301
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Fang CL, Hseu YC, Lin YF, Hung ST, Tai C, Uen YH, Lin KY. Clinical and prognostic association of transcription factor SOX4 in gastric cancer. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52804. [PMID: 23285187 PMCID: PMC3527618 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common malignant cancers worldwide. However, little is known about the molecular process by which this disease develops and progresses. This study investigated correlations between the expression of nuclear transcription factor SOX4 and various clinicopathologic parameters as well as patients' survival. Expression levels of nuclear SOX4 were analyzed by immunohistochemistry; the data comprised gastric tissues from 168 patients with GC. Paired t tests were used to analyze the differences in nuclear SOX4 expression between tumor and non-tumor tissues from each patient. Two-tailed Χ2 tests were performed to determine whether the differences in nuclear SOX4 expression and clinicopathologic parameters were significant. Time-to-event endpoints for clinicopathologic parameters were plotted using the Kaplan-Meier method, and statistical significance was determined using univariate log-rank tests. Cox proportional hazard model was used for multivariate analysis to determine the independence of prognostic effects of nuclear SOX4 expression. Overexpression of nuclear SOX4 was significantly correlated with depth of invasion (P<0.0001), nodal status (P = 0.0055), distant metastasis (P = 0.0195), stage (P = 0.0003), and vascular invasion (P = 0.0383). Patients who displayed high expression levels of nuclear SOX4 achieved a significantly poorer disease-free survival rate, compared with patients with low SOX4 expression levels (P = 0.003). Univariate Cox regression analysis showed that overexpression of nuclear SOX4 was a clear prognostic marker for GC (P = 0.004). Overexpression of nuclear SOX4 can be used as a marker to predict the outcome of patients with GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Lang Fang
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pathology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - You-Cheng Hseu
- Department of Cosmeceutics, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Feng Lin
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Chi Mei Hospital Chiali, Tainan, Taiwan
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ting Hung
- Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chein Tai
- Department of Biotechnology, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yih-Huei Uen
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
- Superintendent's Office, Chi Mei Hospital Chiali, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Yuan Lin
- Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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302
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Byles V, Zhu L, Lovaas JD, Chmilewski LK, Wang J, Faller DV, Dai Y. SIRT1 induces EMT by cooperating with EMT transcription factors and enhances prostate cancer cell migration and metastasis. Oncogene 2012; 31:4619-29. [PMID: 22249256 PMCID: PMC4157820 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Revised: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a crucial program for the invasion and metastasis of epithelial tumors that involves loss of cell-cell adhesion and increased cell mobility; however, mechanisms underlying this transition are not fully elucidated. Here, we propose a novel mechanism through which the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent histone deacetylase SIRT1 regulates EMT in prostate cancer cells through cooperation with the EMT inducing transcription factor ZEB1. We found that forced expression of SIRT1 in non-transformed PZ-HPV-7 prostate epithelial cells disrupts the epithelial morphology concomitant with decreased expression of the epithelial marker, E-cadherin, and increased expression of mesenchymal markers. In contrast, silencing SIRT1 in metastatic prostate tumor cells restores cell-cell adhesion and induces a shift toward an epithelial morphology concomitant with increased expression of E-cadherin and decreased expression of mesenchymal markers. We also found that SIRT1 has a physiologically relevant role in endogenous EMT induced by EGF signaling in prostate cancer cells. We propose that the regulation of EMT by SIRT1 involves modulation of, and cooperation with, the EMT inducing transcription factor ZEB1. Specifically, we show that SIRT1 silencing reduces expression of ZEB1 and that SIRT1 is recruited to the E-cadherin proximal promoter by ZEB1 to deacetylate histone H3 and to reduce binding of RNA polymerase II, ultimately suppressing E-cadherin transcription. We thus identify a necessary role for ZEB1 in SIRT1-mediated EMT. Finally, we show that reduction of SIRT1 decreases prostate cancer cell migration in vitro and metastasis in vivo in immunodeficient mice, which is largely independent of any general effects of SIRT1 on prostate cancer growth and survival. We therefore identify SIRT1 as a positive regulator of EMT and metastatic growth of prostate cancer cells and our findings implicate overexpressed SIRT1 as a potential therapeutic target to reverse EMT and to prevent prostate cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Byles
- Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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303
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Nurwidya F, Takahashi F, Murakami A, Takahashi K. Epithelial mesenchymal transition in drug resistance and metastasis of lung cancer. Cancer Res Treat 2012; 44:151-6. [PMID: 23091440 PMCID: PMC3467417 DOI: 10.4143/crt.2012.44.3.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Among all types of cancer, incidence of lung cancer remains the highest with regard to cancer-related mortality. Problems contributing to recurrence of the disease include metastasis and drug resistance. Mounting evidence has demonstrated involvement of epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) in cancer progression. EMT is a critical mechanism ensuring tissue remodeling during morphogenesis of multicellular organisms. Therefore, understanding of the biology of this process for identification of potential EMT-targeted therapeutic strategies for the benefit cancer patients is necessary. This review describes recent evidence of EMT involvement in drug resistance and metastasis of cancers, with an emphasis on lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariz Nurwidya
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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304
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Kiesslich T, Pichler M, Neureiter D. Epigenetic control of epithelial-mesenchymal-transition in human cancer. Mol Clin Oncol 2012; 1:3-11. [PMID: 24649114 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2012.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Development and tissue homeostasis as well as carcinogenesis share the evolutionary conserved process of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). EMT enables differentiated epithelial cells to trans-differentiate to a mesenchymal phenotype which is associated with diverse cellular properties including altered morphology, migration and invasion and stemness. In physiological development and tissue homeostasis, EMT exerts beneficial functions for structured tissue formation and maintenance. Under pathological conditions, EMT causes uncontrolled tissue repair and organ fibrosis, as well as the induction of tumor growth, angiogenesis and metastasis in the context of cancer progression. Particularly, the metastatic process is essentially linked to diverse EMT-driven functions which give the mesenchymal differentiated tumor cells the capacity to migrate and form micrometastases in distant organs. Recent analyses of the mechanisms controlling EMT revealed a significant epigenetic regulatory impact reflecting the reversible nature of EMTs. As several approaches of epigenetic therapy are already under clinical evaluation, including inhibitors of DNA methyl transferase and histone deacetylase, targeting the epigenetic regulation of EMT may represent a promising therapeutic option in the future. Therefore, we undertook this review to reassess the current knowledge on the roles of epigenetic control in the regulation of EMT in human cancer. These recent findings are discussed in view of their implications on future diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Kiesslich
- Institute of Pathology; ; Department of Internal Medicine I, Paracelsus Medical University/Salzburger Landeskliniken (SALK), Salzburg
| | - Martin Pichler
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz (MUG), Graz, Austria
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305
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Mechanisms of ovarian cancer metastasis: biochemical pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:11705-11717. [PMID: 23109879 PMCID: PMC3472771 DOI: 10.3390/ijms130911705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy. Despite advances in chemotherapy, the five-year survival rate of advanced ovarian cancer patients with peritoneal metastasis remains around 30%. The most significant prognostic factor is stage, and most patients present at an advanced stage with peritoneal dissemination. There is often no clearly identifiable precursor lesion; therefore, the events leading to metastatic disease are poorly understood. This article reviews metastatic suppressor genes, the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and the tumor microenvironment as they relate to ovarian cancer metastasis. Additionally, novel chemotherapeutic agents targeting the metastasis-related biochemical pathways are discussed.
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306
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Yuan GJ, Li QW, Shan SL, Wang WM, Jiang S, Xu XM. Hyperthermia inhibits hypoxia-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cells. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:4781-6. [PMID: 23002349 PMCID: PMC3442218 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i34.4781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2012] [Revised: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/22/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the effect of hyperthermia on hypoxia-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells, and its mechanism.
METHODS: Cells were treated with hyperthermia at 43 °C for 0.5 h, followed by incubation under hypoxic or normoxic conditions for 72 h. Cell morphology was observed. Expressions of E-cadherin and vimentin were determined by immunofluorescence assay or Western blot. The protein and mRNA expressions of Snail were also determined by Western blot and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Cell migratory capacity was evaluated.
RESULTS: Hypoxia induced EMT in HepG2 cells, which was evidenced by morphological, molecular and functional changes, including the formation of a spindle shape and the loss of cell contact. The expression of E-cadherin was decreased but the expression of vimentin was increased; also, the migratory capability was increased by 2.2 ± 0.20-fold as compared with normoxia. However, those effects were inhibited by hyperthermia pretreatment. Furthermore, protein synthesis and mRNA expression of Snail in the cells were enhanced by hypoxia as compared with normoxia, and also significantly inhibited by hyperthermia pretreatment.
CONCLUSION: Hyperthermia may inhibit hypoxia-induced EMT in HepG2 HCC cells, and the mechanism may involve inhibition of induced expression of Snail.
