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Inhibition of SOX17 by microRNA 141 and methylation activates the WNT signaling pathway in esophageal cancer. J Mol Diagn 2012; 14:577-85. [PMID: 22921431 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2012.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we explored the possibility of SOX17 promoter region methylation as an esophageal cancer detection marker, the regulation of SOX17 expression, and the function of SOX17 in the WNT signaling pathway in esophageal cancer. Eight esophageal cancer cell lines, 9 normal esophageal mucosa samples, 60 cases of dysplasia, and 169 cancer tissue samples were included. Methylation-specific PCR, semiquantitative reverse transcription-PCR, immunohistochemistry, luciferase reporter assay, colony formation, and Western blot analysis were used to analyze methylation and function of SOX17 in esophageal cancer. MicroRNA-related detection methods were performed to evaluate microRNA regulation of SOX17. SOX17 methylation was found in progression tendency with 0% of normal mucosa, 39% of grade 1 dysplasia, 48% of grades 2 and 3 dysplasia, and 65% of primary cancer. SOX17 methylation is related to esophageal cancer patients' history of alcohol use and may induce β-catenin expression and redistribution. Loss of SOX17 expression is correlated to promoter region hypermethylation, and re-expression was activated by 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine treatment in esophageal cancer cell lines. Restoration of SOX17 expression suppresses TCF/β-catenin-dependent transcription and colony formation. MicroRNA 141 was also found to down-regulate SOX17 expression and activate the WNT signal pathway. SOX17 is frequently methylated in esophageal cancer and in a progression tendency during esophageal carcinogenesis. Loss of SOX17 removes the normal inhibition of WNT signaling and promotes esophageal tumorigenesis.
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302
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Weber GF, Rosenberg R, Murphy JE, Meyer zum Büschenfelde C, Friess H. Multimodal treatment strategies for locally advanced rectal cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2012; 12:481-94. [PMID: 22500685 DOI: 10.1586/era.12.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
This review outlines the important multimodal treatment issues associated with locally advanced rectal cancer. Changes to chemotherapy and radiation schema, as well as modern surgical approaches, have led to a revolution in the management of this disease but the morbidity and mortality remains high. Adequate treatment is dependent on precise preoperative staging modalities. Advances in staging via endorectal ultrasound, computed tomography, MRI and PET have improved pretreatment triage and management. Important prognostic factors and their impact for this disease are under investigation. Here we discuss the different treatment options including modern tumor-related surgical approaches, neoadjuvant as well as adjuvant therapies. Further clinical progress will largely depend on the broader implementation of multidisciplinary treatment strategies following the principles of evidence-based medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg F Weber
- Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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303
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Menéndez P, Villarejo P, Padilla D, Menéndez JM, Montes JAR. Diagnostic and prognostic significance of serum microRNAs in colorectal cancer. J Surg Oncol 2012; 107:217-20. [PMID: 22903548 DOI: 10.1002/jso.23245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs are short non-coding RNA molecules involved in the regulation of gene expression. There are few studies related to the determination of serum microRNAs in colorectal cancer. The identification of microRNAs in peripheral blood as noninvasive markers of tumor disease may lead to potential applications, although further clinical studies focusing on serum microRNAs are required to determine their clinical significance for the diagnosis and prognosis outcome of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Menéndez
- Hospital Gutierrez Ortega, Valdepeñas, Ciudad Real, Spain.
