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Fleitas C, Piñol-Ripoll G, Marfull P, Rocandio D, Ferrer I, Rampon C, Egea J, Espinet C. proBDNF is modified by advanced glycation end products in Alzheimer's disease and causes neuronal apoptosis by inducing p75 neurotrophin receptor processing. Mol Brain 2018; 11:68. [PMID: 30428894 PMCID: PMC6237019 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-018-0411-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is a complex pathology related to multiple causes including oxidative stress. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a neutrotrophic factor essential for the survival and differentiation of neurons and is considered a key target in the pathophysiology of various neurodegenerative diseases, as for example AD. Contrarily to BDNF, the precursor form of BDNF (proBDNF) induces apoptosis through the specific interaction with p75 and its co-receptor, Sortilin. We used hippocampal tissue and cerebrospinal fluid from AD patients and controls. to study the localization and the levels of proBDNF, p75 and Sortilin as well as the post-traduccional modifications of proBDNF induced by Radical Oxygen Species, by immunofluorescence and Western blot. Differentiation and survival were assessed on differentiated mouse hippocampal neurons derived from postnatal neural stem cells from WT animals or from the transgenic AD animal model APP/PS1∆E9, based on mutations of familiar AD. In AD patients we observe a significative increase of proBDNF and Sortilin expression and a significative increase of the ratio proBDNF/BDNF in their cerebrospinal fluid compared to controls. In addition, the proBDNF of AD patients is modified by ROS-derived advanced glycation end products, which prevent the processing of the proBDNF to the mature BDNF, leading to an increase of pathogenicity and a decrease of trophic effects. The cerebrospinal fluid from AD patients, but not from controls, induces apoptosis in differentiated hippocampal neurons mainly by the action of AGE-modified proBDNF present in the cerebrospinal fluid of the patients. This effect is triggered by the activation and processing of p75 that stimulate the internalization of the intracellular domain (ICD) within the nucleus causing apoptosis. Induction of apoptosis and p75 ICD internalization by AD patients-derived proBDNF is further enhanced in neuron cultures from the AD model expressing the APP/PS1∆E9 transgene. Our results indicate the importance of proBDNF neurotoxic signaling in AD pathology essentially by three mechanisms: i) by an increase of proBDNF stability due to ROS-induced post-traductional modifications; ii) by the increase of expression of the p75 co-receptor, Sortilin and iii) by the increase of the basal levels of p75 processing found in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Fleitas
- Molecular Developmental Neurobiology Group, IRBLleida-UDL Rovira Roure 82, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Gerard Piñol-Ripoll
- Unitat Trastorns Cognitius, IRBLleida-Hospital Universitari Santa Maria Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Pau Marfull
- Molecular Developmental Neurobiology Group, IRBLleida-UDL Rovira Roure 82, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Daniel Rocandio
- Molecular Developmental Neurobiology Group, IRBLleida-UDL Rovira Roure 82, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Isidro Ferrer
- Departament de Patologia i Terapèutica Experimental, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Claire Rampon
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale (CRCA), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Joaquim Egea
- Molecular Developmental Neurobiology Group, IRBLleida-UDL Rovira Roure 82, 25198, Lleida, Spain.,Serra Húnter fellow, Associate Professor, Generalitat de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carme Espinet
- Serra Húnter fellow, Associate Professor, Generalitat de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain.
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302
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Osinalde N, Duarri A, Ramirez J, Barrio R, Perez de Nanclares G, Mayor U. Impaired proteostasis in rare neurological diseases. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 93:164-177. [PMID: 30355526 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Rare diseases are classified as such when their prevalence is 1:2000 or lower, but even if each of them is so infrequent, altogether more than 300 million people in the world suffer one of the ∼7000 diseases considered as rare. Over 1200 of these disorders are known to affect the brain or other parts of our nervous system, and their symptoms can affect cognition, motor function and/or social interaction of the patients; we refer collectively to them as rare neurological disorders or RNDs. We have focused this review on RNDs known to have compromised protein homeostasis pathways. Proteostasis can be regulated and/or altered by a chain of cellular mechanisms, from protein synthesis and folding, to aggregation and degradation. Overall, we provide a list comprised of above 215 genes responsible for causing more than 170 distinct RNDs, deepening on some representative diseases, including as well a clinical view of how those diseases are diagnosed and dealt with. Additionally, we review existing methodologies for diagnosis and treatment, discussing the potential of specific deubiquitinating enzyme inhibition as a future therapeutic avenue for RNDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Osinalde
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Anna Duarri
- Barcelona Stem Cell Bank, Center of Regenerative Medicine in Barcelona, 08908 Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juanma Ramirez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Rosa Barrio
- Functional Genomics Unit, CIC bioGUNE, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Guiomar Perez de Nanclares
- Molecular (Epi)Genetics Laboratory, BioAraba National Health Institute, Hospital Universitario Araba-Txagorritxu, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Alava, Spain
| | - Ugo Mayor
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain; Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain.
