301
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Ichikawa T, Yoshio M, Taguchi S, Kagimoto J, Ohno H, Kato T. Co-organisation of ionic liquids with amphiphilic diethanolamines: construction of 3D continuous ionic nanochannels through the induction of liquid–crystalline bicontinuous cubic phases. Chem Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2sc00981a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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302
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Fong C, Le T, Drummond CJ. Lyotropic liquid crystal engineering–ordered nanostructured small molecule amphiphileself-assembly materials by design. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:1297-322. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cs15148g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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303
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Sakai H, Saitoh T, Misono T, Tsuchiya K, Sakai K, Abe M. Phase Behavior of Phytosterol Ethoxylates in an Imidazolium-Type Room-Temperature Ionic Liquid. J Oleo Sci 2012; 61:135-41. [DOI: 10.5650/jos.61.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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304
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Li J, Zhang J, Zhao Y, Han B, Yang G. High-internal-ionic liquid-phase emulsions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:994-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc15922h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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305
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Chen Z, Greaves TL, Fong C, Caruso RA, Drummond CJ. Lyotropic liquid crystalline phase behaviour in amphiphile–protic ionic liquid systems. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:3825-36. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp23698b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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306
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Werzer O, Cranston ED, Warr GG, Atkin R, Rutland MW. Ionic liquid nanotribology: mica–silica interactions in ethylammonium nitrate. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:5147-52. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp23134k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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307
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Chen Z, Greaves TL, Caruso RA, Drummond CJ. Long-range ordered lyotropic liquid crystals in intermediate-range ordered protic ionic liquid used as templates for hierarchically porous silica. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm30708a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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308
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Wakeham D, Niga P, Ridings C, Andersson G, Nelson A, Warr GG, Baldelli S, Rutland MW, Atkin R. Surface structure of a “non-amphiphilic” protic ionic liquid. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:5106-14. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp23694j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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309
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Shen Y, Kennedy DF, Greaves TL, Weerawardena A, Mulder RJ, Kirby N, Song G, Drummond CJ. Protic ionic liquids with fluorous anions: physicochemical properties and self-assembly nanostructure. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:7981-92. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp40463j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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310
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Alammar T, Mudring AV. Sonochemical synthesis of 0D, 1D, and 2D zinc oxide nanostructures in ionic liquids and their photocatalytic activity. CHEMSUSCHEM 2011; 4:1796-1804. [PMID: 22162406 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201100263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound synthesis of zinc oxide from zinc acetate and sodium hydroxide in ionic liquids (ILs) is a fast, facile, and effective, yet highly morphology- and size-selective route to zinc oxide nanostructures of various dimensionalities. No additional organic solvents, water, surfactants, or templating agents are required. Depending on the synthetic conditions, the selective manufacturing of 0D, 1D, and 2D ZnO nanostructures is possible: Whereas the formation of rodlike structures is typically favored, ZnO nanoparticles can be obtained either under strongly basic conditions or by use of ILs with a long alkyl chain, such as 1-n-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ([C(n)mim][Tf(2)N]; n>8). A short ultrasound irradiation time favors the formation of ZnO nanosheets. Prolonged irradiation leads to the conversion of the ZnO nanosheets into nanorods. In contrast, ionothermal synthesis (conventional heating) does not allow for morphology tuning by variation of the IL or other synthesis conditions, as the longer reaction times required lead always to the formation of well-developed hexagonal nanocrystals with prismatic tips. The ZnO nanostructures synthesized by using ultrasound were efficient photocatalysts in the photodegradation of methyl orange. The photoactivity was observed to be as high as 95 % for ZnO nanoparticles obtained in [C(10)mim][Tf(2)N].