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304
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Friedman EB, Shang S, de Miera EVS, Fog JU, Teilum MW, Ma MW, Berman RS, Shapiro RL, Pavlick AC, Hernando E, Baker A, Shao Y, Osman I. Serum microRNAs as biomarkers for recurrence in melanoma. J Transl Med 2012; 10:155. [PMID: 22857597 PMCID: PMC3479021 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-10-155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identification of melanoma patients at high risk for recurrence and monitoring for recurrence are critical for informed management decisions. We hypothesized that serum microRNAs (miRNAs) could provide prognostic information at the time of diagnosis unaccounted for by the current staging system and could be useful in detecting recurrence after resection. METHODS We screened 355 miRNAs in sera from 80 melanoma patients at primary diagnosis (discovery cohort) using a unique quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) panel. Cox proportional hazard models and Kaplan-Meier recurrence-free survival (RFS) curves were used to identify a miRNA signature with prognostic potential adjusting for stage. We then tested the miRNA signature in an independent cohort of 50 primary melanoma patients (validation cohort). Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine if the miRNA signature can determine risk of recurrence in both cohorts. Selected miRNAs were measured longitudinally in subsets of patients pre-/post-operatively and pre-/post-recurrence. RESULTS A signature of 5 miRNAs successfully classified melanoma patients into high and low recurrence risk groups with significant separation of RFS in both discovery and validation cohorts (p = 0.0036, p = 0.0093, respectively). Significant separation of RFS was maintained when a logistic model containing the same signature set was used to predict recurrence risk in both discovery and validation cohorts (p < 0.0001, p = 0.033, respectively). Longitudinal expression of 4 miRNAs in a subset of patients was dynamic, suggesting miRNAs can be associated with tumor burden. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate that serum miRNAs can improve accuracy in identifying primary melanoma patients with high recurrence risk and in monitoring melanoma tumor burden over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica B Friedman
- Interdisciplinary Melanoma Cooperative Group, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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305
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Secretory miRNAs as novel cancer biomarkers. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2012; 1826:32-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2012.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Revised: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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306
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Selth LA, Tilley WD, Butler LM. Circulating microRNAs: macro-utility as markers of prostate cancer? Endocr Relat Cancer 2012; 19:R99-R113. [PMID: 22492480 DOI: 10.1530/erc-12-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The realization that microRNAs (miRNAs) are frequently deregulated in malignancy has had a major impact on cancer research. In particular, the recent finding that highly stable forms of miRNAs can be accurately measured in body fluids, including blood, has generated considerable excitement. Here, we discuss the potential of blood-based circulating miRNAs as diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers of prostate cancer. We also describe practical considerations that may influence identification and/or measurement of miRNA biomarkers in the circulation. Finally, evidence is prevented for the emerging concept that circulating miRNAs are actively released by their cells of origin and can modulate gene expression at distal sites. These mobile miRNAs, which we term 'hormomirs' because of their hormone-like characteristics, could act as local or long-range signals to maintain normal homeostasis or influence the development and progression of diseases such as cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke A Selth
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories and Adelaide Prostate Cancer Research Centre, University of Adelaide and Hanson Institute, Adelaide 5000, Australia.
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307
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Li BS, Zhao YL, Guo G, Li W, Zhu ED, Luo X, Mao XH, Zou QM, Yu PW, Zuo QF, Li N, Tang B, Liu KY, Xiao B. Plasma microRNAs, miR-223, miR-21 and miR-218, as novel potential biomarkers for gastric cancer detection. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41629. [PMID: 22860003 PMCID: PMC3408505 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background MicroRNAs (miRNAs), endogenous small non-coding RNAs, are stably detected in human plasma. Early diagnosis of gastric cancer (GC) is very important to improve the therapy effect and prolong the survival of patients. We aimed to identify whether four miRNAs (miR-223, miR-21, miR-218 and miR-25) closely associated with the tumorigenesis or metastasis of GC can serve as novel potential biomarkers for GC detection. Methodology We initially measured the plasma levels of the four miRNAs in 10 GC patients and 10 healthy control subjects by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and then compared plasma miRNA results with the expressions in cancer tissues from eight GC patients. Finally, the presence of miR-223, miR-21 and miR-218 in the plasma was validated in 60 GC patients and 60 healthy control subjects, and the areas under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves of these miRNAs were analyzed. Results We found that the plasma levels of miR-223 (P<0.001) and miR-21 (P<0.001) were significantly higher in GC patients than in healthy controls, while miR-218 (P<0.001) was significantly lower. The ROC analyses yielded the AUC values of 0.9089 for miR-223, 0.7944 for miR-21 and 0.7432 for miR-218, and combined ROC analysis revealed the highest AUC value of 0.9531 in discriminating GC patients from healthy controls. Moreover, the plasma levels of miR-223 (P<0.001) and miR-21 (P = 0.003) were significantly higher in GC patients with stage I than in healthy controls. Furthermore, the plasma levels of miR-223 were significantly higher in GC patients with helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection than those without (P = 0.014), and significantly higher in healthy control subjects with Hp infection than those without (P = 0.016). Conclusions Plasma miR-223, miR-21 and miR-218 are novel potential biomarkers for GC detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-sheng Li
- Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medical Laboratory Science, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong-liang Zhao
- General Surgery and Center of Minimally Invasive Gastrointestinal Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Gang Guo
- Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medical Laboratory Science, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Li
- Pharmacy, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - En-dong Zhu
- Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medical Laboratory Science, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao Luo
- General Surgery and Center of Minimally Invasive Gastrointestinal Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xu-hu Mao
- Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medical Laboratory Science, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Quan-ming Zou
- Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medical Laboratory Science, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Pei-wu Yu
- General Surgery and Center of Minimally Invasive Gastrointestinal Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qian-fei Zuo
- Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medical Laboratory Science, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Na Li
- Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medical Laboratory Science, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bin Tang
- Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medical Laboratory Science, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kai-yun Liu
- Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medical Laboratory Science, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail: (KYL); (BX)
| | - Bin Xiao
- Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medical Laboratory Science, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail: (KYL); (BX)
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308
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Cookson VJ, Bentley MA, Hogan BV, Horgan K, Hayward BE, Hazelwood LD, Hughes TA. Circulating microRNA profiles reflect the presence of breast tumours but not the profiles of microRNAs within the tumours. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2012; 35:301-8. [PMID: 22821209 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-012-0089-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extra-cellular microRNAs have been identified within blood and their profiles reflect various pathologies; therefore they have potential as disease biomarkers. Our aim was to investigate how circulating microRNA profiles change during cancer treatment. Our hypothesis was that tumour-related profiles are lost after tumour resection and therefore that comparison of profiles before and after surgery would allow identification of biomarker microRNAs. We aimed to examine whether these microRNAs were directly derived from tumours, and whether longitudinal expression monitoring could provide recurrence diagnoses. METHODS Plasma was obtained from ten breast cancer patients before and at two time-points after resection. Tumour tissue was also obtained. Quantitative PCR were used to determine levels of 367 miRNAs. Relative expressions were determined after normalisation to miR-16, as is typical in the field, or to the mean microRNA level. RESULTS 210 microRNAs were detected in at least one plasma sample. Using miR-16 normalisation, we found few consistent changes in circulating microRNAs after resection, and statistical analyses indicated that this normalisation was not justifiable. However, using data normalised to mean microRNA expression we found a significant bias for levels of individual circulating microRNAs to be reduced after resection. Potential biomarker microRNAs were identified, including let-7b, let-7g and miR-18b, with higher levels associated with tumours. These microRNAs were over-represented within the more highly expressed microRNAs in matched tumours, suggesting that circulating populations are tumour-derived in part. Longitudinal monitoring did not allow early recurrence detection. CONCLUSIONS We concluded that specific circulating microRNAs may act as breast cancer biomarkers but methodological issues are critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria J Cookson
- Gene Regulation and Cancer Group, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, St. James's University Hospital, UK
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309
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Hsu CM, Lin PM, Wang YM, Chen ZJ, Lin SF, Yang MY. Circulating miRNA is a novel marker for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Tumour Biol 2012; 33:1933-42. [PMID: 22811001 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-012-0454-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study is to investigate the alteration of plasma miRNA in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Altered microRNAs (miRNAs) expression has been found in many cancers, including lung cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, bladder cancer and colorectal cancer. Many recent studies have demonstrated that aberrant plasma miRNAs were also found in various types of cancers. However the alteration of plasma expression in HNSCC remains unclear. In this present study, the expression profiles of ten miRNAs, let-7a, miR-21, miR26b, miR-34c, miR-99a, miR-133a, miR-137, miR-184, miR-194a, and miR-375, in plasma from 50 patients and 36 healthy subjects were evaluated using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Our results demonstrated that the expression level of miR-21 was significantly up-regulated in plasma samples obtained from HNSCC patients (p < 0.01) than those from healthy subjects, which were in consistent with our finding in HNSCC tissues. A 7.7-fold increase of miR-21 in cancerous parts when compared to their non-cancerous counterparts (p < 0.0001) was observed in HNSCC tissues. In addition, the expression levels of miR-21 and miR-26b were both reduced in post-operative HNSCC patients with good prognosis. In contrast, the concentration of plasma miR-21 and miR-26b stayed high after tumor removal in the expired cases. Our study suggests that detecting circulating miR-21 and miR-26b pre- and post-operatively might provide a novel tumor marker for HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Ming Hsu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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310
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Evaluation of dynamic change of serum miR-21 and miR-24 in pre- and post-operative lung carcinoma patients. Med Oncol 2012; 29:3190-7. [PMID: 22782668 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-012-0303-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) were frequently detected in sera of cancer patients, there is still a lack of analysis of the dynamic changes of miRNAs expression in sera of pre- and post-operative lung carcinoma patients. Thus, we conducted quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) to examine the expression of four miRNAs (miR-21, miR-205, miR-30d, and miR-24) in the sera of a set of 82 pre-operative lung carcinoma patients and paired 10 days post-operative patients, as well as in 50 normal volunteers. We showed that, compared to that in normal volunteers, the expression of miR-21, miR-205, miR-30d, and miR-24 was increased in lung cancer sera samples, as well as in sera of early stage lung cancer patients according to their clinical-pathological characteristics. The area under roc curves (AUCs) for levels of miR-21, miR-205, miR-30d, and miR-24 in sera were significantly higher than those for Carcinoma embryonic antigen (CEA) (P < 0.05), whereas the AUC for combination of serum levels of miRNA with serum CEA showed no significant difference from that for serum levels of miRNAs only (P > 0.05). The expression levels of miR-21 and miR-24 were significantly decreased in post-operative sera compared with levels in paired pre-operative sera (P = 0.0004 and <0.0001, respectively). In addition, high expressions of miR-21 and miR-30d in pre-operative sera were independently correlated with shorter overall survival in lung cancer patients (log-rank test: P = 0.0498, 0.0019). In summary, our results suggest that miR-21, miR-205, miR-30d, and miR-24 may serve as potential novel non-invasive biomarkers for diagnosis of lung cancer. In addition, miR-21 and miR-24 serum levels were lower in post-operative samples than those in pre-operative samples, suggesting they can potentially be used as biomarkers for disease recurrence after surgery operation.