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303
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Bisht K, Sharma K, Tremblay MÈ. Chronic stress as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease: Roles of microglia-mediated synaptic remodeling, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Neurobiol Stress 2018; 9:9-21. [PMID: 29992181 PMCID: PMC6035903 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the predominant immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS) that exert key physiological roles required for maintaining CNS homeostasis, notably in response to chronic stress, as well as mediating synaptic plasticity, learning and memory. The repeated exposure to stress confers a higher risk of developing neurodegenerative diseases including sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD). While microglia have been causally linked to amyloid beta (Aβ) accumulation, tau pathology, neurodegeneration, and synaptic loss in AD, they were also attributed beneficial roles, notably in the phagocytic elimination of Aβ. In this review, we discuss the interactions between chronic stress and AD pathology, overview the roles played by microglia in AD, especially focusing on chronic stress as an environmental risk factor modulating their function, and present recently-described microglial phenotypes associated with neuroprotection in AD. These microglial phenotypes observed under both chronic stress and AD pathology may provide novel opportunities for the development of better-targeted therapeutic interventions.
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Key Words
- ABCA7, ATP-binding cassette transporter A7
- AD, Alzheimer's disease
- APOE, Apolipoprotein E
- APP, amyloid precursor protein
- Alzheimer's disease
- Aβ, Amyloid beta
- BDNF, brain derived neurotrophic factor
- CD11b, cluster of differentiation molecule 11B
- CD33, cluster of differentiation 33
- CNS, central nervous system
- CR, complement receptor
- CRF, corticotropin releasing factor
- DAM, disease associated microglia
- DAP12, DNAX-activation protein 12
- Dark microglia
- FAD, Familial Alzheimer's disease
- FCRLS, Fc receptor-like S scavenger receptor
- GR, glucocorticoid receptor
- HPA axis, hypothalamic pituitary adrenocortical axis
- IBA1, ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1
- IL, interleukin
- LTP, long-term potentiation
- MGnD, microglia with a neurodegenerative phenotype
- MR, mineralocorticoid receptor
- Microglia
- Microglial phenotypes
- NADPH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
- NFT, neurofibrillary tangles
- Neurodegeneration
- Neuroinflammation
- PS, presenilin
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- Stress
- Synaptic remodeling
- TGFβ, transforming growth factor β
- TLR, Toll-like receptors
- TMEM119, transmembrane protein 119
- TNFα, tumor necrosis factor-α
- TREM2, triggering receptor expressed in myeloid cells 2
- TYROBP, TYRO protein tyrosine kinase binding protein
- mPFC, medial prefrontal cortex
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanchan Bisht
- Axe Neurosciences, CRCHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Kaushik Sharma
- Axe Neurosciences, CRCHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Axe Neurosciences, CRCHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Département de médecine moléculaire, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
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304
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Questions concerning the role of amyloid-β in the definition, aetiology and diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol 2018; 136:663-689. [PMID: 30349969 PMCID: PMC6208728 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-018-1918-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The dominant hypothesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) aetiology, the neuropathological guidelines for diagnosing AD and the majority of high-profile therapeutic efforts, in both research and in clinical practice, have been built around one possible causal factor, amyloid-β (Aβ). However, the causal link between Aβ and AD remains unproven. Here, in the context of a detailed assessment of historical and contemporary studies, we raise critical questions regarding the role of Aβ in the definition, diagnosis and aetiology of AD. We illustrate that a holistic view of the available data does not support an unequivocal conclusion that Aβ has a central or unique role in AD. Instead, the data suggest alternative views of AD aetiology are potentially valid, at this time. We propose that an unbiased way forward for the field, beyond the current Aβ-centric approach, without excluding a role for Aβ, is required to come to an accurate understanding of AD dementia and, ultimately, an effective treatment.