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307
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Thomas VT, Hinson S, Konduri K. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition in pulmonary carcinosarcoma: case report and literature review. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2012; 4:31-7. [PMID: 22229046 DOI: 10.1177/1758834011421949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary carcinosarcoma is a rare and aggressive neoplasm that has both epithelial and mesenchymal components. We report on a 63-year-old woman who was found to have a right upper-lobe pulmonary carcinosarcoma with metastases to the liver and gastric fundus. There are currently no published guidelines on the treatment of pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinomas. However, with our expanding knowledge of cancer metastasis, cases of carcinosarcoma illustrate our current understanding of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in action. Here, we discuss the development and treatment of these biphasic tumors and the possible role of epithelial-mesenchymal transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibha T Thomas
- Rocky Mountain Cancer Centers, Medical Oncology, 22 W. Dry Creek Cir Littleton, CO 80120, USA
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308
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Rachagani S, Macha MA, Ponnusamy MP, Haridas D, Kaur S, Jain M, Batra SK. MUC4 potentiates invasion and metastasis of pancreatic cancer cells through stabilization of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1. Carcinogenesis 2012; 33:1953-64. [PMID: 22791819 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgs225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
MUC4 is a type-1 transmembrane mucin differentially expressed in multiple cancers and has previously been shown to potentiate progression and metastasis of pancreatic cancer. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms associated with the MUC4-induced invasion and metastasis in pancreatic cancer. Stable silencing of MUC4 in multiple pancreatic cancer cells resulted in the downregulation of N-cadherin and its interacting partner fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) through downregulation of partly by pFAK, pMKK7, pJNK and pc-Jun pathway and partly through PI-3K/Akt pathway. The downregulation of FGFR1 in turn led to downregulation of pAkt, pERK1/2, pNF-κB, pIkBα, uPA, MMP-9, vimentin, N-cadherin, Twist, Slug and Zeb1 and upregulation of E-cadherin, Occludin, Cytokeratin-18 and Caspase-9 in MUC4 knockdown BXPC3 and Capan1 cells compared with scramble vector transfected cells. Further, downregulation of FGFR1 was associated with a significant change in morphology and reorganization of the actin-cytoskeleton, leading to a significant decrease in motility (P < 0.00001) and invasion (P < 0.0001) in vitro and decreased tumorigenicity and incidence of metastasis in vivo upon orthotopic implantation in the athymic mice. Taken together, the results of the present study suggest that MUC4 promotes invasion and metastasis by FGFR1 stabilization through the N-cadherin upregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyanarayana Rachagani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska MedicalCenter, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA
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309
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Kiefel H, Bondong S, Hazin J, Ridinger J, Schirmer U, Riedle S, Altevogt P. L1CAM: a major driver for tumor cell invasion and motility. Cell Adh Migr 2012; 6:374-84. [PMID: 22796939 DOI: 10.4161/cam.20832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The L1 cell adhesion molecule (L1CAM) plays a major role in the development of the nervous system and in the malignancy of human tumors. In terms of biological function, L1CAM comes along in two different flavors: (1) a static function as a cell adhesion molecule that acts as a glue between cells; (2) a motility promoting function that drives cell migration during neural development and supports metastasis of human cancers. Important factors that contribute to the switch in the functional mode of L1CAM are: (1) the cleavage from the cell surface by membrane proximal proteolysis and (2) the ability to change binding partners and engage in L1CAM-integrin binding. Recent studies have shown that the cleavage of L1CAM by metalloproteinases and the binding of L1CAM to integrins via its RGD-motif in the sixth Ig-domain activate signaling pathways distinct from the ones elicited by homophilic binding. Here we highlight important features of L1CAM proteolysis and the signaling of L1CAM via integrin engagement. The novel insights into L1CAM downstream signaling and its regulation during tumor progression and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) will lead to a better understanding of the dualistic role of L1CAM as a cell adhesion and/or motility promoting cell surface molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Kiefel
- Translational Immunology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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310
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Wang N, Eckert KA, Zomorrodi AR, Xin P, Pan W, Shearer DA, Weisz J, Maranus CD, Clawson GA. Down-regulation of HtrA1 activates the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and ATM DNA damage response pathways. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39446. [PMID: 22761798 PMCID: PMC3383700 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of the serine protease HtrA1 is decreased or abrogated in a variety of human primary cancers, and higher levels of HtrA1 expression are directly related to better response to chemotherapeutics. However, the precise mechanisms leading to HtrA1 down regulation during malignant transformation are unclear. To investigate HtrA1 gene regulation in breast cancer, we characterized expression in primary breast tissues and seven human breast epithelial cell lines, including two non-tumorigenic cell lines. In human breast tissues, HtrA1 expression was prominent in normal ductal glands. In DCIS and in invasive cancers, HtrA1 expression was greatly reduced or lost entirely. HtrA1 staining was also reduced in all of the human breast cancer cell lines, compared with the normal tissue and non-tumorigenic cell line controls. Loss of HtrA1 gene expression was attributable primarily to epigenetic silencing mechanisms, with different mechanisms operative in the various cell lines. To mechanistically examine the functional consequences of HtrA1 loss, we stably reduced and/or overexpressed HtrA1 in the non-tumorigenic MCF10A cell line. Reduction of HtrA1 levels resulted in the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition with acquisition of mesenchymal phenotypic characteristics, including increased growth rate, migration, and invasion, as well as expression of mesenchymal biomarkers. A concomitant decrease in expression of epithelial biomarkers and all microRNA 200 family members was also observed. Moreover, reduction of HtrA1 expression resulted in activation of the ATM and DNA damage response, whereas overexpression of HtrA1 prevented this activation. Collectively, these results suggest that HtrA1 may function as a tumor suppressor by controlling the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and may function in chemotherapeutic responsiveness by mediating DNA damage response pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- Gittlen Cancer Research Institute & Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kristin A. Eckert
- Gittlen Cancer Research Institute & Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ali R. Zomorrodi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ping Xin
- Gittlen Cancer Research Institute & Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Weihua Pan
- Gittlen Cancer Research Institute & Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Debra A. Shearer
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Judith Weisz
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Costas D. Maranus
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Gary A. Clawson
- Gittlen Cancer Research Institute & Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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311
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Nurwidya F, Takahashi F, Minakata K, Murakami A, Takahashi K. From tumor hypoxia to cancer progression: the implications of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 expression in cancers. Anat Cell Biol 2012; 45:73-8. [PMID: 22822460 PMCID: PMC3398177 DOI: 10.5115/acb.2012.45.2.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia, defined as a decrease of tissue oxygen levels, represents a fundamental pathophysiological condition in the microenvironment of solid tumors. Tumor hypoxia is known to be associated with radio/chemo-resistance and metastasis that eventually lead to cancer progression contributing to poor prognosis in cancer patients. Among transcription factors that accumulated under hypoxic conditions, hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) is a master transcription factor that has received the most intense attention in this field of research due to its capacity to modulate several hundred genes. With a clearer understanding of the HIF-1 pathway, efforts are directed at manipulation of this complex genetic process in order to ultimately decrease cellular HIF-1 levels. Some novel agents have been shown to have HIF-1 inhibition activity through a variety of molecular mechanisms and have provided promising results in the preclinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariz Nurwidya
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumiyuki Takahashi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kunihiko Minakata
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiko Murakami
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Takahashi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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312
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Bangi E, Pitsouli C, Rahme LG, Cagan R, Apidianakis Y. Immune response to bacteria induces dissemination of Ras-activated Drosophila hindgut cells. EMBO Rep 2012; 13:569-76. [PMID: 22498775 DOI: 10.1038/embor.2012.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although pathogenic bacteria are suspected contributors to colorectal cancer progression, cancer-promoting bacteria and their mode of action remain largely unknown. Here we report that sustained infection with the human intestinal colonizer Pseudomonas aeruginosa synergizes with the Ras1V12 oncogene to induce basal invasion and dissemination of hindgut cells to distant sites. Cross-talk between infection and dissemination requires sustained activation by the bacteria of the Imd-dTab2-dTak1 innate immune pathway, which converges with Ras1V12 signalling on JNK pathway activation, culminating in extracellular matrix degradation. Hindgut, but not midgut, cells are amenable to this cooperative dissemination, which is progressive and genetically and pharmacologically inhibitable. Thus, Drosophila hindgut provides a valuable system for the study of intestinal malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdem Bangi
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA
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313
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Gartrell BA, Tsao CK, Galsky MD. The follicle-stimulating hormone receptor: a novel target in genitourinary malignancies. Urol Oncol 2012; 31:1403-7. [PMID: 22513137 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2012.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is a central hormone in mammalian reproductive biology. The FSH receptor (FSHR), which was previously believed to be expressed primarily in the ovary and testis, was recently found to be expressed in the tumor blood vessels of many solid tumor types, including prostate adenocarcinoma, urothelial carcinoma, and renal cell carcinoma. While the biologic significance of FSHR in tumor blood vessels has yet to be elucidated, FSHR may contribute to neoangiogenesis. FSHR has been reported to be expressed by prostate cancer cells and, thus, targeting FSHR in prostate cancer may be of particular utility. In this report, we discuss the finding of FSHR in tumor blood vessels and review the literature concerning FSHR in genitourinary malignancy. We also discuss the features that make FSHR an appealing target for therapeutic and imaging purposes and the potential utility of FSHR as a prognostic and/or predictive biomarker in genitourinary cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Gartrell
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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314
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Krisanaprakornkit S, Iamaroon A. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition in oral squamous cell carcinoma. ISRN ONCOLOGY 2012; 2012:681469. [PMID: 22548191 PMCID: PMC3324906 DOI: 10.5402/2012/681469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Oral cancer is one of the drastic human cancers due to its aggressiveness and high mortality rate. Of all oral cancers, squamous cell carcinoma is the most common accounting for more than 90%. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is suggested to play an important role during cancer invasion and metastasis. Recently, emerging knowledge on EMT in carcinogenesis is explosive, tempting us to analyze previous studies on EMT in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). In this paper, we have first addressed the general molecular mechanisms of EMT, evidenced by alterations of cell morphology during EMT, the presence of cadherin switching, turning on and turning off of many specific genes, the activation of various signaling pathways, and so on. The remaining part of this paper will focus on recent findings of the investigations of EMT on OSCC. These include the evidence of EMT taking place in OSCC and the signaling pathways employed by OSCC cells during their invasion and metastasis. Collectively, with the large body of new knowledge on EMT in OSCC elaborated here, we are hopeful that targeting treatment for OSCC will be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suttichai Krisanaprakornkit
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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315
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Integrin α9β1 promotes malignant tumor growth and metastasis by potentiating epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Oncogene 2012; 32:141-50. [PMID: 22370635 PMCID: PMC3368989 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The integrin α9β1 binds a number of extracellular matrix components to mediate cell adhesion, migration and tissue invasion. Although expressed in a variety of normal human cells including endothelium, it is also expressed in cancer cells. We have previously shown that α9β1 binds VEGF-A to facilitate angiogenesis, an important component of the tumor microenvironment. As α9β1 induces accelerated cancer cell migration, we wished to determine what role it played in cancer growth and metastasis. In this study, we show that α9β1 expression induces molecular changes consistent with epithelial-mesenchymal transition. In addition, we found that α9β1 forms a tri-partite protein complex with β-catenin and E-cadherin, which dissociates following integrin activation and subsequent src and β-catenin phosphorylation. These findings were consistent in cells in which: α9β1 was exogenously over-expressed, or when its expression was suppressed in cancer cells endogenously expressing α9β1. These in vitro results are biologically significant as α9β1-expressing cancer cells induce greater tumor growth and metastases in mice as compared to the cells without α9β1 expression or when integrin expression is suppressed. Furthermore, integrin α9β1 is expressed in primary human small cell lung cancer and patients having a high expression of α9β1 demonstrated significantly worse long-term survival compared with patients with low α9β1 expression. These findings highlight a novel mechanism of integrin α9β1 function in human cancer.