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Alammar
- Anorganische Chemie I-Festkörperchemie und Materialien, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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311
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López-Barrón CR, Basavaraj MG, DeRita L, Wagner NJ. Sponge-to-Lamellar Transition in a Double-Tail Cationic Surfactant/Protic Ionic Liquid System: Structural and Rheological Analysis. J Phys Chem B 2011; 116:813-22. [DOI: 10.1021/jp205580w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos R. López-Barrón
- Center for Neutron Science, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Madivala G. Basavaraj
- Center for Neutron Science, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Leo DeRita
- Center for Neutron Science, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Norman J. Wagner
- Center for Neutron Science, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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312
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Kunz W, Maurer E, Klein R, Touraud D, Rengstl D, Harrar A, Dengler S, Zech O. Low Toxic Ionic Liquids, Liquid Catanionics, and Ionic Liquid Microemulsions. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2011.616109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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313
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Lyotropic liquid crystalline phases formed by phyosterol ethoxylates in room-temperature ionic liquids. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2011.09.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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314
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Li G, Lai Y, Bao W, Li L, Li M, Gan S, Long T, Zou L. Facile synthesis and luminescence properties of highly uniform YF3:Ln3+ (Ln=Eu, Tb, Ce, Dy) nanocrystals in ionic liquids. POWDER TECHNOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2011.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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315
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316
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Chen Z, Zhong Z, Xia Z, Yang F, Mu X. Separation of Fluoroquinolones by MEKC Modified with Hydrophobic Ionic Liquid as a Modifier. Chromatographia 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-011-2150-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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317
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Greaves TL, Mudie ST, Drummond CJ. Effect of protic ionic liquids (PILs) on the formation of non-ionic dodecyl poly(ethylene oxide) surfactant self-assembly structures and the effect of these surfactants on the nanostructure of PILs. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:20441-52. [PMID: 21993606 DOI: 10.1039/c1cp21381d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The ability of a series of non-ionic dodecyl poly(ethylene oxide) surfactants to form micelles in a variety of protic ionic liquids (PILs) was investigated using small and wide angle X-ray scattering (SAXS/WAXS). The C(12)E(n) surfactants with n = 3-8 were examined in PILs which contained either an ethyl, diethyl, triethyl, butyl, pentyl, ethanol or pentanol-ammonium cation in conjunction with either a nitrate or formate anion. The ability of the PILs to support micelles of these surfactants was highly dependent on their liquid nanostructure. The PILs containing hydroxyl groups on the cations were not nanostructured and had very low surfactant solubility (<1 wt%). The highly nanostructured PILs with butylammonium or pentylammonium cations contain large non-polar domains, and had excellent surfactant solubility, but due to the greater hydrocarbon solubility they had insufficient drive from the "solvophobic effect" to enable micelle formation. The PILs of ethylammonium nitrate (EAN), propylammonium nitrate (PAN), diethylammonium formate (DEAF) and triethylammonium formate (TEAF) had smaller non-polar domains, and all supported micelle formation below 20 wt% surfactant. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of surfactants in EAN were two orders of magnitude greater than in water. The minimum molecular areas of the poly(ethylene oxide) head groups at the air/ionic liquid interface, A(min), were significantly larger in EAN than in water. The SAXS patterns from the micelles present in EAN fitted well to ellipsoids, whereas the micelles present in PAN fitted well to spheres. The nanostructure of select PILs was also influenced by the presence of surfactants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar L Greaves
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering, Bag 10, Clayton, VIC 3169, Australia
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318
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Harrar A, Zech O, Klaus A, Bauduin P, Kunz W. Influence of surfactant amphiphilicity on the phase behavior of IL-based microemulsions. J Colloid Interface Sci 2011; 362:423-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2011.06.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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319