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305
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306
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Velasco-Estevez M, Mampay M, Boutin H, Chaney A, Warn P, Sharp A, Burgess E, Moeendarbary E, Dev KK, Sheridan GK. Infection Augments Expression of Mechanosensing Piezo1 Channels in Amyloid Plaque-Reactive Astrocytes. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:332. [PMID: 30405400 PMCID: PMC6204357 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A defining pathophysiological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the amyloid plaque; an extracellular deposit of aggregated fibrillar Aβ1-42 peptides. Amyloid plaques are hard, brittle structures scattered throughout the hippocampus and cerebral cortex and are thought to cause hyperphosphorylation of tau, neurofibrillary tangles, and progressive neurodegeneration. Reactive astrocytes and microglia envelop the exterior of amyloid plaques and infiltrate their inner core. Glia are highly mechanosensitive cells and can almost certainly sense the mismatch between the normally soft mechanical environment of the brain and very stiff amyloid plaques via mechanosensing ion channels. Piezo1, a non-selective cation channel, can translate extracellular mechanical forces to intracellular molecular signaling cascades through a process known as mechanotransduction. Here, we utilized an aging transgenic rat model of AD (TgF344-AD) to study expression of mechanosensing Piezo1 ion channels in amyloid plaque-reactive astrocytes. We found that Piezo1 is upregulated with age in the hippocampus and cortex of 18-month old wild-type rats. However, more striking increases in Piezo1 were measured in the hippocampus of TgF344-AD rats compared to age-matched wild-type controls. Interestingly, repeated urinary tract infections with Escherichia coli bacteria, a common comorbidity in elderly people with dementia, caused further elevations in Piezo1 channel expression in the hippocampus and cortex of TgF344-AD rats. Taken together, we report that aging and peripheral infection augment amyloid plaque-induced upregulation of mechanoresponsive ion channels, such as Piezo1, in astrocytes. Further research is required to investigate the role of astrocytic Piezo1 in the Alzheimer's brain, whether modulating channel opening will protect or exacerbate the disease state, and most importantly, if Piezo1 could prove to be a novel drug target for age-related dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Velasco-Estevez
- Neuroimmulology & Neurotherapeutics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, United Kingdom
- Drug Development, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Myrthe Mampay
- Neuroimmulology & Neurotherapeutics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Hervé Boutin
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health and Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Aisling Chaney
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health and Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Peter Warn
- Evotec (UK) Ltd., Manchester Science Park, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Sharp
- Evotec (UK) Ltd., Manchester Science Park, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Ellie Burgess
- Evotec (UK) Ltd., Manchester Science Park, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Emad Moeendarbary
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kumlesh K. Dev
- Drug Development, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Graham K. Sheridan
- Neuroimmulology & Neurotherapeutics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, United Kingdom
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307
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Rizzi L, Roriz-Cruz M. Sirtuin 1 and Alzheimer's disease: An up-to-date review. Neuropeptides 2018; 71:54-60. [PMID: 30007474 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Sirtuins are NAD+-dependent enzymes that regulate a large number of cellular pathways and are related to aging and age-associated diseases. In recent years, the role of sirtuins in Alzheimer's disease (AD) has become increasingly apparent. Growing evidence demonstrates that sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) regulates many processes that go amiss in AD, such as: APP processing, neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Here we review how SIRT1 affects AD and cognition, the main mechanisms in which SIRT1 is related to AD pathology, and its importance for the prevention and possible diagnosis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liara Rizzi
- Division of Geriatric Neurology, Neurology Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS 90035-903, Brazil; School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS 90035-903, Brazil.
| | - Matheus Roriz-Cruz
- Division of Geriatric Neurology, Neurology Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS 90035-903, Brazil; School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS 90035-903, Brazil
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308
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Perrone F, Cacace R, Van Mossevelde S, Van den Bossche T, De Deyn PP, Cras P, Engelborghs S, van der Zee J, Van Broeckhoven C. Genetic screening in early-onset dementia patients with unclear phenotype: relevance for clinical diagnosis. Neurobiol Aging 2018; 69:292.e7-292.e14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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309
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Somatic variants in autosomal dominant genes are a rare cause of sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2018; 14:1632-1639. [PMID: 30114415 PMCID: PMC6544509 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2018.06.3056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Introduction A minority of patients with sporadic early-onset Alzheimer’s disease (AD) exhibit de novo germ line mutations in the autosomal dominant genes such as APP, PSEN1, or PSEN2. We hypothesized that negatively screened patients may harbor somatic variants in these genes. Methods We applied an ultrasensitive approach based on single-molecule molecular inversion probes followed by deep next generation sequencing of 11 genes to 100 brain and 355 blood samples from 445 sporadic patients with AD (>80% exhibited an early onset, <66 years). Results We identified and confirmed nine somatic variants (allele fractions: 0.2%–10.8%): two APP, five SORL1, one NCSTN, and one MARK4 variants by independent amplicon-based deep sequencing. Discussion Two of the SORL1 variant might have contributed to the disease, the two APP variants were interpreted as likely benign and the other variants remained of unknown significance. Somatic variants in the autosomal dominant AD genes may not be a common cause of sporadic AD, including early onset cases.
