinoma were included in this study. Whole-body FDG PET imaging was performed at serial time points during the course of therapy. FDG PET scans were interpreted quantitatively by using the maximum standard uptake value (SUV) of the most conspicuous bone lesion at baseline FDG PET. PET results were compared to the overall assessment of response (response, stable disease, progressive disease) with a combination of conventional imaging, change in tumor marker values, and subjective symptom changes by experienced medical oncologists blinded to the findings at FDG PET. Changes in FDG SUV were also correlated quantitatively to the changes in a particular tumor marker (CA 27.29). RESULTS The changes in FDG SUV with therapy showed correlation with the overall clinical assessment of response (P < .01). The percentage change in FDG uptake with therapy showed strong correlation with the percentage change in tumor marker value (P < .01). CONCLUSION Preliminary results indicate that serial whole-body FDG PET can help quantitatively assess the response of breast cancer bone metastases to therapy. Prospective trials are needed to further investigate its accuracy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie E Stafford
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle 98195, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
302
|
Pelger RC, Soerdjbalie-Maikoe V, Hamdy NA. Strategies for management of prostate cancer-related bone pain. Drugs Aging 2002; 18:899-911. [PMID: 11888345 DOI: 10.2165/00002512-200118120-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is one of the most common malignancies and a leading cause of cancer-related death in men worldwide. In the majority of cases, prostate cancer metastases to the skeleton, in which case cancer-related bone pain becomes a major cause of morbidity. Androgen ablation is the treatment of choice for securing regression of skeletal metastases in the majority of cases. Intermittent androgen ablation is an attractive alternative, aimed at minimising adverse effects of hormone deprivation but also potentially delaying hormone-refractoriness. The development of hormone-refractoriness is heralded by a significant increase in morbidity largely because of escalating bone pain caused by the progression of the metastatic process. Skillful use of analgesics is initially successful but eventually fails to control symptoms. Localised metastases are best treated with local radiotherapy that is rapidly effective. Over the last few years, it has become clear that therapeutic modalities using bone-seeking radionuclides or bisphosphonates have been effective in the palliation of prostate cancer-related bone pain, although not affecting survival. The main limiting factor with the use of radionuclides is bone marrow suppression, also a feature of the very late stages of prostate cancer. Bisphosphonates do not carry this disadvantage. Results of large double-blind, placebo-controlled studies should be awaited, however, before advocating the widespread use of these agents in the management of patients with prostate cancer and skeletal metastases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R C Pelger
- Department of Urology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
303
|
Yousef GM, Scorilas A, Chang A, Rendl L, Diamandis M, Jung K, Diamandis EP. Down-regulation of the human kallikrein gene 5 (KLK5) in prostate cancer tissues. Prostate 2002; 51:126-32. [PMID: 11948967 DOI: 10.1002/pros.10067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kallikreins are a subgroup of serine proteases with diverse physiological functions. Many kallikrein genes are differentially expressed in various malignancies and prostate specific antigen (PSA; encoded by the KLK3 gene) is the best tumor marker for prostate cancer. Human glandular kallikrein (hK2; encoded by the KLK2 gene) is an emerging tumor marker for prostate cancer. KLK5 is a newly discovered human kallikrein gene which shares a high degree of homology and is located adjacent to KLK2 and KLK3 genes on chromosome 19q13.4. Like KLK2 and KLK3, the KLK5 gene is regulated by steroid hormones in the BT-474 breast cancer cell line. We have previously shown that KLK5 is differentially expressed in ovarian and breast cancer. METHODS We compared the expression of KLK5 in 29 pairs of histologically confirmed normal and prostate cancer tissues by quantitative RT-PCR using the LightCycler technology. RESULTS KLK5 expression was significantly lower in cancer tissues compared to their normal counterparts. Lowest levels of expression were found in T3 stage tumors compared with T1 and T2. Also, a significant negative correlation was found between Gleason score and KLK5 expression. CONCLUSIONS KLK5 should be further studied as a potential new prognostic marker in prostate cancer, whose expression is negatively correlated with cancer aggressiveness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George M Yousef
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
304
|
Ono K, Akatsu T, Murakami T, Kitamura R, Yamamoto M, Shinomiya N, Rokutanda M, Sasaki T, Amizuka N, Ozawa H, Nagata N, Kugai N. Involvement of cyclo-oxygenase-2 in osteoclast formation and bone destruction in bone metastasis of mammary carcinoma cell lines. J Bone Miner Res 2002; 17:774-81. [PMID: 12009007 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.2002.17.5.774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that mouse mammary carcinoma cell lines (MMT060562 and BALB/c-MC) induced osteoclast formation through production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in cocultures with mouse bone marrow cells, but the mechanism(s) of PG production remained unclear. In the present in vitro and in vivo studies, we tested the involvement of cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2), an inducible rate-limiting enzyme in PG biosynthesis, in the stimulation of osteoclast formation by mouse mammary carcinoma cell lines. Addition of a selective COX-2 inhibitor, JTE-522, to cocultures of mammary carcinoma cell lines and bone marrow cells lowered PGE2 concentration in the culture media and inhibited osteoclast formation in a dose-dependent manner. Northern blotting showed a very high level of COX-2 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in MMT060562. The mRNA expression was low in BALB/c-MC, but it increased when BALB/c-MC and bone marrow cells were cocultured. The results of immunocytochemistry for COX-2 protein in respective cultures were compatible with the results of COX-2 mRNA. In vivo, BALB/c-MC injected into the heart of Balb/c mice metastasized to bone and formed osteolytic lesions in their hindlimbs. Histological examination revealed that tumor cells had metastasized to the bone marrow cavity and destroyed the bone trabeculae. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that bone marrow stromal cells adjacent to tumor cells expressed COX-2 protein. These findings suggest that COX-2 plays an important role in the osteolysis of bone metastasis in vivo as well as in osteoclast formation in cocultures used as an in vitro model of metastatic bone disease.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bone Neoplasms/enzymology
- Bone Neoplasms/genetics
- Bone Neoplasms/pathology
- Bone Neoplasms/secondary
- Coculture Techniques
- Cyclooxygenase 2
- Dinoprostone/biosynthesis
- Female
- Glycoproteins/pharmacology
- Isoenzymes/genetics
- Isoenzymes/metabolism
- Male
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/enzymology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Osteoclasts/drug effects
- Osteoclasts/enzymology
- Osteoclasts/pathology
- Osteolysis/enzymology
- Osteolysis/etiology
- Osteolysis/pathology
- Osteoprotegerin
- Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases/genetics
- Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiro Ono
- Department of General Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
305
|
Katunuma N, Tsuge H, Nukatsuka M, Asao T, Fukushima M. Structure-based design of specific cathepsin inhibitors and their application to protection of bone metastases of cancer cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 2002; 397:305-11. [PMID: 11795887 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.2001.2709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We report the antihypercalcemic and antimetastatic effects of CLIK-148 in vivo, which is a specific inhibitor of cathepsin L. The decalcification during bone absorption is followed by the degradation of type-1 collagen by osteoclastic cathepsins. Tumor-bearing osteoclasts or TNF-alpha-activated osteoclasts secrete large amounts of cysteine proteases, especially procathepsin L, which powerfully degrade type-1 collagen leading to tumor-associated bone absorption and release of bone calcium. The bone pit formations in vitro, which are caused by osteoclasts derived from human bone marrow cells activated by RANKL and M-CSF and also by mice osteoclasts activated by TNF-alpha, are significantly prevented by CLIK-148 treatment. We evaluated the in vivo inhibitory effect of malignant hypercalcemia induced by LJC-1 human mandibular cancer inoculation by CLIK-148 treatment, and the CLIK-148 treatment significantly protected against the tumor-induced hypercalcemia. On the protection of bone metastasis of colon 26 PMF-15 implanted to mouse calvaria, CLIK-148 treatment significantly inhibited calvaria bone absorption (direct metastasis). The CLIK-148 treatment also reduced distant bone metastasis to the femur and tibia of melanoma A375 tumors implanted into the left ventricle of the heart.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Katunuma
- Institute for Health Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima-city 770-8514, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
306
|
Abstract