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311
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Blanco-Calvo M, Calvo L, Figueroa A, Haz-Conde M, Antón-Aparicio L, Valladares-Ayerbes M. Circulating microRNAs: molecular microsensors in gastrointestinal cancer. SENSORS 2012; 12:9349-62. [PMID: 23012546 PMCID: PMC3444104 DOI: 10.3390/s120709349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2012] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small molecules of single strand non-coding RNAs, which are able to regulate gene expression. miRNAs have been involved in multiple cellular processes, such as proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation, thus alterations in miRNA expression have been shown to be directly linked with the pathological origin of multiple diseases, including cancer. In this way, during last few years, an increasing number of exciting advances have contributed to the understanding of miRNA roles in cancer. Moreover, researchers have exploited the special characteristics of miRNAs, such as the tissue and disease specificity or miRNA presence in blood, to explore their use as non-invasive tumour markers. In the present review, we summarize the current data on the potential usefulness of circulating miRNAs as diagnostic and prognostic tools in gastrointestinal tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moisés Blanco-Calvo
- Biomedical Research Institute of A Coruña, As Xubias 84, E-15006 A Coruña, Spain; E-Mails: (M.B.-C.); (A.F.); (M.H.-C.); (L.A.-A.)
| | - Lourdes Calvo
- Clinical Oncology Department, A Coruña University Hospital, As Xubias 84, E-15006 A Coruña, Spain; E-Mail:
| | - Angélica Figueroa
- Biomedical Research Institute of A Coruña, As Xubias 84, E-15006 A Coruña, Spain; E-Mails: (M.B.-C.); (A.F.); (M.H.-C.); (L.A.-A.)
| | - Mar Haz-Conde
- Biomedical Research Institute of A Coruña, As Xubias 84, E-15006 A Coruña, Spain; E-Mails: (M.B.-C.); (A.F.); (M.H.-C.); (L.A.-A.)
| | - Luis Antón-Aparicio
- Biomedical Research Institute of A Coruña, As Xubias 84, E-15006 A Coruña, Spain; E-Mails: (M.B.-C.); (A.F.); (M.H.-C.); (L.A.-A.)
- Clinical Oncology Department, A Coruña University Hospital, As Xubias 84, E-15006 A Coruña, Spain; E-Mail:
- Medicine Department, A Coruña University, Campus de Oza, E-15006 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Manuel Valladares-Ayerbes
- Biomedical Research Institute of A Coruña, As Xubias 84, E-15006 A Coruña, Spain; E-Mails: (M.B.-C.); (A.F.); (M.H.-C.); (L.A.-A.)