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316
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Kulkarni YM, Klinke DJ. Protein-based identification of quantitative trait loci associated with malignant transformation in two HER2+ cellular models of breast cancer. Proteome Sci 2012; 10:11. [PMID: 22357162 PMCID: PMC3305585 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-10-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A contemporary view of the cancer genome reveals extensive rearrangement compared to normal cells. Yet how these genetic alterations translate into specific proteomic changes that underpin acquiring the hallmarks of cancer remains unresolved. The objectives of this study were to quantify alterations in protein expression in two HER2+ cellular models of breast cancer and to infer differentially regulated signaling pathways in these models associated with the hallmarks of cancer. RESULTS A proteomic workflow was used to identify proteins in two HER2 positive tumorigenic cell lines (BT474 and SKBR3) that were differentially expressed relative to a normal human mammary epithelial cell line (184A1). A total of 64 (BT474-184A1) and 69 (SKBR3-184A1) proteins were uniquely identified that were differentially expressed by at least 1.5-fold. Pathway inference tools were used to interpret these proteins in terms of functionally enriched pathways in the tumor cell lines. We observed "protein ubiquitination" and "apoptosis signaling" pathways were both enriched in the two breast cancer models while "IGF signaling" and "cell motility" pathways were enriched in BT474 and "amino acid metabolism" were enriched in the SKBR3 cell line. CONCLUSION While "protein ubiquitination" and "apoptosis signaling" pathways were common to both the cell lines, the observed patterns of protein expression suggest that the evasion of apoptosis in each tumorigenic cell line occurs via different mechanisms. Evidently, apoptosis is regulated in BT474 via down regulation of Bid and in SKBR3 via up regulation of Calpain-11 as compared to 184A1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh M Kulkarni
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering and Mineral Resources, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
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317
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Horio M, Sato M, Takeyama Y, Elshazley M, Yamashita R, Hase T, Yoshida K, Usami N, Yokoi K, Sekido Y, Kondo M, Toyokuni S, Gazdar AF, Minna JD, Hasegawa Y. Transient but not stable ZEB1 knockdown dramatically inhibits growth of malignant pleural mesothelioma cells. Ann Surg Oncol 2011; 19 Suppl 3:S634-45. [PMID: 22086445 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-011-2142-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of ZEB1, a master epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition gene, in malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is unclear. METHODS The expression of ZEB1, E-cadherin, vimentin, and epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) in 18 MPM cell lines and a normal pleural mesothelial cell line MeT-5A was determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot testing. RNA interference-mediated transient and/or stable knockdown of ZEB1 and EpCAM was performed. Microarray expression analysis was performed with a TORAY-3D gene chip. Growth was evaluated by colorimetric proliferation and colony formation assays. Luciferase reporter assay was performed to access the effects of ZEB1 knockdown on EpCAM promoter activity. RESULTS Most MPM cell lines exhibited mesenchymal phenotype and expressed ZEB1. Transient ZEB1 knockdown suppressed growth in all four cell lines studied (ACC-MESO-1, H2052, Y-MESO-8A, Y-MESO-29) while stable ZEB1 knockdown suppressed growth only in Y-MESO-29. Genome-wide gene expression analysis revealed that EpCAM was the most prominently up-regulated gene by both transient and stable ZEB1 knockdown in ACC-MESO-1, with more marked up-regulation in stable knockdown. We hypothesized that EpCAM up-regulation counteracts the stable ZEB1 knockdown-induced growth inhibition in ACC-MESO-1. Transient EpCAM knockdown suppressed growth dramatically in ACC-MESO-1 cells expressing shZEB1 but only modestly in those expressing shGFP, supporting our hypothesis. Luciferase reporter assay showed that ZEB1 knockdown resulted in increased EpCAM promoter activity. EpCAM was also up-regulated in Y-MESO-29 expressing shZEB1, but this EpCAM up-regulation did not counteract ZEB1knockdown-induced growth suppression, suggesting that the counteracting effects of EpCAM may be cellular context dependent. CONCLUSIONS RNA interference-mediated ZEB1 knockdown may be a promising therapeutic strategy for MPM, but one has to consider the possibility of diminished growth inhibitory effects of long-term ZEB1 knockdown, possibly as a result of EpCAM up-regulation and/or other gene expression changes resulting from ZEB1 knockdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihoko Horio
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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318
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Makrodouli E, Oikonomou E, Koc M, Andera L, Sasazuki T, Shirasawa S, Pintzas A. BRAF and RAS oncogenes regulate Rho GTPase pathways to mediate migration and invasion properties in human colon cancer cells: a comparative study. Mol Cancer 2011; 10:118. [PMID: 21943101 PMCID: PMC3189908 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-10-118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer is a common disease that involves genetic alterations, such as inactivation of tumour suppressor genes and activation of oncogenes. Among them are RAS and BRAF mutations, which rarely coexist in the same tumour. Individual members of the Rho (Ras homology) GTPases contribute with distinct roles in tumour cell morphology, invasion and metastasis. The aim of this study is to dissect cell migration and invasion pathways that are utilised by BRAFV600E as compared to KRASG12V and HRASG12V oncoproteins. In particular, the role of RhoA (Ras homolog gene family, member A), Rac1 (Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1) and Cdc42 (cell division cycle 42) in cancer progression induced by each of the three oncogenes is described. METHODS Colon adenocarcinoma cells with endogenous as well as ectopically expressed or silenced oncogenic mutations of BRAFV600E, KRASG12V and HRASG12V were employed. Signalling pathways and Rho GTPases were inhibited with specific kinase inhibitors and siRNAs. Cell motility and invasion properties were correlated with cytoskeletal properties and Rho GTPase activities. RESULTS Evidence presented here indicate that BRAFV600E significantly induces cell migration and invasion properties in vitro in colon cancer cells, at least in part through activation of RhoA GTPase. The relationship established between BRAFV600E and RhoA activation is mediated by the MEK-ERK pathway. In parallel, KRASG12V enhances the ability of colon adenocarcinoma cells Caco-2 to migrate and invade through filopodia formation and PI3K-dependent Cdc42 activation. Ultimately increased cell migration and invasion, mediated by Rac1, along with the mesenchymal morphology obtained through the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) were the main characteristics rendered by HRASG12V in Caco-2 cells. Moreover, BRAF and KRAS oncogenes are shown to cooperate with the TGFβ-1 pathway to provide cells with additional transforming properties. CONCLUSION This study discriminates oncogene-specific cell migration and invasion pathways mediated by Rho GTPases in colon cancer cells and reveals potential new oncogene-specific characteristics for targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Makrodouli
- Laboratory of Signal Mediated Gene Expression, Institute of Biological Research and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Vas, Constantinou Ave. 48, 11635, Athens, Greece
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319
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Davis FM, Kenny PA, Soo ETL, van Denderen BJW, Thompson EW, Cabot PJ, Parat MO, Roberts-Thomson SJ, Monteith GR. Remodeling of purinergic receptor-mediated Ca2+ signaling as a consequence of EGF-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in breast cancer cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23464. [PMID: 21850275 PMCID: PMC3151299 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The microenvironment plays a pivotal role in tumor cell proliferation, survival and migration. Invasive cancer cells face a new set of environmental challenges as they breach the basement membrane and colonize distant organs during the process of metastasis. Phenotypic switching, such as that which occurs during epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), may be associated with a remodeling of cell surface receptors and thus altered responses to signals from the tumor microenvironment. Methodology/Principal Findings We assessed changes in intracellular Ca2+ in cells loaded with Fluo-4 AM using a fluorometric imaging plate reader (FLIPRTETRA) and observed significant changes in the potency of ATP (EC50 0.175 µM (−EGF) versus 1.731 µM (+EGF), P<0.05), and the nature of the ATP-induced Ca2+ transient, corresponding with a 10-fold increase in the mesenchymal marker vimentin (P<0.05). We observed no change in the sensitivity to PAR2-mediated Ca2+ signaling, indicating that these alterations are not simply a consequence of changes in global Ca2+ homeostasis. To determine whether changes in ATP-mediated Ca2+ signaling are preceded by alterations in the transcriptional profile of purinergic receptors, we analyzed the expression of a panel of P2X ionotropic and P2Y metabotropic purinergic receptors using real-time RT-PCR and found significant and specific alterations in the suite of ATP-activated purinergic receptors during EGF-induced EMT in breast cancer cells. Our studies are the first to show that P2X5 ionotropic receptors are enriched in the mesenchymal phenotype and that silencing of P2X5 leads to a significant reduction (25%, P<0.05) in EGF-induced vimentin protein expression. Conclusions The acquisition of a new suite of cell surface purinergic receptors is a feature of EGF-mediated EMT in MDA-MB-468 breast cancer cells. Such changes may impart advantageous phenotypic traits and represent a novel mechanism for the targeting of cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicity M. Davis
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paraic A. Kenny
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Eliza T-L. Soo
- St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
- University of Melbourne Department Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bryce J. W. van Denderen
- St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
- University of Melbourne Department Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Erik W. Thompson
- St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
- University of Melbourne Department Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter J. Cabot
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Marie-Odile Parat
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Gregory R. Monteith
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail:
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320