Tumor progression occurs within a microecosystem, where cancer cells and myofibroblasts exchange proteinases and cytokines that promote growth directly through stimulation of proliferation and survival, as well as invasion through local proteolysis of the extracellular matrix and stimulation of motility. Myofibroblasts maintain the capacity of fibroblasts to induce differentiation. Fibroblasts are the main source of tumor-associated myofibroblasts. The transition to myofibroblasts also occurs in noncancerous situations. This transition is modulated by mechanical stress and cytokines, amongst which transforming growth factor-beta. The cross-talk between cancer cells and myofibroblasts illustrates the microecosystem of tumor invasion. In order to consider myofibroblasts as a possibly new target for cancer therapy, further characterization of the molecular cross-talk between myofibroblasts and cancer cells is required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier De Wever
- Department of Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium
| | | |
Collapse
|
307
|
Kurth AA, Kim SZ, Sedlmeyer I, Bauss F, Shea M. Ibandronate treatment decreases the effects of tumor-associated lesions on bone density and strength in the rat. Bone 2002; 30:300-6. [PMID: 11792601 DOI: 10.1016/s8756-3282(01)00644-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Bisphosphonate treatment is beneficial against symptoms of metastatic bone disease, although less is known about the effect of preventative treatment schedules. We investigated the effect of various treatment regimens of the bisphosphonate, ibandronate (IB), on the preservation of bone quality in a rat model of tumor-induced osteolysis. Osteolytic Walker 256 (W256) carcinosarcoma cells were implanted into the left femur of female Sprague-Dawley rats, resulting in a 10% reduction in bone mineral density (BMD), a 16% reduction in bone density (BD), and a 26% reduction in failure load compared with the right femur 28 days after implantation. IB was administered subcutaneously in five different treatment schedules: (1) IB PRE-POST received IB for 26 days, prior to implantation of W256 cells in the medullary canal of the femur, and for 28 additional days after surgery; (2) IB PRE-POST SHAM received the same IB administration, but with a sham operation; (3) IB PRE received IB injections before W256 cell insertion only; (4) IB PRE-0 received IB injections for 26 days and was then killed to serve as a time zero control; and (5) IB POST received sham injection with saline before W256 cell insertion, and then received IB injections for 28 days until killing. Controls (TUMOR ONLY) received sham injections with saline prior to W256 cell insertion, and then for 28 additional days until killing. We used dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) to measure distal femur BMD and bone mineral content (BMC), peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) to measure distal femur BD, and torsion testing to obtain torsional failure load. Combined preventative and interventional IB treatment best preserved bone mass and strength, although all treatment schedules resulted in significant improvement compared with untreated controls (TUMOR ONLY). The possibility of reducing or even preventing skeletal morbidity in cancer patients with a high risk of developing metastatic spreading to bone is exciting, and warrants further exploration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A A Kurth
- Orthopedic Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
308
|
KOGA SHIGEHIKO, TSUDA SATOSHI, NISHIKIDO MASAHARU, OGAWA YOJI, HAYASHI KUNIAKI, HAYASHI TOMAYOSHI, KANETAKE HIROSHI. THE DIAGNOSTIC VALUE OF BONE SCAN IN PATIENTS WITH RENAL CELL CARCINOMA. J Urol 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(05)65519-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- SHIGEHIKO KOGA
- From the Departments of Urology and Radiology, Nagasaki University School of Medicine and Department of Pathology, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - SATOSHI TSUDA
- From the Departments of Urology and Radiology, Nagasaki University School of Medicine and Department of Pathology, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - MASAHARU NISHIKIDO
- From the Departments of Urology and Radiology, Nagasaki University School of Medicine and Department of Pathology, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - YOJI OGAWA
- From the Departments of Urology and Radiology, Nagasaki University School of Medicine and Department of Pathology, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - KUNIAKI HAYASHI
- From the Departments of Urology and Radiology, Nagasaki University School of Medicine and Department of Pathology, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - TOMAYOSHI HAYASHI
- From the Departments of Urology and Radiology, Nagasaki University School of Medicine and Department of Pathology, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - HIROSHI KANETAKE
- From the Departments of Urology and Radiology, Nagasaki University School of Medicine and Department of Pathology, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
309
|
|
310
|
|
311
|
|
312
|
DE PINIEUX GONZAGUE, FLAM THIERRY, ZERBIB MARC, TAUPIN PIERRE, BELLAHCÈNE AKEILA, WALTREGNY DAVID, VIEILLEFOND ANNICK, POUPON MARIEFRANCE. BONE SIALOPROTEIN, BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN 6 AND THYMIDINE PHOSPHORYLASE EXPRESSION IN LOCALIZED HUMAN PROSTATIC ADENOCARCINOMA AS PREDICTORS OF CLINICAL OUTCOME: A CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STUDY OF 43 CASES. J Urol 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(05)65722-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- GONZAGUE DE PINIEUX
- From the Laboratoire de Cytogénétique moléculaire et Oncologie, CNRS-Institut Curie, Departement de Biostatistiques, Institut Curie, Département d’Anatomie Pathologique, and Clinique Urologique, CHU Cochin, Université Paris V, Paris Cedex, France, and Metastasis Research Laboratory, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - THIERRY FLAM
- From the Laboratoire de Cytogénétique moléculaire et Oncologie, CNRS-Institut Curie, Departement de Biostatistiques, Institut Curie, Département d’Anatomie Pathologique, and Clinique Urologique, CHU Cochin, Université Paris V, Paris Cedex, France, and Metastasis Research Laboratory, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - MARC ZERBIB
- From the Laboratoire de Cytogénétique moléculaire et Oncologie, CNRS-Institut Curie, Departement de Biostatistiques, Institut Curie, Département d’Anatomie Pathologique, and Clinique Urologique, CHU Cochin, Université Paris V, Paris Cedex, France, and Metastasis Research Laboratory, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - PIERRE TAUPIN
- From the Laboratoire de Cytogénétique moléculaire et Oncologie, CNRS-Institut Curie, Departement de Biostatistiques, Institut Curie, Département d’Anatomie Pathologique, and Clinique Urologique, CHU Cochin, Université Paris V, Paris Cedex, France, and Metastasis Research Laboratory, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - AKEILA BELLAHCÈNE
- From the Laboratoire de Cytogénétique moléculaire et Oncologie, CNRS-Institut Curie, Departement de Biostatistiques, Institut Curie, Département d’Anatomie Pathologique, and Clinique Urologique, CHU Cochin, Université Paris V, Paris Cedex, France, and Metastasis Research Laboratory, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - DAVID WALTREGNY
- From the Laboratoire de Cytogénétique moléculaire et Oncologie, CNRS-Institut Curie, Departement de Biostatistiques, Institut Curie, Département d’Anatomie Pathologique, and Clinique Urologique, CHU Cochin, Université Paris V, Paris Cedex, France, and Metastasis Research Laboratory, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - ANNICK VIEILLEFOND
- From the Laboratoire de Cytogénétique moléculaire et Oncologie, CNRS-Institut Curie, Departement de Biostatistiques, Institut Curie, Département d’Anatomie Pathologique, and Clinique Urologique, CHU Cochin, Université Paris V, Paris Cedex, France, and Metastasis Research Laboratory, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - MARIE-FRANCE POUPON
- From the Laboratoire de Cytogénétique moléculaire et Oncologie, CNRS-Institut Curie, Departement de Biostatistiques, Institut Curie, Département d’Anatomie Pathologique, and Clinique Urologique, CHU Cochin, Université Paris V, Paris Cedex, France, and Metastasis Research Laboratory, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
313
|
De Pinieux G, Flam T, Zerbib M, Taupin P, Bellahcène A, Waltregny D, Vieillefond A, Poupon MF. Bone sialoprotein, bone morphogenetic protein 6 and thymidine phosphorylase expression in localized human prostatic adenocarcinoma as predictors of clinical outcome: a clinicopathological and immunohistochemical study of 43 cases. J Urol 2001; 166:1924-30. [PMID: 11586262 DOI: 10.1097/00005392-200111000-00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Skeletal metastases are the hallmark of advanced prostate cancer and recurrence after local surgery is common. Currently to our knowledge no biological markers predict the risk of disease progression in individuals with localized prostate cancer. In a search for predictive markers we evaluated the expression of bone sialoprotein and bone morphogenetic protein 6, 2 bone related proteins, and the angiogenic factor thymidine phosphorylase. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study population included 43 men who presented with localized prostate cancer treated with radical prostatectomy. Bone sialoprotein, bone morphogenetic protein 6 and thymidine phosphorylase expression was assessed by immunohistochemical testing. Results were analyzed in relation to pathological disease stage, Gleason score and clinical outcome. Clinical followup was 4.3 to 11.4 years after surgery (median 7.9). RESULTS Disease did not progress in 17 of the 43 cases, while recurrence and/or metastasis developed in the other 26 at a median of 6.5 and 6.9 years, respectively. Bone sialoprotein and bone morphogenetic protein 6 expression detected in 28 (65%) and 29 (67%) of the 43 samples, respectively, was significantly associated (p = 0.0001). Thymidine phosphorylase detected in 26 samples (60%) was not related to bone sialoprotein and/or bone morphogenetic protein 6 positivity. Bone sialoprotein and/or bone morphogenetic protein 6 expression correlated with bone metastasis, while thymidine phosphorylase expression was related to local recurrence (p = 0.002 and/or 0.007, and 0.00007, respectively). On multivariate analysis only the correlation of thymidine phosphorylase expression with recurrence remained statistically significant (p = 0.002). Co-expression of the 3 markers was observed in the samples of 10 of the 11 patients (90%) with bone metastases and only in 5 of the 17 (29%) who were disease-free. CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that the expression of bone sialoprotein, bone morphogenetic protein 6 and thymidine phosphorylase determined at a clinically early stage of disease by a simple immunohistochemical technique would enable subgroups of patients to be identified that are at different risks of bone metastasis or recurrence. Detection of such markers would provide additional prognostic information that would be useful for patients with intermediate or low Gleason score or stage disease. These patients would benefit from a more adapted clinical follow-up.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G De Pinieux