- Clinical Oncology Department, A Coruña University Hospital, As Xubias 84, E-15006 A Coruña, Spain; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +34-981-178-000; Fax: +34-981-178-273
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312
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Aslam MI, Patel M, Singh B, Jameson JS, Pringle JH. MicroRNA manipulation in colorectal cancer cells: from laboratory to clinical application. J Transl Med 2012; 10:128. [PMID: 22716183 PMCID: PMC3539910 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-10-128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of Colorectal Cancer (CRC) follows a sequential progression from adenoma to the carcinoma. Therefore, opportunities exist to interfere with the natural course of disease development and progression. Dysregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) in cancer cells indirectly results in higher levels of messenger RNA (mRNA) specific to tumour promoter genes or tumour suppressor genes. This narrative review aims to provide a comprehensive review of the literature about the manipulation of oncogenic or tumour suppressor miRNAs in colorectal cancer cells for the purpose of development of anticancer therapies. A literature search identified studies describing manipulation of miRNAs in colorectal cancer cells in vivo and in vitro. Studies were also included to provide an update on the role of miRNAs in CRC development, progression and diagnosis. Strategy based on restoration of silenced miRNAs or inhibition of over expressed miRNAs has opened a new area of research in cancer therapy. In this review article different techniques for miRNA manipulation are reviewed and their utility for colorectal cancer therapy has been discussed in detail. Restoration of normal equilibrium for cancer related miRNAs can result in inhibition of tumour growth, apoptosis, blocking of invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis. Furthermore, drug resistant cancer cells can be turned into drug sensitive cells on alteration of specific miRNAs in cancer cells. MiRNA modulation in cancer cells holds great potential to replace current anticancer therapies. However, further work is needed on tissue specific delivery systems and strategies to avoid side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Imran Aslam
- Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Building, Leicester Royal Infirmary, P O Box 65, Leicester LE2 7LX, United Kingdom.
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313
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Qu D, Sureban SM, Houchen CW. Epigenetic variants and biomarkers for colon cancer. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 180:2205-2207. [PMID: 22542494 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dongfeng Qu
- Department of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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314
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Nugent M, Miller N, Kerin MJ. Circulating miR-34a levels are reduced in colorectal cancer. J Surg Oncol 2012; 106:947-52. [PMID: 22648208 DOI: 10.1002/jso.23174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNA segments that regulate gene expression via post-transcriptional inhibition and have roles in cell differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. Expression differs between tumor and normal tissue in several malignancies. Most work has focused on tissue and cell expression with few reports of circulating miRNAs in colorectal cancer. Available biomarkers for colorectal cancer have limited sensitivity and specificity, thus there is a need for new markers. AIMS This study aimed to identify miRNAs that are differentially expressed in the blood of colorectal cancer patients compared to controls and to establish if this is specific to colorectal cancer and thus could be utilized as potential tumor markers. METHODS Blood samples were collected from 63 colorectal cancer patients and 45 controls. Expression of 7 target miRNAs (miR-143, miR-145, miR-21, miR-30a-3p, miR-31, miR-34a, and miR-92) was measured using RQ-PCR. Results were correlated with clinicopathological data and analyzed. Analysis of differentially expressed circulating miRNAs was expanded to include 62 patients with prostate, renal, breast, and melanoma cancers. RESULTS Analysis of the relative quantification of the target miRNAs showed significantly reduced expression (P = 0.004) of miR-34a in colorectal cancer. MiR-34a was also significantly reduced in breast cancer (P = 0.019). CONCLUSION This study demonstrates significantly reduced expression of circulating miR-34a in colorectal and breast cancer. This may have future application as part of a biomarker profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nugent
- Department of Surgery, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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315
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Ichikawa D, Komatsu S, Konishi H, Otsuji E. Circulating microRNA in digestive tract cancers. Gastroenterology 2012; 142:1074-1078.e1. [PMID: 22433392 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2012.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Ichikawa
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan.
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316
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Ma R, Jiang T, Kang X. Circulating microRNAs in cancer: origin, function and application. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2012; 31:38. [PMID: 22546315 PMCID: PMC3431991 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-31-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression at the posttranscriptional level. The dysregulation of miRNAs has been linked to a series of diseases, including various types of cancer. Since their discovery in the circulation of cancer patients, there has been a steady increase in the study of circulating miRNAs as stable, non-invasive biomarkers. However, the origin and function of circulating miRNAs has not been systematically elucidated. In this review, we summarize the discovery of circulating miRNAs and their potential as biomarkers. We further emphasize their possible origin and function. Finally, we discuss the application and existing questions surrounding circulating miRNAs in cancer diagnostics. Although several challenges remain to be concerned, circulating miRNAs could be useful, non-invasive biomarkers for cancer diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruimin Ma
- Laboratory Diagnosis Center, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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317
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Chen ML, Liang LS, Wang XK. miR-200c inhibits invasion and migration in human colon cancer cells SW480/620 by targeting ZEB1. Clin Exp Metastasis 2012; 29:457-69. [PMID: 22407310 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-012-9463-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 02/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs are a class of ≈22-nt noncoding single-strand RNAs regulating gene expression postscriptionally. Metastasis caused poor prognosis in colorectal cancer patients and half of the patients developed metastatic lesions when admission. Here we investigated the possible roles of microRNAs in regulating metastasis in the paired colon cancer cells SW480 and SW620. Among those dysregulated microRNAs, miR-200c was speculated to inhibit metastasis by targeting ZEB1. Overexpression of miR-200c was concurrent with downregulation of ZEB1 mRNA and protein. Functional assays demonstrated that modulation of miR-200c with mimics or inhibitors changed potential of metastasis in SW480/620 cancer cells in vitro. Taken together, our study demonstrated that miR-200c inhibits metastatic ability by targeting ZEB1 in colon cancer cells SW480/620 and suggested that modulation of miR-200c could serve as therapeutic tool for inhibiting metastasis in colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mian Ling Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated First People's Municipal Hospital of Guang Zhou, Guang Zhou Medical College, No. 602, Ren Min Bei Road, Guang Zhou 510180, Guang Dong, People's Republic of China.
