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Homsi S, Piaggio T, Croci N, Noble F, Plotkine M, Marchand-Leroux C, Jafarian-Tehrani M. Blockade of Acute Microglial Activation by Minocycline Promotes Neuroprotection and Reduces Locomotor Hyperactivity after Closed Head Injury in Mice: A Twelve-Week Follow-Up Study. J Neurotrauma 2010; 27:911-21. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2009.1223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Homsi
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie de la Circulation Cérébrale (EA 2510), Université Paris Descartes, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Paris, France
| | - Tomaso Piaggio
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie de la Circulation Cérébrale (EA 2510), Université Paris Descartes, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Paris, France
| | - Nicole Croci
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie de la Circulation Cérébrale (EA 2510), Université Paris Descartes, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Paris, France
| | - Florence Noble
- Laboratoire de Neuropsychopharmacologie des addictions (INSERM U705, CNRS UMR 7157), Université Paris Descartes, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Paris, France
| | - Michel Plotkine
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie de la Circulation Cérébrale (EA 2510), Université Paris Descartes, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Marchand-Leroux
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie de la Circulation Cérébrale (EA 2510), Université Paris Descartes, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Paris, France
| | - Mehrnaz Jafarian-Tehrani
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie de la Circulation Cérébrale (EA 2510), Université Paris Descartes, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Paris, France
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302
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Camins A, Sureda FX, Junyent F, Verdaguer E, Folch J, Beas-Zarate C, Pallas M. An overview of investigational antiapoptotic drugs with potential application for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2010; 19:587-604. [DOI: 10.1517/13543781003781898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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303
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Rabins PV, Black BS. ETHICAL PERSPECTIVES IN NEUROLOGY. Continuum (Minneap Minn) 2010; 16:224-7. [DOI: 10.1212/01.con.0000368222.40201.2b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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304
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Abstract
BACKGROUND In Parkinson's disease, most of current therapies only provide symptomatic treatment and so far there is no drug which directly affects the disease process. OBJECTIVES To investigate the neuroprotective effects of minocycline against long-term rotenone toxicity in primary dopaminergic cell cultures. METHODS Embryonic mice of 14-days-old were used for preparation of primary dopaminergic cell cultures. On the 6th day in vitro, prepared cultures were treated both with minocycline alone (1, 5, 10 and 20 microM) and concomitantly with rotenone (5 and 20 nM) and minocycline. Cultures were incubated at 37 degrees C for six consecutive days. On Day in vitro culture medium was aspirated and used for measuring lactate dehydrogenase. Cultured cells were fixed in 4% paraformaldhyde and stained immunohistochemically against tyrosine hydroxylase. RESULTS Treatment of cultures with 5 and 20 nM of rotenone significantly decreased the survival of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive neurons by 27 and 31% and increased the release of lactate dehydrogenase into the culture medium by 31 and 236%, respectively compared to untreated controls. Minocycline (1, 5, 10 microM) significantly protected tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive neurons by 17, 15 and 19% and 13, 22 and 23% against 5 and 20 nM of rotenone, respectively compared to rotenone-treated cultures. Minocycline (only at 10 microM) significantly decreased the release of lactate dehydrogenase by 79% and 133% against 5 and 20 nM of rotenone, respectively. CONCLUSION Minocycline has neuroprotective potential against the progressive loss of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive neurons induced by long-term rotenone toxicity in primary dopaminergic cultures.
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305
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Järveläinen H, Sainio A, Koulu M, Wight TN, Penttinen R. Extracellular matrix molecules: potential targets in pharmacotherapy. Pharmacol Rev 2010; 61:198-223. [PMID: 19549927 DOI: 10.1124/pr.109.001289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 346] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) consists of numerous macromolecules classified traditionally into collagens, elastin, and microfibrillar proteins, proteoglycans including hyaluronan, and noncollagenous glycoproteins. In addition to being necessary structural components, ECM molecules exhibit important functional roles in the control of key cellular events such as adhesion, migration, proliferation, differentiation, and survival. Any structural inherited or acquired defect and/or metabolic disturbance in the ECM may cause cellular and tissue alterations that can lead to the development or progression of disease. Consequently, ECM molecules are important targets for pharmacotherapy. Specific agents that prevent the excess accumulation of ECM molecules in the vascular system, liver, kidney, skin, and lung; alternatively, agents that inhibit the degradation of the ECM in degenerative diseases such as osteoarthritis would be clinically beneficial. Unfortunately, until recently, the ECM in drug discovery has been largely ignored. However, several of today's drugs that act on various primary targets affect the ECM as a byproduct of the drugs' actions, and this activity may in part be beneficial to the drugs' disease-modifying properties. In the future, agents and compounds targeting directly the ECM will significantly advance the treatment of various human diseases, even those for which efficient therapies are not yet available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannu Järveläinen
- Department of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, FI-20520 Turku, Finland.