- Laboratoire de Cytogénétique moléculaire et Oncologie, CNRS-Institut Curie, Departement de Biostatistiques, Institut Curie, CHU Cochin, Université Paris V, Paris Cedex, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
314
|
Correale P, Cusi MG, Sabatino M, Micheli L, Pozzessere D, Nencini C, Valensin PE, Petrioli R, Giorgi G, Zurbriggen R, Gluck R, Francini G. Tumour-associated antigen (TAA)-specific cytotoxic T cell (CTL) response in vitro and in a mouse model, induced by TAA-plasmids delivered by influenza virosomes. Eur J Cancer 2001; 37:2097-103. [PMID: 11597390 DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(01)00241-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We investigated influenza virosomes as a TAA-gene delivery system for use in TAA-directed anti-cancer vaccine therapy. An engineered plasmid (GC90) expressing the parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTH-rP), a protein secreted by prostate and lung carcinoma cells, was included in influenza virosomes (GC90V). The ability of GC90V to elicit a PTH-rP-specific cytotoxic T cell (CTL) response was demonstrated in BALB/c mice immunised with intranasal (i.n.) GC90V+/-adjuvant subcutaneous (s.c.) interleukin-2 (IL-2). A PTH-rP-specific CTL response with antitumour activity was also demonstrated in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) stimulated in vitro with GC90V infected autologous dendritic cells (DC). These results provide a rationale for investigating GC90V in clinical trials of anticancer vaccine therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Correale
- Medical Oncology Division, Medicine School, Siena University, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
315
|
Kawai N, Kunimatsu M, Tozawa K, Sasaki M, Kohri K. Human prostate cancer cells adhere specifically to hemoglobin: a possible role in bone-specific metastasis. Cancer Lett 2001; 171:201-7. [PMID: 11520604 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(01)00595-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
From the supernatant of rabbit bone marrow, we isolated an organ-specific factor, which was related with the metastasis of prostate cancer to the bone and examined its adhesion to prostate cancer cells (PC-3). Molecular weight and amino acid sequence analyses of the active component obtained by high performance liquid chromatography revealed that a component identical to the alpha chain of hemoglobin accounted for 80% of the biological activity. Hemoglobin showed over 50% adhesion to PC-3 cells but only 10% adhesion to human colon cancer cell lines, representative of organ non-specific metastasis, and leukemia cells line, representative of a non-solid tumor. Some substance in the bone marrow may promote the first step of adhesion of cancer cells to bone marrow in the metastasis of prostate cancer to the bone, possibly an amino acid sequence or some tertiary structure similar to hemoglobin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Kawai
- Department of Urology, Nagoya City University Medical School, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
316
|
Simon JM. [Gross tumor volume and clinical target volume in radiotherapy: bone metastasis]. Cancer Radiother 2001; 5:704-10. [PMID: 11715322 DOI: 10.1016/s1278-3218(01)00128-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Bone is one of the three most favored sites of solid tumor metastasis. Skeletal metastasis may be identified by four clinical imaging methods: plain film radiography, computed tomography scanning, radioisotope scanning, and magnetic resonance imaging. The dose per fraction, total dose, and anatomic distribution of the radiation (dosimetry) are important factors in determining the efficacy and normal tissue tolerance to radiotherapy. Controversies about fractionation of palliative radiotherapy for bone metastasis are steel ongoing. The most commonly used schedules are a single treatment of 8 Gy, 30 Gy in 10 fractions and 20 Gy in 5 fractions. Treatment volumes and safety margins depend on the location and the extent of the bone metastasis, and are also determined by the symptoms felt by the patient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Simon
- Centre des tumeurs, groupe hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47-83, boulevard de l'hôpital, 75651 Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
317
|
des Grottes JM, Dumon JC, Body JJ. Hypercalcaemia of melanoma: incidence, pathogenesis and therapy with bisphosphonates. Melanoma Res 2001; 11:477-82. [PMID: 11595884 DOI: 10.1097/00008390-200110000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Tumour-induced hypercalcaemia (TIH) is a frequent complication of advanced cancer but has been rarely reported in patients with malignant melanoma, and its pathogenesis remains unexplored. We studied eight patients with TIH and melanoma. We determined the incidence and pathogenesis of this complication and the effects of bisphosphonate therapy. The incidence of TIH in 751 patients with melanoma was 1.1%. All patients had liver and bone metastases at the time of hypercalcaemia. All patients had osteolytic lesions, most often multiple. The median survival was 30 days (range 4-136 days). After rehydration, the mean (+/- SEM) corrected calcium was 3.42 +/- 0.17 mmol/l. Parathyroid hormone levels were adequately suppressed and vitamin D concentrations were normal. Serum osteocalcin, a marker of bone formation, was low, except in the two patients with renal insufficiency, whereas fasting urinary calcium and hydroxyproline were increased, indicating inhibition of bone formation and stimulation of bone resorption. Increased parathyroid hormone-related protein secretion was noted in only one patient. Three of four patients became normocalcaemic after bisphosphonate therapy for a median duration of 2 weeks. In conclusion, hypercalcaemia is a rare complication of melanoma. It occurs in the context of far advanced disease and is essentially due to aggressive lytic bone metastases with an uncoupling in bone turnover. Bisphosphonates can offer short-term palliation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M des Grottes
- Supportive Care Clinic and Clinic of Endocrinology/Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine and Laboratory of Endocrinology and Breast Cancer Research, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Rue Héger-Bordet 1, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
318
|
Altehoefer C, Ghanem N, Högerle S, Moser E, Langer M. Comparative detectability of bone metastases and impact on therapy of magnetic resonance imaging and bone scintigraphy in patients with breast cancer. Eur J Radiol 2001; 40:16-23. [PMID: 11673003 DOI: 10.1016/s0720-048x(01)00313-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE to evaluate the comparative impact of magnetic resonance imaging and bone scintigraphy in bone metastases of breast cancer. METHODS AND PATIENTS in 81 patients with histologically proven breast cancer magnetic resonance imaging of the axial skeleton and whole-body bone scintigraphy had been performed. Images were retrospectively reviewed and compared for detection of metastases, extent of metastatic disease and therapeutic implications according to the patients' records. RESULTS about 54/81 (67%) patients revealed bone metastases. In 7/54 (13%) patients with bone metastases, scintigraphy was false negative. In one patient a solitary sternal metastases was seen. In 26/53 [49%] patients with spinal metastases, magnetic resonance imaging showed more extensive disease. Local radiotherapy or surgery was indicated in ten patients with metastases not evident in bone scintigraphy, in 20 patients with positive results by both imaging modalities and in six patients with metastases of pelvis imaged by bone scintigraphy only. CONCLUSION magnetic resonance imaging of the axial skeleton and pelvis appears superior for staging as only one patient had metastases merely outside the axial skeleton and local therapy was indicated even in spinal regions negative in bone scintigraphy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Altehoefer
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University Hospital Freiburg, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
319
|