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318
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Abstract
Colorectal cancer is still the third most common cancer in the world. Its carcinogenesis has been extensively studied at a molecular point of view, and has recently entered the era of microRNAs, a class small non-coding RNAs that post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression and control various cellular mechanisms. Because they control biological processes that are implicated in carcinogenesis (as developmental transitions, organ morphology, apoptosis and cell proliferation), microRNAs have been linked to cancer development, and these molecules have been recently studied as new potential biomarkers to better characterise tumour prognosis and to predict response to the different active chemotherapy. This review summarizes the potential roles of microRNAs as potential biomarkers for colorectal cancer diagnosis, prognosis and drug-response prediction. Through the literature there is evidence that some microRNA could be used as biomarkers in colorectal cancer; however, there are some discrepancies amongst the different studies. These differences could partially due to heterogeneity between the different series associated with tumour stage, tumour location, genetic background of the tumours and technical issues. More progress is needed before microRNAs can be used in clinical practice. Accumulation of further data will allow to determine the most relevant microRNAs as biomarkers and also to better understand their role in colorectal carcinogenesis.
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319
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Schnekenburger M, Diederich M. Epigenetics Offer New Horizons for Colorectal Cancer Prevention. CURRENT COLORECTAL CANCER REPORTS 2012. [PMID: 22389639 DOI: 10.1007/s11888-011-0116-z116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence has been increasing to become a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide from cancers, with high rates in westernized societies and increasing rates in developing countries. Epigenetic modifications including changes in DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs play a critical role in carcinogenesis. Epidemiological data suggest that, in comparison to other cancers, these alterations are particularly common within the gastrointestinal tract. To explain these observations, environmental factors and especially diet were suggested to both prevent and induce CRC. Epigenetic alterations are, in contrast to genetic modifications, potentially reversible, making the use of dietary agents a promising approach in CRC for the development of chemopreventive strategies targeting epigenetic mechanisms. This review focuses on CRC-related epigenetic alterations as a rationale for various levels of prevention strategies and their potential modulation by natural dietary compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schnekenburger
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire de Cancer, Hôpital Kirchberg, 9, rue Edward Steichen, L-2540 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
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320
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Abstract
In recent years, colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence has been increasing to become a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide from cancers, with high rates in westernized societies and increasing rates in developing countries. Epigenetic modifications including changes in DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs play a critical role in carcinogenesis. Epidemiological data suggest that, in comparison to other cancers, these alterations are particularly common within the gastrointestinal tract. To explain these observations, environmental factors and especially diet were suggested to both prevent and induce CRC. Epigenetic alterations are, in contrast to genetic modifications, potentially reversible, making the use of dietary agents a promising approach in CRC for the development of chemopreventive strategies targeting epigenetic mechanisms. This review focuses on CRC-related epigenetic alterations as a rationale for various levels of prevention strategies and their potential modulation by natural dietary compounds.