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306
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Tansey MG, Goldberg MS. Neuroinflammation in Parkinson's disease: its role in neuronal death and implications for therapeutic intervention. Neurobiol Dis 2010; 37:510-8. [PMID: 19913097 PMCID: PMC2823829 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2009.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 766] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2009] [Revised: 11/03/2009] [Accepted: 11/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, after Alzheimer's disease. The potential causes of PD remain uncertain, but recent studies suggest neuroinflammation and microglia activation play important roles in PD pathogenesis. Major unanswered questions include whether protein aggregates cause the selective loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra that underlies the clinical symptoms and whether neuroinflammation is a consequence or a cause of nigral cell loss. Within the microenvironment of the brain, glial cells play a critical role in homeostatic mechanisms that promote neuronal survival. Microglia have a specialized immune surveillance role and mediate innate immune responses to invading pathogens by secreting a myriad of factors that include, cytokines, chemokines, prostaglandins, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, and growth factors. Some of these factors have neuroprotective and trophic activities and aid in brain repair processes; while others enhance oxidative stress and trigger apoptotic cascades in neurons. Therefore, pro- and anti-inflammatory responses must be in balance to prevent the potential detrimental effects of prolonged or unregulated inflammation-induced oxidative stress on vulnerable neuronal populations. In this review, we discuss potential triggers of neuroinflammation and review the strongest direct evidence that chronic neuroinflammation may have a more important role to play in PD versus other neurodegenerative diseases. Alternatively, we propose that genetic deficiency is not the only way to reduce protective factors in the brain which may function to keep microglial responses in check or regulate the sensitivity of DA neurons. If chronic inflammation can be shown to decrease the levels of neuroprotective factors in the midbrain, in essence genetic haploinsufficiency of protective factors such as Parkin or RGS10 may result from purely environmental triggers (aging, chronic systemic disease, etc.), increasing the vulnerability to inflammation-induced nigral DA neuron death and predisposing an individual to development of PD. Lastly, we review the latest epidemiological and experimental evidence supporting the potential use of anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory drugs as neuroprotective agents to delay the progressive nigrostriatal degeneration that leads to motor dysfunction in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malú G Tansey
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, GA 30324, USA.
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307
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Horstman LL, Jy W, Ahn YS, Zivadinov R, Maghzi AH, Etemadifar M, Steven Alexander J, Minagar A. Role of platelets in neuroinflammation: a wide-angle perspective. J Neuroinflammation 2010; 7:10. [PMID: 20128908 PMCID: PMC2829540 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-7-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This review summarizes recent developments in platelet biology relevant to neuroinflammatory disorders. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is taken as the "Poster Child" of these disorders but the implications are wide. The role of platelets in inflammation is well appreciated in the cardiovascular and cancer research communities but appears to be relatively neglected in neurological research. ORGANIZATION After a brief introduction to platelets, topics covered include the matrix metalloproteinases, platelet chemokines, cytokines and growth factors, the recent finding of platelet PPAR receptors and Toll-like receptors, complement, bioactive lipids, and other agents/functions likely to be relevant in neuroinflammatory diseases. Each section cites literature linking the topic to areas of active research in MS or other disorders, including especially Alzheimer's disease. CONCLUSION The final section summarizes evidence of platelet involvement in MS. The general conclusion is that platelets may be key players in MS and related disorders, and warrant more attention in neurological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence L Horstman
- Wallace Coulter Platelet Laboratory, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Wenche Jy
- Wallace Coulter Platelet Laboratory, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Yeon S Ahn
- Wallace Coulter Platelet Laboratory, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Robert Zivadinov
- Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, The Jacobs Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo NY, USA
| | - Amir H Maghzi
- Department of Neurology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Masoud Etemadifar
- Department of Neurology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - J Steven Alexander
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
| | - Alireza Minagar
- Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
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308
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Pediatr 2010; 22:117-26. [PMID: 20068414 DOI: 10.1097/mop.0b013e32833539b5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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309
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Tetraciclinas, sulfamidas y metronidazol. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2010; 28:122-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2009.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2009] [Revised: 10/13/2009] [Accepted: 10/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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310
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Communication breaks-Down: from neurodevelopment defects to cognitive disabilities in Down syndrome. Prog Neurobiol 2010; 91:1-22. [PMID: 20097253 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2010.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2009] [Revised: 12/10/2009] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is the leading cause of genetically-defined intellectual disability and congenital birth defects. Despite being one of the first genetic diseases identified, only recently, thanks to the phenotypic analysis of DS mouse genetic models, we have begun to understand how trisomy may impact cognitive function. Cognitive disabilities in DS appear to result mainly from two pathological processes: neurogenesis impairment and Alzheimer-like degeneration. In DS brain, suboptimal network architecture and altered synaptic communication arising from neurodevelopmental impairment are key determinants of cognitive defects. Hypocellularity and hypoplasia start at early developmental stages and likely depend upon impaired proliferation of neuronal precursors, resulting in reduction of numbers of neurons and synaptic contacts. The impairment of neuronal precursor proliferation extends to adult neurogenesis and may affect learning and memory. Neurodegenerative mechanisms also contribute to DS cognitive impairment. Early onset Alzheimer disease occurs with extremely high incidence in DS patients and is causally-related to overexpression of beta-amyloid precursor protein (betaAPP), which is one of the triplicated genes in DS. In this review, we will survey the available findings on neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative changes occurring in DS throughout life. Moreover, we will discuss the potential mechanisms by which defects in neurogenesis and neurodegenerative processes lead to altered formation of neural circuits and impair cognitive function, in connection with findings on pharmacological treatments of potential benefit for DS.
