301
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Dong LX, Zhang YY, Bao HL, Liu Y, Zhang GW, An FM. LncRNA NEAT1 promotes Alzheimer's disease by down regulating micro-27a-3p. Am J Transl Res 2021; 13:8885-8896. [PMID: 34540002 PMCID: PMC8430163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative disease. This study was designed to investigate the roles of lncRNA NEAT1/miR-27a-3p axis in AD. METHODS Amyloid protein was used to treat SH-SY5Y cells and rats to construct AD model. RT-qPCR was used to quantify lncRNA NEAT1 and micro-27a-3p in AD model cells. Western blot was used to determine the β-amyloid-precursor-protein-cleaver-enzyme 1 (BACE1), amyloid, Tau protein and its phosphorylation, Caspase 3 protein and its lytic cell protein and amyloid precursor protein (APP). Flow cytometry was used to detect apoptosis. The cell activity was detected by CCK-8. The lncRNA NEAT1 and miR-27a-3p inhibition or over-expression vectors were constructed. The dual luciferase reporter gene and RNA pull-down assay were used to detect the targeting relationship between lncRNA NEAT1 and micro-27a-3p. The cognitive function of rats was tested by water maze. RESULTS After being induced by amyloid protein, lncRNA NEAT1 was up-regulated while micro-27a-3p was down-regulated in SH-SY5Y cells. Apoptosis rate was increased and cell activity was decreased. Amyloid protein, BACE1 protein, APP protein, Tau protein and its phosphorylation, Caspase 3 protein and its lytic cell protein were up-regulated. Down-regulation of lncRNA NEAT1 or up-regulation of micro-27a-3p could reduce cell apoptosis, increase cell activity, down-regulate amyloid protein, BACE1 protein, APP protein, Tau protein and its phosphorylation, and up-regulate caspase 3 protein and its lysate protein. Dual luciferase reporter gene assay and RNA pull-down experiments revealed that micro-27a-3p was the target gene of lncRNA NEAT1. Down-regulation of micro-27a-3p could offset the changes caused by LncRNA NEAT1. AD caused cognitive dysfunction in rats, which was improved by down-regulation of lncRNA NEAT1. CONCLUSION lncRNA NEAT1 regulates the development of AD by down-regulating micro-27a-3p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Xia Dong
- College of Nursing, Inner Mongolia University for NationalitiesTongliao 028000, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, P. R. China
- Institute of Dementia, Inner Mongolia University for NationalitiesTongliao, Inner Mongolia, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Yun Zhang
- College of Nursing, Inner Mongolia University for NationalitiesTongliao 028000, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, P. R. China
- Institute of Dementia, Inner Mongolia University for NationalitiesTongliao, Inner Mongolia, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Lan Bao
- College of Nursing, Inner Mongolia University for NationalitiesTongliao 028000, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, P. R. China
- Institute of Dementia, Inner Mongolia University for NationalitiesTongliao, Inner Mongolia, P. R. China
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Nursing, Inner Mongolia University for NationalitiesTongliao 028000, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, P. R. China
- Institute of Dementia, Inner Mongolia University for NationalitiesTongliao, Inner Mongolia, P. R. China
| | - Guo-Wei Zhang
- College of Nursing, Inner Mongolia University for NationalitiesTongliao 028000, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, P. R. China
- Institute of Dementia, Inner Mongolia University for NationalitiesTongliao, Inner Mongolia, P. R. China
| | - Feng-Mao An
- Institute of Dementia, Inner Mongolia University for NationalitiesTongliao, Inner Mongolia, P. R. China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Mongolian Medicine Pharmacology for Cardio-Cerebral Vascular SystemTongliao, Inner Mongolia, P. R. China
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302
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Policarpo R, Sierksma A, De Strooper B, d'Ydewalle C. From Junk to Function: LncRNAs in CNS Health and Disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:714768. [PMID: 34349622 PMCID: PMC8327212 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.714768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in RNA sequencing technologies helped to uncover the existence of tens of thousands of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) that arise from the dark matter of the genome. These lncRNAs were originally thought to be transcriptional noise but an increasing number of studies demonstrate that these transcripts can modulate protein-coding gene expression by a wide variety of transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms. The spatiotemporal regulation of lncRNA expression is particularly evident in the central nervous system, suggesting that they may directly contribute to specific brain processes, including neurogenesis and cellular homeostasis. Not surprisingly, lncRNAs are therefore gaining attention as putative novel therapeutic targets for disorders of the brain. In this review, we summarize the recent insights into the functions of lncRNAs in the brain, their role in neuronal maintenance, and their potential contribution to disease. We conclude this review by postulating how these RNA molecules can be targeted for the treatment of yet incurable neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Policarpo
- VIB-KU Leuven Center For Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory for the Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Neuroscience Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Beerse, Belgium
| | - Annerieke Sierksma
- VIB-KU Leuven Center For Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory for the Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart De Strooper
- VIB-KU Leuven Center For Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory for the Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Constantin d'Ydewalle
- Neuroscience Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Beerse, Belgium
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303
