301
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Lun JH, Hewitt J, Sitabkhan A, Eden JS, Enosi Tuipulotu D, Netzler NE, Morrell L, Merif J, Jones R, Huang B, Warrilow D, Ressler KA, Ferson MJ, Dwyer DE, Kok J, Rawlinson WD, Deere D, Crosbie ND, White PA. Emerging recombinant noroviruses identified by clinical and waste water screening. Emerg Microbes Infect 2018; 7:50. [PMID: 29593246 PMCID: PMC5874246 DOI: 10.1038/s41426-018-0047-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Norovirus is estimated to cause 677 million annual cases of gastroenteritis worldwide, resulting in 210,000 deaths. As viral gastroenteritis is generally self-limiting, clinical samples for epidemiological studies only partially represent circulating noroviruses in the population and is biased towards severe symptomatic cases. As infected individuals from both symptomatic and asymptomatic cases shed viruses into the sewerage system at a high concentration, waste water samples are useful for the molecular epidemiological analysis of norovirus genotypes at a population level. Using Illumina MiSeq and Sanger sequencing, we surveyed circulating norovirus within Australia and New Zealand, from July 2014 to December 2016. Importantly, norovirus genomic diversity during 2016 was compared between clinical and waste water samples to identify potential pandemic variants, novel recombinant viruses and the timing of their emergence. Although the GII.4 Sydney 2012 variant was prominent in 2014 and 2015, its prevalence significantly decreased in both clinical and waste water samples over 2016. This was concomitant with the emergence of multiple norovirus strains, including two GII.4 Sydney 2012 recombinant viruses, GII.P4 New Orleans 2009/GII.4 Sydney 2012 and GII.P16/GII.4 Sydney 2012, along with three other emerging strains GII.17, GII.P12/GII.3 and GII.P16/GII.2. This is unusual, as a single GII.4 pandemic variant is generally responsible for 65–80% of all human norovirus infections at any one time and predominates until it is replaced by a new pandemic variant. In sumary, this study demonstrates the combined use of clinical and wastewater samples provides a more complete picture of norovirus circulating within the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer H Lun
- Faculty of Science, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Joanne Hewitt
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Kenepuru Science Centre, Porirua, 5022, New Zealand
| | - Alefiya Sitabkhan
- Faculty of Science, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - John-Sebastian Eden
- Faculty of Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.,Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Daniel Enosi Tuipulotu
- Faculty of Science, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Natalie E Netzler
- Faculty of Science, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Leigh Morrell
- Faculty of Science, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Juan Merif
- SAViD (Serology and Virology Division), Department of Microbiology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW, 2031, Australia
| | - Richard Jones
- Douglass Hanly Moir Pathology, Macquarie Park, Sydney, NSW, 2113, Australia
| | - Bixing Huang
- Forensic and Scientific Services, Department of Health, Queensland Government, Archerfield, QLD, 4108, Australia
| | - David Warrilow
- Forensic and Scientific Services, Department of Health, Queensland Government, Archerfield, QLD, 4108, Australia
| | - Kelly-Anne Ressler
- Public Health Unit, South Eastern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, 2217, Australia
| | - Mark J Ferson
- Public Health Unit, South Eastern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, 2217, Australia.,School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Dominic E Dwyer
- Institute for Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, NSW Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital and University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Jen Kok
- Institute for Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, NSW Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital and University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - William D Rawlinson
- SAViD (Serology and Virology Division), Department of Microbiology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW, 2031, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.,Faculty of Science, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Daniel Deere
- Water Futures Pty Ltd, Sydney, NSW, 2073, Australia
| | | | - Peter A White
- Faculty of Science, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
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302
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Li J, Zhang T, Cai K, Jiang Y, Guan X, Zhan J, Zou W, Yang Z, Xing X, Wu Y, Song Y, Yu X, Xu J. Temporal evolutionary analysis of re-emerging recombinant GII.P16_GII.2 norovirus with acute gastroenteritis in patients from Hubei Province of China, 2017. Virus Res 2018; 249:99-109. [PMID: 29604360 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) is a major pathogenic agent of human acute viral gastroenteritis that occurs worldwide. In March 2017, a series of acute NoV-associated gastroenteritis outbreaks occurred in Hubei Province in central China. Here, we sought to better understand the main genotypes and potential evolutionary advantages of circulating NoV strains underlying these outbreaks. During the outbreak, 111 fecal swabs and stool samples were collected from outpatients with acute NoV-associated gastroenteritis in Hubei Province. RNA was extracted from the samples and used as a template for real-time RT-PCR. Sequencing of a portion of the capsid gene and the ORF1/ORF2 overlap was used to assess DNA sequence homology, phylogeny, and recombination using pairwise alignments, MEGA, and Simplot, respectively. Bayesian evolutionary inference analysis was performed using the BEAST software platform to assess the genetic relationships, evolution rate, and evolutionary history of norovirus. GII NoV was determined to be the major pathogen of the acute gastroenteritis outbreaks in Hubei Province, with a 57.7% positive rate. Homology and phylogenic analysis of a portion of the capsid region for GII NoV isolates collected during outbreaks in Hubei showed that the isolates had a very high sequence identity and belonged to GII.2 genotype. Phylogenetic analysis of recombination using the ORF1/ORF2 overlap region revealed a recombinant strain, GII.P16_GII.2, in samples isolated from Hubei Province. The partial polymerase region and capsid gene of the recombinant strain had very high identity (98.7-98.8%) with the NoV strains isolated in Germany in 2016. The evolutionary rate of VP1 gene of GII.2 was distinctly higher than that of the partial polymerase region of GII.16. A phylogenetic tree generated using MCMC showed that the recombinant NoV GII.16_GII.2 was significantly divergent from other GII.16_GII.2 strains observed in China and Japan. Continued circulation of this GII.16_GII.2 recombinant could overtake the predominant GII.4 NoV strain with geographic expansion. Further analysis of the evolutionary dynamics of norovirus is necessary to develop more effective prevention and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China
| | - Kun Cai
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongzhong Jiang
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuhua Guan
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianbo Zhan
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenjing Zou
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhaohui Yang
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuesen Xing
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Wu
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Song
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China; University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Texas, 77550, United States.
| | - Xuejie Yu
- Wuhan University School of Healthy Sciences, Wuhan, China; University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Texas, 77550, United States.
| | - Junqiang Xu
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China; University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Texas, 77550, United States.
