301
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Weng H, Shen C, Hirokawa G, Ji X, Takahashi R, Shimada K, Kishimoto C, Iwai N. Plasma miR-124 as a biomarker for cerebral infarction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 32:135-41. [PMID: 21551949 DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.32.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous small RNAs that play an important role in various physiological processes by downregulating target genes. Recently, plasma miRNAs have been investigated as biomarkers for various diseases. In this study, miRNA array analysis in various tissues showed that miR-124 is almost exclusively expressed in the central nervous system and neuronal cells, suggesting that it might be useful as a potential biomarker for neurological diseases. We examined whether plasma concentrations of brain-specific miRNA can serve as a biomarker for cerebral infarction, where the cerebral infarction was modeled by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in the rat. Plasma concentrations of miR-124 were significantly elevated at 6 h, and remained elevated at 48 h after MCAO introduction. Thus, plasma concentration of miR-124 provides a promising candidate biomarker for early detection of cerebral infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huachun Weng
- Department of Genomic Medicine, Research Institute, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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302
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Montgomery RL, Hullinger TG, Semus HM, Dickinson BA, Seto AG, Lynch JM, Stack C, Latimer PA, Olson EN, van Rooij E. Therapeutic inhibition of miR-208a improves cardiac function and survival during heart failure. Circulation 2011; 124:1537-47. [PMID: 21900086 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.111.030932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 444] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diastolic dysfunction in response to hypertrophy is a major clinical syndrome with few therapeutic options. MicroRNAs act as negative regulators of gene expression by inhibiting translation or promoting degradation of target mRNAs. Previously, we reported that genetic deletion of the cardiac-specific miR-208a prevents pathological cardiac remodeling and upregulation of Myh7 in response to pressure overload. Whether this miRNA might contribute to diastolic dysfunction or other forms of heart disease is currently unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS Here, we show that systemic delivery of an antisense oligonucleotide induces potent and sustained silencing of miR-208a in the heart. Therapeutic inhibition of miR-208a by subcutaneous delivery of antimiR-208a during hypertension-induced heart failure in Dahl hypertensive rats dose-dependently prevents pathological myosin switching and cardiac remodeling while improving cardiac function, overall health, and survival. Transcriptional profiling indicates that antimiR-208a evokes prominent effects on cardiac gene expression; plasma analysis indicates significant changes in circulating levels of miRNAs on antimiR-208a treatment. CONCLUSIONS These studies indicate the potential of oligonucleotide-based therapies for modulating cardiac miRNAs and validate miR-208 as a potent therapeutic target for the modulation of cardiac function and remodeling during heart disease progression.
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303
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Bihrer V, Friedrich-Rust M, Kronenberger B, Forestier N, Haupenthal J, Shi Y, Peveling-Oberhag J, Radeke HH, Sarrazin C, Herrmann E, Zeuzem S, Waidmann O, Piiper A. Serum miR-122 as a biomarker of necroinflammation in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Am J Gastroenterol 2011; 106:1663-9. [PMID: 21606975 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2011.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The liver contains large amounts of microRNA-122 (miR-122), whereas other tissues contain only marginal amounts of this miRNA. MicroRNAs have also been found to circulate in the blood in a cell-free form; their potential as readily accessible disease markers is currently evaluated. Here, we investigated if the serum levels of miR-122 might be useful as disease parameter in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. METHODS RNA was extracted from sera of patients with chronic HCV infection (CHC) and healthy controls and was analyzed for miR-22 content by quantitative real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. miR-122 serum levels were correlated with standard parameters of liver function. Liver biopsies from the same patients were examined for the histologic activity index (HAI) and the degree of fibrosis. RESULTS Sera from patients with CHC contained higher levels of miR-122 than sera from healthy controls. Serum miR-122 levels correlated well with markers of liver inflammatory activity, that is, the serum levels of alanine leucine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase, and the HAI score. In patients with persistently normal ALT levels, serum miR-122 levels did not differ from healthy controls. There was no correlation of serum miR-122 levels with serum albumin, international normalized ratio, liver fibrosis, or serum HCV RNA. CONCLUSIONS The serum level of miR-122 strongly correlates with serum ALT activity and with necroinflammatory activity in patients with CHC and elevated ALT levels, but not with fibrosis stage and functional capacity of the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Bihrer