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Michno W, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Brinkmalm G. Refining the amyloid β peptide and oligomer fingerprint ambiguities in Alzheimer's disease: Mass spectrometric molecular characterization in brain, cerebrospinal fluid, blood, and plasma. J Neurochem 2021; 159:234-257. [PMID: 34245565 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Since its discovery, amyloid-β (Aβ) has been the principal target of investigation of in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Over the years however, no clear correlation was found between the Aβ plaque burden and location, and AD-associated neurodegeneration and cognitive decline. Instead, diagnostic potential of specific Aβ peptides and/or their ratio, was established. For instance, a selective reduction in the concentration of the aggregation-prone 42 amino acid-long Aβ peptide (Aβ42) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was put forward as reflective of Aβ peptide aggregation in the brain. With time, Aβ oligomers-the proposed toxic Aβ intermediates-have emerged as potential drivers of synaptic dysfunction and neurodegeneration in the disease process. Oligomers are commonly agreed upon to come in different shapes and sizes, and are very poorly characterized when it comes to their composition and their "toxic" properties. The concept of structural polymorphism-a diversity in conformational organization of amyloid aggregates-that depends on the Aβ peptide backbone, makes the characterization of Aβ aggregates and their role in AD progression challenging. In this review, we revisit the history of Aβ discovery and initial characterization and highlight the crucial role mass spectrometry (MS) has played in this process. We critically review the common knowledge gaps in the molecular identity of the Aβ peptide, and how MS is aiding the characterization of higher order Aβ assemblies. Finally, we go on to present recent advances in MS approaches for characterization of Aβ as single peptides and oligomers, and convey our optimism, as to how MS holds a promise for paving the way for progress toward a more comprehensive understanding of Aβ in AD research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Michno
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
| | - Gunnar Brinkmalm
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
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304
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Balendra V, Singh SK. Therapeutic potential of astaxanthin and superoxide dismutase in Alzheimer's disease. Open Biol 2021; 11:210013. [PMID: 34186009 PMCID: PMC8241491 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress, the imbalance of the antioxidant system, results in an accumulation of neurotoxic proteins in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The antioxidant system is composed of exogenous and endogenous antioxidants to maintain homeostasis. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an endogenous enzymatic antioxidant that converts superoxide ions to hydrogen peroxide in cells. SOD supplementation in mice prevented cognitive decline in stress-induced cells by reducing lipid peroxidation and maintaining neurogenesis in the hippocampus. Furthermore, SOD decreased expression of BACE1 while reducing plaque burden in the brain. Additionally, Astaxanthin (AST), a potent exogenous carotenoid, scavenges superoxide anion radicals. Mice treated with AST showed slower memory decline and decreased depositions of amyloid-beta (Aβ) and tau protein. Currently, the neuroprotective potential of these supplements has only been examined separately in studies. However, a single antioxidant cannot sufficiently resist oxidative damage to the brain, therefore, a combinatory approach is proposed as a relevant therapy for ameliorating pathological changes in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandeep Kumar Singh
- Indian Scientific Education and Technology (ISET) Foundation, Lucknow 226002, India
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305
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Delta- and beta- secretases crosstalk amplifies the amyloidogenic pathway in Alzheimer's disease. Prog Neurobiol 2021; 204:102113. [PMID: 34166772 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2021.102113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Asparagine endopeptidase (AEP), a newly identified delta-secretase, simultaneously cleaves both APP and Tau, promoting Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathologies. However, its pathological role in AD remains incompletely understood. Here we show that delta-secretase cleaves BACE1, a rate-limiting protease in amyloid-β (Aβ) generation, escalating its enzymatic activity and enhancing senile plaques deposit in AD. Delta-secretase binds BACE1 and cuts it at N294 residue in an age-dependent manner and elevates its protease activity. The cleaved N-terminal motif is active even under neutral pH and associates with senile plaques in human AD brains. Subcellular fractionation reveals that delta-secretase and BACE1 reside in the endo-lysosomes. Interestingly, truncated BACE1 enzymatic domain (1-294) augments delta-secretase enzymatic activity and accelerates Aβ production, facilitating AD pathologies and cognitive impairments in APP/PS1 AD mouse model. Uncleavable BACE1 (N294A) inhibits delta-secretase activity and Aβ production and decreases AD pathologies in 5XFAD mice, ameliorating cognitive dysfunctions. Hence, delta- and beta- secretases' crosstalk aggravates each other's roles in AD pathogenesis.
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306
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Bridging Cyanobacteria to Neurodegenerative Diseases: A New Potential Source of Bioactive Compounds against Alzheimer's Disease. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19060343. [PMID: 34208482 PMCID: PMC8235772 DOI: 10.3390/md19060343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) represent a drawback in society given the ageing population. Dementias are the most prevalent NDs, with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) representing around 70% of all cases. The current pharmaceuticals for AD are symptomatic and with no effects on the progression of the disease. Thus, research on molecules with therapeutic relevance has become a major focus for the scientific community. Cyanobacteria are a group of photosynthetic prokaryotes rich in biomolecules with confirmed activity in pathologies such as cancer, and with feasible potential in NDs such as AD. In this review, we aimed to compile the research works focused in the anti-AD potential of cyanobacteria, namely regarding the inhibition of the enzyme β-secretase (BACE1) as a fundamental enzyme in the generation of β-amyloid (Aβ), the inhibition of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) lead to an increase in the availability of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft and the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, as phenomena associated with neurodegeneration mechanisms.