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Frost DS, Dai LL. Molecular dynamics simulations of nanoparticle self-assembly at ionic liquid-water and ionic liquid-oil interfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:11339-11346. [PMID: 21823636 DOI: 10.1021/la202069m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the self-assembly of hydrophobic nanoparticles at ionic liquid (IL)-water and IL-oil (hexane) interfaces using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. For the 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([BMIM][PF(6)])/water system, the nanoparticles rapidly approached the IL-water interface and equilibrated more into the IL phase although they were initially in the water phase. In contrast, when the nanoparticles were dispersed in the hexane phase, they slowly approached the IL-hexane interface but remained primarily in the hexane phase. Consequently, the IL-hexane interface was rather undisturbed by the nanoparticles whereas the IL-water interface changed significantly in width and morphology to accommodate the presence of the nanoparticles. The equilibrium positions of the nanoparticles were also supported and explained by potential of mean force (PMF) calculations. Interesting ordering and charge distributions were observed at the IL-liquid interfaces. At the IL-hexane interface, the [BMIM] cations preferentially oriented themselves so that they were immersed more in the hexane phase and packed efficiently to reduce steric hindrance. The ordering likely contributed to a heightened IL density and a slightly positive charge at the IL-hexane interface. In contrast, the cations at the IL-water interface were oriented isotropically unless in the presence of nanoparticles, where the cations aligned across the nanoparticle surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denzil S Frost
- The School for Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
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320
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Maddikeri RR, Colak S, Gido SP, Tew GN. Zwitterionic Polymersomes in an Ionic Liquid: Room Temperature TEM Characterization. Biomacromolecules 2011; 12:3412-7. [DOI: 10.1021/bm2010142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raghavendra R. Maddikeri
- Department
of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts—Amherst, Conte Research
Center for Polymers, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003,
United States
| | - Semra Colak
- Department
of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts—Amherst, Conte Research
Center for Polymers, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003,
United States
| | - Samuel P. Gido
- Department
of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts—Amherst, Conte Research
Center for Polymers, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003,
United States
| | - Gregory N. Tew
- Department
of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts—Amherst, Conte Research
Center for Polymers, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003,
United States
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321
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Carbon Dioxide in Ionic Liquid Microemulsions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:9911-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201103956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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322
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Zhang J, Han B, Li J, Zhao Y, Yang G. Carbon Dioxide in Ionic Liquid Microemulsions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201103956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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323
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Gayet F, Marty JD, Brûlet A, Lauth-de Viguerie N. Vesicles in ionic liquids. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:9706-9710. [PMID: 21718059 DOI: 10.1021/la2015989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The formation of vesicles from 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) in several room-temperature ionic liquids, namely, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (BmimBF(4)), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (BmimPF(6)), 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (EmimNTf(2)), and N-benzylpyridinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (BnPyNTf(2)), as well as in a water/BmimBF(4) mixture, was investigated. In pure ionic liquids, observations by staining transmission electron microscopy demonstrated clearly the formation of spherical structures with diameters of 200-400 nm. The morphological characteristics of these vesicles in ionic liquids, in particular, the membrane thicknesses, were first investigated by small-angle neutron scattering measurements. The mean bilayer thickness was found to be ∼63 ± 1 Å in a deuterated ionic liquid (BnPyNTf(2)-d). This value was similar to that observed in water. The effect of ILs on the modification of the phase physical properties of multilamellar vesicles (MLVs) was then investigated by differential scanning calorimetry. In pure IL as in water, DPPC exhibited an endothermic pretransition followed by the main transition. These transition temperatures and the associated enthalpies in ILs were higher than those in water because of a reduction of the electrostatic repulsion between zwitterionic head groups. To better understand the effect of ionic liquid on the formation of multilamellar vesicles, mixtures of BmimBF(4) and water, which are miscible in all proportions, were analyzed (BmimBF(4)/water ratio from 0% to 100%). SANS and DSC experiments demonstrated that the bilayer structure and stability were strongly modified by the IL content. Moreover, matching SANS experiments showed that BmimBF(4) molecules prefer to be located inside the DPPC membrane rather than in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Gayet
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, IMRCP, 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
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324
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Klein R, Zech O, Maurer E, Kellermeier M, Kunz W. Oligoether carboxylates: task-specific room-temperature ionic liquids. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:8961-9. [PMID: 21682314 DOI: 10.1021/jp200624g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Recently, a new family of ionic liquids based on oligoether carboxylates was introduced. 2,5,8,11-Tetraoxatridecan-13-oate (TOTO) was shown to form room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) even with small alkali ions such as lithium and sodium. However, the alkali TOTO salts suffer from their extremely high viscosities and relatively low conductivities. Therefore, we replaced the alkali cations by tetraalkylammonium (TAA) ions and studied the TOTO salts of tetraethyl- (TEA), tetrapropyl- (TPA), and tetrabutylammonium (TBA). In addition, the environmentally benign quaternary ammonium ion choline (Ch) was included in the series. All salts were found to be ionic liquids at ambient temperatures with a glass transition typically at around -60 °C. Viscosities, conductivities, solvent polarities, and Kamlet-Taft parameters were determined as a function of temperature. When using quaternary ammonium ions, the viscosities of the resulting TOTO ionic liquids are >600 times lower, whereas conductivities increase by a factor of up to 1000 compared with their alkali counterparts. Solvent polarities further reveal that choline and TAA cations yield TOTO ionic liquids that are more polar than those obtained with the, per se, highly polar sodium ion. Results are discussed in terms of ion-pairing and structure-breaking concepts with regard to a possible complexation ability of the TOTO anion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Klein