Mancino AT, Klimberg VS, Yamamoto M, Manolagas SC, Abe E. Breast cancer increases osteoclastogenesis by secreting M-CSF and upregulating RANKL in stromal cells. J Surg Res 2001; 100:18-24. [PMID: 11516200 DOI: 10.1006/jsre.2001.6204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer metastasis to bone causes resorption of the mineralized matrix by osteoclasts. Macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF)and receptor activator of the NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL) are produced by stromal cells and are essential for osteoclast formation. The human breast cancer cell line, MDA-MB-231, reliably forms bone metastases in a murine model and stimulates osteoclast formation in culture. We hypothesized that MDA-MB-231 stimulates osteoclast formation through secretion of M-CSF and/or RANKL. MATERIALS AND METHODS We cocultured MDA-MB-231 and a bone marrow derived cell line, UAMS-33, and evaluated the expression of M-CSF and RANKL mRNA. Osteoclast formation was assessed using these cells added to hematopoietic cell cultures. RESULTS MDA-MB-231 exhibited constitutive expression of M-CSF mRNA. As expected, addition of recombinant M-CSF (30 ng/ml) and RANKL (30 ng/ml) to hematopoietic osteoclast precursors supported osteoclast formation, while the addition of soluble RANKL alone or MDA-231 without added RANKL did not. Notably, coculture of MDA-231 with hematopoietic cells and added soluble RANKL stimulated significant osteoclast formation, indicating that MDA-231 served as an effective source for M-CSF. MDA-231 did not express RANKL. However, when cocultured with the murine bone marrow stromal cell line UAMS-33, RANKL expression was significantly increased in the latter cells. MDA-231 also stimulated osteoclast formation in coculture with UAMS-33 and hematopoietic cells. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that MDA-MB-231 increases osteoclast formation by secreting adequate amounts of M-CSF protein and enhancing the expression of RANKL by stromal support cells. The ability to stimulate osteoclasts may explain the ability to metastasize to bone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A T Mancino
- Department of Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
320
|
Sotiriou C, Lacroix M, Lespagnard L, Larsimont D, Paesmans M, Body JJ. Interleukins-6 and -11 expression in primary breast cancer and subsequent development of bone metastases. Cancer Lett 2001; 169:87-95. [PMID: 11410329 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(01)00524-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancers frequently metastasize to bone where they often cause extensive tumor-induced osteoclast-mediated osteolysis. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-11 are two cytokines exhibiting osteolytic properties through their potent stimulation of osteoclast formation. We investigated the expression of IL-6 and IL-11 in 99 invasive primary breast tumors by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization, respectively. We examined their potential as predictive factors for further development of bone metastases. 52/90 (57%) of tumor samples showed IL-6 cytoplasmic immunostaining. There was no significant association between IL-6 status and any of the classical prognostic factors. 15/89 (17%) of the tumor samples expressed IL-11 mRNA. A positive IL-11 mRNA status was associated with a low tumor grade (P=0.05). Tumors expressing IL-11 mRNA had a statistically significant (P=0.002) higher rate of bone metastases occurrence (12/15, 80%) than IL-11 negative tumors (27/74, 37%). Such association was not found for IL-6. Our findings demonstrate for the first time IL-11 gene expression in some primary invasive breast tumors and suggest the potential of this cytokine as possible biological predictive factor for the development of bone metastases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Sotiriou
- Laboratory of Endocrinology/Bone Metabolism and Breast Cancer Research, Institut Jules Bordet, Boulevard de Waterloo, 127B-1000, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
321
|
Busse JW, Bhandari M, Dunlop RB. Clinical and radiographic evaluation of bone tumors. COMPREHENSIVE THERAPY 2001; 27:18-27. [PMID: 11280852 DOI: 10.1007/s12019-001-0004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Timely diagnosis of osseous tumors is essential in providing proper management. Appropriate imaging studies are essential to this process, however, if inconclusive, they can be superceded by information obtained through the patient history and physical examination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J W Busse
- Oncidium Health Group Inc., 3-5205 Harvester Road, Burlington, Ontario, L7L 6B5 Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
322
|
Pilkington MF, Sims SM, Dixon SJ. Transforming growth factor-beta induces osteoclast ruffling and chemotaxis: potential role in osteoclast recruitment. J Bone Miner Res 2001; 16:1237-47. [PMID: 11450699 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.2001.16.7.1237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) is released from the matrix during bone resorption and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of giant cell tumors of bone and the expansion of breast cancer metastases in bone. Because osteoclasts mediate tumor-induced osteolysis, we investigated whether TGF-beta stimulates osteoclast recruitment. Osteoclasts were isolated from rat long bones and time-lapse video microscopy was used to monitor their morphology and motility. Within 5 minutes, TGF-beta (0.1 nM) induced dynamic ruffling, with 65% of osteoclasts displaying membrane ruffles compared with 35% in untreated controls. Over a 2-h period, osteoclasts exhibited significant directed migration toward a source of TGF-beta, indicating chemotaxis. echistatin, an alphavbeta3 integrin blocker that inhibits macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF)-induced osteoclast migration, did not prevent the migration of osteoclasts toward TGF-beta. In contrast, a beta1 integrin blocking antibody inhibited osteoclast chemotaxis toward TGF-beta but not M-CSF. These data indicate the selective use of integrins by osteoclasts migrating in response to different chemotaxins. In addition, wortmannin and U0126 inhibited TGF-beta-induced chemotaxis, suggesting involvement of the phosphatidylinositol 3 (PI 3) kinase and mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase signaling pathways. Physiologically, TGF-beta, may coordinate osteoclast activity by recruiting osteoclasts to existing sites of resorption. Pathologically, TGF-beta-induced osteoclast recruitment may be critical for expansion of primary and metastatic tumors in bone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M F Pilkington
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
323
|
Sato T, Kawabata Y, Morita Y, Noikura T, Mukai H, Kawashima K, Sugihara K. Radiographic evaluation of malignant fibrous histiocytoma affecting maxillary alveolar bone: a report of 2 cases. ORAL SURGERY, ORAL MEDICINE, ORAL PATHOLOGY, ORAL RADIOLOGY, AND ENDODONTICS 2001; 92:116-23. [PMID: 11458255 DOI: 10.1067/moe.2001.113836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the radiographic findings of malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH) and to discuss the contribution of these findings to a differentiation of MFH from other malignant tumors of the head and neck. STUDY DESIGN Two cases of MFH of the maxillary sinus affecting the alveolar bone were evaluated radiographically and scintigraphically. RESULTS We reported the following findings, which have only seldom been described: the presence of fairly well-demarcated bone destruction in the intraoral radiograph; the relatively smooth surface, uniform density, or no necrotic area of the tumor; in computed tomograph images showing the clear separation of the tumor from surrounding soft tissues; bone scintigraphs reflecting the periosteal reaction to tumor invasion; and lymphoscintigraphy of the metastatic lymph nodes. CONCLUSION We evaluated the radiographic findings from 2 cases of MFH and describe findings that may aid in the differentiation of MFH. These radiographic features may help dentists differentiate MFH from other malignant tumors in the head and neck, although MFH is a rare disease and there are no radiographic findings that would indicate a specific diagnosis of MFH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Sato
- Department of Dental Radiology, Kagoshima University Dental School, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
324
|
Mitsiades CS, Koutsilieris M. Molecular biology and cellular physiology of refractoriness to androgen ablation therapy in advanced prostate cancer. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2001; 10:1099-115. [PMID: 11772238 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.10.6.1099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We review the extensive body of data on the molecular aetiology of hormone refractory disease in metastatic prostate cancer patients. Particular emphasis is placed on the crucial role of the bone micro-environment, especially the intercellular interactions of metastatic prostate cancer cells and osteoblasts in promoting the establishment of hormone refractory disease. Resistance of tumour cells to anticancer therapies is generally viewed as a phenomenon almost exclusively determined by chromosomal defects and/or gene mutations. However, it is now well-documented that the local milieu of the bone metastases can also protect tumour cells from anticancer therapy- induced apoptosis, either independently or synergistically with resistance-related genetic alterations. A key determinant of this protection is the urokinase/plasmin cascade which modulates the local concentration of survival factors, such as insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1). The molecular pathways whereby this major growth and survival factor for prostate cancer cells exerts its anti-apoptotic effect on prostate cancer cells are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C S Mitsiades