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307
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Gaunitz S, Tjernberg LO, Schedin-Weiss S. What Can N-glycomics and N-glycoproteomics of Cerebrospinal Fluid Tell Us about Alzheimer Disease? Biomolecules 2021; 11:858. [PMID: 34207636 PMCID: PMC8226827 DOI: 10.3390/biom11060858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteomics-large-scale studies of proteins-has over the last decade gained an enormous interest for studies aimed at revealing proteins and pathways involved in disease. To fully understand biological and pathological processes it is crucial to also include post-translational modifications in the "omics". To this end, glycomics (identification and quantification of glycans enzymatically or chemically released from proteins) and glycoproteomics (identification and quantification of peptides/proteins with the glycans still attached) is gaining interest. The study of protein glycosylation requires a workflow that involves an array of sample preparation and analysis steps that needs to be carefully considered. Herein, we briefly touch upon important steps such as sample preparation and preconcentration, glycan release, glycan derivatization and quantification and advances in mass spectrometry that today are the work-horse for glycomics and glycoproteomics studies. Several proteins related to Alzheimer disease pathogenesis have altered protein glycosylation, and recent glycomics studies have shown differences in cerebrospinal fluid as well as in brain tissue in Alzheimer disease as compared to controls. In this review, we discuss these techniques and how they have been used to shed light on Alzheimer disease and to find glycan biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Gaunitz
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska University Hospital, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Lars O. Tjernberg
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, 17164 Solna, Sweden;
| | - Sophia Schedin-Weiss
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, 17164 Solna, Sweden;
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308
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McKinzie DL, Winneroski LL, Green SJ, Hembre EJ, Erickson JA, Willis BA, Monk SA, Aluise CD, Baker TK, Lopez JE, Hendle J, Beck JP, Brier RA, Boggs LN, Borders AR, Cocke PJ, Garcia-Losada P, Lowe SL, Mathes BM, May PC, Porter WJ, Stout SL, Timm DE, Watson BM, Yang Z, Mergott DJ. Discovery and Early Clinical Development of LY3202626, a Low-Dose, CNS-Penetrant BACE Inhibitor. J Med Chem 2021; 64:8076-8100. [PMID: 34081466 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The beta-site APP cleaving enzyme 1, known as BACE1, has been a widely pursued Alzheimer's disease drug target owing to its critical role in the production of amyloid-beta. We have previously reported the clinical development of LY2811376 and LY2886721. LY2811376 advanced to Phase I before development was terminated due to nonclinical retinal toxicity. LY2886721 advanced to Phase II, but development was halted due to abnormally elevated liver enzymes. Herein, we report the discovery and clinical development of LY3202626, a highly potent, CNS-penetrant, and low-dose BACE inhibitor, which successfully addressed these key development challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L McKinzie
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Leonard L Winneroski
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Steven J Green
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Erik J Hembre
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Jon A Erickson
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Brian A Willis
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Scott A Monk
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Christopher D Aluise
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Thomas K Baker
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Jose E Lopez
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Jörg Hendle
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Biotechnology Center, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - James P Beck
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Biotechnology Center, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Richard A Brier
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | | | - Anthony R Borders
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | | | - Pablo Garcia-Losada
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Stephen L Lowe
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Brian M Mathes
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | | | | | - Stephanie L Stout
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - David E Timm
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Brian M Watson
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Zhixiang Yang
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Dustin J Mergott
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
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309
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Pasieka A, Panek D, Szałaj N, Espargaró A, Więckowska A, Malawska B, Sabaté R, Bajda M. Dual Inhibitors of Amyloid-β and Tau Aggregation with Amyloid-β Disaggregating Properties: Extended In Cellulo, In Silico, and Kinetic Studies of Multifunctional Anti-Alzheimer's Agents. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:2057-2068. [PMID: 34019757 PMCID: PMC8291496 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
![]()
In Alzheimer’s
disease, neurons slowly degenerate due to
the accumulation of misfolded amyloid β and tau proteins. In
our research, we performed extended studies directed at amyloid β
and tau aggregation inhibition using in cellulo (Escherichia coli model of protein aggregation), in silico, and in vitro kinetic studies.
We tested our library of 1-benzylamino-2-hydroxyalkyl multifunctional
anti-Alzheimer’s agents and identified very potent dual aggregation
inhibitors. Among the tested derivatives, we selected compound 18, which exhibited a unique profile of biological activity.
This compound was the most potent and balanced dual aggregation inhibitor
(Aβ42 inhibition (inh.) 80.0%, tau inh. 68.3% in
10 μM), with previously reported in vitro inhibitory
activity against hBuChE, hBACE1,
and Aβ (hBuChE IC50 = 5.74 μM; hBACE1 IC50 = 41.6 μM; Aβ aggregation
(aggr.) inh. IC50 = 3.09 μM). In docking studies
for both proteins, we tried to explain the different structural requirements
for the inhibition of Aβ vs tau. Moreover, docking and kinetic
studies showed that compound 18 could inhibit the amyloid
aggregation process at several steps and also displayed disaggregating
properties. These results may help to design the next generations
of dual or selective aggregation inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pasieka
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Dawid Panek
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Natalia Szałaj
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Alba Espargaró
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical-Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Av Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Av Joan XXIII, S/N, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Więckowska
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Barbara Malawska
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Raimon Sabaté
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical-Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Av Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Av Joan XXIII, S/N, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marek Bajda
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
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310
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Ohno M. Accelerated long-term forgetting is a BACE1 inhibitor-reversible incipient cognitive phenotype in Alzheimer's disease model mice. Neuropsychopharmacol Rep 2021; 41:255-259. [PMID: 33749160 PMCID: PMC8340838 DOI: 10.1002/npr2.12174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM After the continued failure of β-secretase (BACE1) inhibitor clinical trials in prodromal as well as mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease (AD), they are shifting to further earlier or asymptomatic stages. The aim of this study is to explore a cognitive paradigm that allows us to more sensitively detect beneficial effects of BACE1 inhibitors in presymptomatic AD. METHODS GRL-8234 (33.4 mg/kg, ip), a small-molecule BACE1 inhibitor, was administered once daily for 28 days to the 5XAFD transgenic mouse model of AD. The contextual fear conditioning was used to evaluate the effects of GRL-8234 on memory deficits in 5XFAD mice at different ages. RESULTS Chronic administration of GRL-8234 to 5XFAD mice rescued their contextual memory deficits, when tested 1 day after training at 6-8 months but not at 12 months of age. Importantly, 4-month-old 5XFAD mice retain the ability to form contextual memory equivalent to wild-type controls, demonstrating that the standard method of 1-day memory assessment is not suitable for evaluating BACE1 inhibitor efficacy in ameliorating cognitive declines during earlier disease stages. Despite normal contextual memory formation, young 5XFAD mice showed faster forgetting when a longer delay (28 days) intervened between training and memory testing. Notably, GRL-8234 administered to 4-month-old 5XFAD mice during the 28-day delay reversed accelerated long-term forgetting almost completely back to wild-type control levels. CONCLUSION The results provide experimental evidence that accelerated long-term forgetting represents more sensitive memory testing that can help evaluate BACE1 inhibitor therapy in presymptomatic AD populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masuo Ohno
- Center for Dementia ResearchNathan Kline InstituteOrangeburgNYUSA
- Department of PsychiatryNew York University School of MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
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311
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Epigenetic Modulation of Microglia Function and Phenotypes in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Neural Plast 2021; 2021:9912686. [PMID: 34194489 PMCID: PMC8181095 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9912686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation is one of the most remarkable hallmarks of neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs), including AD, PD, and ALS. Accumulating evidence indicates that microglia play both neuroprotective and detrimental roles in the onset and progression of NDDs. Yet, the specific mechanisms of action surrounding microglia are not clear. Modulation of microglia function and phenotypes appears to be a potential strategy to reverse NDDs. Until recently, research into the epigenetic mechanisms of diseases has been gradually developed, making it possible to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the epigenetic regulation of microglia in NDDs. This review highlights the function and phenotypes of microglia, elucidates the relationship between microglia, epigenetic modifications, and NDDs, as well as the possible mechanisms underlying the epigenetic modulation of microglia in NDDs with a focus on potential intervention strategies.
