301
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Vanasek TL, Khoruts A, Zell T, Mueller DL. Antagonistic roles for CTLA-4 and the mammalian target of rapamycin in the regulation of clonal anergy: enhanced cell cycle progression promotes recall antigen responsiveness. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:5636-44. [PMID: 11698435 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.10.5636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+) T cells that undergo multiple rounds of cell division during primary Ag challenge in vivo produce IL-2 on secondary Ag rechallenge, whereas cells that fail to progress through the cell cycle are anergic to restimulation. Anti-CTLA-4 mAb treatment during primary Ag exposure increases cell cycle progression and enhances recall Ag responsiveness; however, simultaneous treatment with rapamycin, an inhibitor of the mammalian target of rapamycin and potent antiproliferative agent, prevents both effects. The data suggest that cell cycle progression plays a primary role in the regulation of recall Ag responsiveness in CD4(+) T cells in vivo. CTLA-4 molecules promote clonal anergy development only indirectly by limiting cell cycle progression during the primary response.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Vanasek
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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302
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Frauwirth KA, Alegre ML, Thompson CB. CTLA-4 is not required for induction of CD8(+) T cell anergy in vivo. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:4936-41. [PMID: 11673499 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.9.4936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies of T cell anergy induction have produced conflicting conclusions as to the role of the negative regulatory receptor, CTLA-4. Several in vivo models of tolerance have implicated the interaction of CTLA-4 and its ligands, B7.1 and B7.2, as an essential step in induction of anergy, while results from a number of other systems have indicated that signals from the TCR/CD3 complex alone are sufficient to induce T cell unresponsiveness. One explanation for this disparity is that the requirements for anergy induction depend closely on the details of the system: in vivo vs in vitro, route of stimulus administration, naive vs memory cells, CD4(+) vs CD8(+) cells, etc. To test this possibility, we established an in vivo anergy model using mice transgenic for the 2C TCR on a recombination-activating gene-2-deficient background, that either express or lack the CTLA-4 molecule. This system provides us with a very homogeneous pool of naive Ag-specific CD8(+) T cells, allowing us to control some of the conditions mentioned above. We found that T cells from CTLA-4-deficient mice were anergized by injections of soluble antigenic peptide as efficiently as were CTLA-4-expressing cells. These results indicate that CTLA-4 is not universally required for in vivo T cell anergy induction and may point to distinctions between regulation of peripheral tolerance in CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Frauwirth
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute and Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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303
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Ermann J, Szanya V, Ford GS, Paragas V, Fathman CG, Lejon K. CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells facilitate the induction of T cell anergy. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:4271-5. [PMID: 11591749 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.8.4271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
T cell anergy is characterized by the inability of the T cell to produce IL-2 and proliferate. It is reversible by the addition of exogenous IL-2. A similar state of unresponsiveness is observed when the proliferative response of murine CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells is suppressed in vitro by coactivated CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells. We have developed a suppression system that uses beads coated with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 Abs as surrogate APCs to study the interaction of CD4(+)CD25(+) and CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells in vitro. CD4(+)CD25(+) T cell-induced suppression, in this model, was not abrogated by blocking the B7-CTLA-4 pathway. When the CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells were separated from the CD4(+)CD25(+) suppressor cells after 24 h of coactivation by the Ab-coated beads, the CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells were unable to proliferate or to produce IL-2 upon restimulation. The induction of this anergic phenotype in the CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells correlated with the up-regulated expression of the gene related to anergy in lymphocytes (GRAIL), a novel anergy-related gene that acts as a negative regulator of IL-2 transcription. This system constitutes a novel mechanism of anergy induction in the presence of costimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ermann
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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304
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Abstract
Immunologists typically study the immune responses induced in the spleen or peripheral lymph nodes after parenteral immunization with antigen and poorly defined experimental adjuvants. However, most antigens enter the body through mucosal surfaces. It is now clear that the microenvironment in these mucosal barriers has a marked influence on the immune response that ultimately ensues. Nowhere is the microenvironment more influential than in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). The GALT must constantly distinguish harmless antigens that are present in food or on commensal bacteria from pathogenic assault by microbes. It is perhaps not surprising, then, that the GALT contains more lymphocytes than all of the secondary lymphoid organs combined.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Nagler-Anderson
- Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown 02129, USA.