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321
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The Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Predictive Potential of MicroRNA Biomarkers in Colorectal Cancer. CURRENT COLORECTAL CANCER REPORTS 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11888-011-0110-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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322
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Abstract
There is a strong connection between inflammation, altered microRNA (miRNA) expression and colon cancer. Longstanding inflammatory bowel diseases-related colitis leads to increased risk for the development of colorectal cancer (CRC), while sporadic CRC is in part driven by the inflammatory microenvironment. This supports a causative role for inflammation in colon carcinogenesis. miRNAs are a class of small noncoding RNAs that have recently emerged as key players in both inflammation and cancer. Some miRNAs act as inflammatory mediators, others can act as either oncogenes or tumor suppressors depending on the cellular environment in which they are expressed. In particular, miR-21 is an oncogenic miRNA that has been implicated as an inflammatory mediator and may promote inflammation-associated colon carcinogenesis. miRNAs have potential as biomarkers and therapeutic targets in CRC. They are currently being evaluated as early detection biomarkers and prognostic classifiers. Polymorphisms in miRNAs and miRNA-binding sites may alter one's risk of CRC. This review will focus on the role of inflammation and miRNAs in colon carcinogenesis and discuss the potential for miRNAs and inflammatory genes to be used as biomarkers and therapeutic targets of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Okayama
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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323
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Schroeder A, Heller DA, Winslow MM, Dahlman JE, Pratt GW, Langer R, Jacks T, Anderson DG. Treating metastatic cancer with nanotechnology. Nat Rev Cancer 2011; 12:39-50. [PMID: 22193407 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 787] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis accounts for the vast majority of cancer deaths. The unique challenges for treating metastases include their small size, high multiplicity and dispersion to diverse organ environments. Nanoparticles have many potential benefits for diagnosing and treating metastatic cancer, including the ability to transport complex molecular cargoes to the major sites of metastasis, such as the lungs, liver and lymph nodes, as well as targeting to specific cell populations within these organs. This Review highlights the research, opportunities and challenges for integrating engineering sciences with cancer biology and medicine to develop nanotechnology-based tools for treating metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avi Schroeder
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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324
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Zhou Q, Li M, Wang X, Li Q, Wang T, Zhu Q, Zhou X, Wang X, Gao X, Li X. Immune-related microRNAs are abundant in breast milk exosomes. Int J Biol Sci 2011; 8:118-23. [PMID: 22211110 PMCID: PMC3248653 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.8.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 400] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast milk is a complex liquid rich in immunological components that affect the development of the infant's immune system. Exosomes are membranous vesicles of endocytic origin that are found in various body fluids and that can mediate intercellular communication. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a well-defined group of non-coding small RNAs, are packaged inside exosomes in human breast milk. Here, we identified 602 unique miRNAs originating from 452 miRNA precursors (pre-miRNAs) in human breast milk exosomes using deep sequencing technology. We found that, out of 87 well-characterized immune-related pre-miRNAs, 59 (67.82%) are presented and enriched in breast milk exosomes (P < 10-16, χ2 test). In addition, compared with exogenous synthetic miRNAs, these endogenous immune-related miRNAs are more resistant to relatively harsh conditions. It is, therefore, tempting to speculate that these exosomal miRNAs are transferred from the mother's milk to the infant via the digestive tract, and that they play a critical role in the development of the infant immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhou
- Department of Nursing, Ya'an Vocational College, Ya'an, Sichuan, China.
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325
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Abstract
Epigenetic changes frequently occur in human colorectal cancer. Genomic global hypomethylation, gene promoter region hypermethylation, histone modifications, and alteration of miRNA patterns are major epigenetic changes in colorectal cancer. Loss of imprinting (LOI) is associated with colorectal neoplasia. Folate deficiency may cause colorectal Carcinogenesis by inducing gene-specific hypermethylation and genomic global hypomethylation. HDAC inhibitors and demethylating agents have been approved by the FDA for myelodysplastic syndrome and leukemia treatment. Non-coding RNA is regarded as another kind of epigenetic marker in colorectal cancer. This review is mainly focused on DNA methylation, histone modification, and microRNA changes in colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Jia
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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326