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312
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Miziak B, Błaszczyk B, Czuczwar SJ. Some Candidate Drugs for Pharmacotherapy of Alzheimer's Disease. PHARMACEUTICALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:ph14050458. [PMID: 34068096 PMCID: PMC8152728 DOI: 10.3390/ph14050458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD; progressive neurodegenerative disorder) is associated with cognitive and functional impairment with accompanying neuropsychiatric symptoms. The available pharmacological treatment is of a symptomatic nature and, as such, it does not modify the cause of AD. The currently used drugs to enhance cognition include an N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist (memantine) and cholinesterase inhibitors. The PUBMED, Medical Subject Heading and Clinical Trials databases were used for searching relevant data. Novel treatments are focused on already approved drugs for other conditions and also searching for innovative drugs encompassing investigational compounds. Among the approved drugs, we investigated, are intranasal insulin (and other antidiabetic drugs: liraglitude, pioglitazone and metformin), bexarotene (an anti-cancer drug and a retinoid X receptor agonist) or antidepressant drugs (citalopram, escitalopram, sertraline, mirtazapine). The latter, especially when combined with antipsychotics (for instance quetiapine or risperidone), were shown to reduce neuropsychiatric symptoms in AD patients. The former enhanced cognition. Procognitive effects may be also expected with dietary antioxidative and anti-inflammatory supplements—curcumin, myricetin, and resveratrol. Considering a close relationship between brain ischemia and AD, they may also reduce post-brain ischemia neurodegeneration. An investigational compound, CN-105 (a lipoprotein E agonist), has a very good profile in AD preclinical studies, and its clinical trial for postoperative dementia is starting soon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Miziak
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Barbara Błaszczyk
- Faculty of Health Sciences, High School of Economics, Law and Medical Sciences, 25-734 Kielce, Poland;
| | - Stanisław J. Czuczwar
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-81-448-65-00; Fax: +48-81-65-00-01
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313
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Cervellati C, Valacchi G, Zuliani G. BACE1: from biomarker to Alzheimer's disease therapeutical target. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:12299-12300. [PMID: 33982671 PMCID: PMC8148506 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Cervellati
- Department of Translational Medicine and for Romagna, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, 44121, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Valacchi
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, 44121, Italy.,Plants for Human Health Institute, Animal Science Department, NC State University, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA.,Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Giovanni Zuliani
- Department of Translational Medicine and for Romagna, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, 44121, Italy
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314
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Cano A, Turowski P, Ettcheto M, Duskey JT, Tosi G, Sánchez-López E, García ML, Camins A, Souto EB, Ruiz A, Marquié M, Boada M. Nanomedicine-based technologies and novel biomarkers for the diagnosis and treatment of Alzheimer's disease: from current to future challenges. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:122. [PMID: 33926475 PMCID: PMC8086346 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-00864-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing life expectancy has led to an aging population, which has consequently increased the prevalence of dementia. Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common form of dementia worldwide, is estimated to make up 50-80% of all cases. AD cases are expected to reach 131 million by 2050, and this increasing prevalence will critically burden economies and health systems in the next decades. There is currently no treatment that can stop or reverse disease progression. In addition, the late diagnosis of AD constitutes a major obstacle to effective disease management. Therefore, improved diagnostic tools and new treatments for AD are urgently needed. In this review, we investigate and describe both well-established and recently discovered AD biomarkers that could potentially be used to detect AD at early stages and allow the monitoring of disease progression. Proteins such as NfL, MMPs, p-tau217, YKL-40, SNAP-25, VCAM-1, and Ng / BACE are some of the most promising biomarkers because of their successful use as diagnostic tools. In addition, we explore the most recent molecular strategies for an AD therapeutic approach and nanomedicine-based technologies, used to both target drugs to the brain and serve as devices for tracking disease progression diagnostic biomarkers. State-of-the-art nanoparticles, such as polymeric, lipid, and metal-based, are being widely investigated for their potential to improve the effectiveness of both conventional drugs and novel compounds for treating AD. The most recent studies on these nanodevices are deeply explained and discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Cano
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Fundació ACE. Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, International University of Catalunya (UIC), C/Marquès de Sentmenat, 57, 08029, Barcelona, Spain.
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Barcelona, Spain.