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Gerard B, Tait L, Nangia-Makker P, Shekhar MP. Rad6B acts downstream of Wnt signaling to stabilize β-catenin: Implications for a novel Wnt/β-catenin target. J Mol Signal 2011; 6:6. [PMID: 21767405 PMCID: PMC3161051 DOI: 10.1186/1750-2187-6-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aberrant Wnt/β-catenin signaling is associated with breast cancer even though genetic mutations in Wnt signaling components are rare. We have previously demonstrated that Rad6B, an ubiquitin conjugating enzyme, stabilizes β-catenin via polyubiqutin modifications that render β-catenin insensitive to proteasomal degradation. Rad6B is a transcriptional target of β-catenin, creating a positive feedback loop between Rad6B expression and β-catenin activation. METHODS To isolate subpopulations expressing high or low Rad6B levels, we transfected MDA-MB-231 or WS-15 human breast cancer cells with ZsGreen fluorescent reporter vector in which the expression of ZsGreen was placed under the control of Rad6B promoter. ZsGreenhigh and ZsGreenlow subpopulations, reflective of high and low Rad6B promoter activity, respectively, were isolated by FACS. To determine the relevance of Wnt signaling in Rad6B-mediated β-catenin stabilization/activation, the ZsGreenhigh cells were transfected with signaling-defective Wnt coreceptor LRP6Δ173. Rad6B expression and promoter activity were determined by RT-PCR, Western blot and Rad6B promoter-mediated luciferase assays. β-catenin levels and transcriptional activity were determined by Western blot and TOP/FOP Flash reporter assays. Tumor formation and morphologies of ZsGreenlow, ZsGreenhigh, and ZsGreenhigh/LRP6Δ173 cells compared to unsorted vector controls were evaluated in nude mice. Expression of Wnt signaling related genes was profiled using the Wnt signaling pathway RT2 Profiler PCR arrays. RESULTS ZsGreenhigh subpopulations showed high Rad6B expression and Rad6B promoter activity as compared to ZsGreenlow cells. ZsGreenhigh (high Rad6B expressors) also showed elevated β-catenin levels and TOP/Flash activity. Inhibiting Wnt signaling in the high Rad6B expressors decreased ZsGreen fluorescence, Rad6B gene expression, β-catenin levels and TOP/Flash activity. Tumors derived from high Rad6B expressors were predominantly composed of cells with epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenotype as compared to control tumors that were composed of both cuboidal and EMT-type cells. Tumors derived from low Rad6B expressors lacked EMT phenotype. Inhibition of LRP6 function in the high Rad6B expressors abrogated the EMT phenotype. Gene expression profiling showed upregulation of several Wnt signaling pathway regulators in high Rad6B expressors that were downregulated by interference of Wnt signaling with mutant LRP6 or by Rad6B silencing. CONCLUSIONS These data reveal a functional link between the canonical Wnt pathway and Rad6B in β-catenin activation and breast cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Gerard
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, 110 East Warren Avenue, Detroit, 48201, Michigan.
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321
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Ogunwobi OO, Liu C. Hepatocyte growth factor upregulation promotes carcinogenesis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in hepatocellular carcinoma via Akt and COX-2 pathways. Clin Exp Metastasis 2011; 28:721-31. [PMID: 21744257 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-011-9404-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an important cause of cancer mortality. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been shown to be an important biological process in cancer progression and metastasis. We have focused on elucidating factors that induce EMT to promote carcinogenesis and subsequent metastasis in HCC using the BNL CL.2 (BNL) and BNL 1ME A. 7R.1 (1MEA) cell lines. BNL cells are normal hepatocytes whereas the 1MEA cells are HCC cells derived from chemical transformation of the BNL cells. Their morphological characteristics were examined. Expression levels of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), markers of EMT and mediators of HGF signaling were determined and functional characteristics were compared. BNL cells were treated with HGF and effects on EMT-marker and mediators of HGF signaling were analyzed. BNL cells display characteristic epithelial morphology whereas 1MEA cells display mesenchymal characteristics. 1MEA cells express and secrete more HGF than BNL cells. There was significantly decreased expression of E-cadherin, albumin, AAT and increased expression of fibronectin, collagen-1, vimentin, snail and slug in 1MEA cells. There was also increased expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), Akt and phosphorylated Akt (pAkt) in 1MEA cells. Moreover, 1MEA cells had increased migratory capacity inhibited by inhibition of COX-2 and Akt but not extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK). Molecular mesenchymal characteristics of 1MEA cells were reversed by inhibition of COX-2, Akt and ERK. Treatment of BNL cells with HGF led to decreased expression of E-cadherin and increased expression of fibronectin, vimentin, snail, slug, COX-2, Akt, pAkt and increased migration, invasiveness and clonogenicity. We conclude that development of HCC is associated with upregulation of HGF which promotes EMT and carcinogenesis via upregulation of COX-2 and Akt. Consequently, HGF signaling may be targeted for therapy in advanced and metastatic HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olorunseun O Ogunwobi
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine and Shands Cancer Center, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Road, M651, PO 100275, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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Two different docetaxel resistant MCF-7 sublines exhibited different gene expression pattern. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 39:3505-16. [PMID: 21720762 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-1123-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to investigate gene expression pattern of two docetaxel resistant MCF-7 breast carcinoma sublines step wisely selected in 30 and 120 nM docetaxel. Cell proliferation assay was performed in order to demonstrate development of docetaxel resistance. cDNA microarray analysis was performed using Affymetrix(®) Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 Arrays in duplicate experiments. Quantitative and semi-quantitative gene expression analysis was also performed to confirm gene expression analysis for selected genes. XTT results demonstrated that 30 (MCF-7/30nM DOC) and 120 nM (MCF-7/120nM DOC) docetaxel selected cells were 13- and 47-fold resistant, respectively. cDNA microarray analysis demonstrated that expression profiles of MCF-7 and MCF-7/30nM DOC were more similar to each other where expression profile of MCF-7/120nM DOC was different as examined by line graphs and scatter plots. 2,837 and 4,036 genes were significantly altered in 30 and 120 nM docetaxel resistant sublines, respectively. Among these, 849 genes were altered in common in two docetaxel resistant sublines. Antiapoptotic gene expression (e.g., Bcl-2 and APRIL) were noticeably altered in MCF-7/30nM DOC. However, docetaxel resistance in MCF-7/120nM DOC were more complicated with the involvement of ECM related gene expression, cytokine and growth factor signaling, ROS metabolism and EMT related gene expression together with higher level of MDR1 expression. Expression profiles in 30 and 120 nM docetaxel resistant sublines changed gradually with increasing resistance index. Drug resistance development seems to be step wise event in MCF-7 cells.
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323
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Chen XF, Zhang HJ, Wang HB, Zhu J, Zhou WY, Zhang H, Zhao MC, Su JM, Gao W, Zhang L, Fei K, Zhang HT, Wang HY. Transforming growth factor-β1 induces epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in human lung cancer cells via PI3K/Akt and MEK/Erk1/2 signaling pathways. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 39:3549-56. [PMID: 21713404 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-1128-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis of tumor cells is associated with epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which is a process whereby epithelial cells lose their polarity and acquire new features of mesenchyme. EMT has been reported to be induced by transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), but its mechanism remains elusive. In this study, we performed a study to investigate whether PI3K/Akt and MAPK/Erk1/2 signaling pathways involved in EMT in the human lung cancer A549 cells. The results showed that after treated with TGF-β1 for 48 h, A549 cells displayed more fibroblast-like shape, lost epithelial marker E-cadherin and increased mesenchymal markers Vimentin and Fibronectin. Moreover, TGF-β1-induced EMT after 48 h was accompanied by increased of cell migration and change of Akt and Erk1/2 phosphorylation. In addition, EMT was reversed by PI3K inhibitor LY294002 and MEK1/2 inhibitor U0126, which suggested that A549 cells under stimulation of TGF-β1 undergo a switch into mesenchymal cells and PI3K/Akt and MAPK/Erk1/2 signaling pathways serve to regulate TGF-β1-induced EMT of A549 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Feng Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgury, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
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Argast GM, Krueger JS, Thomson S, Sujka-Kwok I, Carey K, Silva S, O'Connor M, Mercado P, Mulford IJ, Young GD, Sennello R, Wild R, Pachter JA, Kan JLC, Haley J, Rosenfeld-Franklin M, Epstein DM. Inducible expression of TGFβ, snail and Zeb1 recapitulates EMT in vitro and in vivo in a NSCLC model. Clin Exp Metastasis 2011; 28:593-614. [PMID: 21643654 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-011-9394-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The progression of cancer from non-metastatic to metastatic is the critical transition in the course of the disease. The epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a mechanism by which tumor cells acquire characteristics that improve metastatic efficiency. Targeting EMT processes in patients is therefore a potential strategy to block the transition to metastatic cancer and improve patient outcome. To develop models of EMT applicable to in vitro and in vivo settings, we engineered NCI-H358 non-small cell lung carcinoma cells to inducibly express three well-established drivers of EMT: activated transforming growth factor β (aTGFβ), Snail or Zeb1. We characterized the morphological, molecular and phenotypic changes induced by each of the drivers and compared the different end-states of EMT between the models. Both in vitro and in vivo, induction of the transgenes Snail and Zeb1 resulted in downregulation of epithelial markers and upregulation of mesenchymal markers, and reduced the ability of the cells to proliferate. Induced autocrine expression of aTGFβ caused marker and phenotypic changes consistent with EMT, a modest effect on growth rate, and a shift to a more invasive phenotype. In vivo, this manifested as tumor cell infiltration of the surrounding mouse stromal tissue. Overall, Snail and Zeb1 were sufficient to induce EMT in the cells, but aTGFβ induced a more complex EMT, in which changes in extracellular matrix remodeling components were pronounced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen M Argast
- Departments of Translational Research, Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology and In Vivo Pharmacology, OSI Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Farmingdale, NY 11735, USA.