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303
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Wade TJ, Augustine SAJ, Griffin SM, Sams EA, Oshima KH, Egorov AI, Simmons KJ, Eason TN, Dufour AP. Asymptomatic norovirus infection associated with swimming at a tropical beach: A prospective cohort study. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195056. [PMID: 29590196 PMCID: PMC5874074 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Swimming in fecally-contaminated waterbodies can result in gastrointestinal infections. However, the pathogenic microorganisms responsible are not well understood because sporadic cases of illness are not reported completely, exposure information is often not collected, and epidemiology studies rely on self-reported symptoms. Noroviruses are considered a likely cause because they are found in high densities in sewage, resistant to wastewater treatment and survive in the environment. In this study, saliva samples were collected from subjects at a beach in Puerto Rico and tested for evidence of norovirus-specific IgG responses as an indicator of incident norovirus infection. Methods Saliva samples were collected from 1298 participants using an oral swab. Samples were collected on the day of the beach visit (S1); after 10–12 days (S2); and after three weeks (S3). Saliva was tested for IgG responses to GI.1 and GII.4 noroviruses using a microsphere based multiplex salivary immunoassay. Immunoconversion was defined as a four-fold increase in median fluorescence intensity (MFI) from S1 to S2 with the S3 sample at least three times above the S1 MFI. Results Thirty-four subjects (2.6%) immunoconverted to GI.1 or GII.4 norovirus. Swimmers who immersed their head in water had a higher rate of immunoconversion (3.4%), compared to either non-swimmers (0.0%, p = 0.003) or waders and non-swimmers combined (0.4%, Odds Ratio: 5.07, 95% Confidence Interval:1.48–17.00). Immunoconversion was not associated with gastrointestinal symptoms. Conclusions This is the first study to demonstrate an association between swimming at a beach impacted by fecal contamination and asymptomatic norovirus infection. The findings implicate recreational water as potentially important transmission pathway for norovirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J. Wade
- Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Swinburne A. J. Augustine
- Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Shannon M. Griffin
- Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth A. Sams
- Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America
| | - Kevin H. Oshima
- Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Andrey I. Egorov
- Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America
| | | | - Tarsha N. Eason
- Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America
| | - Alfred P. Dufour
- Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
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304
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Ferla S, Netzler NE, Ferla S, Veronese S, Tuipulotu DE, Guccione S, Brancale A, White PA, Bassetto M. In silico screening for human norovirus antivirals reveals a novel non-nucleoside inhibitor of the viral polymerase. Sci Rep 2018. [PMID: 29515206 PMCID: PMC5841303 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22303-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Human norovirus causes approximately 219,000 deaths annually, yet there are currently no antivirals available. A virtual screening of commercially available drug-like compounds (~300,000) was performed on the suramin and PPNDS binding-sites of the norovirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). Selected compounds (n = 62) were examined for inhibition of norovirus RdRp activity using an in vitro transcription assay. Eight candidates demonstrated RdRp inhibition (>25% inhibition at 10 µM), which was confirmed using a gel-shift RdRp assay for two of them. The two molecules were identified as initial hits and selected for structure-activity relationship studies, which resulted in the synthesis of novel compounds that were examined for inhibitory activity. Five compounds inhibited human norovirus RdRp activity (>50% at 10 µM), with the best candidate, 54, demonstrating an IC50 of 5.6 µM against the RdRp and a CC50 of 62.8 µM. Combinational treatment of 54 and the known RdRp site-B inhibitor PPNDS revealed antagonism, indicating that 54 binds in the same binding pocket. Two RdRps with mutations (Q414A and R419A) previously shown to be critical for the binding of site-B compounds had no effect on inhibition, suggesting 54 interacts with distinct site-B residues. This study revealed the novel scaffold 54 for further development as a norovirus antiviral.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Ferla
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
| | - Natalie E Netzler
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sebastiano Ferla
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Sofia Veronese
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Enosi Tuipulotu
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Salvatore Guccione
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Andrea Brancale
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Peter A White
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Marcella Bassetto
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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305
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Tokuhara D. Challenges in developing mucosal vaccines and antibodies against infectious diarrhea in children. Pediatr Int 2018; 60:214-223. [PMID: 29290097 DOI: 10.1111/ped.13497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diarrhea in children can be life-threatening and imposes a large economic burden on healthcare systems, therefore more effective prophylactic and therapeutic drugs are needed urgently. Because most of the pathogens responsible for childhood diarrhea infect the gastrointestinal mucosa, providing protective immunity at the mucosal surface is an ideal way to control pathogen invasion and toxic activity. Mucosal (e.g. oral, nasal) vaccines are superior to systemic (subcutaneous or intramuscular) vaccination for conferring both mucosal and systemic pathogen-specific immune responses. Therefore, great efforts has been focused on the development of cost-effective mucosal vaccines for the past 50 years. Recent progress in plant genetic engineering has revolutionized the production of inexpensive and safe recombinant vaccine antigens. For example, rice plant biotechnology has facilitated the development of a cold-chain-free rice-based oral subunit vaccine against Vibrio cholerae. Furthermore, this technology has led to the creation of a rice-based oral antibody for prophylaxis and treatment of rotavirus gastroenteritis. This review summarizes current perspectives regarding the mucosal immune system and the development of mucosal vaccines and therapeutic antibodies, particularly rice-based products, and discusses future prospects regarding mucosal vaccines for children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Tokuhara
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Abenoku, Osaka, Japan
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306
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Hakim MS, Nirwati H, Aman AT, Soenarto Y, Pan Q. Significance of continuous rotavirus and norovirus surveillance in Indonesia. World J Pediatr 2018; 14:4-12. [PMID: 29446040 DOI: 10.1007/s12519-018-0122-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diarrhea significantly contributes to the global burden of diseases, particularly in developing countries. Rotavirus and norovirus are the most dominant viral agents responsible for diarrheal disease globally. The aim of this review was to conduct a comprehensive assessment of rotavirus and norovirus study in Indonesia. DATA SOURCES Articles about rotavirus and norovirus surveillance in Indonesia were collected from databases, including PubMed and Google Scholar. Manual searching was performed to identify additional studies. Furthermore, relevant articles about norovirus diseases were included. RESULTS A national surveillance of rotavirus-associated gastroenteritis has been conducted for years, resulting in substantial evidence about the high burden of the diseases in Indonesia. In contrast, norovirus infection received relatively lower attention and very limited data are available about the incidence and circulating genotypes. Norovirus causes sporadic and epidemic gastroenteritis globally. It is also emerging as a health problem in immunocompromised individuals. During post-rotavirus vaccination era, norovirus potentially emerges as the most frequent cause of diarrheal diseases. CONCLUSIONS Our review identifies knowledge gaps in Indonesia about the burden of norovirus diseases and the circulating genotypes. Therefore, there is a pressing need to conduct national surveillance to raise awareness of the community and national health authority about the actual burden of norovirus disease in Indonesia. Continuing rotavirus surveillance is also important to assess vaccine effectiveness and to continue tracking any substantial changes of circulating rotavirus genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Saifudin Hakim
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center and Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine, Room Na-1001, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
| | - Hera Nirwati
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Abu Tholib Aman
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Yati Soenarto
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Qiuwei Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center and Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine, Room Na-1001, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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307
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Sustainable Urban Water Management: Application for Integrated Assessment in Southeast Asia. SUSTAINABILITY 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/su10010122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The design, development, and operation of current and future urban water infrastructure in many parts of the world increasingly rely on and apply the principles of sustainable development. However, this approach suffers from a lack of the necessary knowledge, skills, and practice of how sustainable development can be attained and promoted in a given city. This paper presents the framework of an integrated systems approach analysis that deals with the abovementioned issues. The “Water and Urban Initiative” project, which was implemented by the United Nations University’s Institute for the Advanced Study of Sustainability, focused on urban water and wastewater systems, floods, and their related health risk assessment, and the economics of water quality improvements. A team of researchers has investigated issues confronting cities in the developing countries of Southeast Asia, in relation to sustainable urban water management in the face of such ongoing changes as rapid population growth, economic development, and climate change; they have also run future scenarios and proposed policy recommendations for decision-makers in selected countries in Southeast Asia. The results, lessons, and practical recommendations of this project could contribute to the ongoing policy debates and decision-making processes in these countries.
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308
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Wang X, Wang S, Zhang C, Zhou Y, Xiong P, Liu Q, Huang Z. Development of a Surrogate Neutralization Assay for Norovirus Vaccine Evaluation at the Cellular Level. Viruses 2018; 10:E27. [PMID: 29304015 PMCID: PMC5795440 DOI: 10.3390/v10010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses (NoVs) are the main pathogens responsible for sporadic and epidemic nonbacterial gastroenteritis, causing an estimated 219,000 deaths annually worldwide. There is no commercially available vaccine for NoVs, due partly to the difficulty in establishing NoV cell culture models. The histo-blood group antigen (HBGA) blocking assay is used extensively to assess the protective potential of candidate vaccine-elicited antibodies, but there is still no widely used cellular evaluation model. In this study, we have established a cell line-based NoV vaccine evaluation model through the construction of human α1,2-fucosyltransferase 2-overexpressing 293T (293T-FUT2) cell lines. The 293T-FUT2 cells stably expressed H type 2 and Lewis y antigens. Virus-like particles (VLPs) of the NoV prototype strain genogroup I.1 (GI.1) and the predominant strains GII.4 and GII.17 could attach to the cell line efficiently in a dose-dependent manner. Importantly, antisera against these NoV VLPs could inhibit the attachment of the VLPs, where the inhibitory effects measured by the attachment inhibition assay correlated significantly with the antibody levels determined by the HBGA blocking assay. Collectively, our attachment inhibition assay could serve as a surrogate neutralization assay for the evaluation of NoV vaccines at the cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Wang
- Unit of Vaccinology and Antiviral Strategies, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Shuxia Wang
- Unit of Vaccinology and Antiviral Strategies, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.
| | - Chao Zhang
- Unit of Vaccinology and Antiviral Strategies, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.
| | - Yu Zhou
- Unit of Vaccinology and Antiviral Strategies, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Pei Xiong
- Unit of Vaccinology and Antiviral Strategies, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Qingwei Liu
- Unit of Vaccinology and Antiviral Strategies, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.
| | - Zhong Huang
- Unit of Vaccinology and Antiviral Strategies, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.
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309
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Damalanka VC, Kim Y, Galasiti Kankanamalage AC, Rathnayake AD, Mehzabeen N, Battaile KP, Lovell S, Nguyen HN, Lushington GH, Chang KO, Groutas WC. Structure-guided design, synthesis and evaluation of oxazolidinone-based inhibitors of norovirus 3CL protease. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 143:881-890. [PMID: 29227928 PMCID: PMC5737831 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis caused by noroviruses constitutes a global public health concern and a significant economic burden. There are currently no small molecule therapeutics or vaccines for the treatment of norovirus infections. A structure-guided approach was utilized in the design of a series of inhibitors of norovirus 3CL protease that embody an oxazolidinone ring as a novel design element for attaining optimal binding interactions. Low micromolar cell-permeable inhibitors that display anti-norovirus activity have been identified. The mechanism of action, mode of binding, and structural rearrangements associated with the interaction of the inhibitors and the enzyme were elucidated using X-ray crystallography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishnu C Damalanka
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS 67260, USA
| | - Yunjeong Kim
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | | | - Athri D Rathnayake
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS 67260, USA
| | - Nurjahan Mehzabeen
- Protein Structure Laboratory, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Kevin P Battaile
- IMCA-CAT, Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute, APS Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Scott Lovell
- Protein Structure Laboratory, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Harry Nhat Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS 67260, USA
| | | | - Kyeong-Ok Chang
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
| | - William C Groutas
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS 67260, USA.