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany
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325
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Synthesis of silver nanoparticle in imidazolium and pyrolidium based ionic liquid reverse micelles: A step forward in nanostructure inorganic material in room temperature ionic liquid field. J Mol Liq 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2011.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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326
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Kohmoto S, Okuyama S, Nakai T, Takahashi M, Kishikawa K, Masu H, Azumaya I. Crystal structure of hydrates of imidazolium salts. J Mol Struct 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2011.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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327
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Fernández-Castro B, Méndez-Morales T, Carrete J, Fazer E, Cabeza O, Rodríguez JR, Turmine M, Varela LM. Surfactant Self-Assembly Nanostructures in Protic Ionic Liquids. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:8145-54. [DOI: 10.1021/jp203204c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Fernández-Castro
- Grupo de Nanomateriales y Materia Blanda, Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida s/n E-15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - T. Méndez-Morales
- Grupo de Nanomateriales y Materia Blanda, Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida s/n E-15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - J. Carrete
- Grupo de Nanomateriales y Materia Blanda, Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida s/n E-15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - E. Fazer
- Laboratoire Interfaces et Systèmes Electrochimiques, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-PARIS6, CNRS, UPR15-LISE, Paris, F-75005 France
| | - O. Cabeza
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidade de A Coruña, Campus A Zapateira s/n E-15008, A Coruña, Spain
| | - J. R. Rodríguez
- Grupo de Nanomateriales y Materia Blanda, Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida s/n E-15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - M. Turmine
- Laboratoire Interfaces et Systèmes Electrochimiques, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-PARIS6, CNRS, UPR15-LISE, Paris, F-75005 France
| | - L. M. Varela
- Grupo de Nanomateriales y Materia Blanda, Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida s/n E-15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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328
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Surface adsorption and aggregate formation of nonionic surfactants in a room temperature ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (bmimPF6). J Colloid Interface Sci 2011; 358:527-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2011.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Revised: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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329
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Jawale DV, Pratap UR, Lingampalle DL, Mane RA. Dicationic Ionic Liquid Mediated Synthesis of 5-Arylidine-2,4-thiazolidinediones. CHINESE J CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201190192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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330
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Inoue T, Maema K. Self-aggregation of nonionic surfactants in imidazolium-based ionic liquids with trifluoromethanesulfonate anion. Colloid Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-011-2443-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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331
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Sakai K, Onuma Y, Torigoe K, Biggs S, Sakai H, Abe M. Adsorption of phytosterol ethoxylates on silica in an aprotic room-temperature ionic liquid. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:3244-3248. [PMID: 21370822 DOI: 10.1021/la200046k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The adsorption of a nonionic surfactant at a silica/room-temperature ionic liquid interface has been characterized on the basis of analytical data obtained through a combination of surface force measurements, in situ soft-contact atomic force microscope (AFM) images, and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) data. The surfactant employed in this study is a kind of phytosterol ethoxylate (BPS-20), and the ionic liquid selected here is aprotic 1-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (EmimTFSI). This ionic liquid spontaneously forms solvation layers on silica, being composed of an Emim(+) cation layer and EmimTFSI ion pair layers. The addition of BPS-20 disrupts these solvation layers and suggests a surfactant layer adsorbed at the interface. This is the first report demonstrating the adsorption of nonionic surfactants at the solid/aprotic ionic liquid interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Sakai
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry in Faculty of Science and Technology and Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan.