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325
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Peng X, Guo W, Liu T, Wang X, Tu X, Xiong D, Chen S, Lai Y, Du H, Chen G, Liu G, Tang Y, Huang S, Zou X. Identification of miRs-143 and -145 that is associated with bone metastasis of prostate cancer and involved in the regulation of EMT. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20341. [PMID: 21647377 PMCID: PMC3103579 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The principal problem arising from prostate cancer (PCa) is its propensity to metastasize to bone. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a crucial role in many tumor metastases. The importance of miRNAs in bone metastasis of PCa has not been elucidated to date. We investigated whether the expression of certain miRNAs was associated with bone metastasis of PCa. We examined the miRNA expression profiles of 6 primary and 7 bone metastatic PCa samples by miRNA microarray analysis. The expression of 5 miRNAs significantly decreased in bone metastasis compared with primary PCa, including miRs-508-5p, -145, -143, -33a and -100. We further examined other samples of 16 primary PCa and 13 bone metastases using real-time PCR analysis. The expressions of miRs-143 and -145 were verified to down-regulate significantly in metastasis samples. By investigating relationship of the levels of miRs-143 and -145 with clinicopathological features of PCa patients, we found down-regulations of miRs-143 and -145 were negatively correlated to bone metastasis, the Gleason score and level of free PSA in primary PCa. Over-expression miR-143 and -145 by retrovirus transfection reduced the ability of migration and invasion in vitro, and tumor development and bone invasion in vivo of PC-3 cells, a human PCa cell line originated from a bone metastatic PCa specimen. Their upregulation also increased E-cadherin expression and reduced fibronectin expression of PC-3 cells which revealed a less invasive morphologic phenotype. These findings indicate that miRs-143 and -145 are associated with bone metastasis of PCa and suggest that they may play important roles in the bone metastasis and be involved in the regulation of EMT Both of them may also be clinically used as novel biomarkers in discriminating different stages of human PCa and predicting bone metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinsheng Peng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery/Orthopaedic Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- * E-mail: (XP); (XZ)
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery/Orthopaedic Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Tiejian Liu
- Laura Biotech Co., Ltd. Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiang'an Tu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Dafu Xiong
- Department of Surgery, The Second People's Hospital of Zhuhai City, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Song Chen
- Department of Surgery, The Second People's Hospital of Zhuhai City, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yingrong Lai
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hong Du
- Department of Pathology, The First People's Hospital of Guangzhou City, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Guangfu Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery/Orthopaedic Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Guanglin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yubo Tang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery/Orthopaedic Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shuai Huang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery/Orthopaedic Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xuenong Zou
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery/Orthopaedic Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- * E-mail: (XP); (XZ)
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Stoops SL, Pearson AS, Weaver C, Waterson AG, Days E, Farmer C, Brady S, Weaver CD, Beauchamp RD, Lindsley CW. Identification and optimization of small molecules that restore E-cadherin expression and reduce invasion in colorectal carcinoma cells. ACS Chem Biol 2011; 6:452-65. [PMID: 21241068 DOI: 10.1021/cb100305h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
E-cadherin is a transmembrane protein that maintains intercellular contacts and cell polarity in epithelial tissue. The down-regulation of E-cadherin contributes to the induction of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), resulting in an increased potential for cellular invasion of surrounding tissues and entry into the bloodstream. Loss of E-cadherin has been observed in a variety of human tumors as a result of somatic mutations, chromosomal deletions, silencing of the CDH1 gene promoter, and proteolytic cleavage. To date, no compounds directly targeting E-cadherin restoration have been developed. Here, we report the development and use of a novel high-throughput immunofluorescent screen to discover lead compounds that restore E-cadherin expression in the SW620 colon adenocarcinoma cell line. We confirmed restoration of E-cadherin using immunofluorescent microscopy and were able to determine the EC(50) for selected compounds using an optimized In-Cell Western assay. The profiled compounds were also shown to have a minimal effect on cell proliferation but did decrease cellular invasion. We have also conducted preliminary investigations to elucidate a discrete molecular target to account for the phenotypic behavior of these small molecules and have noted a modest increase in E-cadherin mRNA transcripts, and RNA-Seq analysis demonstrated that potent analogues elicited a 10-fold increase in CDH1 (E-cadherin) gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A. Scott Pearson
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System
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Matuszak EA, Kyprianou N. Androgen regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in prostate tumorigenesis. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2011; 6:469-482. [PMID: 23667383 PMCID: PMC3648215 DOI: 10.1586/eem.11.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer patient mortality is ascribed to the spread of cancerous cells to areas outside the prostate gland and the inability of current treatment strategies to effectively block progression to metastasis. Understanding the cellular mechanisms contributing to the dissemination of malignant cells and metastasis is critically significant to the generation of effective therapeutic modalities for improved patient survival while combating therapeutic resistance. In recent years, the phenomenon of epithelial-mesenchymal transitions (EMTs) has received considerable attention due to accumulating evidence indicating a role for this developmentally conserved process in tumorigenesis. Cancer cells at the invasive edges of tumors undergo EMT under the influence of contextual signals that they receive from the microenvironment, such as TGF-β. Also derived from developmental studies is the fact that EMT induction is reversible; thus, upon removal of EMT-inducing signals, cells occasionally revert to the epithelial state of their cellular ancestors via the process of mesenchymal-epithelial transition. This article discusses the current evidence supporting a central role for EMT and its reverse process, mesenchymal-epithelial transition, in the metastatic progression of prostate cancer to advanced disease and the involvement of androgen signaling in its regulation towards the development of castration-resistant prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Matuszak
- Department of Toxicology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Department of Surgery/Urology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, KY, USA
| | - Natasha Kyprianou
- Department of Toxicology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Department of Surgery/Urology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, KY, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
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328
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Prognostic value of colorectal cancer biomarkers. Cancers (Basel) 2011; 3:2080-105. [PMID: 24212797 PMCID: PMC3757405 DOI: 10.3390/cancers3022080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Revised: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the large amount of data in cancer biology and many studies into the likely survival of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients, knowledge regarding the issue of CRC prognostic biomarkers remains poor. The Tumor-Node-Metastasis (TNM) staging system continues to be the most powerful and reliable predictor of the clinical outcome of CRC patients. The exponential increase of knowledge in the field of molecular genetics has lead to the identification of specific alterations involved in the malignant progression. Many of these genetic alterations were proposed as biomarkers which could be used in clinical practice to estimate CRC prognosis. Recently there has been an explosive increase in the number of putative biomarkers able to predict the response to specific adjuvant treatment. In this review we explore and summarize data concerning prognostic and predictive biomarkers and we attempt to shed light on recent research that could lead to the emergence of new biomarkers in CRC.