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310
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The Incidence of Acute Gastrointestinal Illness in Canada, Foodbook Survey 2014-2015. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES & MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2017; 2017:5956148. [PMID: 29410684 PMCID: PMC5749300 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5956148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Acute gastrointestinal illness (AGI) is an important public health issue, with many pathogen sources and modes of transmission. A one-year telephone survey was conducted in Canada (2014-2015) to estimate the incidence of self-reported AGI in the previous 28 days and to describe health care seeking behaviour, using a symptom-based case definition. Excluding cases with respiratory symptoms, it is estimated that there are 0.57 self-reported AGI episodes per person-year, almost 19.5 million episodes in Canada each year. The proportion of cases seeking medical care was nearly 9%, of which 17% reported being requested to submit a sample for laboratory testing, and 49% of those requested complied and provided a sample. Results can be used to inform burden of illness and source attribution studies and indicate that AGI continues to be an important public health issue in Canada.
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311
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Xiao S, Tang JW, Li Y. Airborne or Fomite Transmission for Norovirus? A Case Study Revisited. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14121571. [PMID: 29240665 PMCID: PMC5750989 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14121571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Norovirus infection, a highly prevalent condition associated with a high rate of morbidity, comprises a significant health issue. Although norovirus transmission mainly occurs via the fecal-oral and vomit-oral routes, airborne transmission has been proposed in recent decades. This paper re-examines a previously described norovirus outbreak in a hotel restaurant wherein airborne transmission was originally inferred. Specifically, the original evidence that suggested airborne transmission was re-analyzed by exploring an alternative hypothesis: could this outbreak instead have occurred via fomite transmission? This re-analysis was based on whether fomite transmission could have yielded similar attack rate distribution patterns. Seven representative serving pathways used by waiters were considered, and the infection risk distributions of the alternative fomite transmission routes were predicted using a multi-agent model. These distributions were compared to the reported attack rate distribution in the original study using a least square methods approach. The results show that with some reasonable assumptions of human behavior patterns and parameter values, the attack rate distribution corresponded well with that of the infection risk via the fomite route. This finding offers an alternative interpretation of the transmission routes that underlay this particular norovirus outbreak and an important consideration in the development of infection control guidelines and the investigation of similar norovirus outbreaks in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenglan Xiao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Julian W Tang
- Clinical Microbiology, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK.
- Infection, Immunity, Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK.
| | - Yuguo Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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312
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Verstraeten T, Cattaert T, Harris J, Lopman B, Tam CC, Ferreira G. Estimating the Burden of Medically Attended Norovirus Gastroenteritis: Modeling Linked Primary Care and Hospitalization Datasets. J Infect Dis 2017; 216:957-965. [PMID: 28961927 PMCID: PMC5853278 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Norovirus is the leading cause of community-acquired and nosocomial acute gastroenteritis. Routine testing for norovirus is seldom undertaken, and diagnosis is mainly based on presenting symptoms. This makes understanding the burden of medically attended norovirus-attributable gastroenteritis (MA-NGE) and targeting care and prevention strategies challenging. Methods We used linked population-based healthcare datasets (Clinical Practice Research Datalink General Practice OnLine Database linked with Hospital Episode Statistics Admitted Patient Care) to model the incidence of MA-NGE associated with primary care consultations or hospitalizations according to age groups in England in the period July 2007–June 2013. Results Mean annual incidence rates of MA-NGE were 4.9/1000 person-years and 0.7/1000 person-years for episodes involving primary care or hospitalizations, respectively. Incidence rates were highest in children aged <5 years: 34.0 consultations/1000 person-years and 3.3 hospitalizations/1000 person-years. Medically attended norovirus-attributable gastroenteritis hospitalization rates were second highest in adults aged >65 years (1.7/1000 person-years). Conclusions In this particular study, the burden of MA-NGE estimated from healthcare datasets was higher than previously estimated in small cohort studies in England. Routinely collected primary care and hospitalization datasets are useful resources to estimate and monitor the burden of MA-NGE in a population over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Verstraeten
- P95 Pharmacovigilance and Epidemiology, Heverlee, Belgium
- Correspondence: T. Verstraeten Koning Leopold III Laan 1, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium ()
| | - Tom Cattaert
- P95 Pharmacovigilance and Epidemiology, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - John Harris
- National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, University of Liverpool
| | - Ben Lopman
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Clarence C Tam
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore
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313
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Lindesmith LC, Kocher JF, Donaldson EF, Debbink K, Mallory ML, Swann EW, Brewer-Jensen PD, Baric RS. Emergence of Novel Human Norovirus GII.17 Strains Correlates With Changes in Blockade Antibody Epitopes. J Infect Dis 2017; 216:1227-1234. [PMID: 28973354 PMCID: PMC5853573 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human norovirus is a significant public health burden, with >30 genotypes causing endemic levels of disease and strains from the GII.4 genotype causing serial pandemics as the virus evolves new ligand binding and antigenicity features. During 2014-2015, genotype GII.17 cluster IIIb strains emerged as the leading cause of norovirus infection in select global locations. Comparison of capsid sequences indicates that GII.17 is evolving at previously defined GII.4 antibody epitopes. Methods Antigenicity of virus-like particles (VLPs) representative of clusters I, II, and IIIb GII.17 strains were compared by a surrogate neutralization assay based on antibody blockade of ligand binding. Results Sera from mice immunized with a single GII.17 VLP identified antigenic shifts between each cluster of GII.17 strains. Ligand binding of GII.17 cluster IIIb VLP was blocked only by antisera from mice immunized with cluster IIIb VLPs. Exchange of residues 393-396 from GII.17.2015 into GII.17.1978 ablated ligand binding and altered antigenicity, defining an important varying epitope in GII.17. Conclusions The capsid sequence changes in GII.17 strains result in loss of blockade antibody binding, indicating that viral evolution, specifically at residues 393-396, may have contributed to the emergence of cluster IIIb strains and the persistence of GII.17 in human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa C Lindesmith
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Jacob F Kocher
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Eric F Donaldson
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Kari Debbink
- Department of Natural Sciences, Bowie State University, Maryland
| | - Michael L Mallory
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Excel W Swann
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | | | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill,Correspondence: R. S. Baric, PhD, 3304 Hooker Research Center, 135 Dauer Dr, CB7435, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 ()
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314
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Riddle MS. Big Data Meet Precision Public Health: The Modeling of Acute Gastroenteritis, Norovirus and Its Present and Future Utility. J Infect Dis 2017; 216:929-931. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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315
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Kreidieh K, Charide R, Dbaibo G, Melhem NM. The epidemiology of Norovirus in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region: a systematic review. Virol J 2017; 14:220. [PMID: 29126448 PMCID: PMC5681772 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0877-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) is considered the second leading cause of viral acute gastroenteritis (AGE). To our knowledge, there are no systematic reviews assessing the role of NoV in AGE in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. Consequently, we conducted an extensive systematic literature review on articles studying NoV in the 24 countries of the MENA region during the past 15 years (2000-2015). The methods and reporting were set according to the 2015 PRISMA-P and based on the elements from the international prospective register of systematic reviews (PROSPERO). We retrieved 38 studies meeting our predefined inclusion criteria and were used to extract full data. Studies reporting on NoV were conducted in 15 out of the 24 countries of the region. The reported NoV infection rates in MENA countries ranged between 0.82% and 36.84%. The majority of studies were clinical observational studies assessing NoV rates mainly among children. Participants were recruited from in- and outpatient clinics. NoV infection was reported all year round with with peaks observed mainly during cold months. GII.4 was the predominant genotype detected in stool of participants as reported by 16 out of 25 studies (64%). Overall, there is an increasing recognition of NoV as an important causative agent of AGE across all age groups in the MENA region. Further studies are needed to assess the national and the regional burden of NoV among different age groups, its molecular diversity and seasonal variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalil Kreidieh
- Medical Laboratory Sciences Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, P.O. Box 11-0236, Riad El Solh, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rana Charide
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ghassan Dbaibo
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nada M Melhem
- Medical Laboratory Sciences Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, P.O. Box 11-0236, Riad El Solh, Beirut, Lebanon.