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311
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Reddy PVB, Rama Rao KV, Norenberg MD. Inhibitors of the mitochondrial permeability transition reduce ammonia-induced cell swelling in cultured astrocytes. J Neurosci Res 2010; 87:2677-85. [PMID: 19382208 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Ammonia is the principal neurotoxin implicated in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy, and astrocytes are the neural cells predominantly affected in this condition. Astrocyte swelling (cytotoxic edema) represents a critical component of the brain edema in acute form of hepatic encephalopathy (acute liver failure, ALF). Although mechanisms of astrocyte swelling by ammonia are not completely understood, cultured astrocytes exposed to pathophysiological levels of ammonia develop the mitochondrial permeability transition (mPT), a process that was shown to result in astrocyte swelling. Cyclosporin A (CsA), a traditional inhibitor of the mPT, was previously shown to completely block ammonia-induced astrocyte swelling in culture. However, the efficacy of CsA to protect cytotoxic brain edema in ALF is problematic because it poorly crosses the blood-brain barrier, which is relatively intact in ALF. We therefore examined the effect of agents that block the mPT but are also known to cross the blood-brain barrier, including pyruvate, magnesium, minocycline, and trifluoperazine on the ammonia-induced mPT, as well as cell swelling. Cultured astrocytes exposed to ammonia for 24 hr displayed the mPT as demonstrated by a CsA-sensitive dissipation of the mitochondrial inner membrane potential. Pyruvate, minocycline, magnesium, and trifluoperazine significantly blocked the ammonia-induced mPT. Ammonia resulted in a significant increase in cell volume, which was blocked by the above-mentioned agents to a variable degree. A regression analysis indicated a high correlation between the effectiveness of reducing the mPT and cell swelling. Our data suggest that all these agents have therapeutic potential in mitigating brain edema in ALF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pichili V B Reddy
- Department of Pathology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33101, USA
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312
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Cui Y, Wu J, Jung SC, Park DB, Maeng YH, Hong JY, Kim SJ, Lee SR, Kim SJ, Kim SJ, Eun SY. Anti-neuroinflammatory Activity of Nobiletin on Suppression of Microglial Activation. Biol Pharm Bull 2010; 33:1814-21. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.33.1814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanji Cui
- Institute of Medical Science, Jeju National University School of Medicine
- Department of Physiology, Jeju National University School of Medicine
| | - Jinji Wu
- Institute of Medical Science, Jeju National University School of Medicine
- Department of Physiology, Jeju National University School of Medicine
| | - Sung-Cherl Jung
- Institute of Medical Science, Jeju National University School of Medicine
- Department of Physiology, Jeju National University School of Medicine
| | - Deok-Bae Park
- Institute of Medical Science, Jeju National University School of Medicine
- Department of Histology, Jeju National University School of Medicine
| | - Young-Hee Maeng
- Institute of Medical Science, Jeju National University School of Medicine
- Department of Pathology, Jeju National University School of Medicine
| | - Jeong Yun Hong
- Institute of Medical Science, Jeju National University School of Medicine
- Department of Pediatrics, Jeju National University School of Medicine
| | - Se-Jae Kim
- Department of Biology, Jeju National University
| | | | | | - Sang Jeong Kim
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Seoul National University College of Medicine
| | - Su-Yong Eun
- Institute of Medical Science, Jeju National University School of Medicine
- Department of Physiology, Jeju National University School of Medicine
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313
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Design of pH-independent extended release matrix tablets of minocycline hydrochloride for the treatment of dementia. Arch Pharm Res 2009; 32:1593-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-009-2112-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2009] [Revised: 08/10/2009] [Accepted: 08/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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314
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Zhang P, Lokuta KM, Turner DE, Liu B. Synergistic dopaminergic neurotoxicity of manganese and lipopolysaccharide: differential involvement of microglia and astroglia. J Neurochem 2009; 112:434-43. [PMID: 19895668 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06477.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Overexposure to manganese is known to cause damage to basal ganglial neurons and the development of movement abnormalities. Activation of microglia and astrocytes has increasingly been associated with the pathogenesis of a variety of neurological disorders. We have recently shown that microglial activation facilitates manganese chloride (MnCl2, 10-300 microM)-induced preferential degeneration of dopamine (DA) neurons. In this study, we report that combinations of MnCl2 (1-30 microM) and endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 0.5-2 ng/mL), at minimally effective concentrations when used alone, induced synergistic and preferential damage to DA neurons in rat primary neuron-glia cultures. Mechanistically, MnCl2 significantly potentiated LPS-induced release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 beta in microglia, but not in astroglia. MnCl2 and LPS were more effective in inducing the formation of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide in microglia than in astroglia. Furthermore, MnCl2 and LPS-induced free radical generation, cytokine release, and DA neurotoxicity was significantly attenuated by pre-treatment with potential anti-inflammatory agents minocycline and naloxone. These results demonstrate that the combination of manganese overexposure and neuroinflammation is preferentially deleterious to DA neurons. Moreover, these findings not only shed light on the understanding of manganese neurotoxicity but may also bear relevance to the potentially multifactorial etiology of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhang