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305
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Doyle AM, Mullen AC, Villarino AV, Hutchins AS, High FA, Lee HW, Thompson CB, Reiner SL. Induction of cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) restricts clonal expansion of helper T cells. J Exp Med 2001; 194:893-902. [PMID: 11581312 PMCID: PMC2193479 DOI: 10.1084/jem.194.7.893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen (CTLA)-4 plays an essential role in immunologic homeostasis. How this negative regulator of T cell activation executes its functions has remained controversial. We now provide evidence that CTLA-4 mediates a cell-intrinsic counterbalance to restrict the clonal expansion of proliferating CD4(+) T cells. The regulation of CTLA-4 expression and function ensures that, after approximately 3 cell divisions of expansion, most progeny will succumb to either proliferative arrest or death over the ensuing three cell divisions. The quantitative precision of the counterbalance hinges on the graded, time-independent induction of CTLA-4 expression during the first three cell divisions. In contrast to the limits imposed on unpolarized cells, T helper type 1 (Th1) and Th2 effector progeny may be rescued from proliferative arrest by interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-4 signaling, respectively, allowing appropriately stimulated progeny to proceed to the stage of tissue homing. These results suggest that the cell-autonomous regulation of CTLA-4 induction may be a central checkpoint of clonal expansion of CD4(+) T cells, allowing temporally and spatially restricted growth of progeny to be dictated by the nature of the threat posed to the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alden M. Doyle
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, and Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Alan C. Mullen
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, and Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Alejandro V. Villarino
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, and Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Anne S. Hutchins
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, and Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Frances A. High
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, and Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Hubert W. Lee
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, and Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Craig B. Thompson
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, and Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Steven L. Reiner
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, and Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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306
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Mirshahidi S, Huang CT, Sadegh-Nasseri S. Anergy in peripheral memory CD4(+) T cells induced by low avidity engagement of T cell receptor. J Exp Med 2001; 194:719-31. [PMID: 11560989 PMCID: PMC2195956 DOI: 10.1084/jem.194.6.719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Induction of tolerance in self-reactive memory T cells is an important process in the prevention of autoimmune responses against peripheral self-antigens in autoimmune diseases. Although naive T cells can readily be tolerized, memory T cells are less susceptible to tolerance induction. Recently, we demonstrated that low avidity engagement of T cell receptor (TCR) by low densities of agonist peptides induced anergy in T cell clones. Since memory T cells are more responsive to lower antigenic stimulation, we hypothesized that a low avidity TCR engagement may induce tolerance in memory T cells. We have explored two antigenic systems in two transgenic mouse models, and have tracked specific T cells that are primed and show memory phenotype. We demonstrate that memory CD4(+) T cells can be rendered anergic by presentation of low densities of agonist peptide-major histocompatibility complex complexes in vivo. We rule out other commonly accepted mechanisms for induction of T cell tolerance in vivo, such as deletion, ignorance, or immunosuppression. Anergy is the most likely mechanism because addition of interleukin 2-reversed anergy in specific T cells. Moreover, cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen (CTLA)-4 plays a critical role in the induction of anergy because we observed that there was increased surface expression of CTLA-4 on anergized T cells, and that injection of anti-CTLA-4 blocking antibody restored anergy in vivo.