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
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316
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Dang W, Yin Y, Wang Y, Wang W, Su J, Sprengers D, van der Laan LJW, Felczak K, Pankiewicz KW, Chang KO, Koopmans MPG, Metselaar HJ, Peppelenbosch MP, Pan Q. Inhibition of Calcineurin or IMP Dehydrogenase Exerts Moderate to Potent Antiviral Activity against Norovirus Replication. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:e01095-17. [PMID: 28807916 PMCID: PMC5655111 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01095-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Norovirus is a major cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide and has emerged as an important issue of chronic infection in transplantation patients. Since no approved antiviral is available, we evaluated the effects of different immunosuppressants and ribavirin on norovirus and explored their mechanisms of action by using a human norovirus (HuNV) replicon-harboring model and a surrogate murine norovirus (MNV) infectious model. The roles of the corresponding drug targets were investigated by gain- or loss-of-function approaches. We found that the calcineurin inhibitors cyclosporine (CsA) and tacrolimus (FK506) moderately inhibited HuNV replication. Gene silencing of their cellular targets, cyclophilin A, FKBP12, and calcineurin, significantly inhibited HuNV replication. A low concentration, therapeutically speaking, of mycophenolic acid (MPA), an uncompetitive IMP dehydrogenase (IMPDH) inhibitor, potently and rapidly inhibited norovirus replication and ultimately cleared HuNV replicons without inducible resistance following long-term drug exposure. Knockdown of the MPA cellular targets IMPDH1 and IMPDH2 suppressed HuNV replication. Consistent with the nucleotide-synthesizing function of IMPDH, exogenous guanosine counteracted the antinorovirus effects of MPA. Furthermore, the competitive IMPDH inhibitor ribavirin efficiently inhibited norovirus and resulted in an additive effect when combined with immunosuppressants. The results from this study demonstrate that calcineurin phosphatase activity and IMPDH guanine synthase activity are crucial in sustaining norovirus infection; thus, they can be therapeutically targeted. Our results suggest that MPA shall be preferentially considered immunosuppressive medication for transplantation patients at risk of norovirus infection, whereas ribavirin represents as a potential antiviral for both immunocompromised and immunocompetent patients with norovirus gastroenteritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Dang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yuebang Yin
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yijin Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wenshi Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Junhong Su
- Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Dave Sprengers
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J W van der Laan
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Krzysztof Felczak
- Center for Drug Design, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Kyeong-Ok Chang
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Marion P G Koopmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Herold J Metselaar
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maikel P Peppelenbosch
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Qiuwei Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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317
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Deng W, Gibson KE. Interaction of microorganisms within leafy green phyllospheres: Where do human noroviruses fit in? Int J Food Microbiol 2017; 258:28-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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318
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Antiviral activities of Artemisia princeps var. orientalis essential oil and its α-thujone against norovirus surrogates. Food Sci Biotechnol 2017; 26:1457-1461. [PMID: 30263682 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-017-0158-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Artemisia princeps var. orientalis is a well-known medicinal food, which has been used for the treatment of several diseases including bacterial infection. We examined the antiviral effects of the essential oil from A. princeps var. orientalis and its compounds, borneol, α-thujone and camphor, against murine norovirus-1 (MNV-1) and feline calicivirus-F9 (FCV-F9). The time-of-addition plaque assays were used to determine the ability of essential oil to interfere with viral infection. The maximum activities, following the pretreatment of FCV-F9 and MNV-1, reached 48% inhibition on FCV-F9 and 64% inhibition on MNV-1 at 0.1 and 0.01% of the essential oil, respectively. Neither borneol nor camphor exhibited an antiviral activity, whereas α-thujone, a major compound of the essential oil, showed strong inhibition on FCV-F9 and MNV-1.
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319
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Enosi Tuipulotu D, Netzler NE, Lun JH, Mackenzie JM, White PA. RNA Sequencing of Murine Norovirus-Infected Cells Reveals Transcriptional Alteration of Genes Important to Viral Recognition and Antigen Presentation. Front Immunol 2017; 8:959. [PMID: 28848558 PMCID: PMC5554501 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses inherently exploit normal cellular functions to promote replication and survival. One mechanism involves transcriptional control of the host, and knowledge of the genes modified and their molecular function can aid in understanding viral-host interactions. Norovirus pathogenesis, despite the recent advances in cell cultivation, remains largely uncharacterized. Several studies have utilized the related murine norovirus (MNV) to identify innate response, antigen presentation, and cellular recognition components that are activated during infection. In this study, we have used next-generation sequencing to probe the transcriptomic changes of MNV-infected mouse macrophages. Our in-depth analysis has revealed that MNV is a potent stimulator of the innate response including genes involved in interferon and cytokine production pathways. We observed that genes involved in viral recognition, namely IFIH1, DDX58, and DHX58 were significantly upregulated with infection, whereas we observed significant downregulation of cytokine receptors (Il17rc, Il1rl1, Cxcr3, and Cxcr5) and TLR7. Furthermore, we identified that pathways involved in protein degradation (including genes Psmb3, Psmb4, Psmb5, Psmb9, and Psme2), antigen presentation, and lymphocyte activation are downregulated by MNV infection. Thus, our findings illustrate that MNV induces perturbations in the innate immune transcriptome, particularly in MHC maturation and viral recognition that can contribute to disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Enosi Tuipulotu
- Faculty of Science, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Natalie E Netzler
- Faculty of Science, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jennifer H Lun
- Faculty of Science, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jason M Mackenzie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Peter A White
- Faculty of Science, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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320
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Mirza A, Rathore MH. Immunization Update VI. Adv Pediatr 2017; 64:13-25. [PMID: 28688586 DOI: 10.1016/j.yapd.2017.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Mirza
- University of Florida Center for HIV/AIDS Research, Education and Service (UF CARES), 910 North Jefferson Street, Jacksonville, FL 32209, USA
| | - Mobeen H Rathore
- University of Florida Center for HIV/AIDS Research, Education and Service (UF CARES), 910 North Jefferson Street, Jacksonville, FL 32209, USA; Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Wolfson Children's Hospital Jacksonville, 800 Prudential Drive, Jacksonville, FL 32207, USA.
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321
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Netzler NE, Enosi Tuipulotu D, Eltahla AA, Lun JH, Ferla S, Brancale A, Urakova N, Frese M, Strive T, Mackenzie JM, White PA. Broad-spectrum non-nucleoside inhibitors for caliciviruses. Antiviral Res 2017; 146:65-75. [PMID: 28757394 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Viruses of the Caliciviridae cause significant and sometimes lethal diseases, however despite substantial research efforts, specific antivirals are lacking. Broad-spectrum antivirals could combat multiple viral pathogens, offering a rapid solution when no therapies exist. The RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) is an attractive antiviral target as it is essential for viral replication and lacks mammalian homologs. To focus the search for pan-Caliciviridae antivirals, the RdRp was probed with non-nucleoside inhibitors (NNIs) developed against hepatitis C virus (HCV) to reveal both allosteric ligands for structure-activity relationship enhancement, and highly-conserved RdRp pockets for antiviral targeting. The ability of HCV NNIs to inhibit calicivirus RdRp activities was assessed using in vitro enzyme and murine norovirus cell culture assays. Results revealed that three NNIs which bound the HCV RdRp Thumb I (TI) site also inhibited transcriptional activities of six RdRps spanning the Norovirus, Sapovirus and Lagovirus genera of the Caliciviridae. These NNIs included JTK-109 (RdRp inhibition range: IC50 4.3-16.6 μM), TMC-647055 (IC50 range: 18.8-45.4 μM) and Beclabuvir (IC50 range: 23.8->100 μM). In silico studies and site-directed mutagenesis indicated the JTK-109 binding site was within the calicivirus RdRp thumb domain, in a pocket termed Site-B, which is highly-conserved within all calicivirus RdRps. Additionally, RdRp inhibition assays revealed that JTK-109 was antagonistic with the previously reported RdRp inhibitor pyridoxal-5'-phosphate-6-(2'-naphthylazo-6'-nitro-4',8'-disulfonate) tetrasodium salt (PPNDS), that also binds to Site-B. Moreover, like JTK-109, PPNDS was also a potent inhibitor of polymerases from six viruses spanning the three Caliciviridae genera tested (IC50 range: 0.1-2.3 μM). Together, this study demonstrates the potential for de novo development of broad-spectrum antivirals that target the highly-conserved RdRp thumb pocket, Site-B. We also revealed three broad-spectrum HCV NNIs that could be used as antiviral scaffolds for further development against caliciviruses and other viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie E Netzler
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Daniel Enosi Tuipulotu
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Auda A Eltahla
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jennifer H Lun
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Salvatore Ferla
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Brancale
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Nadya Urakova
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Invasive Animals Cooperative Research Centre, University of Canberra, ACT, Australia; Health Research Institute, University of Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Michael Frese
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Invasive Animals Cooperative Research Centre, University of Canberra, ACT, Australia; Health Research Institute, University of Canberra, ACT, Australia; Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Tanja Strive
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Health Research Institute, University of Canberra, ACT, Australia; Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Jason M Mackenzie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, VIC, Australia
| | - Peter A White
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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322
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Prospects and Challenges in the Development of a Norovirus Vaccine. Clin Ther 2017; 39:1537-1549. [PMID: 28756066 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Norovirus is the leading cause of acute epidemic gastroenteritis among children under the age of 5 years and adults in the United States and in adults worldwide, accounting for an estimated 20% of episodes of acute gastroenteritis across all ages. No effective vaccine is presently available. This article provides an overview of the current state of norovirus vaccine development, emphasizing barriers and challenges in the development of an effective vaccine, correlates of protection used to assess vaccine efficacy, and the results of clinical trials of the major candidate vaccines. METHODS We performed an unstructured literature review of published articles listed in PubMed in the field of norovirus vaccine development, with an emphasis on studies in humans. FINDINGS Two candidate vaccines have reached clinical trials, and a number of other candidates are in the preclinical stages of development. Multivalent vaccination may be effective in inducing broadly neutralizing antibodies protective against challenge with novel and heterologous norovirus strains. Most identified correlates of protection have not been validated in large-scale challenge studies, nor have the degrees to which these correlates covary been assessed. IMPLICATIONS Immune correlates of protection against norovirus infection need to be further developed to facilitate additional studies of the tolerability and efficacy of candidate norovirus vaccines in humans.