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Patric Turowski
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College of London, London, UK
| | - Miren Ettcheto
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jason Thomas Duskey
- Nanotech Lab, Te.Far.T.I, Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Umberto Veronesi Foundation, 20121, Milano, Italy
| | - Giovanni Tosi
- Nanotech Lab, Te.Far.T.I, Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Elena Sánchez-López
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Luisa García
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Camins
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eliana B Souto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Agustín Ruiz
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Fundació ACE. Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, International University of Catalunya (UIC), C/Marquès de Sentmenat, 57, 08029, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Marquié
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Fundació ACE. Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, International University of Catalunya (UIC), C/Marquès de Sentmenat, 57, 08029, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercè Boada
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Fundació ACE. Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, International University of Catalunya (UIC), C/Marquès de Sentmenat, 57, 08029, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
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315
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Karki HP, Jang Y, Jung J, Oh J. Advances in the development paradigm of biosample-based biosensors for early ultrasensitive detection of alzheimer's disease. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:72. [PMID: 33750392 PMCID: PMC7945670 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-00814-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This review highlights current developments, challenges, and future directions for the use of invasive and noninvasive biosample-based small biosensors for early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) with biomarkers to incite a conceptual idea from a broad number of readers in this field. We provide the most promising concept about biosensors on the basis of detection scale (from femto to micro) using invasive and noninvasive biosamples such as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), blood, urine, sweat, and tear. It also summarizes sensor types and detailed analyzing techniques for ultrasensitive detection of multiple target biomarkers (i.e., amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide, tau protein, Acetylcholine (Ach), microRNA137, etc.) of AD in terms of detection ranges and limit of detections (LODs). As the most significant disadvantage of CSF and blood-based detection of AD is associated with the invasiveness of sample collection which limits future strategy with home-based early screening of AD, we extensively reviewed the future trend of new noninvasive detection techniques (such as optical screening and bio-imaging process). To overcome the limitation of non-invasive biosamples with low concentrations of AD biomarkers, current efforts to enhance the sensitivity of biosensors and discover new types of biomarkers using non-invasive body fluids are presented. We also introduced future trends facing an infection point in early diagnosis of AD with simultaneous emergence of addressable innovative technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hem Prakash Karki
- Department of Mechanical Design Engineering, College of Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, South Korea
| | - Yeongseok Jang
- Department of Mechanical Design Engineering, College of Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, South Korea
| | - Jinmu Jung
- Department of Mechanical Design Engineering, College of Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, South Korea.
- Department of Nano-bio Mechanical System Engineering, College of Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, South Korea.
| | - Jonghyun Oh
- Department of Mechanical Design Engineering, College of Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, South Korea.
- Department of Nano-bio Mechanical System Engineering, College of Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, South Korea.
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316
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Koriyama Y, Hori A, Ito H, Yonezawa S, Baba Y, Tanimoto N, Ueno T, Yamamoto S, Yamamoto T, Asada N, Morimoto K, Einaru S, Sakai K, Kanazu T, Matsuda A, Yamaguchi Y, Oguma T, Timmers M, Tritsmans L, Kusakabe KI, Kato A, Sakaguchi G. Discovery of Atabecestat (JNJ-54861911): A Thiazine-Based β-Amyloid Precursor Protein Cleaving Enzyme 1 Inhibitor Advanced to the Phase 2b/3 EARLY Clinical Trial. J Med Chem 2021; 64:1873-1888. [PMID: 33588527 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation of amyloid β peptides (Aβ) is thought to be one of the causal factors of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The aspartyl protease β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) is the rate-limiting protease for Aβ production, and therefore, BACE1 inhibition is a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of AD. Starting with a dihydro-1,3-thiazine-based lead, Compound J, we discovered atabecestat 1 (JNJ-54861911) as a centrally efficacious BACE1 inhibitor that was advanced into the EARLY Phase 2b/3 clinical trial for the treatment of preclinical AD patients. Compound 1 demonstrated robust and dose-dependent Aβ reduction and showed sufficient safety margins in preclinical models. The potential of reactive metabolite formation was evaluated in a covalent binding study to assess its irreversible binding to human hepatocytes. Unfortunately, the EARLY trial was discontinued due to significant elevation of liver enzymes, and subsequent analysis of the clinical outcomes showed dose-related cognitive worsening.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Maarten Timmers
- Janssen Research & Development, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Luc Tritsmans
- Janssen Research & Development, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
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317
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Wen W, Li P, Liu P, Xu S, Wang F, Huang JH. Post-Translational Modifications of BACE1 in Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 20:211-222. [PMID: 33475074 PMCID: PMC9199555 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666210121163224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Beta-Amyloid Cleaving Enzyme1 (BACE1) is a monospecific enzyme for the key rate-limiting step in the synthesis of beta-amyloid(Aβ) from cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP), to form senile plaques and causes cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Post-translation modifications of BACE1, such as acetylation, glycosylation, palmitoylation, phosphorylation, play a crucial role in the trafficking and maturation process of BACE1. The study of BACE1 is of great importance not only for understanding the formation of toxic Aβ but also for the development of an effective therapeutic target for the treatment of AD. This paper review recent advances in the studies about BACE1, with focuses being paid to the relationship of Aβ, BACE1 with post- translational regulation of BACE1. In addition, we specially reviewed studies about the compounds that can be used to affect post-translational regulation of BACE1 or regulate BACE1 in the literature, which can be used for subsequent research on whether BACE1 is a post-translationally modified drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Wen
- Institute of Meterial Medica Integration and Transformation for Brain Disorders, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137. China
| | - Ping Li
- Institute of Meterial Medica Integration and Transformation for Brain Disorders, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137. China
| | - Panwang Liu
- Institute of Meterial Medica Integration and Transformation for Brain Disorders, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137. China
| | - Shijun Xu
- Institute of Meterial Medica Integration and Transformation for Brain Disorders, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137. China
| | - Fushun Wang
- Institute of Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000. China
| | - Jason H Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor Scott & White Health Science Center, Temple, TX 79409. United States
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318
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Syeda T, Cannon JR. Environmental exposures and the etiopathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease: The potential role of BACE1 as a critical neurotoxic target. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2021; 35:e22694. [PMID: 33393683 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a major public health crisis due to devastating cognitive symptoms, a lack of curative treatments, and increasing prevalence. Most cases are sporadic (>95% of cases) after the age of 65 years, implicating an important role of environmental factors in disease pathogenesis. Environmental neurotoxicants have been implicated in neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson's Disease and AD. Animal models of AD and in vitro studies have shed light on potential neuropathological mechanisms, yet the biochemical and molecular underpinnings of AD-relevant environmental neurotoxicity remain poorly understood. Beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) is a potentially critical pathogenic target of environmentally induced neurotoxicity. BACE1 clearly has a critical role in AD pathophysiology: It is required for amyloid beta production and expression and activity of BACE1 are increased in the AD brain. Though the literature on BACE1 in response to environmental insults is limited, current studies, along with extensive AD neurobiology literature suggest that BACE1 deserves attention as an important neurotoxic target. Here, we critically review research on environmental neurotoxicants such as metals, pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, polyfluoroalkyl substances, heterocyclic aromatic amines, advanced glycation end products, and acrolein that modulate BACE1 and potential mechanisms of action. Though more research is needed to clearly understand whether BACE1 is a critical mediator of AD-relevant neurotoxicity, available reports provide convincing evidence that BACE1 is altered by environmental risk factors associated with AD pathology, implying that BACE1 inhibition and its use as a biomarker should be considered in AD management and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tauqeerunnisa Syeda