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MESH Headings
- Abatacept
- Animals
- Antigens, CD
- Antigens, Differentiation/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CTLA-4 Antigen
- Clonal Anergy/immunology
- Clonal Deletion
- HLA-DR1 Antigen/genetics
- HLA-DR1 Antigen/immunology
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus
- Hemagglutinins, Viral/immunology
- Immunoconjugates
- Immunologic Memory/immunology
- Immunophenotyping
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/cytology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptides/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- Tuberculin/immunology
- Up-Regulation/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Saied Mirshahidi
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Ching-Tai Huang
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
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307
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Wells AD, Walsh MC, Bluestone JA, Turka LA. Signaling through CD28 and CTLA-4 controls two distinct forms of T cell anergy. J Clin Invest 2001; 108:895-903. [PMID: 11560959 PMCID: PMC200935 DOI: 10.1172/jci13220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary T cell proliferative responses to TCR ligation plus CD28 costimulation are surprisingly heterogeneous. Many cells that enter G1 fail to progress further through the cell cycle, and some of these cells subsequently fail to divide upon restimulation, even in the presence of IL-2. Such IL-2-refractory anergy is distinct from the IL-2-reversible anergy induced by TCR occupancy in the absence of CD28 costimulation. Here, we focus on the contributions of cell cycle progression and costimulatory (CD28/CTLA-4) signals in the regulation of anergy. We show that CD28 costimulation is not sufficient for anergy avoidance and that activated T cells must progress through the cell cycle in order to escape anergy. Induction of this "division-arrest" form of anergy requires CTLA-4 signaling during the primary response. Also, cell division per se is not sufficient for anergy avoidance: the few T cells that undergo multiple rounds of cell division during overt CD28 costimulatory blockade do not escape the ultimate induction of clonal anergy. Anergy avoidance by primary T cells is thus a multistep process: in order to participate in a productive immune response, an individual T cell activated through its antigen receptor must receive CD28 costimulation and progress through the cell cycle. Anergy may be induced either through a combination of CTLA-4 signaling and the failure of cell cycle progression, or through a proliferation-independent mechanism in which TCR ligation occurs in the absence of CD28.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Wells
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6144, USA.
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308
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Lesage
- Australian Cancer Research Foundation Genetics Lab, Medical Genome Centre, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Christopher C. Goodnow
- Australian Cancer Research Foundation Genetics Lab, Medical Genome Centre, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
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309
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Avice MN, Rubio M, Sergerie M, Delespesse G, Sarfati M. Role of CD47 in the induction of human naive T cell anergy. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:2459-68. [PMID: 11509584 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.5.2459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported that CD47 ligation inhibited IL-2 release by umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells activated in the presence of IL-12, but not IL-4, preventing the induction of IL-12Rbeta(2) expression and the acquisition of Th1, but not the Th2 phenotype. Here we show that in the absence of exogenous cytokine at priming, CD47 ligation of umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells promotes the development of hyporesponsive T cells. Naive cells were treated with CD47 mAb for 3 days, expanded in IL-2 for 9-12 days, and restimulated by CD3 and CD28 coengagement. Effector T cells generated under these conditions were considered to be anergic because they produced a reduced amount of IL-2 at the single-cell level and displayed an impaired capacity 1) to proliferate, 2) to secrete Th1/Th2 cytokines, and 3) to respond to IL-2, IL-4, or IL-12. Moreover, CD47 mAb strongly suppressed IL-2 production and IL-2Ralpha expression in primary cultures and IL-2 response of activated naive T cells. Induction of anergy by CD47 mAb was IL-10 independent, whereas inclusion of IL-2 and IL-4, but not IL-7, at priming fully restored T cell activation. Furthermore, CD28 costimulation prevented induction of anergy. Thus, CD47 may represent a potential target to induce anergy and prevent undesired Th0/Th1 responses such as graft vs host diseases, allograft rejection, or autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Avice
- Allergy Research Laboratory, Research Center of Centre Hospitalier Université de Montréal, Notre Dame Hospital, Quebec, Canada
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310
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Aversa F, Velardi A, Tabilio A, Reisner Y, Martelli MF. Haploidentical stem cell transplantation in leukemia. Blood Rev 2001; 15:111-9. [PMID: 11735159 DOI: 10.1054/blre.2001.0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In acute leukemia patients, infusing a megadose of extensively T-cell-depleted hematopoietic stem cells after an immuno-myeloablative conditioning regimen ensures sustained engraftment of full-haplotype mismatched transplants without graft-vs-host disease. Besides the conditioning regimen and the megadose of stem cells donor natural killer cell alloreactivity also plays a role in facilitating engraftment and in preventing relapse. Since our first successful pilot study, our efforts have concentrated on developing new conditioning regimens, optimizing the graft processing and improving the post-transplant immunological recovery. The results we have so far achieved in 112 very high-risk acute leukemia patients show that haploidentical transplantation is now a clinical reality. Because virtually all patients in need of a hematopoietic stem cell transplant have a full-haplotype mismatched donor, who is immediately available, a T-cell depleted mismatched transplant should be offered, not as a last resort, but as a viable option to high risk acute leukemia patients who do not have, or cannot find, a matched donor.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Aversa
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Program, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Hematology and Clinical Immunology, University of Perugia, Perugia, 06100, Italy.
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