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323
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Galasiti Kankanamalage AC, Kim Y, Rathnayake AD, Alliston KR, Butler MM, Cardinale SC, Bowlin TL, Groutas WC, Chang KO. Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of Novel Prodrugs of Transition State Inhibitors of Norovirus 3CL Protease. J Med Chem 2017; 60:6239-6248. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yunjeong Kim
- Department
of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, Kansas State University
College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Athri D. Rathnayake
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas 67260, United States
| | - Kevin R. Alliston
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas 67260, United States
| | | | | | - Terry L. Bowlin
- Microbiotix, Inc., Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - William C. Groutas
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas 67260, United States
| | - Kyeong-Ok Chang
- Department
of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, Kansas State University
College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
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324
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Xue L, Wu Q, Dong R, Cai W, Wu H, Chen M, Chen G, Wang J, Zhang J. Comparative phylogenetic analyses of recombinant noroviruses based on different protein-encoding regions show the recombination-associated evolution pattern. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4976. [PMID: 28694427 PMCID: PMC5504017 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01640-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses are the major cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide, and recombination is recognized as the important mechanism for its continuous emergence. In this study, for the common GII.P12 and GII.3 recombinants, phylogenetic relationships based on different proteins in three ORFs were comparatively analyzed, focusing on the influence of intergenic recombination. By using newly designed primers, genomes of two GII.P12/GII.3 Guangzhou recombinants were firstly amplified. Combined with other reported sequences of GII.P12_ORF1 (n = 20), GII.3_ORF2 (n = 131), GII.3_ORF3 (n = 36), all GII.P12 and GII.3 strains could be divided into 6, 8, and 7 clusters based on different ORFs, which showed an obvious recombination-associated and temporally sequential evolution pattern (with the exception of GII.P12/GII.13 recombinants). Based on multiple alignments, 126 informative sites were identified in three ORFs (44, 54, and 28), and four proteins (p48, p22, VP1, and VP2) were found under positive selection. Furthermore, by using homology modeling, predicted epitopes were mapped on the P proteins of seven GII.3 representative strains, without one (Epi: 353-361) specific to the GII.4 VA387 strain. In summary, via the genome analyses, phylogenetic relationships of GII.P12 and GII.3 recombinants based on the different proteins presented a special temporally sequential evolution process associated with their recombinant types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Xue
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Qingping Wu
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangzhou, P. R. China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, P. R. China.
| | - Ruimin Dong
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Weicheng Cai
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Haoming Wu
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Moutong Chen
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Gang Chen
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Juan Wang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jumei Zhang
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, P. R. China
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325
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Lindesmith LC, Mallory ML, Jones TA, Richardson C, Goodwin RR, Baehner F, Mendelman PM, Bargatze RF, Baric RS. Impact of Pre-exposure History and Host Genetics on Antibody Avidity Following Norovirus Vaccination. J Infect Dis 2017; 215:984-991. [PMID: 28453838 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Development of high avidity, broadly neutralizing antibodies (Abs) is a priority after vaccination against rapidly evolving, widely disseminated viruses like human norovirus. After vaccination with a multivalent GI.1 and GII.4c norovirus virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine candidate adjuvanted with alum and monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL), blockade Ab titers peaked early, with no increase in titer following a second vaccine dose. Methods Blockade Ab relative avidity was evaluated by measuring the slope of blockade Ab neutralization curves. Results Blockade Ab avidity to the GI.1 vaccine component peaked at day 35 (7 days after dose 2). Avidities to heterotypic genogroup I VLPs were not sustained at day 35 after vaccination or GI.1 infection, as measured from archived sera. Only secretor-positive participants maintained high avidity blockade Ab to GI.1 at day 180. Avidity to the GII.4c vaccine component peaked at day 7, remained elevated through day 180, and was not secretor dependent. Avidity to an immunologically novel GII.4 strain VLP correlated with preexisting Ab titer to an ancestral strain Epitope A. Conclusions Host genetics and pre-exposure history shape norovirus vaccine Ab responses, including blockade Ab avidity. Avidity of potentially neutralizing Ab may be an important metric for evaluating vaccine responses to highly penetrant viruses with cross-reactive serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa C Lindesmith
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Michael L Mallory
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Taylor A Jones
- Department of Integrated Genomics, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | | | | | - Frank Baehner
- Takeda Pharmaceutical International AG, Vaccine Business Unit, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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326
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Lee S, Baldridge MT. Interferon-Lambda: A Potent Regulator of Intestinal Viral Infections. Front Immunol 2017; 8:749. [PMID: 28713375 PMCID: PMC5491552 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon-lambda (IFN-λ) is a recently described cytokine found to be of critical importance in innate immune regulation of intestinal viruses. Endogenous IFN-λ has potent antiviral effects and has been shown to control multiple intestinal viruses and may represent a factor that contributes to human variability in response to infection. Importantly, recombinant IFN-λ has therapeutic potential against enteric viral infections, many of which lack other effective treatments. In this mini-review, we describe recent advances regarding IFN-λ-mediated regulation of enteric viruses with important clinical relevance including rotavirus, reovirus, and norovirus. We also briefly discuss IFN-λ interactions with other cytokines important in the intestine, and how IFN-λ may play a role in regulation of intestinal viruses by the commensal microbiome. Finally, we indicate currently outstanding questions regarding IFN-λ control of enteric infections that remain to be explored to enhance our understanding of this important immune molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghyun Lee
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Megan T Baldridge
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
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327
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Sandmann FG, Jit M, Robotham JV, Deeny SR. Burden, duration and costs of hospital bed closures due to acute gastroenteritis in England per winter, 2010/11-2015/16. J Hosp Infect 2017; 97:79-85. [PMID: 28552406 PMCID: PMC5564405 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2017.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bed closures due to acute gastroenteritis put hospitals under pressure each winter. In England, the National Health Service (NHS) has monitored the winter situation for all acute trusts since 2010/11. AIM To estimate the burden, duration and costs of hospital bed closures due to acute gastroenteritis in winter. METHODS A retrospective analysis of routinely collected time-series data of bed closures due to diarrhoea and vomiting was conducted for the winters 2010/11 to 2015/16. Two key issues were addressed by imputing non-randomly missing values at provider level, and filtering observations to a range of dates recorded in all six winters. The lowest and highest values imputed were taken to represent the best- and worst-case scenarios. Bed-days were costed using NHS reference costs, and potential staff absence costs were based on previous studies. FINDINGS In the best-to-worst case, a median of 88,000-113,000 beds were closed due to gastroenteritis each winter. Of these, 19.6-20.4% were unoccupied. On average, 80% of providers were affected, and had closed beds for a median of 15-21 days each winter. Hospital costs of closed beds were £5.7-£7.5 million, which increased to £6.9-£10.0 million when including staff absence costs due to illness. CONCLUSIONS The median number of hospital beds closed due to acute gastroenteritis per winter was equivalent to all general and acute hospital beds in England being unavailable for a median of 0.88-1.12 days. Costs for hospitals are high but vary with closures each winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- F G Sandmann
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Modelling and Economics Unit, Public Health England, London, UK.