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.,Purdue Institute for Integrative Neurosciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Jason R Cannon
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.,Purdue Institute for Integrative Neurosciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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319
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Lobine D, Sadeer N, Jugreet S, Suroowan S, Keenoo BS, Imran M, Venugopala KN, Ibrahim FM, Zengin G, Mahomoodally MF. Potential of Medicinal Plants as Neuroprotective and Therapeutic Properties Against Amyloid-β-Related Toxicity, and Glutamate-Induced Excitotoxicity in Human Neural Cells. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 19:1416-1441. [PMID: 33845746 PMCID: PMC8762182 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666210412095251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are notorious neurodegenerative diseases amongst the general population. Being age-associated diseases, the prevalence of AD and PD is forecasted to rapidly escalate with the progressive aging population of the world. These diseases are complex and multifactorial. Among different events, amyloid β peptide (Aβ) induced toxicity is a well-established pathway of neuronal cell death, which plays a vital function in AD. Glutamate, the major excitatory transmitter, acts as a neurotoxin when present in excess at the synapses; this latter mechanism is termed excitotoxicity. It is hypothesised that glutamate-induced excitotoxicity contributes to the pathogenesis of AD and PD. No cure for AD and PD is currently available and the currently approved drugs available to treat these diseases have limited effectiveness and pose adverse effects. Indeed, plants have been a major source for the discovery of novel pharmacologically active compounds for distinct pathological conditions. Diverse plant species employed for brain-related disorders in traditional medicine are being explored to determine the scientific rationale behind their uses. Herein, we present a comprehensive review of plants and their constituents that have shown promise in reversing the (i) amyloid-β -related toxicity in AD models and (ii) glutamate-induced excitotoxicity in AD and PD models. This review summarizes information regarding the phytochemistry, biological and cellular activities, and clinical trials of several plant species in view to provide adequate scientific baseline information that could be used in the drug development process, thereby providing effective leads for AD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devina Lobine
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Mauritius, Reduit, Mauritius
| | - Nabeelah Sadeer
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Mauritius, Reduit, Mauritius
| | - Sharmeen Jugreet
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Mauritius, Reduit, Mauritius
| | - Shanoo Suroowan
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Mauritius, Reduit, Mauritius
| | - Bibi Sumera Keenoo
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Mauritius, Reduit, Mauritius
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Katharigatta N Venugopala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faten Mohamed Ibrahim
- Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Dept., National Research Center, 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza, P.O.12622, Egypt
| | - Gokhan Zengin
- Physiology and Biochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Mohamad Fawzi Mahomoodally
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Mauritius, Reduit, Mauritius
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320
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Gu X, Zhu J. Roles of Exosomes and Exosomal MicroRNAs in Postoperative Sleep Disturbance. Nat Sci Sleep 2021; 13:1363-1375. [PMID: 34354381 PMCID: PMC8331078 DOI: 10.2147/nss.s310351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Postoperative sleep disturbance (PSD) often occurs in elderly patients after major surgery and exerts harmful effects on postoperative recovery. PSD may increase the incidence of postoperative fatigue, severe anxiety and depression, pain sensitivity, and cognitive dysfunction, which can cause or aggravate neurodegenerative diseases via amyloid aggregation and tau accumulation. Exosomes are important carriers that mediate the transfer of active substances and genetic information among cells. Recent evidence has shown that exosomes are involved in the pathogenesis of end-organ morbidity caused by sleep disorders via increasing amyloid plaque formation, transmitting tau protein, regulating neuroinflammation, and increasing blood-brain barrier permeability. Additionally, exosomes may be useful for delivering therapeutic genetic materials, such as microRNAs (miRNAs) and proteins, to exert neuroprotective effects and reduce cognitive impairment. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this process remain to be fully elucidated. This review focuses on exosome-related pathways and the modulatory role of exosomal miRNAs on the pathogenesis of sleep disturbance and neurodegeneration. Moreover, we discuss the advantages of reducing neurotoxic proteins via exosomal intervention and miRNA regulation. Future research in exosome administration may offer new insights into PSD-related pathomechanisms and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyi Gu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Junchao Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
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321
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He Q, Hu DB, Zhang L, Xia MY, Yan H, Li XN, Luo JF, Wang YS, Yang JH, Wang YH. Neuroprotective compounds from the resinous heartwood of Aquilaria sinensis. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 181:112554. [PMID: 33152579 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Six undescribed compounds, including three sesquiterpenoids [(4S,5S,7S,8S,11R)-7-hydroxyguai-1(10)-en-8,12-olide, aquilarisinone, and 2Z,7(13),9E-humulatrien-12-ol-5-one], one diphenylpentanone [1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylpentan-3-one], and two 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones (6-epiagarotetrol and triepoxyhexahydrochromone A), along with 15 known compounds, were isolated from the resinous heartwood of Aquilaria sinensis (Thymelaeaceae). Their structures were determined by mass (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic data. The absolute configuration of (4S,5S,7S,8S,11R)-7-hydroxyguai-1(10)-en-8,12-olide was confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis, and the configurations of (4S,7S,8S,10R,11R)-7,10-epoxyguai-1(5)-en-8,12-olide, aquilarisinone, 6-epiagarotetrol, and triepoxyhexahydrochromone A were confirmed by electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations. The neuroprotective activities of the compounds were evaluated using models of BACE1 inhibition and PC12 cells with corticosterone- and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridine ion (MPP+)-induced damage. At concentrations of 1, 2, and 5 μM, triepoxyhexahydrochromone A, (+)-(7R,10R)-selina-4,11(13)-diene-12,15-dial, (-)-(5R,7R,10R)-12,15-dioxo-α-selinene, and (+)-(1R,4S,5R)-1β-hydroxyeremophila-7(11),9-dien-8-one exerted significant protective effects (p < 0.01) on PC12 cell injury induced by corticosterone, while triepoxyhexahydrochromone A and (-)-(5R,7R,10R)-12,15-dioxo-α-selinene exerted significant protective effects (p < 0.01) on MPP+-induced PC12 cell injury at concentrations of 1, 2, and 5 μM. No compounds produced significant inhibitory effects on BACE1, with inhibition rates of less than 20% observed at a concentration of 20 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian He
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, PR China; Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, And State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, PR China
| | - Dong-Bao Hu
- School of Chemical Biology and Environment, Yuxi Normal University, Yuxi, 653100, PR China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, And State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, PR China
| | - Meng-Yuan Xia
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, And State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, PR China
| | - Hui Yan
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, And State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, PR China
| | - Xiao-Nian Li
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, And State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, PR China
| | - Ji-Feng Luo
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, And State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, PR China
| | - Yun-Song Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, PR China
| | - Jing-Hua Yang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, PR China.