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329
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Marimuthu A, Jacob HK, Jakharia A, Subbannayya Y, Keerthikumar S, Kashyap MK, Goel R, Balakrishnan L, Dwivedi S, Pathare S, Dikshit JB, Maharudraiah J, Singh S, Sameer Kumar GS, Vijayakumar M, Veerendra Kumar KV, Premalatha CS, Tata P, Hariharan R, Roa JC, Prasad T, Chaerkady R, Kumar RV, Pandey A. Gene Expression Profiling of Gastric Cancer. JOURNAL OF PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2011; 4:74-82. [PMID: 27030788 PMCID: PMC4809432 DOI: pmid/27030788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death worldwide, both in men and women. A genomewide gene expression analysis was carried out to identify differentially expressed genes in gastric adenocarcinoma tissues as compared to adjacent normal tissues. We used Agilent's whole human genome oligonucleotide microarray platform representing ~41,000 genes to carry out gene expression analysis. Two-color microarray analysis was employed to directly compare the expression of genes between tumor and normal tissues. Through this approach, we identified several previously known candidate genes along with a number of novel candidate genes in gastric cancer. Testican-1 (SPOCK1) was one of the novel molecules that was 10-fold upregulated in tumors. Using tissue microarrays, we validated the expression of testican-1 by immunohistochemical staining. It was overexpressed in 56% (160/282) of the cases tested. Pathway analysis led to the identification of several networks in which SPOCK1 was among the topmost networks of interacting genes. By gene enrichment analysis, we identified several genes involved in cell adhesion and cell proliferation to be significantly upregulated while those corresponding to metabolic pathways were significantly downregulated. The differentially expressed genes identified in this study are candidate biomarkers for gastric adenoacarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arivusudar Marimuthu
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066, India
- Manipal University, Madhav Nagar, Manipal, Karnataka 576104; India
| | - Harrys K.C. Jacob
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066, India
- Manipal University, Madhav Nagar, Manipal, Karnataka 576104; India
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21205, Maryland, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21205, Maryland, USA
| | - Aniruddha Jakharia
- Department of Zoology, Gauhati University, Guwahati 781014, Assam, India
- Imgenex India, Bhubaneswar 751024, Orissa, India
| | - Yashwanth Subbannayya
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066, India
- Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore, 560041, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Manoj Kumar Kashyap
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Kuvempu University, Shimoga 577451, Karnataka, India
| | - Renu Goel
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Kuvempu University, Shimoga 577451, Karnataka, India
| | - Lavanya Balakrishnan
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Kuvempu University, Shimoga 577451, Karnataka, India
| | - Sutopa Dwivedi
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066, India
- School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University, Kollam 690525, Kerala, India
| | | | | | - Jagadeesha Maharudraiah
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066, India
- RajaRajeswari Medical college, Bangalore, 560074, India
| | - Sujay Singh
- Imgenex India, Bhubaneswar 751024, Orissa, India
- Imgenex Corporation, San Diego 92121, California, USA
| | - Ghantasala S Sameer Kumar
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Kuvempu University, Shimoga 577451, Karnataka, India
| | - M. Vijayakumar
- Departments of Surgical Oncology, Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology, Bangalore 560029, Karnataka; India
| | | | | | - Pramila Tata
- Strand Life Sciences, Bangalore 560024, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Juan Carlos Roa
- Department of Pathology, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - T.S.K Prasad
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066, India
- Manipal University, Madhav Nagar, Manipal, Karnataka 576104; India
| | - Raghothama Chaerkady
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066, India
- Manipal University, Madhav Nagar, Manipal, Karnataka 576104; India
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21205, Maryland, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21205, Maryland, USA
| | - Rekha Vijay Kumar
- Department of Pathology, Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology, Bangalore 560029, Karnataka; India
- Corresponding authors: Akhilesh Pandey MD, PhD, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, BRB 527, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, Tel: 410-502-6662; Fax: 410-502-7544; , Rekha V. Kumar, MD, Department of Pathology, Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology, Bangalore, Karnataka 560029; India. Tel: 091-080-6560708; Fax: 091-080-6560723;
| | - Akhilesh Pandey
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21205, Maryland, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21205, Maryland, USA
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21205, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21205, Maryland, USA
- Corresponding authors: Akhilesh Pandey MD, PhD, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, BRB 527, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, Tel: 410-502-6662; Fax: 410-502-7544; , Rekha V. Kumar, MD, Department of Pathology, Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology, Bangalore, Karnataka 560029; India. Tel: 091-080-6560708; Fax: 091-080-6560723;
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330
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Indra I, Undyala V, Kandow C, Thirumurthi U, Dembo M, Beningo KA. An in vitro correlation of mechanical forces and metastatic capacity. Phys Biol 2011; 8:015015. [PMID: 21301068 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/8/1/015015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical forces have a major influence on cell migration and are predicted to significantly impact cancer metastasis, yet this idea is currently poorly defined. In this study we have asked if changes in traction stress and migratory properties correlate with the metastatic progression of tumor cells. For this purpose, four murine breast cancer cell lines derived from the same primary tumor, but possessing increasing metastatic capacity, were tested for adhesion strength, traction stress, focal adhesion organization and for differential migration rates in two-dimensional and three-dimensional environments. Using traction force microscopy (TFM), we were surprised to find an inverse relationship between traction stress and metastatic capacity, such that force production decreased as the metastatic capacity increased. Consistent with this observation, adhesion strength exhibited an identical profile to the traction data. A count of adhesions indicated a general reduction in the number as metastatic capacity increased but no difference in the maturation as determined by the ratio of nascent to mature adhesions. These changes correlated well with a reduction in active beta-1 integrin with increasing metastatic ability. Finally, in two dimensions, wound healing, migration and persistence were relatively low in the entire panel, maintaining a downward trend with increasing metastatic capacity. Why metastatic cells would migrate so poorly prompted us to ask if the loss of adhesive parameters in the most metastatic cells indicated a switch to a less adhesive mode of migration that would only be detected in a three-dimensional environment. Indeed, in three-dimensional migration assays, the most metastatic cells now showed the greatest linear speed. We conclude that traction stress, adhesion strength and rate of migration do indeed change as tumor cells progress in metastatic capacity and do so in a dimension-sensitive manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrajyoti Indra
- Department of Biological Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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331
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Wells A, Chao YL, Grahovac J, Wu Q, Lauffenburger DA. Epithelial and mesenchymal phenotypic switchings modulate cell motility in metastasis. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 2011; 16:815-37. [PMID: 21196205 DOI: 10.2741/3722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The most ominous stage of cancer progression is metastasis, or the dissemination of carcinoma cells from the primary site into distant organs. Metastases are often resistant to current extirpative therapies and even the newest biological agents cure only a small subset of patients. Therefore a greater understanding of tumor biology that integrates properties intrinsic to carcinomas with tissue environmental modulators of behavior is needed. In no aspect of tumor progression is this more evident than the acquisition of cell motility that is critical for both escape from the primary tumor and colonization. In this overview, we discuss how this behavior is modified by carcinoma cell phenotypic plasticity that is evidenced by reversible switching between epithelial and mesenchymal phenotypes. The presence or absence of intercellular adhesions mediate these switches and dictate the receptivity towards signals from the extracellular milieu. These signals, which include soluble growth factors, cytokines, and extracellular matrix embedded with matrikines and matricryptines will be discussed in depth. Finally, we will describe a new mode of discerning the balance between epithelioid and mesenchymal movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Wells
- Department of Pathology, Pittsburgh VAMC and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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332
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Cook LM, Hurst DR, Welch DR. Metastasis suppressors and the tumor microenvironment. Semin Cancer Biol 2010; 21:113-22. [PMID: 21168504 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2010.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The most lethal and debilitating attribute of cancer cells is their ability to metastasize. Throughout the process of metastasis, tumor cells interact with other tumor cells, host cells and a variety of molecules. Tumor cells are also faced with a number of insults, such as hemodynamic sheer pressure and immune selection. This brief review explores how metastasis suppressor proteins regulate interactions between tumor cells and the microenvironments in which tumor cells find themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah M Cook
- Department of Pathology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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333
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Okimura A, Terada N, Hata M, Kawahara K, Iwasaki T, Oota M, Hirano H. Expression of adhesion molecules and transforming growth factor-β in pleomorphic carcinomas of the lung. Oncol Lett 2010; 1:959-965. [PMID: 22870095 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2010.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Pleomorphic carcinoma (PC) of the lung consists of an epithelial component showing the histology of poorly differentiated non-small cell carcinoma of the lung and a sarcomatous component, that is more aggressive compared to non-small cell carcinoma of the lung. To determine the differences between an epithelial component of PC and poorly differentiated non-small cell carcinoma, the expression of adhesion molecules (E-cadherin, β-catenin and N-cadherin) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) was compared immunohistochemically among 14 poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas of the lung (PDAs) and 14 PCs of the lung, with an epithelial component, showing the histology of PDA. Expression levels of E-cadherin and β-catenin were significantly lower in epithelial or sarcomatous components of PCs than in PDAs while that of TGF-β was significantly higher in epithelial components of PCs than in PDAs. No significant difference was found in incidences of the expression of these molecules between epithelial and sarcomatous components of PCs. No significant difference was noted in the expression level of N-cadherin among PDAs and epithelial and sarcomatous components of PCs. The present results showed that E-cadherin and β-catenin expression is reduced and TGF-β expression is increased in epithelial components of PCs with the same histology as PDA when compared to PDAs, suggesting that an epithelial component of PC is distinct from non-small cell carcinoma with the same histology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Okimura
- Department of Pathology, Osaka Prefectural Medical Center for Respiratory and Allergic Diseases, Habikino, Osaka 583-8588
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334