- Department of Medicine I, University of Frankfurt/M., Frankfurt, Germany
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304
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Kirschner MB, Kao SC, Edelman JJ, Armstrong NJ, Vallely MP, van Zandwijk N, Reid G. Haemolysis during sample preparation alters microRNA content of plasma. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24145. [PMID: 21909417 PMCID: PMC3164711 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 423] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of cell-free microRNAs (miRNAs) has been detected in a range of body fluids. The miRNA content of plasma/serum in particular has been proposed as a potential source of novel biomarkers for a number of diseases. Nevertheless, the quantification of miRNAs from plasma or serum is made difficult due to inefficient isolation and lack of consensus regarding the optimal reference miRNA. The effect of haemolysis on the quantification and normalisation of miRNAs in plasma has not been investigated in great detail. We found that levels of miR-16, a commonly used reference gene, showed little variation when measured in plasma samples from healthy volunteers or patients with malignant mesothelioma or coronary artery disease. Including samples with evidence of haemolysis led to variation in miR-16 levels and consequently decreased its ability to serve as a reference. The levels of miR-16 and miR-451, both present in significant levels in red blood cells, were proportional to the degree of haemolysis. Measurements of the level of these miRNAs in whole blood, plasma, red blood cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells revealed that the miRNA content of red blood cells represents the major source of variation in miR-16 and miR-451 levels measured in plasma. Adding lysed red blood cells to non-haemolysed plasma allowed a cut-off level of free haemoglobin to be determined, below which miR-16 and miR-451 levels displayed little variation between individuals. In conclusion, increases in plasma miR-16 and miR-451 are caused by haemolysis. In the absence of haemolysis the levels of both miR-16 and miR-451 are sufficiently constant to serve as normalisers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela B. Kirschner
- Asbestos Diseases Research Institute (ADRI), Bernie Banton Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Steven C. Kao
- Asbestos Diseases Research Institute (ADRI), Bernie Banton Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Concord Hospital, Concord, Australia
| | - J. James Edelman
- Cardiothoracic Surgical Unit, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, The Baird Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nicola J. Armstrong
- Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute for Medical Research and School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia
| | - Michael P. Vallely
- Cardiothoracic Surgical Unit, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, The Baird Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nico van Zandwijk
- Asbestos Diseases Research Institute (ADRI), Bernie Banton Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Glen Reid
- Asbestos Diseases Research Institute (ADRI), Bernie Banton Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- * E-mail:
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305
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van Solingen C, de Boer HC, Bijkerk R, Monge M, van Oeveren-Rietdijk AM, Seghers L, de Vries MR, van der Veer EP, Quax PHA, Rabelink TJ, van Zonneveld AJ. MicroRNA-126 modulates endothelial SDF-1 expression and mobilization of Sca-1(+)/Lin(-) progenitor cells in ischaemia. Cardiovasc Res 2011; 92:449-55. [PMID: 21856785 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvr227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS MicroRNA-126 (miR-126), which is enriched in endothelial cells, plays a role in angiogenesis. Based on the seed sequence, miR-126 can also be predicted to regulate vasculogenesis by modulating the endothelial expression of stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1). METHODS AND RESULTS Using miR-reporter constructs, we first validated that miR-126 inhibits SDF-1 expression in endothelial cells in vitro. Next, we investigated the potential relevance of this observation with respect to the mobilization of progenitor cells. For this, we studied the migration of human CD34+ progenitor cells towards chemotactic factors present in endothelial cell-conditioned medium. Antagomir-induced silencing of miR-126 elevated SDF-1 expression by human umbilical vein endothelial cells and enhanced migration of the CD34+ cells. In a murine model of hind limb ischaemia, a striking increase in the number of circulating Sca-1(+)/Lin(-) progenitor cells in antagomir-126-treated mice was observed when compared with scramblemir-treated controls. Immunohistochemical staining of capillaries in the post-ischaemic gastrocnemius muscle of miR-126-silenced mice revealed elevated SDF-1 expressing CD31-positive capillaries, whereas a mobilizing effect of miR-126 inhibition was not detected in healthy control animals. CONCLUSION miR-126 can regulate the expression of SDF-1 in endothelial cells. In the context of an ischaemic event, systemic silencing of miR-126 leads to the mobilization of Sca-1(+)/Lin(-) progenitor cells into the peripheral circulation, potentially in response to elevated SDF-1 expression by endothelial cells present in the ischaemic tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coen van Solingen