| | - Yue-Hu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, And State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, PR China.
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322
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Bălașa AF, Chircov C, Grumezescu AM. Body Fluid Biomarkers for Alzheimer's Disease-An Up-To-Date Overview. Biomedicines 2020; 8:E421. [PMID: 33076333 PMCID: PMC7602623 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8100421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration is a highly complex process which is associated with a variety of molecular mechanisms related to ageing. Among neurodegenerative disorders, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common, affecting more than 45 million individuals. The underlying mechanisms involve amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) deposition, which will subsequently lead to oxidative stress, chronic neuroinflammation, neuron dysfunction, and neurodegeneration. The current diagnosis methods are still limited in regard to the possibility of the accurate and early detection of the diseases. Therefore, research has shifted towards the identification of novel biomarkers and matrices as biomarker sources, beyond amyloid-β and tau protein levels within the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), that could improve AD diagnosis. In this context, the aim of this paper is to provide an overview of both conventional and novel biomarkers for AD found within body fluids, including CSF, blood, saliva, urine, tears, and olfactory fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Florian Bălașa
- Târgu Mures, Emergency Clinical Hospital, “George Emil Palade” University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mures, RO-540142 Târgu Mures, Romania;
| | - Cristina Chircov
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, RO-060042 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, RO-060042 Bucharest, Romania;
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323
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Dungan CM, Valentino T, Vechetti IJ, Zdunek CJ, Murphy MP, Lin AL, McCarthy JJ, Peterson CA. Exercise-mediated alteration of hippocampal Dicer mRNA and miRNAs is associated with lower BACE1 gene expression and Aβ 1-42 in female 3xTg-AD mice. J Neurophysiol 2020; 124:1571-1577. [PMID: 33052800 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00503.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes to cerebral miRNA expression have been implicated in the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD), as miRNAs that regulate the expression of gene products involved in amyloid beta (Aβ) processing, such as BACE1, are dysregulated in those that suffer from AD. Exercise training improves cognition and reduces BACE1 and Aβ-plaque burden; however, the mechanisms are not fully understood. Using our progressive weighted wheel running (PoWeR) exercise program, we assessed the effect of 20 wk of exercise training on changes in hippocampal miRNA expression in female 3xTg-AD (3xTg) mice. PoWeR was sufficient to promote muscle hypertrophy and increase myonuclear abundance. Furthermore, PoWeR elevated hippocampal Dicer gene expression in 3xTg mice, while altering miRNA expression toward a more wild-type profile. Specifically, miR-29, which is validated to target BACE1, was significantly lower in sedentary 3xTg mice when compared with wild-type but was elevated following PoWeR. Accordingly, BACE1 gene expression, along with detergent-soluble Aβ1-42, was lower in PoWeR-trained 3xTg mice. Our data suggest that PoWeR training upregulates Dicer gene expression to alter cerebral miRNA expression, which may contribute to reduced Aβ accumulation and delay AD progression.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Previous studies have outlined the beneficial effects of exercise on lowering BACE1 expression and reducing Aβ plaques. This study extends upon the work of others by outlining a new potential mechanism by which exercise elicits beneficial effects on Alzheimer's disease pathology, specifically through modulation of Dicer and miRNA expression. This is the first study to examine Dicer and miRNA expression in the hippocampus of the 3xTg model within the context of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory M Dungan
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky.,The Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky.,Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Taylor Valentino
- The Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky.,Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Ivan J Vechetti
- The Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky.,Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | | | - Michael P Murphy
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Ai-Ling Lin
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky.,Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - John J McCarthy
- The Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky.,Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Charlotte A Peterson
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky.,The Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
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324
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Haghighijoo Z, Akrami S, Saeedi M, Zonouzi A, Iraji A, Larijani B, Fakherzadeh H, Sharifi F, Arzaghi SM, Mahdavi M, Edraki N. N-Cyclohexylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine derivatives as multi-target-directed ligands for treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Bioorg Chem 2020; 103:104146. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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325
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Interaction between Cognitive Reserve and Biomarkers in Alzheimer Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176279. [PMID: 32872643 PMCID: PMC7503751 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with comparable degree of neuropathology could show different cognitive impairments. This could be explained with the concept of cognitive reserve (CR), which includes a passive and an active component. In particular, CR is used to explain the gap between tissue damage and clinical symptoms that has been observed in dementia and, in particular, in patients affected by Alzheimer disease (AD). Different studies confirm brain neuroplasticity. Our preliminary study demonstrated that AD patients with high education showed a CR inversely associated with glucose uptake measured in fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET), whereas the inverse correlation was observed in AD patients with low education. In other words, our findings suggest that CR compensates the neurodegeneration and allows the maintenance of patients’ cognitive performance. Best understanding of the concept of CR could lead to interventions to slow cognitive aging or reduce the risk of dementia.