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310
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Colligris P, Perez de Lara MJ, Colligris B, Pintor J. Ocular Manifestations of Alzheimer's and Other Neurodegenerative Diseases: The Prospect of the Eye as a Tool for the Early Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease. J Ophthalmol 2018; 2018:8538573. [PMID: 30151279 PMCID: PMC6091327 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8538573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dementia, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), is a major disorder, leading to several ocular manifestations amongst the elderly population. These visual disorders may be due to retinal nerve degenerative changes, including nerve fibre layer thinning, degeneration of retinal ganglion cells, and changes to vascular parameters. There is no cure for Alzheimer's, but medicines can slow down the development of many of the classic symptoms, such as loss of memory and communication skills, mood swings, and depression. The disease diagnosis is difficult, and it is only possible through PET scans of the brain, detecting evidence of the accumulation of amyloid and tau. PET is expensive and invasive, requiring the injection of radioactive tracers, which bind with these proteins and glow during scanning. Recently, scientists developed promising eye-scan techniques that may detect Alzheimer's disease at its earliest stage, before major symptoms appear, leading to improved management of the disease symptoms. In this review, we are discussing the visual abnormalities of Alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative diseases, focused on ocular functional-visual-structural biomarkers, retinal pathology, and potential novel diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pade Colligris
- Universidad Alfonso X, Madrid, Spain
- Ocupharm Diagnostics SL, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Basilio Colligris
- Ocupharm Diagnostics SL, Madrid, Spain
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesus Pintor
- Ocupharm Diagnostics SL, Madrid, Spain
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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311
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Abstract
Elevated levels of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and prostaglandins (PGs) are involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is characterized by the accumulation of β-amyloid protein (Aβ) and tau hyperphosphorylation. However, the gaps in our knowledge of the roles of COX-2 and PGs in AD have not been filled. Here, we summarized the literature showing that COX-2 dysregulation obviously influences abnormal cleavage of β-amyloid precursor protein, aggregation and deposition of Aβ in β-amyloid plaques and the inclusion of phosphorylated tau in neurofibrillary tangles. Neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, synaptic plasticity, neurotoxicity, autophagy, and apoptosis have been assessed to elucidate the mechanisms of COX-2 regulation of AD. Notably, an imbalance of these factors ultimately produces cognitive decline. The current review substantiates our understanding of the mechanisms of COX-2-induced AD and establishes foundations for the design of feasible therapeutic strategies to treat AD.-Guan, P.-P., Wang, P. Integrated communications between cyclooxygenase-2 and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Pei Guan
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Pu Wang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
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312
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Zhang H, Zhu F, Dodge HH, Higgins GA, Omenn GS, Guan Y. A similarity-based approach to leverage multi-cohort medical data on the diagnosis and prognosis of Alzheimer's disease. Gigascience 2018; 7:5052206. [PMID: 30010762 PMCID: PMC6054197 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giy085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Motivation Heterogeneous diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) manifest a variety of phenotypes among populations. Early diagnosis and effective treatment offer cost benefits. Many studies on biochemical and imaging markers have shown potential promise in improving diagnosis, yet establishing quantitative diagnostic criteria for ancillary tests remains challenging. Results We have developed a similarity-based approach that matches individuals to subjects with similar conditions. We modeled the disease with a Gaussian process, and tested the method in the Alzheimer's Disease Big Data DREAM Challenge. Ranked the highest among submitted methods, our diagnostic model predicted cognitive impairment scores in an independent dataset test with a correlation score of 0.573. It differentiated AD patients from control subjects with an area under the receiver operating curve of 0.920. Without knowing longitudinal information about subjects, the model predicted patients who are vulnerable to conversion from mild-cognitive impairment to AD through the similarity network. This diagnostic framework can be applied to other diseases with clinical heterogeneity, such as Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjiu Zhang
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, 2017G Palmer Commons, 100 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, USA 48109
| | - Fan Zhu
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, 2017G Palmer Commons, 100 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, USA 48109
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Big Data and Intelligent Computing, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 266 Fangzheng Avenue, Shuitu Hi-tech Industrial Park, Shuitu Town, Beibei District, Chongqing, China 400714
| | - Hiroko H Dodge
- Michigan Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of Michigan, 2101 Commonwealth Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI, USA 48105
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, 1500 E. Medical Center Dr., 1914 Taubman Center SPC 5316, Ann Arbor, MI, USA 48109
- Layton Aging and Alzheimer's Disease Center and Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Road, L226, Portland, OR, USA 97239
| | - Gerald A Higgins
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, 2017G Palmer Commons, 100 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, USA 48109
| | - Gilbert S Omenn
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, 2017G Palmer Commons, 100 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, USA 48109
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 3110 Taubman Center, SPC 5368, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, USA 48109
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, 4909 Buhl Building, 1241 E. Catherine St., Ann Arbor, MI, USA 48109
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, USA 48109
| | - Yuanfang Guan
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, 2017G Palmer Commons, 100 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, USA 48109
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 3110 Taubman Center, SPC 5368, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, USA 48109
- Department of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Bob and Betty Beyster Building, 2260 Hayward Street, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA 48109
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313