- Department of Experimental Physiology, Medical School, University of Athens, 75 Micras Asias, Goudi 11527, Athens, Greece
| | | |
Collapse
|
325
|
Abstract
This article reviews complementary and alternative therapies for advanced prostate cancer. This is not a comprehensive survey of nontraditional therapies for prostate cancer. Rather, this review focuses on alternative and complementary therapies with published studies to evaluate efficacy and safety. Three areas are addressed: alternative forms of hormonal therapy, management of side effects of hormonal therapy, and management of skeletal complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M R Smith
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
326
|
Delany AM, Canalis E. The metastasis-associated metalloproteinase stromelysin-3 is induced by transforming growth factor-beta in osteoblasts and fibroblasts. Endocrinology 2001; 142:1561-6. [PMID: 11250937 DOI: 10.1210/endo.142.4.8072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bone matrix serves as a reservoir of growth factors important in growth and tissue remodeling, and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) is abundant in bone matrix. Normal processes, such as remodeling, and pathological processes, such as osteolytic metastasis, cause the release of growth factors from the matrix, allowing them to influence the behavior of cells within their microenvironment. Breast cancer metastases frequently establish themselves in the bone compartment, often causing localized osteolysis. Stromelysin-3 is a matrix metalloproteinase associated with tumor metastases. Its expression in host tissues favors the homing and survival of malignant epithelial cells in early tumorigenesis by releasing and/or activating growth factors sequestered in the extracellular matrix. Osteoblasts express stromelysin-3, and Northern and Western blot analysis show that its messenger RNA and protein levels are increased by TGF-beta. Nuclear run-off assays demonstrate activation of gene transcription, and experiments using transcription inhibitors demonstrate stabilization of stromelysin-3 messenger RNA by TGF-beta. Importantly, TGFbeta induces stromelysin-3 in fibroblasts by similar mechanisms, indicating that it is likely to stimulate stromelysin-3 expression in breast stroma. Stimulation of stromelysin-3 expression by TGF-beta in fibroblasts and osteoblasts could play a role in the metastasis of breast cancer cells and their homing and survival in bone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A M Delany
- Department of Research, Saint Francis Hospital and Medical Center, Hartford, Connecticut 06105, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
327
|
Perez M, Migliaccio S, Taranta A, Festuccia C, Orrù L, Brama M, Bologna M, Faraggiana T, Baron R, Teti A. Melanoma cells stimulate osteoclastogenesis, c-Src expression and osteoblast cytokines. Eur J Cancer 2001; 37:629-40. [PMID: 11290439 DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(00)00436-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Malignant melanomas metastasise to the bone and enhance osteoclast bone resorption. We demonstrated that a 48-h-B16 melanoma cell conditioned media (B16CM) induced osteoclastogenesis in mouse bone marrow cultures, without the requirement of B16 cell-bone marrow cell co-culture. B16 cells transcriptionally expressed detectable levels of TGFbeta1, IL-6, M-CSF, GM-CSF and TNFalpha mRNAs, albeit to a lower extent compared with levels in osteoblasts, and failed to express PTHrP, OPGL, OPG and IL-1beta. Interestingly, B16CM greatly upregulated IL-1beta, IL-6 and GM-CSF, and modestly enhanced TNFalpha and OPGL mRNA expression in osteoblasts, suggesting a potential indirect stimulation of osteoclastogenesis via the osteogenic lineage. B16CM barely upregulated c-Fos, but strongly and time-dependently enhanced c-Src expression in the total bone marrow cultures during osteoclast differentiation. Moreover, c-Src expression was enhanced in differentiated and purified osteoclast preparations to higher levels than in stromal cells. In conclusion, melanoma induces osteoclast generation with a paracrine mechanism independent of cell-cell contact, specifically upregulating c-Src in osteoclasts and cytokine expression in osteoblasts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Perez
- Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, 00167, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
328
|
Henderson M, Danks J, Moseley J, Slavin J, Harris T, McKinlay M, Hopper J, Martin T. Parathyroid hormone-related protein production by breast cancers, improved survival, and reduced bone metastases. J Natl Cancer Inst 2001; 93:234-7. [PMID: 11158193 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/93.3.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M Henderson
- University of Melbourne, Department of Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
329
|
Major P, Lortholary A, Hon J, Abdi E, Mills G, Menssen HD, Yunus F, Bell R, Body J, Quebe-Fehling E, Seaman J. Zoledronic acid is superior to pamidronate in the treatment of hypercalcemia of malignancy: a pooled analysis of two randomized, controlled clinical trials. J Clin Oncol 2001; 19:558-67. [PMID: 11208851 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2001.19.2.558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 433] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Two identical, concurrent, parallel, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, double-dummy trials were conducted to compare the efficacy and safety of zoledronic acid and pamidronate for treating hypercalcemia of malignancy (HCM). PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with moderate to severe HCM (corrected serum calcium [CSC] > or = 3.00 mmol/L [12.0 mg/dL]) were treated with a single dose of zoledronic acid (4 or 8 mg) via 5-minute infusion or pamidronate (90 mg) via 2-hour infusion. A protocol-specified pooled analysis of the two parallel trials was performed. Clinical end points included rate of complete response by day 10, response duration, and time to relapse. RESULTS Two hundred eighty-seven patients were randomized and evaluated for safety; 275 were evaluated for efficacy. Both doses of zoledronic acid were superior to pamidronate in the treatment of HCM. The complete response rates by day 10 were 88.4% (P = .002), 86.7% (P = .015), and 69.7% for zoledronic acid 4 mg and 8 mg and pamidronate 90 mg, respectively. Normalization of CSC occurred by day 4 in approximately 50% of patients treated with zoledronic acid and in only 33.3% of the pamidronate-treated patients. The median duration of complete response favored zoledronic acid 4 and 8 mg over pamidronate 90 mg with response durations of 32, 43, and 18 days, respectively. CONCLUSION Zoledronic acid is superior to pamidronate; 4 mg is the dose recommended for initial treatment of HCM and 8 mg for relapsed or refractory hypercalcemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Major
- Hamilton Regional Cancer Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
330
|
Lee J, Weber M, Mejia S, Bone E, Watson P, Orr W. A matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor, batimastat, retards the development of osteolytic bone metastases by MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells in Balb C nu/nu mice. Eur J Cancer 2001; 37:106-13. [PMID: 11165137 DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(00)00363-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Bone resorption is a dominant feature of many bone metastases and releases factors from the bone matrix that can promote the expression of the metastatic phenotype in cancer cells. Since proteolytic enzymes, including matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) contribute to bone destruction by metastatic tumour cells and host cells, we have examined the effect of a MMP inhibitor, batimastat, on the ability of MDA-MB-231 cells to degrade bone in vitro and to form bone metastases in BalbC nu/nu mice. In vitro, the neoplastic cells produced MMP-2 and MMP-9, degraded [3H]-proline-labelled osteoblast matrices, and formed resorption pits in cortical bone. These phenomena were inhibited by < or = 20 microM batimastat. To induce vertebral and long bone metastases in vivo, 1x10(5) MDA-MB-231 cells were injected into the arterial circulation of BalbC nu/nu mice. Test groups were also given 30 mg/kg batimastat intraperitoneally (i.p.). After 21 days, the long bone metastases were characterised by a 67% reduction of metaphyseal medullary bone and complete replacement of marrow by tumour. In tumour-bearing mice that had been treated with 30 mg/kg batimastat i.p., the tumour volume decreased 8-fold, osteolysis was inhibited by 35%, and replacement of the bone marrow by tumour was inhibited by 65%. Similar effects were observed in the vertebral metastases. These data provide evidence that MDA-MB-231 cells can degrade osteoblast matrices and mineralised bone in vitro and support the hypothesis that MMPs are involved in the pathogenesis of osteolytic bone metastases in vivo. They demonstrate that an agent which inhibits proteolysis can retard the development of osteolytic bone metastases in this model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Lee
- Department of Pathology, University of Manitoba, 770 Bannatyne Avenue, Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
331
|
Janckila AJ, Takahashi K, Sun SZ, Yam LT. Tartrate-resistant Acid Phosphatase Isoform 5b as Serum Marker for Osteoclastic Activity. Clin Chem 2001. [DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/47.1.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (AcP) 5b is a marker of osteoclastic activity and bone resorption. Immunoassays for serum TRAcP may lack sensitivity and specificity because of the presence of non-bone isoform 5a. The purpose of this study was to isolate the serum isoforms, quantify their disease-related expressions, and test an improved immunoassay for TRAcP 5b.