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326
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Current Biomarkers for Alzheimer's Disease: From CSF to Blood. J Pers Med 2020; 10:jpm10030085. [PMID: 32806668 PMCID: PMC7564023 DOI: 10.3390/jpm10030085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia and affects a large portion of the elderly population worldwide. Currently, a diagnosis of AD depends on the clinical symptoms of dementia, magnetic resonance imaging to determine brain volume, and positron emission tomography imaging to detect brain amyloid or tau deposition. The best characterized biological fluid markers for AD are decreased levels of amyloid β-protein (Aβ) 42 and increased levels of phosphorylated tau and total tau in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). However, less invasive and easily detectable biomarkers for the diagnosis of AD, especially at the early stage, are still under development. Here, we provide an overview of various biomarkers identified in CSF and blood for the diagnostics of AD over the last 25 years. CSF biomarkers that reflect the three hallmarks of AD, amyloid deposition, neurofibrillary tangles, and neurodegeneration, are well established. Based on the need to start treatment in asymptomatic people with AD and to screen for AD risk in large numbers of young, healthy individuals, the development of biomarkers for AD is shifting from CSF to blood. Elements of the core pathogenesis of AD in blood, including Aβ42, tau proteins, plasma proteins, or lipids have shown their usefulness and capabilities in AD diagnosis. We also highlight some novel identified blood biomarkers (including Aβ42/Aβ43, p-tau 181, Aβ42/APP669-711, structure of Aβ in blood, and flotillin) for AD.
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327
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Proteotoxicity and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165646. [PMID: 32781742 PMCID: PMC7460676 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are a major burden for our society, affecting millions of people worldwide. A main goal of past and current research is to enhance our understanding of the mechanisms underlying proteotoxicity, a common theme among these incurable and debilitating conditions. Cell proteome alteration is considered to be one of the main driving forces that triggers neurodegeneration, and unraveling the biological complexity behind the affected molecular pathways constitutes a daunting challenge. This review summarizes the current state on key processes that lead to cellular proteotoxicity in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, providing a comprehensive landscape of recent literature. A foundational understanding of how proteotoxicity affects disease etiology and progression may provide essential insight towards potential targets amenable of therapeutic intervention.
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328
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Imbimbo BP, Lozupone M, Watling M, Panza F. Discontinued disease-modifying therapies for Alzheimer's disease: status and future perspectives. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2020; 29:919-933. [PMID: 32657175 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2020.1795127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the main cause of dementia and represents a huge burden for patients, carers, and healthcare systems. Extensive efforts for over 20 years have failed to find effective disease-modifying drugs. Although amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation in the brain predicts cognitive decline, effective reduction of plaque load by numerous drug candidates has not yielded significant clinical benefits. A similar pattern is now emerging for drugs which target hyperphosphorylated tau, and trials with anti-inflammatory drugs have been negative despite neuroinflammation appearing to have a crucial role in AD pathogenesis. AREAS COVERED This article reviews key drugs that have been discontinued while in development for AD and delineates the future landscape for present and alternative approaches. EXPERT OPINION Anti-Aβ drugs have failed to validate the Aβ cascade hypothesis of AD. Early findings suggest that the same is happening with therapeutics targeting tau and focussing future research solely on anti-tau drugs is inappropriate. Alternative targets should be pursued, including apolipoprotein E, immunomodulation, plasma exchange, protein autophagy and clearance, mitochondrial dysfunction, abnormal glucose metabolism, neurovascular unit support, epigenetic dysregulation, synaptic loss and dysfunction, microbiota dysbiosis, and combination therapies. Meanwhile, repurposing of drugs approved for other indications is justified where scientific rationale and robust preclinical evidence exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno P Imbimbo
- Department of Research and Development, Chiesi Farmaceutici , Parma, Italy
| | - Madia Lozupone
- Unit of Epidemiological Research on Aging "Greatage Study", National Institute of Gastroenterology and Research Hospital IRCCS "S. de Bellis" , Bari, Italy.,Neurodegenerative Disease Unit, Department of Basic Medicine, Neuroscience, and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro , Bari, Italy
| | - Mark Watling
- CNS & Pain Department, TranScrip Partners , Reading, UK
| | - Francesco Panza
- Unit of Epidemiological Research on Aging "Greatage Study", National Institute of Gastroenterology and Research Hospital IRCCS "S. de Bellis" , Bari, Italy
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329
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Ovsepian SV, Horacek J, O'Leary VB, Hoschl C. The Ups and Downs of BACE1: Walking a Fine Line between Neurocognitive and Other Psychiatric Symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease. Neuroscientist 2020; 27:222-234. [PMID: 32713260 DOI: 10.1177/1073858420940943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Although neurocognitive deficit is the best-recognized indicator of Alzheimer's disease (AD), psychotic and other noncognitive symptoms are the prime cause of institutionalization. BACE1 is the rate-limiting enzyme in the production of Aβ of AD, and one of the promising therapeutic targets in countering cognitive decline and amyloid pathology. Changes in BACE1 activity have also emerged to cause significant noncognitive neuropsychiatric symptoms and impairments of circadian rhythms, as evident from clinical trials and reports in transgenic models. In this study, we consider key characteristics of BACE1 with its contribution to neurocognitive deficit and other psychiatric symptoms of AD. We argue that a growing list of noncognitive mental impairments related to pharmacological modulation of BACE1 might present a major obstacle in clinical translation of emerging therapeutic leads targeting this protease. The adverse effects of BACE1 inhibition on mental health call for a revision of treatment strategies that assume indiscriminate inhibition of this key protease, and stress the need for further mechanistic and translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saak V Ovsepian
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.,Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,International Centre for Neurotherapeutics, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jiri Horacek
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Valerie B O'Leary
- Department of Medical Genetics, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Cyril Hoschl
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.,Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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