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
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315
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Long-Smith CM, Sullivan AM, Nolan YM. The influence of microglia on the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Prog Neurobiol 2009; 89:277-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2009.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2009] [Revised: 08/08/2009] [Accepted: 08/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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316
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317
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Carpentier PA, Palmer TD. Immune influence on adult neural stem cell regulation and function. Neuron 2009; 64:79-92. [PMID: 19840551 PMCID: PMC2789107 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2009.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/31/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) lie at the heart of central nervous system development and repair, and deficiency or dysregulation of NSCs or their progeny can have significant consequences at any stage of life. Immune signaling is emerging as one of the influential variables that define resident NSC behavior. Perturbations in local immune signaling accompany virtually every injury or disease state, and signaling cascades that mediate immune activation, resolution, or chronic persistence influence resident stem and progenitor cells. Some aspects of immune signaling are beneficial, promoting intrinsic plasticity and cell replacement, while others appear to inhibit the very type of regenerative response that might restore or replace neural networks lost in injury or disease. Here we review known and speculative roles that immune signaling plays in the postnatal and adult brain, focusing on how environments encountered in disease or injury may influence the activity and fate of endogenous or transplanted NSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela A. Carpentier
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, 1201 Welch Road MSLS P320, Stanford, CA 94305, 650-736-1482
| | - Theo D. Palmer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, 1201 Welch Road MSLS P320, Stanford, CA 94305, 650-736-1482
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318
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Garcia-Martinez EM, Sanz-Blasco S, Karachitos A, Bandez MJ, Fernandez-Gomez FJ, Perez-Alvarez S, de Mera RMMF, Jordan MJ, Aguirre N, Galindo MF, Villalobos C, Navarro A, Kmita H, Jordán J. Mitochondria and calcium flux as targets of neuroprotection caused by minocycline in cerebellar granule cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2009; 79:239-50. [PMID: 19682437 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2009.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2009] [Revised: 07/29/2009] [Accepted: 07/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Minocycline, an antibiotic of the tetracycline family, has attracted considerable interest for its theoretical therapeutic applications in neurodegenerative diseases. However, the mechanism of action underlying its effect remains elusive. Here we have studied the effect of minocycline under excitotoxic conditions. Fluorescence and bioluminescence imaging studies in rat cerebellar granular neuron cultures using fura2/AM and mitochondria-targeted aequorin revealed that minocycline, at concentrations higher than those shown to block inflammation and inflammation-induced neuronal death, inhibited NMDA-induced cytosolic and mitochondrial rises in Ca(2+) concentrations in a reversible manner. Moreover, minocycline added in the course of NMDA stimulation decreased Ca(2+) intracellular levels, but not when induced by depolarization with a high K(+) medium. We also found that minocycline, at the same concentrations, partially depolarized mitochondria by about 5-30 mV, prevented mitochondrial Ca(2+) uptake under conditions of environmental stress, and abrogated NMDA-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation. Consistently, minocycline also abrogates the rise in ROS induced by 75 microM Ca(2+) in isolated brain mitochondria. In search for the mechanism of mitochondrial depolarization, we found that minocycline markedly inhibited state 3 respiration of rat brain mitochondria, although distinctly increased oxygen uptake in state 4. Minocycline inhibited NADH-cytochrome c reductase and cytochrome c oxidase activities, whereas the activity of succinate-cytochrome c reductase was not modified, suggesting selective inhibition of complexes I and IV. Finally, minocycline affected activity of voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) as determined in the reconstituted system. Taken together, our results indicate that mitochondria are a critical factor in minocycline-mediated neuroprotection.