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332
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Greaves TL, Weerawardena A, Drummond CJ. Nanostructure and amphiphile self-assembly in polar molecular solvents: amides and the "solvophobic effect". Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:9180-6. [PMID: 21468392 DOI: 10.1039/c1cp20481e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The ability of low molecular weight amides to support amphiphile self-assembly is shown to be a general feature for this class of solvents. This report extends the number of known polar solvents which can support amphiphile self-assembly by five new amides; more than doubling the number of known amides able to serve as amphiphile self-assembly media. The formation of lyotropic liquid crystalline phases by cationic and non-ionic surfactants in these liquid amides is reported. The ability of a solvent to promote amphiphile self-assembly is governed by the "solvophobic effect" and is linked to the solvent cohesiveness. The Gordon parameter which is a measure of the solvent cohesiveness was found to provide a guide to an amides capacity to support lyotropic liquid crystalline phase diversity and thermal stability ranges of those phases. The "solvophobic effect" and steric hindrance factors were compared between amide's and protic ionic liquids possessing analogous chemical structures and also being able to promote amphiphile self-assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar L Greaves
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering (CMSE), Bag 10, Clayton, VIC 3169, Australia
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333
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Inoue T, Yamakawa H. Micelle formation of nonionic surfactants in a room temperature ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate: Surfactant chain length dependence of the critical micelle concentration. J Colloid Interface Sci 2011; 356:798-802. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2011.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Revised: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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334
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Morris VK, Ren Q, Macindoe I, Kwan AH, Byrne N, Sunde M. Recruitment of class I hydrophobins to the air:water interface initiates a multi-step process of functional amyloid formation. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:15955-63. [PMID: 21454575 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.214197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Class I fungal hydrophobins form amphipathic monolayers composed of amyloid rodlets. This is a remarkable case of functional amyloid formation in that a hydrophobic:hydrophilic interface is required to trigger the self-assembly of the proteins. The mechanism of rodlet formation and the role of the interface in this process have not been well understood. Here, we have studied the effect of a range of additives, including ionic liquids, alcohols, and detergents, on rodlet formation by two class I hydrophobins, EAS and DewA. Although the conformation of the hydrophobins in these different solutions is not altered, we observe that the rate of rodlet formation is slowed as the surface tension of the solution is decreased, regardless of the nature of the additive. These results suggest that interface properties are of critical importance for the recruitment, alignment, and structural rearrangement of the amphipathic hydrophobin monomers. This work gives insight into the forces that drive macromolecular assembly of this unique family of proteins and allows us to propose a three-stage model for the interface-driven formation of rodlets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa K Morris
- School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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335
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Wu D, Liu R, Pisula W, Feng X, Müllen K. Two‐Dimensional Nanostructures from Positively Charged Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:2791-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201004245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Revised: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dongqing Wu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz (Germany), Fax: (+49) 6131‐379‐350
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai (P.R. China)
| | - Ruili Liu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz (Germany), Fax: (+49) 6131‐379‐350
| | - Wojciech Pisula
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz (Germany), Fax: (+49) 6131‐379‐350
- Present address: Evonik Degussa GmbH, Process Technology & Engineering, Process Technology—New Processes, Rodenbacher Chaussee 4, 63457 Hanau‐Wolfgang (Germany)
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz (Germany), Fax: (+49) 6131‐379‐350
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz (Germany), Fax: (+49) 6131‐379‐350
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336
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Ramanathan R, Campbell JL, Soni SK, Bhargava SK, Bansal V. Cationic amino acids specific biomimetic silicification in ionic liquid: a quest to understand the formation of 3-D structures in diatoms. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17707. [PMID: 21408611 PMCID: PMC3048297 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The intricate, hierarchical, highly reproducible, and exquisite biosilica structures formed by diatoms have generated great interest to understand biosilicification processes in nature. This curiosity is driven by the quest of researchers to understand nature's complexity, which might enable reproducing these elegant natural diatomaceous structures in our laboratories via biomimetics, which is currently beyond the capabilities of material scientists. To this end, significant understanding of the biomolecules involved in biosilicification has been gained, wherein cationic peptides and proteins are found to play a key role in the formation of these exquisite structures. Although biochemical factors responsible for silica formation in diatoms have been studied for decades, the challenge to mimic biosilica structures similar to those synthesized by diatoms in their natural habitats has not hitherto been successful. This has led to an increasingly interesting debate that physico-chemical environment surrounding diatoms might play an additional critical role towards the control of diatom morphologies. The current study demonstrates this proof of concept by using cationic amino acids as catalyst/template/scaffold towards attaining diatom-like silica morphologies under biomimetic conditions in ionic liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Ramanathan