| | - M Jit
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Modelling and Economics Unit, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - J V Robotham
- Modelling and Economics Unit, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - S R Deeny
- Modelling and Economics Unit, Public Health England, London, UK; The Health Foundation, London, UK
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328
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Genetic and Epidemiologic Trends of Norovirus Outbreaks in the United States from 2013 to 2016 Demonstrated Emergence of Novel GII.4 Recombinant Viruses. J Clin Microbiol 2017; 55:2208-2221. [PMID: 28490488 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00455-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses are the most frequent cause of epidemic acute gastroenteritis in the United States. Between September 2013 and August 2016, 2,715 genotyped norovirus outbreaks were submitted to CaliciNet. GII.4 Sydney viruses caused 58% of the outbreaks during these years. A GII.4 Sydney virus with a novel GII.P16 polymerase emerged in November 2015, causing 60% of all GII.4 outbreaks in the 2015-2016 season. Several genotypes detected were associated with more than one polymerase type, including GI.3, GII.2, GII.3, GII.4 Sydney, GII.13, and GII.17, four of which harbored GII.P16 polymerases. GII.P16 polymerase sequences associated with GII.2 and GII.4 Sydney viruses were nearly identical, suggesting common ancestry. Other common genotypes, each causing 5 to 17% of outbreaks in a season, included GI.3, GI.5, GII.2, GII.3, GII.6, GII.13, and GII.17 Kawasaki 308. Acquisition of alternative RNA polymerases by recombination is an important mechanism for norovirus evolution and a phenomenon that was shown to occur more frequently than previously recognized in the United States. Continued molecular surveillance of noroviruses, including typing of both polymerase and capsid genes, is important for monitoring emerging strains in our continued efforts to reduce the overall burden of norovirus disease.
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329
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B-Cell Responses to Intramuscular Administration of a Bivalent Virus-Like Particle Human Norovirus Vaccine. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2017; 24:CVI.00571-16. [PMID: 28249841 PMCID: PMC5424242 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00571-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. A virus-like particle (VLP) candidate vaccine induces the production of serum histo-blood group antigen (HBGA)-blocking antibodies, the first identified correlate of protection from HuNoV gastroenteritis. Recently, virus-specific IgG memory B cells were identified to be another potential correlate of protection against HuNoV gastroenteritis. We assessed B-cell responses following intramuscular administration of a bivalent (genogroup I, genotype 1 [GI.1]/genogroup II, genotype 4 [GII.4]) VLP vaccine using protocols identical to those used to evaluate cellular immunity following experimental GI.1 HuNoV infection. The kinetics and magnitude of cellular immunity to G1.1 infection were compared to those after VLP vaccination. Intramuscular immunization with the bivalent VLP vaccine induced the production of antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) and memory B cells. ASC responses peaked at day 7 after the first dose of vaccine and returned to nearly baseline levels by day 28. Minimal increases in ASCs were seen after a second vaccine dose at day 28. Antigen-specific IgG memory B cells persisted at day 180 postvaccination for both GI.1 and GII.4 VLPs. The overall trends in B-cell responses to vaccination were similar to the trends in the responses to infection, where there was a greater bias of an ASC response toward IgA and a memory B-cell response to IgG. The magnitude of the ASC and memory B-cell responses to the GI.1 VLP component of the vaccine was also comparable to that of the responses following GI.1 infection. The production of IgG memory B cells and persistence at day 180 is a key finding and underscores the need for future studies to determine if IgG memory B cells are a correlate of protection following vaccination. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under registration no. NCT01168401.)
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330
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Environmental Surveillance of Norovirus Genogroups I and II for Sensitive Detection of Epidemic Variants. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:AEM.03406-16. [PMID: 28213546 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03406-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sewage samples have been investigated to study the norovirus concentrations in sewage or the genotypes of noroviruses circulating in human populations. However, the statistical relationship between the concentration of the virus and the number of infected individuals and the clinical importance of genotypes or strains detected in sewage are unclear. In this study, we carried out both environmental and clinical surveillance of noroviruses for 3 years, 2013 to 2016. We performed cross-correlation analysis of the concentrations of norovirus GI or GII in sewage samples collected weekly and the reported number of gastroenteritis cases. Norovirus genotypes in sewage were also analyzed by pyrosequencing and compared with those identified in stool samples. The cross-correlation analysis found the peak coefficient (R = 0.51) at a lag of zero, indicating that the variation in the GII concentration, expressed as the log10 number of copies per milliliter, was coincident with that in the gastroenteritis cases. A total of 15 norovirus genotypes and up to 8 genotypes per sample were detected in sewage, which included all of the 13 genotypes identified in the stool samples except 2. GII.4 was most frequently detected in both sample types, followed by GII.17. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that a strain belonging to the GII.17 Kawasaki 2014 lineage had been introduced into the study area in the 2012-2013 season. An increase in GI.3 cases was observed in the 2015-2016 season, and sewage monitoring identified the presence of GI.3 in the previous season (2014-2015). Our results demonstrated that monitoring of noroviruses in sewage is useful for sensitive detection of epidemic variants in human populations.IMPORTANCE We obtained statistical evidence of the relationship between the variation in the norovirus GII concentration in sewage and that of gastroenteritis cases during the 3-year study period. Sewage sample analysis by a pyrosequencing approach enabled us to understand the temporal variation in the norovirus genotypes circulating in human populations. We found that a strain closely related to the GII.17 Kawasaki 2014 lineage had been introduced into the study area at least 1 year before its appearance and identification in clinical cases. A similar pattern was observed for GI.3; cases were reported in the 2015-2016 season, and closely related strains were found in sewage in the previous season. Our observation indicates that monitoring of noroviruses in sewage is useful for the rapid detection of an epidemic and is also sensitive enough to study the molecular epidemiology of noroviruses. Applying this approach to other enteric pathogens in sewage will enhance our understanding of their ecology.
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331
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Morioka I, Kamiyoshi N, Nishiyama M, Yamamura T, Minamikawa S, Iwatani S, Nagase H, Nozu K, Nishimura N, Taniguchi-Ikeda M, Ishibashi K, Ishida A, Iijima K. Changes in the numbers of patients with acute gastroenteritis after voluntary introduction of the rotavirus vaccine in a Japanese children's primary emergency medical center. Environ Health Prev Med 2017; 22:15. [PMID: 29165124 PMCID: PMC5664845 DOI: 10.1186/s12199-017-0638-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acute gastroenteritis (AGE) is a major reason for presentation to pediatric primary emergency medical centers. Because rotavirus vaccines were introduced in November 2011 for voluntary vaccination in Japan, we analyzed the changes in the numbers of AGE patients. Methods The number and proportion of patients visiting Kobe children’s primary emergency medical center from January 2011 to February 2015 due to AGE, out of all visiting children, were investigated retrospectively. The rotavirus and norovirus epidemic periods were defined as the periods from March to June and from November to February, respectively, based on their disease prevalence. Results In patients ≤2 years of age, the numbers and proportions of patients with AGE were significantly decreased from 2464/14098 (17%) in 2011 to 1888/12321 (15%) in 2014 (p < 0.01). In patients ≤2 and 3–5 years of age, significant decreases in AGE patients between 2011 and 2014 were observed during the rotavirus season (from 20% [1090/5329] to 14% [642/4482] in patients aged ≤2 years and from 23% [704/3047] to 20% [572/2807] in patients aged 3–5 years, p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively), but not during the norovirus season (from 19% [834/4436] to 19% [797/4160] in patients aged ≤2 years and from 20% [679/3334] to 25% [710/2852] in patients aged 3–5 years). Conclusions The estimated rotavirus vaccine coverage in our area increased from 1% in 2011 to 49% in 2014; this coverage may have resulted in a reduction in AGE patients, both directly and indirectly, in our Japanese children’s primary emergency medical center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Morioka
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan.
| | - Naohiro Kamiyoshi
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nishiyama
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Yamamura
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Shogo Minamikawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Sota Iwatani
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nagase
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Kandai Nozu
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Nishimura
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Mariko Taniguchi-Ikeda
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Kazuto Ishibashi
- Kobe Children's Primary Emergency Medical Center, Kobe, 6510073, Japan
| | - Akihito Ishida
- Kobe Children's Primary Emergency Medical Center, Kobe, 6510073, Japan
| | - Kazumoto Iijima
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
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332
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Damalanka VC, Kim Y, Galasiti Kankanamalage AC, Lushington GH, Mehzabeen N, Battaile KP, Lovell S, Chang KO, Groutas WC. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of a novel series of macrocyclic inhibitors of norovirus 3CL protease. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 127:41-61. [PMID: 28038326 PMCID: PMC5296247 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Norovirus infections have a major impact on public health worldwide, yet there is a current dearth of norovirus-specific therapeutics and prophylactics. This report describes the discovery of a novel class of macrocyclic inhibitors of norovirus 3C-like protease, a cysteine protease that is essential for virus replication. SAR, structural, and biochemical studies were carried out to ascertain the effect of structure on pharmacological activity and permeability. Insights gained from these studies have laid a solid foundation for capitalizing on the therapeutic potential of the series of inhibitors described herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishnu C Damalanka
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS 67260, USA
| | - Yunjeong Kim
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | | | | | - Nurjahan Mehzabeen
- Protein Structure Laboratory, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Kevin P Battaile
- IMCA-CAT, Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute, APS Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Scott Lovell
- Protein Structure Laboratory, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Kyeong-Ok Chang
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
| | - William C Groutas
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS 67260, USA.