- Department of Nephrology, LUMC, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
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306
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Di Stefano V, Zaccagnini G, Capogrossi MC, Martelli F. microRNAs as peripheral blood biomarkers of cardiovascular disease. Vascul Pharmacol 2011; 55:111-8. [PMID: 21846509 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Revised: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A host of studies have established essential roles for microRNAs in cardiovascular development and disease. Moreover, the discovery of stable microRNAs in bodily fluids indicated their potential as non-invasive biomarkers. In this review, we summarize the current studies describing microRNAs in blood cells or serum/plasma, as potential biomarkers of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Di Stefano
- Molecular Cardiology Laboratory, IRCCS-Policlinico San Donato, Via Morandi 30, San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milan, Italy
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307
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Reprogramming of gene expression underlies the mechanisms involved in cardiac pathogenesis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are unique posttranscriptional regulators of gene expression whose function in cardiac development and disease has recently begun to unravel. In addition, they are potentially highly effective therapeutic tools. In this review, we will summarize the recent advancements in the field. RECENT FINDINGS The cardiac-enriched miRNAs, including miR-1, miR-133, and miR-208, as well as the ubiquitous miR-23a and miR-199b, play major roles in the development of cardiac hypertrophy. On the other hand, miR-21, miR-199a, miR-210, and miR-494 have been proven critical for the myocytes' adaptation and survival during hypoxia/ischemia. Using depletion or replacement strategies against some of these miRNAs has proven very effective in preventing or even reversing some disorders. These findings and more will be detailed in this review. SUMMARY In general, the discovery of miRNAs has uncovered a new dimension of gene regulation that provides us with unique mechanistic insights into cardiac diseases, in addition to which they can be utilized for new diagnostics and therapeutic strategies.
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308
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Cardiac insulin resistance and microRNA modulators. EXPERIMENTAL DIABETES RESEARCH 2011; 2012:654904. [PMID: 21977024 PMCID: PMC3184440 DOI: 10.1155/2012/654904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac insulin resistance is a metabolic and functional disorder that is often associated with obesity and/or the cardiorenal metabolic syndrome (CRS), and this disorder may be accentuated by chronic alcohol consumption. In conditions of over-nutrition, increased insulin (INS) and angiotensin II (Ang II) activate mammalian target for rapamycin (mTOR)/p70 S6 kinase (S6K1) signaling, whereas chronic alcohol consumption inhibits mTOR/S6K1 activation in cardiac tissue. Although excessive activation of mTOR/S6K1 induces cardiac INS resistance via serine phosphorylation of INS receptor substrates (IRS-1/2), it also renders cardioprotection via increased Ang II receptor 2 (AT2R) upregulation and adaptive hypertrophy. In the INS-resistant and hyperinsulinemic Zucker obese (ZO) rat, a rodent model for CRS, activation of mTOR/S6K1signaling in cardiac tissue is regulated by protective feed-back mechanisms involving mTOR↔AT2R signaling loop and profile changes of microRNA that target S6K1. Such regulation may play a role in attenuating progressive heart failure. Conversely, alcohol-mediated inhibition of mTOR/S6K1, down-regulation of INS receptor and growth-inhibitory mir-200 family, and upregulation of mir-212 that promotes fetal gene program may exacerbate CRS-related cardiomyopathy.
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309
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MicroRNAs and vascular (dys)function. Vascul Pharmacol 2011; 55:92-105. [PMID: 21802526 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2011.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Revised: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs, that control diverse cellular functions by either promoting degradation or inhibition of target messenger RNA translation. An aberrant expression profile of miRNAs has been linked to human diseases, including cardiovascular dysfunction. This review summarizes the latest insights in the identification of vascular-specific miRNAs and their targets, as well as their roles and mechanisms in the vasculature. Furthermore, we discuss how manipulation of these miRNAs could represent a novel therapeutic approach in the treatment of vascular dysfunction.