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319
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Järveläinen H, Sainio A, Koulu M, Wight TN, Penttinen R. Extracellular Matrix Molecules: Potential Targets in Pharmacotherapy. Pharmacol Rev 2009. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.109.001289 doi:dx.doi.org] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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320
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Hashimoto K. Emerging role of glutamate in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 61:105-23. [PMID: 19481572 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2009.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2009] [Revised: 04/21/2009] [Accepted: 05/18/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common, chronic, recurrent mental illness that affects millions of individuals worldwide. To date, the monoaminergic systems (serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine) have received the most attention in the neurobiology of MDD, and all classes of antidepressants target these monoaminergic systems. Accumulating evidence suggests that the glutamatergic system plays an important role in the neurobiology and treatment of this disease. Some clinical studies have demonstrated that the non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist ketamine has rapid antidepressant effects in treatment-resistant patients with MDD. Here, the author reviews the recent findings on the role of the glutamatergic system in the neurobiology of MDD and in new potential therapeutic targets (NMDA receptors, AMPA receptors, metabotropic glutamate receptors, ceftriaxone, minocycline, N-acetyl-L-cysteine) for MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Hashimoto
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
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321
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Abstract
Parkinson's disease is characterised by a slow and progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Despite intensive research, the cause of the neuronal loss in Parkinson's disease is poorly understood. Neuroinflammatory mechanisms might contribute to the cascade of events leading to neuronal degeneration. In this Review, we describe the evidence for neuroinflammatory processes from post-mortem and in vivo studies in Parkinson's disease. We further identify the cellular and molecular events associated with neuroinflammation that are involved in the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in animal models of the disease. Overall, available data support the importance of non-cell-autonomous pathological mechanisms in Parkinson's disease, which are mostly mediated by activated glial and peripheral immune cells. This cellular response to neurodegeneration triggers deleterious events (eg, oxidative stress and cytokine-receptor-mediated apoptosis), which might eventually lead to dopaminergic cell death and hence disease progression. Finally, we highlight possible therapeutic strategies (including immunomodulatory drugs and therapeutic immunisation) aimed at downregulating these inflammatory processes that might be important to slow the progression of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne C Hirsch
- INSERM, UMRS 975, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Experimental Therapeutics of Neurodegeneration, Paris, France.
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322
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Chen H, Uz T, Manev H. Minocycline affects cocaine sensitization in mice. Neurosci Lett 2009; 452:258-61. [PMID: 19348734 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.01.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2008] [Revised: 01/30/2009] [Accepted: 01/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence has pointed to an interaction between the tetracycline antibiotic minocycline and drugs with abuse liability such as opioids and amphetamines. In this work, we tested the hypothesis that similar to its effects on methamphetamine-induced locomotor sensitization, minocycline may influence the behavioral effects of cocaine. Experiments were performed in male C57BL/6J mice using an automated system to measure locomotor activity. We found that 80 mg/kg minocycline significantly reduced locomotor activity when administered either alone or injected 30 min prior to cocaine, which increased locomotor activity. To investigate whether minocycline selectively affects the development of locomotor sensitization induced by four daily injections of 10mg/kg cocaine, we sought a schedule of minocycline administration that does not per se affect locomotor activity. Thus, we selected 40 mg/kg minocycline administered 3h prior to cocaine; minocycline did not affect cocaine-stimulated locomotor activity on the first day of administration but prevented the development of cocaine sensitization. We also tested whether minocycline would affect an already established cocaine sensitization. After establishing the sensitization effect by four daily injections, cocaine treatment was discontinued and mice were treated with minocycline daily (days 5-11) or on day 11 only. There was no effect of minocycline treatment on the response of cocaine-sensitized mice to the challenge dose of cocaine on day 11. The mechanisms by which minocycline interferes with the development of cocaine sensitization need to be characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Chen
- Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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