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Li Q, Wang BL, Sun FR, Li JQ, Cao XP, Tan L. The role of UNC5C in Alzheimer's disease. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2018; 6:178. [PMID: 29951500 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2018.04.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic progressive neurodegenerative disease in adults characterized by the deposition of extracellular plaques of β-amyloid protein (Aβ), intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), synaptic loss and neuronal apoptosis. AD has a strong and complex genetic component that involving into multiple genes. With recent advances in whole-exome sequencing (WES) and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) technology, UNC5C was identified to have association with AD. Emerging studies on cell and animal models identified that aberrant UNC5C may contribute to AD by activating death-associated protein kinase 1 (DAPK1) which is a new component involved in AD pathogenesis with an extensive involvement in aberrant tau, Aβ and neuronal apoptosis/autophagy. In this review, we briefly summarize the biochemical properties, genetics, epigenetics, and the speculative role of UNC5C in AD. We hope our review would bring comprehensive understandings of AD pathogenesis and provide new therapeutic targets for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Li
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Bai-Ling Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Qingdao Mental Health Center, Qingdao 266034, China
| | - Fu-Rong Sun
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jie-Qiong Li
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xi-Peng Cao
- Clinical Research Center, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Lan Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
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314
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Ren Y, Reddy JS, Pottier C, Sarangi V, Tian S, Sinnwell JP, McDonnell SK, Biernacka JM, Carrasquillo MM, Ross OA, Ertekin-Taner N, Rademakers R, Hudson M, Mainzer LS, Asmann YW. Identification of missing variants by combining multiple analytic pipelines. BMC Bioinformatics 2018; 19:139. [PMID: 29661148 PMCID: PMC5902939 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-018-2151-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background After decades of identifying risk factors using array-based genome-wide association studies (GWAS), genetic research of complex diseases has shifted to sequencing-based rare variants discovery. This requires large sample sizes for statistical power and has brought up questions about whether the current variant calling practices are adequate for large cohorts. It is well-known that there are discrepancies between variants called by different pipelines, and that using a single pipeline always misses true variants exclusively identifiable by other pipelines. Nonetheless, it is common practice today to call variants by one pipeline due to computational cost and assume that false negative calls are a small percent of total. Results We analyzed 10,000 exomes from the Alzheimer’s Disease Sequencing Project (ADSP) using multiple analytic pipelines consisting of different read aligners and variant calling strategies. We compared variants identified by using two aligners in 50,100, 200, 500, 1000, and 1952 samples; and compared variants identified by adding single-sample genotyping to the default multi-sample joint genotyping in 50,100, 500, 2000, 5000 and 10,000 samples. We found that using a single pipeline missed increasing numbers of high-quality variants correlated with sample sizes. By combining two read aligners and two variant calling strategies, we rescued 30% of pass-QC variants at sample size of 2000, and 56% at 10,000 samples. The rescued variants had higher proportions of low frequency (minor allele frequency [MAF] 1–5%) and rare (MAF < 1%) variants, which are the very type of variants of interest. In 660 Alzheimer’s disease cases with earlier onset ages of ≤65, 4 out of 13 (31%) previously-published rare pathogenic and protective mutations in APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2 genes were undetected by the default one-pipeline approach but recovered by the multi-pipeline approach. Conclusions Identification of the complete variant set from sequencing data is the prerequisite of genetic association analyses. The current analytic practice of calling genetic variants from sequencing data using a single bioinformatics pipeline is no longer adequate with the increasingly large projects. The number and percentage of quality variants that passed quality filters but are missed by the one-pipeline approach rapidly increased with sample size. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12859-018-2151-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxue Ren
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Joseph S Reddy
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Cyril Pottier
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Vivekananda Sarangi
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Shulan Tian
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Jason P Sinnwell
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Shannon K McDonnell
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Joanna M Biernacka
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | | | - Owen A Ross
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.,Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Nilüfer Ertekin-Taner
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.,Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Rosa Rademakers
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Matthew Hudson
- National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.,Carl R Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Carver Biotechnology Center and Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Liudmila Sergeevna Mainzer
- National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Yan W Asmann
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
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315
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Khoury R, Patel K, Gold J, Hinds S, Grossberg GT. Recent Progress in the Pharmacotherapy of Alzheimer's Disease. Drugs Aging 2018; 34:811-820. [PMID: 29116600 DOI: 10.1007/s40266-017-0499-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the most common major neurocognitive disorder with substantial social and economic impacts. This article is an update on current pharmacotherapy, advancements in biomarker use, and drugs in the pipeline for this disease. To date, no new drug has qualified to be added to the current therapeutic arsenal comprising cholinesterase inhibitors and the NMDA receptor antagonist memantine. Drugs in the pipeline include symptomatic therapies that are neurotransmitter-based, but mostly disease-modifying therapies. The latter have yielded disappointing results by focusing mainly on the two pathophysiological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease: Aβ amyloid deposits and tau protein aggregates forming neurofibrillary tangles. These unsuccessful trials may have resulted from studying these drugs 'too late' relative to Alzheimer's disease onset, in addition to focusing only on the amyloid cascade. In fact, Alzheimer's disease is a complex multifactorial disease. Combining different biomarkers might enhance our ability to identify those patients most at risk of developing the disease, and better predict their conversion rates. Furthermore, adopting an integrative treatment approach by targeting additional pathophysiological pathways in Alzheimer's disease such as inflammation and oxidative stress could be the key to better outcomes in Alzheimer's disease pharmacotherapy research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Khoury
- Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, St. Louis University School of Medicine, 1438 S Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA.