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310
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Mostert B, Sieuwerts AM, Martens JWM, Sleijfer S. Diagnostic applications of cell-free and circulating tumor cell-associated miRNAs in cancer patients. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2011; 11:259-75. [PMID: 21463236 DOI: 10.1586/erm.11.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Recently, miRNA-expression profiling in primary tumors has yielded promising results. However, establishing miRNA expression in the circulation probably has advantages over determination in primary tumor tissue, further augmenting the potential applications of miRNA determination in oncology. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) have rapidly developed as important prognostic and therapy-monitoring biomarkers in metastatic breast, colorectal and prostate cancer when enumerated, and their isolation enables subsequent analysis using various molecular applications, including miRNA-expression analysis. In addition to CTC-associated miRNAs, free circulating miRNAs have been identified in whole blood, plasma and serum. Determination of miRNAs in peripheral blood, either cell-free or CTC-associated, is expected to become important in oncology, especially when linked to and interpreted together with epithelial CTCs. In this article, we will discuss miRNA-expression profiling in primary tumors, depict the potential applications of measuring miRNA in the circulation and review the literature on cell-free circulating miRNAs, as well as offering some methodological and technical considerations on the measurement of circulating miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Mostert
- Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, Laboratory of Clinical Tumor Immunology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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311
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Molitoris JK, Molitoris BA. Circulating Micro–RNAs in Acute Kidney Injury: Early Observations. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2011; 6:1517-9. [DOI: 10.2215/cjn.04930511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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312
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Ha TY. MicroRNAs in Human Diseases: From Cancer to Cardiovascular Disease. Immune Netw 2011; 11:135-54. [PMID: 21860607 PMCID: PMC3153666 DOI: 10.4110/in.2011.11.3.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Revised: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The great discovery of microRNAs (miRNAs) has revolutionized current cell biology and medical science. miRNAs are small conserved non-coding RNA molecules that post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression by targeting the 3' untranslated region of specific messenger RNAs for degradation or translational repression. New members of the miRNA family are being discovered on a daily basis and emerging evidence has demonstrated that miRNAs play a major role in a wide range of developmental process including cell proliferation, cell cycle, cell differentiation, metabolism, apoptosis, developmental timing, neuronal cell fate, neuronal gene expression, brain morphogenesis, muscle differentiation and stem cell division. Moreover, a large number of studies have reported links between alterations of miRNA homeostasis and pathological conditions such as cancer, psychiatric and neurological diseases, cardiovascular disease, and autoimmune disease. Interestingly, in addition, miRNA deficiencies or excesses have been correlated with a number of clinically important diseases ranging from cancer to myocardial infarction. miRNAs can repress the gene translation of hundreds of their targets and are therefore well-positioned to target a multitude of cellular mechanisms. As a consequence of extensive participation in normal functions, it is quite logical to ask the question if abnormalities in miRNAs should have importance in human diseases. Great discoveries and rapid progress in the past few years on miRNAs provide the hope that miRNAs will in the near future have a great potential in the diagnosis and treatment of many diseases. Currently, an explosive literature has focussed on the role of miRNA in human cancer and cardiovascular disease. In this review, I briefly summarize the explosive current studies about involvement of miRNA in various human cancers and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai-You Ha
- Department of Immunology, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Chonju 561-180, Korea
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313
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Gidlöf O, Andersson P, van der Pals J, Götberg M, Erlinge D. Cardiospecific microRNA plasma levels correlate with troponin and cardiac function in patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction, are selectively dependent on renal elimination, and can be detected in urine samples. Cardiology 2011; 118:217-26. [PMID: 21701171 DOI: 10.1159/000328869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) are promising as biomarkers for various diseases. We examined the release patterns of cardiospecific miRNAs in a closed-chest, large animal ischemia-reperfusion model and in patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). METHODS Six anesthetized pigs were subjected to coronary occlusion-reperfusion. Plasma, urine, and clinical parameters were collected from 25 STEMI patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention. miRNA