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333
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Abstract
Noroviruses are the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis around the world. An individual living in the United States is estimated to develop norovirus infection five times in his or her lifetime. Despite this, there is currently no antiviral or vaccine to combat the infection, in large part because of the historical lack of cell culture and small animal models. However, the last few years of norovirus research were marked by a number of ground-breaking advances that have overcome technical barriers and uncovered novel aspects of norovirus biology. Foremost among them was the development of two different
in vitro culture systems for human noroviruses. Underappreciated was the notion that noroviruses infect cells of the immune system as well as epithelial cells within the gastrointestinal tract and that human norovirus infection of enterocytes requires or is promoted by the presence of bile acids. Furthermore, two proteinaceous receptors are now recognized for murine norovirus, marking the first discovery of a functional receptor for any norovirus. Recent work further points to a role for certain bacteria, including those found in the gut microbiome, as potential modulators of norovirus infection in the host, emphasizing the importance of interactions with organisms from other kingdoms of life for viral pathogenesis. Lastly, we will highlight the adaptation of drop-based microfluidics to norovirus research, as this technology has the potential to reveal novel insights into virus evolution. This review aims to summarize these new findings while also including possible future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Bartnicki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Juliana Bragazzi Cunha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Abimbola O Kolawole
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Christiane E Wobus
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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334
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Hurwitz AM, Huang W, Kou B, Estes MK, Atmar RL, Palzkill T. Identification and Characterization of Single-Chain Antibodies that Specifically Bind GI Noroviruses. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170162. [PMID: 28095447 PMCID: PMC5240998 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Norovirus infections commonly lead to outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis and spread quickly, resulting in many health and economic challenges prior to diagnosis. Rapid and reliable diagnostic tests are therefore essential to identify infections and to guide the appropriate clinical responses at the point-of-care. Existing tools, including RT-PCR and enzyme immunoassays, pose several limitations based on the significant time, equipment and expertise required to elicit results. Immunochromatographic assays available for use at the point-of-care have poor sensitivity and specificity, especially for genogroup I noroviruses, thus requiring confirmation of results with more sensitive testing methods. Therefore, there is a clear need for novel reagents to help achieve quick and reliable results. In this study, we have identified two novel single-chain antibodies (scFvs)—named NJT-R3-A2 and NJT-R3-A3—that effectively detect GI.1 and GI.7 virus-like particles (VLPs) through selection of a phage display library against the P-domain of the GI.1 major capsid protein. The limits of detection by each scFv for GI.1 and GI.7 are 0.1 and 0.2 ng, and 6.25 and 25 ng, respectively. They detect VLPs with strong specificity in multiple diagnostic formats, including ELISAs and membrane-based dot blots, and in the context of norovirus-negative stool suspensions. The scFvs also detect native virions effectively in norovirus-positive clinical stool samples. Purified scFvs bind to GI.1 and GI.7 VLPs with equilibrium constant (KD) values of 27 nM and 49 nM, respectively. Overall, the phage-based scFv reagents identified and characterized here show utility for detecting GI.1 and GI.7 noroviruses in multiple diagnostic assay formats with strong specificity and sensitivity, indicating promise for integration into existing point-of-care tests to improve future diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M. Hurwitz
- Interdepartmental Program in Translational Biology & Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Wanzhi Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Baijun Kou
- Department of Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Mary K. Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Robert L. Atmar
- Department of Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Timothy Palzkill
- Department of Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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335
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Aho-Laukkanen E, Hirvonen JJ, Saha K. Comparison of Xpert Norovirus and RidaGene Norovirus assays for the detection of noroviruses in clinical fecal specimens. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2017; 36:1019-1022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10096-016-2884-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Baldridge MT, Turula H, Wobus CE. Norovirus Regulation by Host and Microbe. Trends Mol Med 2016; 22:1047-1059. [PMID: 27887808 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) infection is the leading cause of epidemic gastroenteritis globally, and can lead to detrimental chronic infection in immunocompromised hosts. Despite its prevalence as a cause of diarrheal illness, the study of human NoVs (HNoVs) has historically been limited by a paucity of models. The use of murine NoV (MNoV) to interrogate mechanisms of host control of viral infection has facilitated the exploration of different genetic mouse models, revealing roles for both innate and adaptive immunity in viral regulation. MNoV studies have also recently identified important interactions between the commensal microbiota and NoV with clear extensions to HNoVs. In this review, we discuss the most current understanding of how the host, the microbiome, and their interactions regulate NoV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan T Baldridge
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Holly Turula
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Christiane E Wobus
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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337
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Galasiti Kankanamalage AC, Kim Y, Rathnayake AD, Damalanka VC, Weerawarna PM, Doyle ST, Alsoudi AF, Dissanayake DMP, Lushington GH, Mehzabeen N, Battaile KP, Lovell S, Chang KO, Groutas WC. Structure-based exploration and exploitation of the S 4 subsite of norovirus 3CL protease in the design of potent and permeable inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 126:502-516. [PMID: 27914364 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Human noroviruses are the primary cause of epidemic and sporadic acute gastroenteritis. The worldwide high morbidity and mortality associated with norovirus infections, particularly among the elderly, immunocompromised patients and children, constitute a serious public health concern. There are currently no approved human vaccines or norovirus-specific small-molecule therapeutics or prophylactics. Norovirus 3CL protease has recently emerged as a potential therapeutic target for the development of anti-norovirus agents. We hypothesized that the S4 subsite of the enzyme may provide an effective means of designing potent and cell permeable inhibitors of the enzyme. We report herein the structure-guided exploration and exploitation of the S4 subsite of norovirus 3CL protease in the design and synthesis of effective inhibitors of the protease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yunjeong Kim
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Athri D Rathnayake
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS 67260, USA
| | - Vishnu C Damalanka
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS 67260, USA
| | | | - Sean T Doyle
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS 67260, USA
| | - Amer F Alsoudi
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS 67260, USA
| | | | | | - Nurjahan Mehzabeen
- Protein Structure Laboratory, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Kevin P Battaile
- IMCA-CAT, Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute, APS Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Scott Lovell
- Protein Structure Laboratory, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Kyeong-Ok Chang
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
| | - William C Groutas
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS 67260, USA.
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338
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Norovirus Polymerase Fidelity Contributes to Viral Transmission In Vivo. mSphere 2016; 1:mSphere00279-16. [PMID: 27777985 PMCID: PMC5071534 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00279-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus replication fidelity and hence the intrahost genetic diversity of viral populations are known to be intricately linked to viral pathogenesis and tropism as well as to immune and antiviral escape during infection. In this study, we investigated whether changes in replication fidelity can impact the ability of a virus to transmit between susceptible hosts by the use of a mouse model for norovirus. We show that a variant encoding a high-fidelity polymerase is transmitted less efficiently between mice than the wild-type strain. This constitutes the first experimental demonstration that the polymerase fidelity of viruses can impact transmission of infection in their natural hosts. These results provide further insight into potential reasons for the global emergence of pandemic human noroviruses that display alterations in the replication fidelity of their polymerases compared to nonpandemic strains. Intrahost genetic diversity and replication error rates are intricately linked to RNA virus pathogenesis, with alterations in viral polymerase fidelity typically leading to attenuation during infections in vivo. We have previously shown that norovirus intrahost genetic diversity also influences viral pathogenesis using the murine norovirus model, as increasing viral mutation frequency using a mutagenic nucleoside resulted in clearance of a persistent infection in mice. Given the role of replication fidelity and genetic diversity in pathogenesis, we have now investigated whether polymerase fidelity can also impact virus transmission between susceptible hosts. We have identified a high-fidelity norovirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase mutant (I391L) which displays delayed replication kinetics in vivo but not in cell culture. The I391L polymerase mutant also exhibited lower transmission rates between susceptible hosts than the wild-type virus and, most notably, another replication defective mutant that has wild-type levels of polymerase fidelity. These results provide the first experimental evidence that norovirus polymerase fidelity contributes to virus transmission between hosts and that maintaining diversity is important for the establishment of infection. This work supports the hypothesis that the reduced polymerase fidelity of the pandemic GII.4 human norovirus isolates may contribute to their global dominance. IMPORTANCE Virus replication fidelity and hence the intrahost genetic diversity of viral populations are known to be intricately linked to viral pathogenesis and tropism as well as to immune and antiviral escape during infection. In this study, we investigated whether changes in replication fidelity can impact the ability of a virus to transmit between susceptible hosts by the use of a mouse model for norovirus. We show that a variant encoding a high-fidelity polymerase is transmitted less efficiently between mice than the wild-type strain. This constitutes the first experimental demonstration that the polymerase fidelity of viruses can impact transmission of infection in their natural hosts. These results provide further insight into potential reasons for the global emergence of pandemic human noroviruses that display alterations in the replication fidelity of their polymerases compared to nonpandemic strains.