| | - Kush Patel
- Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, St. Louis University School of Medicine, 1438 S Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA
| | - Jake Gold
- Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, St. Louis University School of Medicine, 1438 S Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA
| | - Stephanie Hinds
- Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, St. Louis University School of Medicine, 1438 S Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA
| | - George T Grossberg
- Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, St. Louis University School of Medicine, 1438 S Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA
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316
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Chang JL, Hinrich AJ, Roman B, Norrbom M, Rigo F, Marr RA, Norstrom EM, Hastings ML. Targeting Amyloid-β Precursor Protein, APP, Splicing with Antisense Oligonucleotides Reduces Toxic Amyloid-β Production. Mol Ther 2018; 26:1539-1551. [PMID: 29628304 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2018.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in amyloid beta precursor protein (APP) have been implicated in cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is accelerated in Down syndrome/Trisomy 21 (DS/TS21), likely due to the extra copy of the APP gene, located on chromosome 21. Proteolytic cleavage of APP generates amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide, the primary component of senile plaques associated with AD. Reducing Aβ production is predicted to lower plaque burden and mitigate AD symptoms. Here, we designed a splice-switching antisense oligonucleotide (SSO) that causes skipping of the APP exon that encodes proteolytic cleavage sites required for Aβ peptide production. The SSO induced exon skipping in Down syndrome cell lines, resulting in a reduction of Aβ. Treatment of mice with the SSO resulted in widespread distribution in the brain accompanied by APP exon skipping and a reduction of Aβ. Overall, we show that an alternatively spliced isoform of APP encodes a cleavage-incompetent protein that does not produce Aβ peptide and that promoting the production of this isoform with an SSO can reduce Aβ in vivo. These findings demonstrate the utility of using SSOs to induce a spliced isoform of APP to reduce Aβ as a potential approach for treating AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Chang
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Center for Genetic Diseases, Chicago Medical School and School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Anthony J Hinrich
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Center for Genetic Diseases, Chicago Medical School and School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Brandon Roman
- Department of Biological Sciences, DePaul University, Chicago, IL 60614, USA
| | | | - Frank Rigo
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Robert A Marr
- Department of Neuroscience, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Eric M Norstrom
- Department of Biological Sciences, DePaul University, Chicago, IL 60614, USA
| | - Michelle L Hastings
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Center for Genetic Diseases, Chicago Medical School and School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA.
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317
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Esteves S, Ramirez Romero DA, Torralva T, Martínez Cuitiño M, Herndon S, Couto B, Ibañez A, Manes F, Roca M. Posterior cortical atrophy: a single case cognitive and radiological follow-up. Neurocase 2018; 24:16-30. [PMID: 29308699 DOI: 10.1080/13554794.2017.1421667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) is a rare neurodegenerative syndrome characterized by initial predominant visuoperceptual deficits followed by a progressive decline in other cognitive functions. This syndrome has not been as thoroughly described as other dementias, particularly from a neuropsychological evolution perspective with only a few studies describing the evolution of its cognitive progression. In this investigation we review the literature on this rare condition and we perform a 7-year neuropsychological and neuroradiological follow-up of a 64-year-old man with PCA. The subject's deficits initially appeared in his visuoperceptual skills with later affectation appearing in language and other cognitive functions, this being coherent with the patient's parieto-temporal atrophy evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sol Esteves
- a Neuropsychological Research Laboratory, Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCyT), INECO Foundation, Favaloro University, CONICET , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Diana Andrea Ramirez Romero
- a Neuropsychological Research Laboratory, Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCyT), INECO Foundation, Favaloro University, CONICET , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Teresa Torralva
- a Neuropsychological Research Laboratory, Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCyT), INECO Foundation, Favaloro University, CONICET , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Macarena Martínez Cuitiño
- a Neuropsychological Research Laboratory, Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCyT), INECO Foundation, Favaloro University, CONICET , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Shannon Herndon
- a Neuropsychological Research Laboratory, Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCyT), INECO Foundation, Favaloro University, CONICET , Buenos Aires , Argentina.,b Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , USA
| | - Blas Couto
- c Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience (LPEN), Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCyT), INECO Foundation, Favaloro University, CONICET , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Agustín Ibañez
- c Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience (LPEN), Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCyT), INECO Foundation, Favaloro University, CONICET , Buenos Aires , Argentina.,d Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Australian Research Council (ACR) , Sydney , Australia.,e Universidad Autónoma del Caribe, Barranquilla , Colombia.,f Centre for Social and Cognitive Neuroscience (CSCN), School of Psychology, Universidad Adolfo Ibañez , Santiago de Chile , Chile.,g National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET) , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Facundo Manes
- d Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Australian Research Council (ACR) , Sydney , Australia.,g National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET) , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - María Roca
- g National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET) , Buenos Aires , Argentina