was extracted and measured with qPCR. RESULTS In the pig reperfusion model miR-1, miR-133a, and miR-208b increased rapidly in plasma with a peak at 120 min, while miR-499-5p remained elevated longer. In patients with STEMI all 4 miRNAs increased abruptly from 70-fold to 3,000-fold in plasma, with a peak within 12 h (p < 0.01). miR-1 and miR-133a both correlated strongly with the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), indicating renal elimination. This was confirmed by detection of miR-1 and miR-133a, but not miR-208b or miR-499-5p, in urine. Peak values of miR-208b correlated with peak troponin and the ejection fraction. CONCLUSION We demonstrate a distinct and rapid increase in levels of cardiospecific miRNA in the circulation after myocardial infarction. Release of miRNAs correlated with cardiomyocyte necrosis markers, the ejection fraction, and the GFR, indicating a possible role for these molecules as biomarkers for the diagnosis of STEMI as well as the prediction of long-term complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olof Gidlöf
- Department of Cardiology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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314
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Mendrick DL. Transcriptional profiling to identify biomarkers of disease and drug response. Pharmacogenomics 2011; 12:235-49. [PMID: 21332316 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.10.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery, biological qualification and analytical validation of genomic biomarkers requires extensive collaborations between individuals with expertise in biology, statistics, bioinformatics, chemistry, clinical medicine, regulatory science and so on. For clinical utility, blood-borne biomarkers (e.g., mRNA and miRNA) of organ damage, drug toxicity and/or response would be preferred to those that are tissue based. Currently used biomarkers such as serum creatinine (indicating renal dysfunction) denote organ damage whether caused by disease, physical injury or drugs. Therefore, it is anticipated that studies of disease will discover biomarkers that can also be used to identify drug-induced injury and vice versa. This article describes transcriptomic blood-borne biomarkers that have been reported to be connected with disease and drug toxicity. Much more qualification and validation needs to be carried out before many of these biomarkers can prove useful. Discussed here are some of the lessons learned and roadblocks to success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna L Mendrick
- Division of Systems Biology, HFT-230, National Center for Toxicological Research, US FDA, 3900 NCTR Rd, Jefferson, AR 72079-4502, USA.
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315
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Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a novel class of endogenous, small, noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression via degradation, translational inhibition, or translational activation of their target messenger RNAs. Functionally, an individual miRNA is important as a transcription factor because it is able to regulate the expression of its multiple target genes. As a group, miRNAs are able to directly regulate at least 30% of genes in a cell. In addition, other genes may also be regulated indirectly by miRNAs. It is therefore not surprising that miRNAs could be the pivotal regulators in normal development, physiology, and pathology. Recent studies have identified that miRNAs are highly expressed in vasculature and their expression is dysregulated in diseased vessels. miRNAs are found to be critical modulators for vascular cell functions such as cell differentiation, contraction, migration, proliferation, and apoptosis. Accordingly, miRNAs are involved in the vascular dysfunction, ischemic angiogenesis, reendothelialization, and vascular neointimal lesion formation under diverse vascular diseases. miRNAs may serve as novel therapeutic targets for vascular diseases such as impaired angiogenesis or reendothelialization, restenosis, atherosclerosis, hypertension, and diabetic vascular complication. This review article summarizes the research progress regarding the roles of miRNAs in vascular diseases.
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316
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Dong DL, Yang BF. Role of microRNAs in cardiac hypertrophy, myocardial fibrosis and heart failure. Acta Pharm Sin B 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2011.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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317
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Abstract
Rapid and accurate diagnosis of heart attacks—and the assessment of damage—are critical for improving coronary care. Mature microRNAs (miRNAs) are abundant, easily measured, and relatively stable in blood plasma. If they prove indicative of disease states, miRNAs measured from peripheral blood may be a particularly attractive source for routine clinical assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry S. Elton
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute473 West 12th Avenue, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210USA
- College of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmacology496 West 12th Avenue, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210USA