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Chang TH, Tsai MF, Su KY, Wu SG, Huang CP, Yu SL, Yu YL, Lan CC, Yang CH, Lin SB, Wu CP, Shih JY, Yang PC. Slug confers resistance to the epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 183:1071-9. [PMID: 21037017 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201009-1440oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Non-small cell lung cancers carrying epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations respond well to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), but patients ultimately develop drug resistance and relapse. Although epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) can predict resistance to EGFR TKIs, the molecular mechanisms are still unknown. OBJECTIVES To examine the role of EMT regulators in resistance to gefitinib. METHODS The expression level of EMT regulators in gefitinib-sensitive cells (PC9) and gefitinib-resistant cells (PC9/gef) was determined using quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis. Molecular manipulations (silencing or overexpression) were performed to investigate the effects of EMT regulators on gefitinib resistance in vitro, and a xenograft mouse model was used for in vivo confirmation. In addition, cancer cells from 44 patients with malignant pleural effusions of lung adenocarcinoma were collected for analysis of EMT regulator mRNA by quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Slug expression, but not that of snail, twist, or zeb-1, was significantly increased in PC9/gef compared with PC9 cells. Slug knockdown in PC9/gef cells reversed resistance to gefitinib, and overexpression of Slug in PC9 cells protected cells from gefitinib-induced apoptosis. Silencing of Slug in gefitinib-resistant cells restored gefitinib-induced apoptosis primarily through Bim up-regulation and activation of caspase-9. Slug enhanced tumor growth in a xenograft mouse model, even with gefitinib treatment. In clinical samples, Slug expression was significantly higher in cancer cells with resistance to EGFR TKIs than in treatment-naive cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS Slug contributes to the resistance to gefitinib and may be a potential therapeutic target for treating resistance to EGFR TKIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Hua Chang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, #161 Sec. 6 Minquan E. Rd., Neihu Dist., Taipei City, Taiwan
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335
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Gemmill RM, Roche J, Potiron VA, Nasarre P, Mitas M, Coldren CD, Helfrich BA, Garrett-Mayer E, Bunn PA, Drabkin HA. ZEB1-responsive genes in non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Lett 2010; 300:66-78. [PMID: 20980099 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2010.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2010] [Revised: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a developmental process enabling epithelial cells to gain a migratory mesenchymal phenotype. In cancer, this process contributes to metastases; however the regulatory signals and mechanistic details are not fully elucidated. Here, we sought to identify the subset of genes regulated in lung cancer by ZEB1, an E-box transcriptional repressor known to induce EMT. Using an Affymetrix-based expression database of 38 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines, we identified 324 genes that correlated negatively with ZEB1 and 142 that were positively correlated. A mesenchymal gene pattern (low E-cadherin, high Vimentin or N-cadherin) was significantly associated with ZEB1 and ZEB2, but not with Snail, Slug, Twist1 or Twist2. Among eight genes selected for validation, seven were confirmed to correlate with ZEB1 by quantitative real-time RT-PCR in a series of 22 NSCLC cell lines, either negatively (CDS1, EpCAM, ESRP1, ESRP2, ST14) or positively (FGFR1, Vimentin). In addition, over-expression or knockdown of ZEB1 led to corresponding changes in gene expression, demonstrating that these genes are also regulated by ZEB1, either directly or indirectly. Of note, the combined knockdown of ZEB1 and ZEB2 led to apparent synergistic responses in gene expression. Furthermore, these responses were not restricted to artificial settings, since most genes were similarly regulated during a physiologic induction of EMT by TGF-β plus EGF. Finally, the absence of ST14 (matriptase) was linked to ZEB1 positivity in lung cancer tissue microarrays, implying that the regulation observed in vitro applies to the human disease. In summary, this study identifies a new set of ZEB-regulated genes in human lung cancer cells and supports the hypothesis that ZEB1 and ZEB2 are key regulators of the EMT process in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Gemmill
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine and the Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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336
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Peyre M, Commo F, Dantas-Barbosa C, Andreiuolo F, Puget S, Lacroix L, Drusch F, Scott V, Varlet P, Mauguen A, Dessen P, Lazar V, Vassal G, Grill J. Portrait of ependymoma recurrence in children: biomarkers of tumor progression identified by dual-color microarray-based gene expression analysis. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12932. [PMID: 20885975 PMCID: PMC2945762 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Children with ependymoma may experience a relapse in up to 50% of cases depending on the extent of resection. Key biological events associated with recurrence are unknown. Methodology/Principal Findings To discover the biology behind the recurrence of ependymomas, we performed CGHarray and a dual-color gene expression microarray analysis of 17 tumors at diagnosis co-hybridized with the corresponding 27 first or subsequent relapses from the same patient. As treatment and location had only limited influence on specific gene expression changes at relapse, we established a common signature for relapse. Eighty-seven genes showed an absolute fold change ≥2 in at least 50% of relapses and were defined as the gene expression signature of ependymoma recurrence. The most frequently upregulated genes are involved in the kinetochore (ASPM, KIF11) or in neural development (CD133, Wnt and Notch pathways). Metallothionein (MT) genes were downregulated in up to 80% of the recurrences. Quantitative PCR for ASPM, KIF11 and MT3 plus immunohistochemistry for ASPM and MT3 confirmed the microarray results. Immunohistochemistry on an independent series of 24 tumor pairs at diagnosis and at relapse confirmed the decrease of MT3 expression at recurrence in 17/24 tumor pairs (p = 0.002). Conversely, ASPM expression was more frequently positive at relapse (87.5% vs 37.5%, p = 0.03). Loss or deletion of the MT genes cluster was never observed at relapse. Promoter sequencing after bisulfite treatment of DNA from primary tumors and recurrences as well as treatment of short-term ependymoma cells cultures with a demethylating agent showed that methylation was not involved in MT3 downregulation. However, in vitro treatment with a histone deacetylase inhibitor or zinc restored MT3 expression. Conclusions/Significance The most frequent molecular events associated with ependymoma recurrence were over-expression of kinetochore proteins and down-regulation of metallothioneins. Metallothionein-3 expression is epigenetically controlled and can be restored in vitro by histone deacetylase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Peyre
- Université Paris-Sud, CNRS UMR 8203 “Vectorology and Anticancer Treatments”, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France
| | - Frédéric Commo
- CNRS FRE 2939, Bioinformatics Group, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France
| | - Carmela Dantas-Barbosa
- Université Paris-Sud, CNRS UMR 8203 “Vectorology and Anticancer Treatments”, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France
| | - Felipe Andreiuolo
- Université Paris-Sud, CNRS UMR 8203 “Vectorology and Anticancer Treatments”, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France
- Translational Research Laboratory, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France
| | - Stéphanie Puget
- Université Paris-Sud, CNRS UMR 8203 “Vectorology and Anticancer Treatments”, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France
- Department of Neurosurgery, Necker Sick Children's Hospital, Université Paris V Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Ludovic Lacroix
- Translational Research Laboratory, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France
| | - Françoise Drusch
- Translational Research Laboratory, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France
| | - Véronique Scott
- Université Paris-Sud, CNRS UMR 8203 “Vectorology and Anticancer Treatments”, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France
| | - Pascale Varlet
- Department of Neuropathology, Sainte-Anne Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Audrey Mauguen
- Department of Biostatistics, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France
| | - Philippe Dessen
- CNRS FRE 2939, Bioinformatics Group, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France
| | - Vladimir Lazar
- Functional Genomics Unit, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France
| | - Gilles Vassal
- Université Paris-Sud, CNRS UMR 8203 “Vectorology and Anticancer Treatments”, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France
| | - Jacques Grill
- Université Paris-Sud, CNRS UMR 8203 “Vectorology and Anticancer Treatments”, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France
- * E-mail:
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Wang Y, Mah N, Prigione A, Wolfrum K, Andrade-Navarro MA, Adjaye J. A transcriptional roadmap to the induction of pluripotency in somatic cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2010; 6:282-96. [PMID: 20336394 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-010-9137-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Human embryonic stem (ES) cells possess an enormous potential for applications in regenerative medicine. However, these cells have several inevitable hurdles limiting their clinical applications, such as transplant rejection and embryo destruction. A milestone recently achieved was the derivation of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells by over-expressing combinations of defined transcription factors, namely, OCT4, SOX2, NANOG, and LIN28 or OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, and c-MYC. Human iPS cells exhibit many characteristics identical to those of inner cell mass-derived ES cells. Here, we summarize the generation of human fibroblast-derived iPS cells and discuss the promises and limitations of their use. In addition, by utilising numerous published transcriptome datasets related to ES cells, fibroblast-derived iPS cells, partially induced pluripotent stem cells (PiPSC) and wild type fibroblasts, we reveal similarities (self-renewal signature) and differences (donor cell-type and PiPSC signatures) in genes and associated signaling pathways operative in the induction of pluripotency in fibroblasts. In particular, we highlight that induction of ground state pluripotency is also favoured by the inhibition of epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) and hence the induction of mesenchymal epithelial transition (MET). We anticipate that these findings might aid in the establishment of more efficient protocols for inducing pluripotency in somatic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Molecular Embryology and Aging group, Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestrasse 63-73, Berlin, 14195, Germany
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Zhang H, Zhang L, Wang H, Chen X. [Research of TGF-beta1 inducing lung adencarcinoma PC9 cells to mesenchymal cells transition]. ZHONGGUO FEI AI ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF LUNG CANCER 2010; 13:34-7. [PMID: 20672701 PMCID: PMC6000676 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2010.01.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
背景与目的 研究表明上皮-间质转化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition, EMT)不仅参与胚胎形成与发育,而且参与肿瘤侵袭转移。此外,人转化生长因子-β1(transforming growth factor-beta1, TGF-β1)已被证实为肿瘤EMT的主要诱导剂。本研究旨在探讨TGF-β1诱导人肺腺癌PC9细胞发生EMT及其对PI3K/AKT信号通道的影响。 方法 将体外培养的PC9细胞用不同浓度TGF-β1处理48 h,相差倒置显微镜下观察细胞形态学变化;Western blot和细胞免疫荧光验证EMT相关标记蛋白表达变化。同时,采用Western blot方法检测AKT和P-AKT的表达水平。 结果 TGF-β1可诱导PC9细胞向间质型细胞形态转化,并上调间质标记蛋白Fibronectin的表达及下调P-AKT的表达。 结论 TGF-β1可诱导PC9细胞发生EMT,并影响PI3K/AKT信号通道。
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Zhang
- Department of Pneumosurgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Shanghai, 200433, China
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Wang Z, Li Y, Ahmad A, Azmi AS, Kong D, Banerjee S, Sarkar FH. Targeting miRNAs involved in cancer stem cell and EMT regulation: An emerging concept in overcoming drug resistance. Drug Resist Updat 2010; 13:109-18. [PMID: 20692200 PMCID: PMC2956795 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2010.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2010] [Revised: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although chemotherapy is an important therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment, it fails to eliminate all tumor cells due to intrinsic or acquired drug resistance, which is the most common cause of tumor recurrence. Emerging evidence suggests an intricate role of cancer stem cells (CSCs) and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-type cells in anticancer drug resistance. Recent studies also demonstrated that microRNAs (miRNAs) play critical roles in the regulation of drug resistance. Here we will discuss current knowledge regarding CSCs, EMT and the role of regulation by miRNAs in the context of drug resistance, tumor recurrence and metastasis. A better understanding of the molecular intricacies of drug-resistant cells will help to design novel therapeutic strategies by selective targeting of CSCs and EMT-phenotypic cells through alterations in the expression of specific miRNAs towards eradicating tumor recurrence and metastasis. A particular promising lead is the potential synergistic combination of natural compounds that affect critical miRNAs, such as curcumin or epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) with chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Wang