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339
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Rocha-Pereira J, Van Dycke J, Neyts J. Norovirus genetic diversity and evolution: implications for antiviral therapy. Curr Opin Virol 2016; 20:92-98. [PMID: 27736665 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Human noroviruses are the leading cause of foodborne illness causing both acute and chronic gastroenteritis. In recent years, a number of vaccine candidates entered (pre-) clinical development and the first efforts to develop antiviral therapy have been made. We here discuss aspects of norovirus genetic evolution, persistence in immunocompromised patients as well as the risk and potential consequences of resistance development toward future antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Rocha-Pereira
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jana Van Dycke
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Neyts
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium.
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340
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Yaren O, Bradley KM, Moussatche P, Hoshika S, Yang Z, Zhu S, Karst SM, Benner SA. A norovirus detection architecture based on isothermal amplification and expanded genetic systems. J Virol Methods 2016; 237:64-71. [PMID: 27546345 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Noroviruses are the major cause of global viral gastroenteritis with short incubation times and small inoculums required for infection. This creates a need for a rapid molecular test for norovirus for early diagnosis, in the hope of preventing the spread of the disease. Non-chemists generally use off-the shelf reagents and natural DNA to create such tests, suffering from background noise that comes from adventitious DNA and RNA (collectively xNA) that is abundant in real biological samples, especially feces, a common location for norovirus. Here, we create an assay that combines artificially expanded genetic information systems (AEGIS, which adds nucleotides to the four in standard xNA, pairing orthogonally to A:T and G:C) with loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) to amplify norovirus RNA at constant temperatures, without the power or instrument requirements of PCR cycling. This assay was then validated using feces contaminated with murine norovirus (MNV). Treating stool samples with ammonia extracts the MNV RNA, which is then amplified in an AEGIS-RT-LAMP where AEGIS segments are incorporated both into an internal LAMP primer and into a molecular beacon stem, the second lowering background signaling noise. This is coupled with RNase H nicking during sample amplification, allowing detection of as few as 10 copies of noroviral RNA in a stool sample, generating a fluorescent signal visible to human eye, all in a closed reaction vessel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozlem Yaren
- Foundation for Applied Molecular Evolution (FfAME), 13709 Progress Boulevard, # 7, Alachua, FL 32615, USA
| | - Kevin M Bradley
- Foundation for Applied Molecular Evolution (FfAME), 13709 Progress Boulevard, # 7, Alachua, FL 32615, USA
| | - Patricia Moussatche
- Firebird Biomolecular Sciences LLC, 13709 Progress Boulevard, # 17, Alachua, FL 32615, USA
| | - Shuichi Hoshika
- Foundation for Applied Molecular Evolution (FfAME), 13709 Progress Boulevard, # 7, Alachua, FL 32615, USA
| | - Zunyi Yang
- Foundation for Applied Molecular Evolution (FfAME), 13709 Progress Boulevard, # 7, Alachua, FL 32615, USA
| | - Shu Zhu
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville FL 32611, USA; The Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville FL 32611, USA
| | - Stephanie M Karst
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville FL 32611, USA; The Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville FL 32611, USA
| | - Steven A Benner
- Firebird Biomolecular Sciences LLC, 13709 Progress Boulevard, # 17, Alachua, FL 32615, USA.
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341
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Atmar RL, Baehner F, Cramer JP, Song E, Borkowski A, Mendelman PM. Rapid Responses to 2 Virus-Like Particle Norovirus Vaccine Candidate Formulations in Healthy Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Infect Dis 2016; 214:845-53. [PMID: 27354368 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Noroviruses pose a significant public health risk, particularly in very young individuals, older adults, and individuals with underlying conditions. We assessed 2 bivalent norovirus virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine candidate formulations in healthy adults aged 18-49 years. METHODS Enrolled subjects (n = 454) randomly assigned among 3 groups received intramuscular placebo (saline) or vaccines containing either 15 µg or 50 µg of GI.1 VLP and 50 µg GII.4 VLP (15/50 and 50/50 formulations) adjuvanted with monophosphoryl lipid A and Al(OH)3 We present safety and immunogenicity assessments up to 28 days after vaccination. RESULTS No vaccine-related serious adverse events or adverse events of special interest were reported. Reactions were mainly mild to moderate, the most frequent being transient pain, in 8%, 64%, and 73% of placebo, 15/50, and 50/50 groups, respectively; transient myalgia, headache, and fatigue were the commonest systemic adverse events. Subjects assessed per protocol (n = 442) displayed rapid immune responses to vaccination, peaking by days 7-10 and persisting through day 28. GI.1 responses were highest with the 50/50 formulation, but GII.4 responses were higher with the 15/50 formulation. CONCLUSIONS Both candidate VLP vaccines were well tolerated and elicited robust immune responses by 7-10 days that persisted through day 28. The 15/50 formulation displayed the best balance of tolerability and immunogenicity. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NCT02142504.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Atmar
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Frank Baehner
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jakob P Cramer
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Eric Song
- Takeda Vaccines, Deerfield, Illinois
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342
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Kolawole AO, Rocha-Pereira J, Elftman MD, Neyts J, Wobus CE. Inhibition of human norovirus by a viral polymerase inhibitor in the B cell culture system and in the mouse model. Antiviral Res 2016; 132:46-9. [PMID: 27210811 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The recently developed human norovirus (HuNoV) B cell culture and mouse models hold promise for drug discovery and development but their suitability for antiviral studies has not been assessed. We demonstrate the inhibitory effect of the nucleoside analogue 2'-C-methylcytidine (2CMC) on HuNoV replication in the human B cell BJAB cell line and in Balb/c Rag/gamma chain-deficient (Rag-γc(-/-)) mice. These data suggest the applicability of both models for future study and development of antiviral drugs for the treatment of HuNoV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abimbola O Kolawole
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Joana Rocha-Pereira
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michael D Elftman
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Detroit Mercy School of Dentistry, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Johan Neyts
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christiane E Wobus
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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343
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Lopman BA, Steele D, Kirkwood CD, Parashar UD. The Vast and Varied Global Burden of Norovirus: Prospects for Prevention and Control. PLoS Med 2016; 13:e1001999. [PMID: 27115709 PMCID: PMC4846155 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, norovirus is associated with approximately one-fifth of all diarrhea cases, with similar prevalence in both children and adults, and is estimated to cause over 200,000 deaths annually in developing countries. Norovirus is an important pathogen in a number of high-priority domains: it is the most common cause of diarrheal episodes globally, the principal cause of foodborne disease outbreaks in the United States, a key health care-acquired infection, a common cause of travel-associated diarrhea, and a bane for deployed military troops. Partly as a result of this ubiquity and burden across a range of different populations, identifying target groups and strategies for intervention has been challenging. And, on top of the breadth of this public health problem, there remain important gaps in scientific knowledge regarding norovirus, especially with respect to disease in low-income settings. Many pathogens can cause acute gastroenteritis. Historically, rotavirus was the most common cause of severe disease in young children globally. Now, vaccines are available for rotavirus and are universally recommended by the World Health Organization. In countries with effective rotavirus vaccination programs, disease due to that pathogen has decreased markedly, but norovirus persists and is now the most common cause of pediatric gastroenteritis requiring medical attention. However, the data supporting the precise role of norovirus in low- and middle-income settings are sparse. With vaccines in the pipeline, addressing these and other important knowledge gaps is increasingly pressing. We assembled an expert group to assess the evidence for the global burden of norovirus and to consider the prospects for norovirus vaccine development. The group assessed the evidence in the areas of burden of disease, epidemiology, diagnostics, disease attribution, acquired immunity, and innate susceptibility, and the group considered how to bring norovirus vaccines from their current state of development to a viable product that will benefit global health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A. Lopman
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Duncan Steele
- Enteric & Diarrheal Diseases, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Carl D. Kirkwood
- Enteric & Diarrheal Diseases, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Umesh D. Parashar
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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