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Yakobson B, Goga I, Freuling CM, Fooks AR, Gjinovci V, Hulaj B, Horton D, Johnson N, Muhaxhiri J, Recica I, David D, O'Flaherty R, Taylor N, Wilsmore T, Müller T. Implementation and monitoring of oral rabies vaccination of foxes in Kosovo between 2010 and 2013--an international and intersectorial effort. Int J Med Microbiol 2014; 304:902-10. [PMID: 25128371 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2014.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The European Union has used instrument for pre-accession (IPA) funds to provide technical assistance and supplies for the eradication, monitoring and control of rabies in several pre-accession countries. As a result, since 2010, multi-annual oral rabies vaccination (ORV) programmes for eliminating fox rabies have been launched in six Western Balkan countries. Here the implementation of the ORV programme in Kosovo, the smallest of the West Balkan countries, is described. Associated challenges under difficult political conditions, potential biases, and the results of rabies surveillance and monitoring of ORV campaigns (bait uptake and immunisation rates) since 2010 are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Yakobson
- Rabies Department, Kimron Veterinary Institute, 20250 Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Izedin Goga
- Kosovo Veterinary Laboratory, Industrial Zone, 10 000 Pristina, Kosovo
| | - Conrad M Freuling
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17943 Greifswald-Isle of Riems, Germany
| | - Anthony R Fooks
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-borne Diseases Research Group, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Weybridge, UK; Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, Merseyside, L69 7BE, UK
| | - Valdet Gjinovci
- Food and Veterinary Agency, Industrial Zone, 10 000 Pristina, Kosovo
| | - Beqe Hulaj
- Kosovo Veterinary Laboratory, Industrial Zone, 10 000 Pristina, Kosovo
| | - Daniel Horton
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-borne Diseases Research Group, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Weybridge, UK; School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Surrey Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7TE, UK
| | - Nicholas Johnson
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-borne Diseases Research Group, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Weybridge, UK
| | - Jeton Muhaxhiri
- Control and/or Eradication of Animal Diseases, EuropeAid/132620/C/SER/XK, Pan Livestock Services Ltd, Industrial Zone, 10 000 Pristina, Kosovo
| | - Ilir Recica
- Control and/or Eradication of Animal Diseases, EuropeAid/132620/C/SER/XK, Pan Livestock Services Ltd, Industrial Zone, 10 000 Pristina, Kosovo
| | - Dan David
- Rabies Department, Kimron Veterinary Institute, 20250 Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Richard O'Flaherty
- Control and/or Eradication of Animal Diseases, EuropeAid/132620/C/SER/XK, Pan Livestock Services Ltd, Industrial Zone, 10 000 Pristina, Kosovo; Support for the control and eradication of animal diseases, IPA Multibeneficiary Project Western Balkans, EuropeAid/129988/C/SER/MULTI, Opera S.c.a.r.l., 00197 Rome, Italy
| | - Nick Taylor
- Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics Research Unit (VEERU) & PAN Livestock Services Ltd., University of Reading, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, Reading RG6 6AR, UK
| | - Tony Wilsmore
- Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics Research Unit (VEERU) & PAN Livestock Services Ltd., University of Reading, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, Reading RG6 6AR, UK
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17943 Greifswald-Isle of Riems, Germany.
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Chomel BB. Emerging and Re-Emerging Zoonoses of Dogs and Cats. Animals (Basel) 2014; 4:434-45. [PMID: 26480316 PMCID: PMC4494318 DOI: 10.3390/ani4030434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Dogs and cats have been sharing our environment for a long time and as pets they bring major psychological well-being to our modern urbanized society. However, they still can be a source of human infection by various pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, parasites, and fungi. Abstract Since the middle of the 20th century, pets are more frequently considered as “family members” within households. However, cats and dogs still can be a source of human infection by various zoonotic pathogens. Among emerging or re-emerging zoonoses, viral diseases, such as rabies (mainly from dog pet trade or travel abroad), but also feline cowpox and newly recognized noroviruses or rotaviruses or influenza viruses can sicken our pets and be transmitted to humans. Bacterial zoonoses include bacteria transmitted by bites or scratches, such as pasteurellosis or cat scratch disease, leading to severe clinical manifestations in people because of their age or immune status and also because of our closeness, not to say intimacy, with our pets. Cutaneous contamination with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Leptospira spp., and/or aerosolization of bacteria causing tuberculosis or kennel cough are also emerging/re-emerging pathogens that can be transmitted by our pets, as well as gastro-intestinal pathogens such as Salmonella or Campylobacter. Parasitic and fungal pathogens, such as echinococcosis, leishmaniasis, onchocercosis, or sporotrichosis, are also re-emerging or emerging pet related zoonoses. Common sense and good personal and pet hygiene are the key elements to prevent such a risk of zoonotic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno B Chomel
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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