- School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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337
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Song H, Niu Y, Wang Z, Zhang J. Liquid Crystalline Phase and Gel−Sol Transitions for Concentrated Microcrystalline Cellulose (MCC)/1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Acetate (EMIMAc) Solutions. Biomacromolecules 2011; 12:1087-96. [DOI: 10.1021/bm101426p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongzan Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Repubic of China
| | - Yanhua Niu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Repubic of China
| | - Zhigang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province 230026, People's Repubic of China
| | - Jun Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Repubic of China
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338
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Harrar A, Zech O, Hartl R, Bauduin P, Zemb T, Kunz W. [emim][etSO4] as the polar phase in low-temperature-stable microemulsions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:1635-1642. [PMID: 21226501 DOI: 10.1021/la1037316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate here that microemulsions with an IL as the continuous phase can be formed so that they are stable over a wide temperature range and have intermediary properties between flexible and stiff microemulsions. Three components (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethylsulfate ([emim][etSO(4)]), limonene, and octylphenol ethoxylate (Triton X 100, abbreviated as TX-100)) were used. This ternary system has been characterized from ambient temperature down to -10 °C by means of conductivity, viscosity, and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) measurements. The SAXS data exhibit a characteristic single, broad scattering peak in conjunction with a typical q(-4) decay at large q values. The SAXS data have also been interpreted in terms of a dimensionless dilution plot, demonstrating that microstructures are neither isolated droplets nor a random flexible film structure but resemble molten liquid crystals (i.e., they are formed from locally cylindrical or planar structures). This semirigidity is attributed to a good match between the surfactant and the ionic liquid; this holds in a temperature range well below 0 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Harrar
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
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339
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Liu J, Chen JS, Wei X, Lou XW, Liu XW. Sandwich-like, stacked ultrathin titanate nanosheets for ultrafast lithium storage. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2011; 23:998-1002. [PMID: 21341313 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201003759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Revised: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiehua Liu
- School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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340
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Wu D, Liu R, Pisula W, Feng X, Müllen K. Two‐Dimensional Nanostructures from Positively Charged Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201004245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dongqing Wu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz (Germany), Fax: (+49) 6131‐379‐350
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai (P.R. China)
| | - Ruili Liu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz (Germany), Fax: (+49) 6131‐379‐350
| | - Wojciech Pisula
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz (Germany), Fax: (+49) 6131‐379‐350
- Present address: Evonik Degussa GmbH, Process Technology & Engineering, Process Technology—New Processes, Rodenbacher Chaussee 4, 63457 Hanau‐Wolfgang (Germany)
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz (Germany), Fax: (+49) 6131‐379‐350
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz (Germany), Fax: (+49) 6131‐379‐350
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341
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Nakashima T, Kimizuka N. Water/ionic liquid interfaces as fluid scaffolds for the two-dimensional self-assembly of charged nanospheres. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:1281-1285. [PMID: 21218812 DOI: 10.1021/la1038987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Liquid-liquid interfaces formed between water and ionic liquids serve as fluid scaffolds to self-assemble anionic nanospheres two-dimensionally. When aqueous dispersions of anionic fluorescent polystyrene nanospheres (diameter ∼500 nm) are layered on ionic liquids, ordered monolayers are spontaneously formed at the interface. Fluorescent nanospheres are hexagonally packed in the interfacial monolayers, as observed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The adsorption and alignment of nanospheres at the interface are affected by the ionic strength and pH of the aqueous phase, indicating electrostatic interaction as the primary driving force for the self-assembly. CLSM observation of the water/ionic liquid interface reveals that the lower hemisphere of nanospheres is exposed to the ionic liquid phase, which effectively alleviates lateral electrostatic repulsion between charged nanospheres and promotes their close packing. The densely packed monolayer structure of nanospheres is stably immobilized on the surface of CLSM glass dishes simply by rinsing the ionic liquid layer with pure water, probably as a consequence of the gluing effect exerted by imidazolium cations. The fluidic nature of the water/ionic liquid interface facilitates the diffusion and ordering of nanospheres into a hexagonal lattice, and these features render the interface promising soft scaffolds to self-assemble anionic nanomaterials two-dimensionally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Nakashima
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, International Research Center for Molecular Systems (IRCMS), Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
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342
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Greaves TL, Kennedy DF, Weerawardena A, Tse NMK, Kirby N, Drummond CJ. Nanostructured Protic Ionic Liquids Retain Nanoscale Features in Aqueous Solution While Precursor Brønsted Acids and Bases Exhibit Different Behavior. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:2055-66. [DOI: 10.1021/jp1112203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tamar L. Greaves