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318
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Zhang Y, Shen F, Mojarad MR, Li D, Liu S, Tao C, Yu Y, Liu H. Systematic identification of latent disease-gene associations from PubMed articles. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191568. [PMID: 29373609 PMCID: PMC5786305 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent scientific advances have accumulated a tremendous amount of biomedical knowledge providing novel insights into the relationship between molecular and cellular processes and diseases. Literature mining is one of the commonly used methods to retrieve and extract information from scientific publications for understanding these associations. However, due to large data volume and complicated associations with noises, the interpretability of such association data for semantic knowledge discovery is challenging. In this study, we describe an integrative computational framework aiming to expedite the discovery of latent disease mechanisms by dissecting 146,245 disease-gene associations from over 25 million of PubMed indexed articles. We take advantage of both Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) modeling and network-based analysis for their capabilities of detecting latent associations and reducing noises for large volume data respectively. Our results demonstrate that (1) the LDA-based modeling is able to group similar diseases into disease topics; (2) the disease-specific association networks follow the scale-free network property; (3) certain subnetwork patterns were enriched in the disease-specific association networks; and (4) genes were enriched in topic-specific biological processes. Our approach offers promising opportunities for latent disease-gene knowledge discovery in biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Zhang
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Feichen Shen
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Majid Rastegar Mojarad
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Dingcheng Li
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Sijia Liu
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Cui Tao
- School of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yue Yu
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Medical Informatics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Hongfang Liu
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
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319
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Hunter S, Brayne C. Understanding the roles of mutations in the amyloid precursor protein in Alzheimer disease. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:81-93. [PMID: 29112196 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Many models of disease progression in Alzheimer's disease (AD) have been proposed to help guide experimental design and aid the interpretation of results. Models focussing on the genetic evidence include the amyloid cascade (ACH) and presenilin (PSH) hypotheses and the amyloid precursor protein (APP) matrix approach (AMA), of which the ACH has held a dominant position for over two decades. However, the ACH has never been fully accepted and has not yet delivered on its therapeutic promise. We review the ACH, PSH and AMA in relation to levels of APP proteolytic fragments reported from AD-associated mutations in APP. Different APP mutations have diverse effects on the levels of APP proteolytic fragments. This evidence is consistent with at least three disease pathways that can differ between familial and sporadic AD and two pathways associated with cerebral amyloid angiopathy. We cannot fully evaluate the ACH, PSH and AMA in relation to the effects of mutations in APP as the APP proteolytic system has not been investigated systematically. The confounding effects of sequence homology, complexity of competing cleavages and antibody cross reactivities all illustrate limitations in our understanding of the roles these fragments and the APP proteolytic system as a whole in normal aging and disease play. Current experimental design should be refined to generate clearer evidence, addressing both aging and complex disorders with standardised reporting formats. A more flexible theoretical framework capable of accommodating the complexity of the APP proteolytic system is required to integrate available evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hunter
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, Forvie Site University of Cambridge, School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - C Brayne
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, Forvie Site University of Cambridge, School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
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320
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Longhena F, Spano P, Bellucci A. Targeting of Disordered Proteins by Small Molecules in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2018; 245:85-110. [PMID: 28965171 DOI: 10.1007/164_2017_60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The formation of protein aggregates and inclusions in the brain and spinal cord is a common neuropathological feature of a number of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and many others. These are commonly referred as neurodegenerative proteinopathies or protein-misfolding diseases. The main characteristic of protein aggregates in these disorders is the fact that they are enriched in amyloid fibrils. Since protein aggregation is considered to play a central role for the onset of neurodegenerative proteinopathies, research is ongoing to develop strategies aimed at preventing or removing protein aggregation in the brain of affected patients. Numerous studies have shown that small molecule-based approaches may be potentially the most promising for halting protein aggregation in neurodegenerative diseases. Indeed, several of these compounds have been found to interact with intrinsically disordered proteins and promote their clearing in experimental models. This notwithstanding, at present small molecule inhibitors still awaits achievements for clinical translation. Hopefully, if we determine whether the formation of insoluble inclusions is effectively neurotoxic and find a valid biomarker to assess their protein aggregation-inhibitory activity in the human central nervous system, the use of small molecule inhibitors will be considered as a cure for neurodegenerative protein-misfolding diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Longhena
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa No. 11, Brescia, 25123, Italy
| | - PierFranco Spano
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa No. 11, Brescia, 25123, Italy
| | - Arianna Bellucci
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa No. 11, Brescia, 25123, Italy.