Methods: We separated TRAcP isoforms chromatographically from pooled sera of healthy, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and endstage renal disease (ESRD) subjects. TRAcP isoforms were identified by electrophoresis and quantified by biochemical and immunochemical assays. Serum TRAcP activity in healthy, RA, and ESRD cohorts was assessed at pH 5.5 and 6.1, and compared with bone alkaline phosphatase (BAP) and N-telopeptides of type I collagen (NTx).
Results: TRAcP isoforms 5a and 5b were present in all sera; 5b was identical to osteoclastic TRAcP. In serum from healthy subjects, 5a accounted for 87% of the enzyme protein but only 55% of the activity. In RA, both isoforms were increased two- to threefold in protein, but their specific activities were subnormal. In ESRD, only 5b was abnormal, being increased fivefold in protein and threefold in activity. In RA sera, TRAcP activity did not correlate with either BAP or NTx. In ESRD sera, TRAcP activity correlated with BAP and NTx only when measured at pH 6.1.
Conclusions: All sera contained both TRAcP isoforms 5a and 5b, but only 5b was present in bone. TRAcP isoform expression was variable in different diseases. Measurement of TRAcP activity at pH 6.1 improves the specificity of immunoassay for isoform 5b.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Janckila
- Special Hematology Laboratory, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Louisville, KY 40206
| | | | | | - Lung T Yam
- Special Hematology Laboratory, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Louisville, KY 40206
- Departments of Medicine
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40206
| |
Collapse
|
332
|
Hamdy NA, Papapoulos SE. The palliative management of skeletal metastases in prostate cancer: use of bone-seeking radionuclides and bisphosphonates. Semin Nucl Med 2001; 31:62-8. [PMID: 11200206 DOI: 10.1053/snuc.2001.18767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In prostate cancer, the development of skeletal metastases is associated with a significant increase in morbidity, mainly because of severe bone pain, which eventually becomes refractory to conventional analgesia. Androgen ablation is the treatment of choice, but the majority of patients relapse within 2 to 3 years from initiation of treatment. After failure of hormone therapy, external-beam irradiation therapy is effective in the palliation of pain, but radionuclides represent an attractive and cost-effective alternative. Strontium 89 is currently the most commonly used radionuclide in the palliative management of prostate cancer metastatic to the skeleton. The rationale for the use of bisphosphonates in metastatic prostate cancer is not immediately obvious, given the predominantly osteoblastic nature of the metastatic process. The clinical use of these agents rests on a number of basic and clinical observations that provide ample evidence that, in prostate cancer, the metastatic process is associated with increased bone resorption. Evidence regarding the beneficial effects of bisphosphonates in reducing morbidity from metastatic prostate cancer is reasonably solid, although the choice of optimal bisphosphonate, mode of administration, dose, and duration of treatment must be determined in large, controlled studies before their widespread clinical use can be advocated. Available therapeutic modalities that use either radionuclides or bisphosphonates can effectively and safely be used in the palliative management of metastatic prostate cancer. Neither radionuclides nor bisphosphonates have been shown to prolong survival, but the potential of both agents to beneficially alter the metastatic process in prostate cancer is intriguing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N A Hamdy
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
333
|
Kaneko H, Arakawa T, Mano H, Kaneda T, Ogasawara A, Nakagawa M, Toyama Y, Yabe Y, Kumegawa M, Hakeda Y. Direct stimulation of osteoclastic bone resorption by bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2 and expression of BMP receptors in mature osteoclasts. Bone 2000; 27:479-86. [PMID: 11033442 DOI: 10.1016/s8756-3282(00)00358-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) play an important role in various kinds of pattern formation and organogenesis during vertebrate development. In the skeleton, BMPs induce the differentiation of cells of chondrocytic and osteoblastic cell lineage and enhance their function. However, the action of BMPs on osteoclastic bone resorption, a process essential for pathophysiological bone development and regeneration, is still controversial. In this study, we examine the direct effect of BMPs on osteoclastic bone-resorbing activity in a culture of highly purified rabbit mature osteoclasts. BMP-2 caused a dose- and time-dependent increase in bone resorption pits excavated by the isolated osteoclasts. BMP-4 also stimulated osteoclastic bone resorption. The increase in osteoclastic bone resorption induced by BMP-2 was abolished by the simultaneous addition of follistatin, a BMP/activin binding protein that negates their biological activity. Just as it increased bone resorption, BMP-2 also elevated the messenger RNA expressions of cathepsin K and carbonic anhydrase II, which are key enzymes for the degradation of organic and inorganic bone matrices, respectively. Type IA and II BMP receptors (BMPRs), and their downstream signal transduction molecules, Smad1 and Smad5, were expressed in isolated osteoclasts as well as in osteoblastic cells, whereas type IB BMPR was undetectable. BMPs directly stimulate mature osteoclast function probably mediated by BMPR-IA and BMPR-II and their downstream molecules expressed in osteoclasts. The results presented here expand our understanding of the multifunctional roles of BMPs in bone development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Kaneko
- Department of Oral Anatomy, Meikai University School of Dentistry, Sakado, Saitama, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
334
|
Abstract
The establishment of clinically detectable skeletal metastasis is a multifactorial process. This process can be divided into three general areas of understanding. The first is that of the intrinsic characteristics and properties of the tumor cells, which allow and facilitate their migration from the site of primary neoplasia to the distant host skeleton. Second, there are anatomic considerations of the human body, which influence the distribution of metastatic seeding. Third, there are the considerations of the host organism's biology, including the immune system, the circulatory system, and the affected host skeleton, which hinder and, at times, potentiate the ability of neoplastic cells to establish skeletal lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Mollabashy
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Henry Ford Hospitals and Clinics, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
335
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bisphosphonates (BPs) reduce bone resorption rates by inhibiting osteoclast function, although direct antineoplastic effects and poorly understood effects on bone pain also may occur. Within the family of BPs there are more similarities in pharmacologic effects than differences, although side effect profiles, rates of oral absorption, and potency do differ. Oral clodronate and intravenous pamidronate reduce skeletal complications in patients with bone metastases from breast carcinoma (as well as in myeloma). Uncontrolled trials of prostate carcinoma also suggest clinical benefit. METHODS Animal studies show that BPs can reduce the rate of development of bone metastases (for example, in Walker 256 carcinoma), but there is little evidence of an effect at nonosseous sites. The hypothesis that the growth of subclinical osseous metastases is augmented by products of bone resorption (a "vicious cycle") and may be diminished by a local reduction of these substances has led to trials of BPs involving patients with no clinical evidence of bone metastases. These trials are critically assessed in this review. RESULTS In patients with recurrent breast carcinoma but no overt bone metastases, oral clodronate reduced the number of diagnosed bone metastases; but the number of patients who had relapses in bone, though smaller, was not significantly different from the number among patients who took placebo. In a trial of oral pamidronate, no effect was seen, but compliance was a problem because of gastrointestinal side effects. Patients treated for operable breast carcinoma have four or five times the normal rate of vertebral fracture, and BPs do reduce the rate of bone loss. Three adjuvant clodronate trials have been reported. The first, an open-label controlled trial (Diel et al.), showed a reduction in osseous and nonosseous recurrences and an increase in disease free and overall survival with 2 years of clodronate. A second open-label trial (Saarto et al.) of similar size involving lymph node positive breast carcinoma patients showed no effect on the rate of bone metastasis relapse and a deleterious effect on relapse rates of nonosseous metastases with 3 years of clodronate. A third placebo-controlled trial involving 1079 patients reported, in an interim analysis, a reduction in osseous metastases during treatment with 2 years of clodronate, but no effect on nonosseous metastases or survival. CONCLUSIONS A confirmatory clinical trial is required for two interrelated reasons: 1) scientifically, it is important to demonstrate that an agent that has its dominant effect on a normal tissue cell, the osteoclast, can influence the growth of neoplastic cells; and 2) from the perspective of patient care, it must be unequivocally shown that a reduction in the rate of osseous recurrence translates into an improvement in disease free survival or an improvement in quality of life through reduction of adverse skeletal events. The National Surgical Adjuvant Breast Project has committed to conducting this study and including women with operable breast carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A H Paterson
- University of Calgary and Tom Baker Cancer, Alberta, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