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Jensen SG, Lamy P, Rasmussen MH, Ostenfeld MS, Dyrskjøt L, Orntoft TF, Andersen CL. Evaluation of two commercial global miRNA expression profiling platforms for detection of less abundant miRNAs. BMC Genomics 2011; 12:435. [PMID: 21867561 PMCID: PMC3184117 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-12-435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background microRNAs (miRNA) are short, endogenous transcripts that negatively regulate the expression of specific mRNA targets. miRNAs are found both in tissues and body fluids such as plasma. A major perspective for the use of miRNAs in the clinical setting is as diagnostic plasma markers for neoplasia. While miRNAs are abundant in tissues, they are often scarce in plasma. For quantification of miRNA in plasma it is therefore of importance to use a platform with high sensitivity and linear performance in the low concentration range. This motivated us to evaluate the performance of three commonly used commercial miRNA quantification platforms: GeneChip miRNA 2.0 Array, miRCURY Ready-to-Use PCR, Human panel I+II V1.M, and TaqMan Human MicroRNA Array v3.0. Results Using synthetic miRNA samples and plasma RNA samples spiked with different ratios of 174 synthetic miRNAs we assessed the performance characteristics reproducibility, recovery, specificity, sensitivity and linearity. It was found that while the qRT-PCR based platforms were sufficiently sensitive to reproducibly detect miRNAs at the abundance levels found in human plasma, the array based platform was not. At high miRNA levels both qRT-PCR based platforms performed well in terms of specificity, reproducibility and recovery. At low miRNA levels, as in plasma, the miRCURY platform showed better sensitivity and linearity than the TaqMan platform. Conclusion For profiling clinical samples with low miRNA abundance, such as plasma samples, the miRCURY platform with its better sensitivity and linearity would probably be superior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen G Jensen
- Department of Molecular Medicine (MOMA), Aarhus University Hospital-Skejby, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
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327
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Comparison of circulating MicroRNA 141 to circulating tumor cells, lactate dehydrogenase, and prostate-specific antigen for determining treatment response in patients with metastatic prostate cancer. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2011; 9:39-45. [PMID: 21723797 DOI: 10.1016/j.clgc.2011.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Revised: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Our aim was to determine the utility of circulating micro RNA miR-141 as a potential biomarker of therapeutic response in prostate cancer (CaP) patients. We compared the values of miR-141 in plasma of 21 CaP patients to the levels of prostate specific antigen (PSA), circulating tumor cells (CTC) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Data suggest a strong correlation of miR-141 values and clinical course. For prostate cancer (CaP), the measurement of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and radiographic studies do not adequately predict response to therapy and survival, and, therefore, new relevant biomarkers are needed. We and other researchers have shown that longitudinal measurements of PSA, circulating tumor cells (CTC), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) may aid in predicting response to therapy. Results of recent studies have determined that circulating microRNA (miRNA) miR-141 is detected in plasma of patients with CaP. We, therefore, compared the temporal changes of miR-141 with the levels of CTC, LDH, and PSA in 21 patients with CaP, and longitudinally examined these markers alone or in combinations to determine the utility of miR-141 in the predicting a patient's clinical course and response to therapy. Levels of miR-141 in plasma of 21 patients with CaP were measured by using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. A total of 35 intervals were assessed. Directional changes (increasing or decreasing) in PSA, CTC, and miR-141 had sensitivity in predicting clinical outcome (progression vs. nonprogressing) of 78.9%. Logistic regression modeling of the probability of clinical progression demonstrates that miR-141 levels predicted clinical outcomes with an odds ratio of at least 8.3. miR-141 also had the highest correlation with temporal changes of PSA with a correlation of R = 0.77 (P < .001). In this retrospective study, miR-141 demonstrated a similar ability to predict clinical progression when compared with other clinically validated biomarkers. Furthermore, miR-141 demonstrated high correlation with changes of the other biomarkers.
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328
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Aisner DL, Theodorescu D. Genetic testing for metastasis: potential for improved cancer treatment. Future Oncol 2011; 7:697-701. [PMID: 21675831 DOI: 10.2217/fon.11.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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329
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Abstract
Since the discovery of microRNAs (miRNAs), the study of these small noncoding RNAs has steadily increased and more than 10,000 papers have already been published. The great interest in miRNAs reflects their central role in gene-expression regulation and the implication of miRNA-specific aberrant expression in the pathogenesis of cancer, cardiac, immune-related and other diseases. Another avenue of current research is the study of circulating miRNAs in serum, plasma, and other body fluids--miRNAs may act not only within cells, but also at other sites within the body. The presence of miRNAs in body fluids may represent a gold mine of noninvasive biomarkers in cancer. Since deregulated miRNA expression is an early event in tumorigenesis, measuring circulating miRNA levels may also be useful for early cancer detection, which can contribute greatly to the success of treatment. In this Review, we discuss the role of fluid-expressed miRNAs as reliable cancer biomarkers and treatment-response predictors as well as potential new patient selection criteria for clinical trials. In addition, we explore the concept that miRNAs could function as hormones.
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330
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Zhai H, Ju J. Implications of microRNAs in colorectal cancer development, diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutics. Front Genet 2011; 2. [PMID: 22114584 PMCID: PMC3221387 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2011.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of non-coding small RNAs with critical regulatory functions as post-transcriptional regulators. Due to the fundamental importance and broad impact of miRNAs on multiple genes and pathways, dysregulated miRNAs have been associated with human diseases, including cancer. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is among the most deadly diseases, and miRNAs offer a new frontier for target discovery and novel biomarkers for both diagnosis and prognosis. In this review, we summarize the recent advancement of miRNA research in CRC, in particular, the roles of miRNAs in CRC stem cells, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, chemoresistance, therapeutics, diagnosis, and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Zhai
- Translational Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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