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering, Bag 10, Clayton, Victoria 3169, Australia
| | - Danielle F. Kennedy
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering, Bag 10, Clayton, Victoria 3169, Australia
| | - Asoka Weerawardena
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering, Bag 10, Clayton, Victoria 3169, Australia
| | - Nicholas M. K. Tse
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering, Bag 10, Clayton, Victoria 3169, Australia
| | - Nigel Kirby
- Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Victoria 3169, Australia
| | - Calum J. Drummond
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering, Bag 10, Clayton, Victoria 3169, Australia
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343
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Albayrak C, Özkan N, Dag Ö. Origin of lyotropic liquid crystalline mesophase formation and liquid crystalline to mesostructured solid transformation in the metal nitrate salt-surfactant systems. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:870-873. [PMID: 20958051 DOI: 10.1021/la1035932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The zinc nitrate salt acts as a solvent in the ZnX-C(12)EO(10) (ZnX is [Zn(H(2)O)(6)](NO(3))(2) and C(12)EO(10) is C(12)H(25)(OCH(2)CH(2))(10)OH) lyotropic liquid crystalline (LLC) mesophase with a drastic dropping on the melting point of ZnX. The salt-surfactant LLC mesophase is stable down to -52 °C and undergoes a phase change into a solid mesostructured salt upon cooling below -52 °C; no phase separation is observed down to -190 °C. The ZnX-C(12)EO(10) mesophase displays a usual phase behavior with an increasing concentration of the solvent (ZnX) in the media with an order of bicontinuous cubic(V(1))-2D hexagonal(H(1))--a mixture of 2D hexagonal and micelle cubic(H(1) + I)-micelle cubic(I)-micelle(L(1)) phases. The phase behaviors, specifically at low temperatures, and the first phase diagram of the ZnX-C(12)EO(10) system was investigated using polarized optical microscopy (POM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and Raman techniques and conductivity measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cemal Albayrak
- Department of Chemistry, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
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344
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Ma H, Dai LL. Particle self-assembly in ionic liquid-in-water Pickering emulsions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:508-512. [PMID: 21166452 DOI: 10.1021/la103828x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We report the self-assembly of a single species or a binary mixture of microparticles in ionic liquid-in-water Pickering emulsions, with emphases on the interfacial self-assembled particle structure and the partitioning preference of free particles in the dispersed and continuous phases. The particles form monolayers at ionic liquid-water interfaces and are close-packed on fully covered emulsion droplets or aggregated on partially covered droplets. In contrast to those at oil-water interfaces, no long-range-ordered colloidal lattices are observed. Interestingly, other than equilibrating at the ionic liquid-water interfaces, the microparticles also exhibit a partitioning preference in the dispersed and continuous phases: the sulfate-treated polystyrene (S-PS) and aldehyde-sulfate-treated polystyrene (AS-PS) microparticles are extracted to the ionic liquid phase with a high extraction efficiency, whereas the amine-treated polystyrene (A-PS) microparticles remain in the water phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Ma
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
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345
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Sakai H, Saitoh T, Misono T, Tsuchiya K, Sakai K, Abe M. Nonionic Surfactant Mixtures in an Imidazolium-Type Room-Temperature Ionic Liquid. J Oleo Sci 2011; 60:563-7. [DOI: 10.5650/jos.60.563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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346
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Tourné-Péteilh C, Devoisselle JM, Vioux A, Judeinstein P, In M, Viau L. Surfactant properties of ionic liquids containing short alkyl chain imidazolium cations and ibuprofenate anions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:15523-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp21057b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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347
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Hu YF, Liu ZC, Xu CM, Zhang XM. The molecular characteristics dominating the solubility of gases in ionic liquids. Chem Soc Rev 2011; 40:3802-23. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cs00006j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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348
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Hayes R, Imberti S, Warr GG, Atkin R. Pronounced sponge-like nanostructure in propylammonium nitrate. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:13544-51. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp21080g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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349
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Hayes R, Imberti S, Warr GG, Atkin R. Amphiphilicity determines nanostructure in protic ionic liquids. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:3237-47. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp01137a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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350
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Werzer O, Warr GG, Atkin R. Conformation of Poly(ethylene oxide) Dissolved in Ethylammonium Nitrate. J Phys Chem B 2010; 115:648-52. [DOI: 10.1021/jp110216k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Werzer
- Centre for Organic Electronics, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia and School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Gregory G. Warr
- Centre for Organic Electronics, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia and School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Rob Atkin
- Centre for Organic Electronics, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia and School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
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