- College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, The Ohio State University Medical Center370 West 9th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210USA
| | - Mahmood Khan
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute473 West 12th Avenue, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210USA
- College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, The Ohio State University Medical Center370 West 9th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210USA
| | - Dmitry Terentyev
- The Cardiovascular Research Center at the Department of MedicineRhode Island Hospital, 1 Hoppin Street, Providence, RI 02903USA
- The Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown UniversityProvidence, RI 02906USA
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318
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Gao W, Liu L, Lu X, Shu Y. Circulating microRNAs: possible prediction biomarkers for personalized therapy of non-small-cell lung carcinoma. Clin Lung Cancer 2011; 12:14-7. [PMID: 21273174 DOI: 10.3816/clc.2011.n.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Gao
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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319
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Haver VG, Slart RHJA, Zeebregts CJ, Peppelenbosch MP, Tio RA. Rupture of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques: microRNAs conducting the orchestra? Trends Cardiovasc Med 2011; 20:65-71. [PMID: 20656218 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2010.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are tiny, endogenous nucleotides that bind to mRNA and induce translation repression within metazoan cells. Since their discovery in 1993 in Caenorhabditis elegans and the demonstration of miRNAs in Homo sapiens in 2000, research has been fruitful in deciphering the role of these nucleotides in development, tissue homeostasis, and pathologic processes. In humans, around 700 human miRNA nucleotides have been verified, which interfere with 30% of all genes. Recently, the role of miRNA in cardiovascular research gained attention and the involvement of miRNAs in several cardiovascular diseases has been identified. In this review, we focus on the role of miRNAs in atherosclerosis and in particular on the potential role of miRNAs in the development of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques. The role of miRNA in the main characteristics of these plaques, inflammation, angiogenesis, and apoptosis will be discussed. Finally, the future perspectives and miRNA-based diagnostic and therapeutic potentials will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent G Haver
- Cardiovascular Imaging Group Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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320
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Gőcze K, Gombos K, Pajkos G, Magda I, Ember Á, Juhász K, Patczai B, Ember I. Impact of microRNAs on molecular epidemiology. Orv Hetil 2011; 152:633-41. [DOI: 10.1556/oh.2011.29066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cancer research concerning short non-coding RNA sequences and functionally linked to RNA interference (RNAi) have reached explosive breakthrough in the past decade. Molecular technology applies microRNA in extremely wide spectrum from molecular tumor prediction, diagnostics, progression monitoring and prevention. Functional analysis of tissue miRNA and cell-free serum miRNA in posttranscription and translation regulation innovated and restructured the knowledge on the field. This review focuses on molecular epidemiology and primary prevention aspects of the small non-coding RNA sequences. Orv. Hetil., 2011, 152, 633–641.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Gőcze
- Pécsi Tudományegyetem, Általános Orvostudományi Kar Orvosi Népegészségtani Intézet Pécs Szigeti u. 12. 7624
| | - Katalin Gombos
- Pécsi Tudományegyetem, Általános Orvostudományi Kar Orvosi Népegészségtani Intézet Pécs Szigeti u. 12. 7624
| | - Gábor Pajkos
- Bács-Kiskun Megyei Önkormányzat Kórháza Onkoradiológiai Központ Kecskemét
| | - Ingrid Magda
- Pécsi Tudományegyetem, Általános Orvostudományi Kar Orvosi Népegészségtani Intézet Pécs Szigeti u. 12. 7624
| | - Ágoston Ember
- Pécsi Tudományegyetem, Általános Orvostudományi Kar Klinikai Központ, Sebészeti Klinika Pécs
| | - Krisztina Juhász
- Pécsi Tudományegyetem, Általános Orvostudományi Kar Orvosi Népegészségtani Intézet Pécs Szigeti u. 12. 7624
| | - Balázs Patczai
- Pécsi Tudományegyetem, Általános Orvostudományi Kar Orvosi Népegészségtani Intézet Pécs Szigeti u. 12. 7624
| | - István Ember
- Pécsi Tudományegyetem, Általános Orvostudományi Kar Orvosi Népegészségtani Intézet Pécs Szigeti u. 12. 7624
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Abstract
Originally identified as moderate biological modifiers, microRNAs have recently emerged as powerful regulators of diverse cellular processes with especially important roles in disease and tissue remodeling. The rapid pace of studies on microRNA regulation and function necessitates the development of suitable techniques for measuring and modulating microRNAs in different model systems. This review summarizes experimental strategies for microRNA research and highlights the strengths and weaknesses of different approaches. The development of more specific and sensitive assays will further illuminate the biology behind microRNAs and will advance opportunities to safely pursue them as therapeutic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva van Rooij
- miRagen Therapeutics Inc., 6200 Lookout Road, Boulder, CO 80301, USA.