336
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skeletal metastases are common occurrences in patients with malignancies such as breast and prostate carcinoma, but they are difficult to diagnose nonradiologically, and treatment is difficult to follow clinically. Recent developments suggest that biochemical markers of bone remodeling, such as the bone collagen breakdown product N-telopeptide and the bone formation marker known as bone specific alkaline phosphatase, hold great promise as clinical tools for the management of patients with metastatic bone disease. METHODS Serum levels of the bone formation marker known as bone specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP), along with serum levels of the bone collagen breakdown product carboxyterminal telopeptide of Type I collagen (ICTP) and urine levels of pyridinoline (PYD), deoxypridinoline (DPD), and N-telopeptide (NTx), were measured in a large cohort of patients with newly diagnosed or progressive cancer of the breast, prostate, lung, and other sites. Bone marker levels were correlated with the presence or absence of bone scan-documented metastases; metastatic disease extension in terms of the number of skeletal sites involved; and the type of lesion, whether blastic or lytic. Sites examined included the pelvis, spine, skull, ribs, and long bones. RESULTS All of the bone markers examined, including BAP and NTx, were abnormally elevated in a high proportion of patients with confirmed metastases to bone. Urine NTx levels and bone specific alkaline phosphatase were significantly correlated with the number of skeletal sites involved, and a significant correlation between marker level and extent of skeletal involvement was also observed. In addition, both markers were higher in patients with a blastic disease presentation than in patients with osteolytic lesions. CONCLUSIONS Biochemical markers of bone resorption and bone formation are abnormally raised in the blood and urine of patients with metastatic bone disease. Markers of bone collagen breakdown, such as N-telopeptide, as well as markers of osteoblast function, such as bone specific alkaline phosphatase, appear to be of use in assessing and managing patients with malignancies that metastasize to bone. In this study, both NTx and BAP showed a significant correlation with both the presence of bone metastases and the extent of skeletal involvement. Biochemical markers of bone remodeling can also be used to guide decision making regarding the treatment of metastatic bone disease and to determine the effectiveness of therapy for patients with cancer to bone whose broad-based symptoms make it difficult to discern true response to therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L M Demers
- Department of Medicine, The Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033-0850, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
337
|
|
338
|
Insulin-like Growth Factor I and Urokinase-type Plasminogen Activator Bioregulation System as a Survival Mechanism of Prostate Cancer Cells in Osteoblastic Metastases: Development of Anti-Survival Factor Therapy for Hormone-Refractory Prostate Cancer. Mol Med 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03401935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
|
339
|
Selvamurugan N, Partridge NC. Constitutive expression and regulation of collagenase-3 in human breast cancer cells. MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGY RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS : MCBRC 2000; 3:218-23. [PMID: 10891395 DOI: 10.1006/mcbr.2000.0215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of secreted or transmembrane proteins that have been implicated in multiple physiological and pathological processes related to extracellular matrix turnover. Recent evidence strongly suggests a role for collagenase-3 (MMP-13) in tumor metastasis and invasion. We report here that collagenase-3 is constitutively expressed in the breast cancer cell line MDA-MB231 (MDA) and outline the molecular mechanism regulating its expression. Functional analysis of the collagenase-3 promoter showed that both the activator protein-1 (AP-1) site and the runt domain (RD) binding site were required for maximal constitutive expression of collagenase-3 in MDA cells. Determination of factors binding to those sites by Northern analysis and transient transfections identified the requirement of Fra-1, c-Jun, and Cbfa1 for basal collagenase-3 promoter activity in MDA cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Selvamurugan
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, St. Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 South Grand Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63104, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
340
|
Halachmi S, Madeb R, Madjar S, Wald M, River Y, Nativ O. Numb chin syndrome as the presenting symptom of metastatic prostate carcinoma. Urology 2000; 55:286. [PMID: 10754168 DOI: 10.1016/s0090-4295(99)00396-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report a case of the numb chin syndrome as the presenting symptom in a patient with metastatic prostate carcinoma. The numb chin syndrome is characterized by facial numbness along the distribution of the mental branch of the trigeminal nerve. Most cases of this syndrome that are not dental in origin have been associated with diffuse metastatic disease, particularly with underlying lymphoproliferative and breast cancer. Although axial and vertebral bone metastases are common in patients with carcinoma of the prostate, mental nerve involvement is rare. We present a case of the numb chin syndrome as the initial clinical manifestation in a patient with metastatic prostate adenocarcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Halachmi
- Department of Urology, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
341
|
|
342
|
Magnetto S, Boissier S, Delmas PD, Clezardin P. Additive antitumor activities of taxoids in combination with the bisphosphonate ibandronate against invasion and adhesion of human breast carcinoma cells to bone. Int J Cancer 1999; 83:263-9. [PMID: 10471537 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19991008)83:2<263::aid-ijc19>3.0.co;2-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A very common metastatic site for breast carcinoma is bone. Metastatic breast carcinoma cells stimulate osteoclast-mediated bone resorption leading to osteolysis. Bisphosphonates are powerful inhibitors of osteoclast activity, and are therefore used in combination with standard chemotherapy or hormonal therapy for the treatment of cancer-associated osteolytic metastases. However, there may be an added beneficial effect of the bisphosphonates, that is, additive or synergistic activities with cytotoxic agents. Here, we investigated the effects of the bisphosphonate ibandronate in combination with taxoids (taxol and taxotere) on induction of apoptosis, invasion and adhesion of breast carcinoma cells to bone. Ibandronate did not induce apoptosis of human MDA-MB-231 breast carcinoma cells, nor did it enhance the effectiveness of taxoid-induced apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 cells. In contrast, ibandronate enhanced the antitumor activity of taxoids against invasion and cell adhesion to bone. Our findings raise the interesting possibility that the combination of bisphosphonates and taxoids may be useful for the treatment of patients with cancer types that are known to metastasize preferentially to bone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Magnetto
- INSERM Research Unit 403, Faculté de Médecine Laënnec, Lyon, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
343
|
Thomas RJ, Guise TA, Yin JJ, Elliott J, Horwood NJ, Martin TJ, Gillespie MT. Breast cancer cells interact with osteoblasts to support osteoclast formation. Endocrinology 1999; 140:4451-8. [PMID: 10499498 DOI: 10.1210/endo.140.10.7037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 354] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancers commonly cause osteolytic metastases in bone, a process that is dependent upon osteoclast-mediated bone resorption. Recently the osteoclast differentiation factor (ODF), better termed RANKL (receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand), expressed by osteoblasts has been cloned as well as its cognate signaling receptor, receptor activator of NFkappaB (RANK), and a secreted decoy receptor osteoprotegerin (OPG) that limits RANKL's biological action. We determined that the breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB-231, MCF-7, and T47D as well as primary breast cancers do not express RANKL but express OPG and RANK. MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, and T47D cells did not act as surrogate osteoblasts to support osteoclast formation in coculture experiments, a result consistent with the fact that they do not express RANKL. When MCF-7 cells overexpressing PTH-related protein (PTHrP) were added to cocultures of murine osteoblasts and hematopoietic cells, osteoclast formation resulted without the addition of any osteotropic agents; cocultures with MCF-7 or MCF-7 cells transfected with pcDNAIneo required exogenous agents for osteoclast formation. When MCF-7 cells overexpressing PTHrP were cultured with murine osteoblasts, osteoblastic RANKL messenger RNA (mRNA) levels were enhanced and osteoblastic OPG mRNA levels diminished; MCF-7 parental cells had no effect on RANKL or OPG mRNA levels when cultured with osteoblastic cells. Using a murine model of breast cancer metastasis to bone, we established that MCF-7 cells that overexpress PTHrP caused significantly more bone metastases, which were associated with increased osteoclast formation, elevated plasma PTHrP concentrations and hypercalcaemia compared with parental or empty vector controls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R J Thomas
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research and The University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
344
|