- Laboratory of Personalized and Preventive Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
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321
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González-Reyes RE, Nava-Mesa MO, Vargas-Sánchez K, Ariza-Salamanca D, Mora-Muñoz L. Involvement of Astrocytes in Alzheimer's Disease from a Neuroinflammatory and Oxidative Stress Perspective. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:427. [PMID: 29311817 PMCID: PMC5742194 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is a frequent and devastating neurodegenerative disease in humans, but still no curative treatment has been developed. Although many explicative theories have been proposed, precise pathophysiological mechanisms are unknown. Due to the importance of astrocytes in brain homeostasis they have become interesting targets for the study of AD. Changes in astrocyte function have been observed in brains from individuals with AD, as well as in AD in vitro and in vivo animal models. The presence of amyloid beta (Aβ) has been shown to disrupt gliotransmission, neurotransmitter uptake, and alter calcium signaling in astrocytes. Furthermore, astrocytes express apolipoprotein E and are involved in the production, degradation and removal of Aβ. As well, changes in astrocytes that precede other pathological characteristics observed in AD, point to an early contribution of astroglia in this disease. Astrocytes participate in the inflammatory/immune responses of the central nervous system. The presence of Aβ activates different cell receptors and intracellular signaling pathways, mainly the advanced glycation end products receptor/nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) pathway, responsible for the transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in astrocytes. The release of these pro-inflammatory agents may induce cellular damage or even stimulate the production of Aβ in astrocytes. Additionally, Aβ induces the appearance of oxidative stress (OS) and production of reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species in astrocytes, affecting among others, intracellular calcium levels, NADPH oxidase (NOX), NF-κB signaling, glutamate uptake (increasing the risk of excitotoxicity) and mitochondrial function. Excessive neuroinflammation and OS are observed in AD, and astrocytes seem to be involved in both. The Aβ/NF-κB interaction in astrocytes may play a central role in these inflammatory and OS changes present in AD. In this paper, we also discuss therapeutic measures highlighting the importance of astrocytes in AD pathology. Several new therapeutic approaches involving phenols (curcumin), phytoestrogens (genistein), neuroesteroids and other natural phytochemicals have been explored in astrocytes, obtaining some promising results regarding cognitive improvements and attenuation of neuroinflammation. Novel strategies comprising astrocytes and aimed to reduce OS in AD have also been proposed. These include estrogen receptor agonists (pelargonidin), Bambusae concretio Salicea, Monascin, and various antioxidatives such as resveratrol, tocotrienol, anthocyanins, and epicatechin, showing beneficial effects in AD models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo E González-Reyes
- Grupo de Investigación en Neurociencias (NeURos), Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Mauricio O Nava-Mesa
- Grupo de Investigación en Neurociencias (NeURos), Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Karina Vargas-Sánchez
- Biomedical Sciences Research Group, School of Medicine, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Daniel Ariza-Salamanca
- Grupo de Investigación en Neurociencias (NeURos), Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Laura Mora-Muñoz
- Grupo de Investigación en Neurociencias (NeURos), Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
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322
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Association between the APOE ε4 Allele and Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease in an Ecuadorian Mestizo Population. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 2017:1059678. [PMID: 29348964 PMCID: PMC5733981 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1059678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease. It has two main pathological hallmarks: amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. The APOE ε4 allele has been recognized as the strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) in several populations worldwide, yet the risk varies by region and ethnicity. The aims of this study were to describe APOE allele and genotype frequencies and examine the relationship between the APOE ε4 allele and LOAD risk in an Ecuadorian Mestizo population. We carried out a case-control study comprising 56 individuals clinically diagnosed with probable AD (≥65 years of age) and 58 unrelated healthy control subjects (≥65 years of age). Genotyping was performed using the real-time PCR method. Our data showed that allelic and genotypic frequencies follow the trends observed in most worldwide populations. We also found a high-risk association between APOE ε4 allele carriers and LOAD (OR = 7.286; 95% CI = 2.824–18.799; p < 0.001). Therefore, we concluded that APOE ε4 must be considered an important genetic risk factor for LOAD in the Ecuadorian Mestizo population. Additionally, we suggest that in mixed populations the effects of admixture and ethnic identity should be differentiated when evaluating genetic contributions to Alzheimer's disease risk.
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323
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An update on the genetics of dementia with Lewy bodies. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2017; 43:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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