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322
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Jamaluddin MS, Weakley SM, Zhang L, Kougias P, Lin PH, Yao Q, Chen C. miRNAs: roles and clinical applications in vascular disease. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2011; 11:79-89. [PMID: 21171923 DOI: 10.1586/erm.10.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
miRNAs are small, endogenously expressed noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression, mainly at the post-transcriptional level, via degradation or translational inhibition of their target mRNAs. Functionally, an individual miRNA can regulate the expression of multiple target genes. The study of miRNAs is rapidly growing and recent studies have revealed a significant role of miRNAs in vascular biology and disease. Many miRNAs are highly expressed in the vasculature, and their expression is dysregulated in diseased vessels. Several miRNAs have been found to be critical modulators of vascular pathologies, such as atherosclerosis, lipoprotein metabolism, inflammation, arterial remodeling, angiogenesis, smooth muscle cell regeneration, hypertension, apoptosis, neointimal hyperplasia and signal transduction pathways. Thus, miRNAs may serve as novel biomarkers and/or therapeutic targets for vascular disease. This article summarizes the current studies related to the disease correlations and functional roles of miRNAs in the vascular system and discusses the potential applications of miRNAs in vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Saha Jamaluddin
- Michael E DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Mail Stop: BCM391, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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323
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Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small noncoding RNAs that have gained status as important regulators of gene expression. Recent studies have demonstrated that miRNAs are aberrantly expressed in the cardiovascular system under some pathological conditions. Gain- and loss-of-function studies using in vitro and in vivo models have revealed distinct roles for specific miRNAs in cardiovascular development and physiological function. The implications of miRNAs in cardiovascular disease have recently been recognized, representing the most rapidly evolving research field. In the present minireview, the current relevant findings on the role of miRNAs in cardiac diseases are updated and the target genes of these miRNAs are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koh Ono
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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324
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Mizuno H, Nakamura A, Aoki Y, Ito N, Kishi S, Yamamoto K, Sekiguchi M, Takeda S, Hashido K. Identification of muscle-specific microRNAs in serum of muscular dystrophy animal models: promising novel blood-based markers for muscular dystrophy. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18388. [PMID: 21479190 PMCID: PMC3068182 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 03/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a lethal X-linked disorder caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene, which encodes a cytoskeletal protein, dystrophin. Creatine kinase (CK) is generally used as a blood-based biomarker for muscular disease including DMD, but it is not always reliable since it is easily affected by stress to the body, such as exercise. Therefore, more reliable biomarkers of muscular dystrophy have long been desired. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, ∼22 nucleotide, noncoding RNAs which play important roles in the regulation of gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. Recently, it has been reported that miRNAs exist in blood. In this study, we hypothesized that the expression levels of specific serum circulating miRNAs may be useful to monitor the pathological progression of muscular diseases, and therefore explored the possibility of these miRNAs as new biomarkers for muscular diseases. To confirm this hypothesis, we quantified the expression levels of miRNAs in serum of the dystrophin-deficient muscular dystrophy mouse model, mdx, and the canine X-linked muscular dystrophy in Japan dog model (CXMDJ), by real-time PCR. We found that the serum levels of several muscle-specific miRNAs (miR-1, miR-133a and miR-206) are increased in both mdx and CXMDJ. Interestingly, unlike CK levels, expression levels of these miRNAs in mdx serum are little influenced by exercise using treadmill. These results suggest that serum miRNAs are useful and reliable biomarkers for muscular dystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideya Mizuno
- Administrative Section of Radiation Protection, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akinori Nakamura
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshitsugu Aoki
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of System Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental School University Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Ito
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Biological Information, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Soichiro Kishi
- Administrative Section of Radiation Protection, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Yamamoto
- Department of Degenerative Neurological Diseases, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Sekiguchi
- Department of Degenerative Neurological Diseases, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin'ichi Takeda
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Hashido
- Administrative Section of Radiation Protection, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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325
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Li J, Wang Y, Yu W, Chen J, Luo J. Expression of serum miR-221 in human hepatocellular carcinoma and its prognostic significance. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 406:70-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.01.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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326