Koeneman KS, Yeung F, Chung LW. Osteomimetic properties of prostate cancer cells: a hypothesis supporting the predilection of prostate cancer metastasis and growth in the bone environment. Prostate 1999; 39:246-61. [PMID: 10344214 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0045(19990601)39:4<246::aid-pros5>3.0.co;2-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unlike most other malignancies, prostate cancer metastasizes preferentially to the skeleton and elicits osteoblastic reactions. METHODS We present a hypothesis, based upon results obtained from our laboratory and others, on the nature of progression of prostate cancer cells and their predilection to growth and metastasis in the bone microenvironment. We propose the hypothesis that osseous metastatic prostate cancer cells must be osteomimetic in order to metastasize, grow, and survive in the skeleton. The reciprocal interaction between prostate cancer and bone stromal growth factors, including basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF), and especially the insulin growth factor (IGF) axis initiates bone tropism, and is enhanced by prostate secreted endothelin-1 (ET-1) and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA). Growth factors and peptides that have differentiating activity, such as transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTH-rp), and the bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), can shift local homeostasis to produce the characteristic blastic phenotype, via interaction with prostate-secreted human kalikrein 2 (hK2), and prostate-specific antigen (PSA). This proposal asserts that altering the expression of certain critical transcription factors, such as Cbfa and MSX in prostate cancer cells, which presumably are under the inductive influences of prostate or bone stromal cells, can confer profiles of gene expression, such as osteopontin (OPN), osteocalcin (OC), and bone sialoprotein (BSP), that mimic that of osteoblasts. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Elucidation of common proteins, presumably driven by the same promoters, expressed by both prostate cancer and bone stromal cells, could result in the development of novel preventive and therapeutic strategies for the treatment of prostate cancer skeletal metastasis. Agents developed using these strategies could have the potential advantage of interfering with growth and enhancing apoptosis in both prostate cancer and bone stromal compartments. The selective application of gene therapy strategy, driven by tissue-specific and tumor-restricted promoters for the safe delivery and expression of therapeutic genes in experimental models of prostate cancer metastasis, is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K S Koeneman
- Department of Urology, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville 22908, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
345
|
Affiliation(s)
- T A Plunkett
- Academic Oncology Unit, Guy's Hospital, London, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
346
|
Blomme EA, Dougherty KM, Pienta KJ, Capen CC, Rosol TJ, McCauley LK. Skeletal metastasis of prostate adenocarcinoma in rats: morphometric analysis and role of parathyroid hormone-related protein. Prostate 1999; 39:187-97. [PMID: 10334108 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0045(19990515)39:3<187::aid-pros7>3.0.co;2-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer frequently metastasizes to bone, where it induces osteoblastic lesions. Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP), a product of normal and neoplastic prostate cells, may promote growth and bone metastasis of certain types of cancer. In this study, we investigated the: 1) pathogenesis and morphology of bone metastases in the MATLyLu rat prostate adenocarcinoma model, and 2) effect of PTHrP overexpression on tumor growth and incidence of bone metastasis. METHODS MATLyLu cells were stably transfected with a PTHrP expression vector or control plasmid. PTHrP expression was determined in vitro by immunoradiometric assay and Northern blot analysis. MATLyLu cells were injected into the left ventricle of Copenhagen rats to induce bone metastases. Histology and radiography were used to quantify the size and number of bone metastases. Serum alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme concentrations and histomorphometric analysis were used to evaluate bone formation and resorption. RESULTS All rats developed osteolytic metastases in long bones and vertebrae. There was no evidence of increased intramedullary bone formation. PTHrP overexpression by MATLyLu cells was not associated with any difference in the incidence of bone metastasis, size of metastatic foci or tumor-cell proliferation. CONCLUSIONS The MATLyLu intracardiac injection model of prostate carcinoma is an aggressive tumor model with a high incidence of osteolytic skeletal metastases, and is not altered by increased PTHrP production by neoplastic prostate epithelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E A Blomme
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
347
|
Ishiduka Y, Mochizuki R, Yanai K, Takatsuka M, Nonomura T, Niida S, Horiguchi H, Maeda N, Fukamizu A. Induction of hydroxyapatite resorptive activity in bone marrow cell populations resistant to bafilomycin A1 by a factor with restricted expression to bone and brain, neurochondrin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1999; 1450:92-8. [PMID: 10231559 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4889(99)00039-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Bone, one of the favored sites for tumor metastasis, is a dynamic organ undergoing formation and resorption. We found bone metastasis with osteolytic lesion in the bone marrow of the femur by injecting BW5147 T-lymphoma cells into the tail vein of AKR mice. To understand this bone destruction, we constructed a cDNA library from BW5147 with a cloning vector that allowed in vitro synthesis of mRNAs, and then identified a particular cDNA clone by adding the conditioned medium from Xenopus oocytes following injection of the mRNA synthesized in vitro to primary bone marrow heterogeneous cell populations on hydroxyapatite thin films. By means of this method, we isolated a factor with 16% leucine residues, termed neurochondrin, that induces hydroxyapatite resorptive activity in bone marrow cells resistant to bafilomycin A1, an inhibitor of macrophage- and osteoclast-mediated resorption. Expression of the gene was localized to chondrocyte, osteoblast, and osteocyte in the bone and to the hippocampus and Purkinje cell layer of cerebellum in the brain. This may provide insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying bone resorption with potential implications for the activation of cells other than macrophages and osteoclasts in bone marrow cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Ishiduka
- Sumitomo Pharmaceuticals Research Center, Sumitomo Pharmaceuticals Co. Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
348
|
Palapattu GS, Naitoh J, Belldegrun AS. Gene therapy for prostate cancer. New perspectives on an old problem. Urol Clin North Am 1999; 26:353-63, ix. [PMID: 10361558 DOI: 10.1016/s0094-0143(05)70075-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in molecular biology have made the prospect of gene therapy for prostate cancer a reality. A wide variety of genetic strategies, vector designs, and delivery modalities are currently in use. This article examines the state of the art prostate cancer gene therapy and details the various options available to clinicians.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G S Palapattu
- Department of Urology, University of California, Los Angeles, School of Medicine, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
349
|
Oğuz A, Karadeniz C, Cağlar E, Cağlar Citak E, Ataoğlu O. The use of etidronate in therapy-resistant hypercalcemia. Acta Oncol 1999; 38:125-7. [PMID: 10090700 DOI: 10.1080/028418699431915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Oğuz
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Gazi University, Faculty of Medicine, Beşevler, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
350
|
Nelson PS, Gan L, Ferguson C, Moss P, Gelinas R, Hood L, Wang K. Molecular cloning and characterization of prostase, an androgen-regulated serine protease with prostate-restricted expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96:3114-9. [PMID: 10077646 PMCID: PMC15904 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.6.3114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of genes with selective expression in specific organs or cell types provides an entry point for understanding biological processes that occur uniquely within a particular tissue. Using a subtraction approach designed to identify genes preferentially expressed in specific tissues, we have identified prostase, a human serine protease with prostate-restricted expression. The prostase cDNA encodes a putative 254-aa polypeptide with a conserved serine protease catalytic triad and an amino-terminal pre-propeptide sequence, indicating a potential secretory function. The genomic sequence comprises five exons and four introns and contains multiple copies of a chromosome 19q-specific minisatellite repeat. Northern analysis indicates that prostase mRNA is expressed in hormonally responsive normal and neoplastic prostate epithelial tissues, but not in prostate stromal constituents. Prostase shares 35% amino acid identity with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and 78% identity with the porcine enamel matrix serine proteinase 1, an enzyme involved in enamel matrix degradation and with a putative role in the disruption of intercellular junctions. Radiation-hybrid-panel mapping localized prostase to chromosome 19q13, a region containing several other serine proteases, including protease M, pancreatic/renal kallikrein hK1, and the prostate-specific kallikreins hK2 and hK3 (PSA). The sequence homology between prostase and other well-characterized serine proteases suggests several potential functional roles for the prostase protein that include the degradation of extracellular matrix and the activation of PSA and other proteases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P S Nelson
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|