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Yiwei Li
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Aamir Ahmad
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Asfar S Azmi
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Dejuan Kong
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Sanjeev Banerjee
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Fazlul H Sarkar
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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Wang Z, Li Y, Ahmad A, Azmi AS, Banerjee S, Kong D, Sarkar FH. Targeting Notch signaling pathway to overcome drug resistance for cancer therapy. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2010; 1806:258-67. [PMID: 20600632 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2010.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2010] [Revised: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy is an important therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment and remains the mainstay for the management of human malignancies; however, chemotherapy fails to eliminate all tumor cells because of intrinsic or acquired drug resistance, which is the most common cause of tumor recurrence. Recently, emerging evidences suggest that Notch signaling pathway is one of the most important signaling pathways in drug-resistant tumor cells. Moreover, down-regulation of Notch pathway could induce drug sensitivity, leading to increased inhibition of cancer cell growth, invasion, and metastasis. This article will provide a brief overview of the published evidences in support of the roles of Notch in drug resistance and will further summarize how targeting Notch by "natural agents" could become a novel and safer approach for the improvement of tumor treatment by overcoming drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Wang
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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341
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Singh A, Settleman J. EMT, cancer stem cells and drug resistance: an emerging axis of evil in the war on cancer. Oncogene 2010; 29:4741-51. [PMID: 20531305 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2018] [Impact Index Per Article: 144.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Tumors are cellularly and molecularly heterogeneous, with subsets of undifferentiated cancer cells exhibiting stem cell-like features (CSCs). Epithelial to mesenchymal transitions (EMT) are transdifferentiation programs that are required for tissue morphogenesis during embryonic development. The EMT process can be regulated by a diverse array of cytokines and growth factors, such as transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta, whose activities are dysregulated during malignant tumor progression. Thus, EMT induction in cancer cells results in the acquisition of invasive and metastatic properties. Recent reports indicate that the emergence of CSCs occurs in part as a result of EMT, for example, through cues from tumor stromal components. Recent evidence now indicates that EMT of tumor cells not only causes increased metastasis, but also contributes to drug resistance. In this review, we will provide potential mechanistic explanations for the association between EMT induction and the emergence of CSCs. We will also highlight recent studies implicating the function of TGF-beta-regulated noncoding RNAs in driving EMT and promoting CSC self-renewal. Finally we will discuss how EMT and CSCs may contribute to drug resistance, as well as therapeutic strategies to overcome this clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Singh
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
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Ohashi S, Natsuizaka M, Wong GS, Michaylira CZ, Grugan KD, Stairs DB, Kalabis J, Vega ME, Kalman RA, Nakagawa M, Klein-Szanto AJ, Herlyn M, Diehl JA, Rustgi AK, Nakagawa H. Epidermal growth factor receptor and mutant p53 expand an esophageal cellular subpopulation capable of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition through ZEB transcription factors. Cancer Res 2010; 70:4174-84. [PMID: 20424117 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-4614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) is a potent inducer of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). However, it remains elusive about which molecular mechanisms determine the cellular capacity to undergo EMT in response to TGF-beta. We have found that both epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) overexpression and mutant p53 tumor suppressor genes contribute to the enrichment of an EMT-competent cellular subpopulation among telomerase-immortalized human esophageal epithelial cells during malignant transformation. EGFR overexpression triggers oncogene-induced senescence, accompanied by the induction of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p15(INK4B), p16(INK4A), and p21. Interestingly, a subpopulation of cells emerges by negating senescence without loss of EGFR overexpression. Such cell populations express increased levels of zinc finger E-box binding (ZEB) transcription factors ZEB1 and ZEB2, and undergo EMT on TGF-beta stimulation. Enrichment of EMT-competent cells was more evident in the presence of p53 mutation, which diminished EGFR-induced senescence. RNA interference directed against ZEB resulted in the induction of p15(INK4B) and p16(INK4A), reactivating the EGFR-dependent senescence program. Importantly, TGF-beta-mediated EMT did not take place when cellular senescence programs were activated by either ZEB knockdown or the activation of wild-type p53 function. Thus, senescence checkpoint functions activated by EGFR and p53 may be evaded through the induction of ZEB, thereby allowing the expansion of an EMT-competent unique cellular subpopulation, providing novel mechanistic insights into the role of ZEB in esophageal carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Ohashi
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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Todorović V, Desai BV, Eigenheer RA, Yin T, Amargo EV, Mrksich M, Green KJ, Patterson MJS. Detection of differentially expressed basal cell proteins by mass spectrometry. Mol Cell Proteomics 2009; 9:351-61. [PMID: 19955077 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m900358-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of cells to modulate interactions with each other and the substrate is essential for epithelial tissue remodeling during processes such as wound healing and tumor progression. However, despite strides made in the field of proteomics, proteins involved in adhesion have been difficult to study. Here, we report a method for the enrichment and analysis of proteins associated with the basal surface of the cell and its underlying matrix. The enrichment involves deroofing the cells with 20 mM ammonium hydroxide and the removal of cytosolic and organellar proteins by stringent water wash. Proteomic profiling was achieved by LC-FTMS, which allowed comparison of differentially expressed or shared proteins under different cell states. First, we analyzed and compared the basal cell components of mouse keratinocytes lacking the cell-cell junction molecule plakoglobin with their control counterparts. Changes in the molecules involved in motility and invasion were detected in plakoglobin-deficient cells, including decreased detection of fibronectin, integrin beta(4), and FAT tumor suppressor. Second, we assessed the differences in basal cell components between two human oral squamous cell carcinoma lines originating from different sites in the oral cavity (CAL33 and UM-SCC-1). The data show differences between the two lines in the type and abundance of proteins specific to cell adhesion, migration, and angiogenesis. Therefore, the method described here has the potential to serve as a platform to assess proteomic changes in basal cell components including extracellular and adhesion-specific proteins involved in wound healing, cancer, and chronic and acquired adhesion-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Todorović
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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344
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Shi J, Wang DM, Wang CM, Hu Y, Liu AH, Zhang YL, Sun B, Song JG. Insulin Receptor Substrate-1 Suppresses Transforming Growth Factor-β1–Mediated Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition. Cancer Res 2009; 69:7180-7. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-4470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Kamai T, Tomosugi N, Abe H, Arai K, Yoshida KI. Increased serum hepcidin-25 level and increased tumor expression of hepcidin mRNA are associated with metastasis of renal cell carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2009; 9:270. [PMID: 19656379 PMCID: PMC2729778 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-9-270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2009] [Accepted: 08/05/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepcidin has an important role in iron metabolism. We investigated whether hepcidin was involved in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Methods We measured serum hepcidin-25 levels in 32 patients by liquid chromatograpy (LC)-mass spectrometry (MS)/MS, and assessed hepcidin mRNA expression in paired tumor and non-tumor tissue samples from the surgical specimens of 53 consecutive patients with RCC by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Results The serum hepcidin-25 level was higher in patients with metastatic RCC than nonmetastatic RCC (P < 0.0001), and was positively correlated with the serum interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein levels (P < 0.001). Expression of hepcidin mRNA was lower in tumor tissues than in non-tumor tissues (P < 0.0001). The serum hepcidin-25 level was not correlated with the expression of hepcidin mRNA in the corresponding tumor tissue specimens from 32 patients. Hepcidin mRNA expression in tumor tissue was correlated with metastatic potential, but not with histological differentiation or tumor stage. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that over expression of hepcidin mRNA was related to shorter overall survival in RCC patients. Univariate analysis (Cox proportional hazards model) showed that the hepcidin mRNA level was an independent prognostic factor for overall survival. Conclusion Our findings suggest that a high serum hepcidin-25 level may indicate the progression of RCC, and that upregulation of hepcidin mRNA expression in tumor tissue may be related to increased metastatic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Kamai
- Department of Urology, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan.
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Russ HA, Ravassard P, Kerr-Conte J, Pattou F, Efrat S. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition in cells expanded in vitro from lineage-traced adult human pancreatic beta cells. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6417. [PMID: 19641613 PMCID: PMC2712769 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2009] [Accepted: 06/29/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In-vitro expansion of functional beta cells from adult human islets is an attractive approach for generating an abundant source of cells for beta-cell replacement therapy of diabetes. Using genetic cell-lineage tracing we have recently shown that beta cells cultured from adult human islets undergo rapid dedifferentiation and proliferate for up to 16 population doublings. These cells have raised interest as potential candidates for redifferentiation into functional insulin-producing cells. Previous work has associated dedifferentiation of cultured epithelial cells with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and suggested that EMT generates cells with stem cell properties. Here we investigated the occurrence of EMT in these cultures and assessed their stem cell potential. Methodology/Principal Findings Using cell-lineage tracing we provide direct evidence for occurrence of EMT in cells originating from beta cells in cultures of adult human islet cells. These cells express multiple mesenchymal markers, as well as markers associated with mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). However, we do not find evidence for the ability of such cells, nor of cells in these cultures derived from a non-beta-cell origin, to significantly differentiate into mesodermal cell types. Conclusions/Significance These findings constitute the first demonstration based on genetic lineage-tracing of EMT in cultured adult primary human cells, and show that EMT does not induce multipotency in cells derived from human beta cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger A. Russ
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Philippe Ravassard
- Biothechnology and Biotherapy Laboratory, Research Center of the Brain and Spinal Cord Institute, CNRS UMR 7225, INSERM UMRS 975, and University Pierre and Marie Curie, Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Julie Kerr-Conte
- U859 Diabetes Cell Therapy, University Lille-Nord de France, Lille, France
| | - Francois Pattou
- U859 Diabetes Cell Therapy, University Lille-Nord de France, Lille, France
| | - Shimon Efrat
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel
- * E-mail:
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