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Cho WCS. Circulating MicroRNAs as Minimally Invasive Biomarkers for Cancer Theragnosis and Prognosis. Front Genet 2011; 2:7. [PMID: 22303306 PMCID: PMC3268566 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2011.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel cancer biomarker discovery is urgently needed for cancer theragnosis and prognosis, and among the many possible types of samples, blood is regarded to be ideal for this discovery as it can be collected easily in a minimally invasive manner. Results of the past few years have ascertained the quantification of microRNA (miRNA) as a promising approach for the detection and prognostication of cancer. Indeed, an increasing number of studies have shown that circulating cancer-associated miRNAs are readily measured in plasma or serum and they can robustly discriminate cancer patients from healthy controls, as well as distinguishing between good-prognosis and poor-prognosis patients. Furthermore, recent findings also suggest the potential of circulating miRNAs in the screening, monitoring, and treatment of cancer. This article summarizes the most significant and latest discoveries of original researches on circulating miRNAs involvement in cancer, focusing on the potential of circulating miRNAs as minimally invasive biomarkers for cancer theragnosis and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C S Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Kowloon, Hong Kong
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327
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Ha TY. The Role of MicroRNAs in Regulatory T Cells and in the Immune Response. Immune Netw 2011; 11:11-41. [PMID: 21494372 PMCID: PMC3072673 DOI: 10.4110/in.2011.11.1.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Revised: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of microRNA (miRNA) is one of the major scientific breakthroughs in recent years and has revolutionized current cell biology and medical science. miRNAs are small (19~25nt) noncoding RNA molecules that post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression by targeting the 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) of specific messenger RNAs (mRNAs) for degradation of translation repression. Genetic ablation of the miRNA machinery, as well as loss or degradation of certain individual miRNAs, severely compromises immune development and response, and can lead to immune disorders. Several sophisticated regulatory mechanisms are used to maintain immune homeostasis. Regulatory T (Treg) cells are essential for maintaining peripheral tolerance, preventing autoimmune diseases and limiting chronic inflammatory diseases. Recent publications have provided compelling evidence that miRNAs are highly expressed in Treg cells, that the expression of Foxp3 is controlled by miRNAs and that a range of miRNAs are involved in the regulation of immunity. A large number of studies have reported links between alterations of miRNA homeostasis and pathological conditions such as cancer, cardiovascular disease and diabetes, as well as psychiatric and neurological diseases. Although it is still unclear how miRNA controls Treg cell development and function, recent studies certainly indicate that this topic will be the subject of further research. The specific circulating miRNA species may also be useful for the diagnosis, classification, prognosis of diseases and prediction of the therapeutic response. An explosive literature has focussed on the role of miRNA. In this review, I briefly summarize the current studies about the role of miRNAs in Treg cells and in the regulation of the innate and adaptive immune response. I also review the explosive current studies about clinical application of miRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai-You Ha
- Department of Immunology, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Chonju, Chonbuk 561-180, Korea
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328
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Abstract
First recognized as regulators of development in worms and fruitflies, microRNAs are emerging as pivotal modulators of mammalian cardiovascular development and disease. Individual microRNAs modulate the expression of collections of messenger RNA targets that often have related functions, thereby governing complex biological processes. The wideranging functions of microRNAs in the cardiovascular system have provided new perspectives on disease mechanisms and have revealed intriguing therapeutic targets, as well as diagnostics, for a variety of cardiovascular disorders.
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329
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Serum microRNA characterization identifies miR-885-5p as a potential marker for detecting liver pathologies. Clin Sci (Lond) 2011; 120:183-93. [PMID: 20815808 PMCID: PMC2990200 DOI: 10.1042/cs20100297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Circulating miRNAs (microRNAs) are emerging as promising biomarkers for several pathological conditions, and the aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of using serum miRNAs as biomarkers for liver pathologies. Real-time qPCR (quantitative PCR)-based TaqMan MicroRNA arrays were first employed to profile miRNAs in serum pools from patients with HCC (hepatocellular carcinoma) or LC (liver cirrhosis) and from healthy controls. Five miRNAs (i.e. miR-885-5p, miR-574-3p, miR-224, miR-215 and miR-146a) that were up-regulated in the HCC and LC serum pools were selected and further quantified using real-time qPCR in patients with HCC, LC, CHB (chronic hepatitis B) or GC (gastric cancer) and in normal controls. The present study revealed that more than 110 miRNA species in the serum samples and wide distribution ranges of serum miRNAs were observed. The levels of miR-885-5p were significantly higher in sera from patients with HCC, LC and CHB than in healthy controls or GC patients. miR-885-5p yielded an AUC [the area under the ROC (receiver operating characteristic) curve] of 0.904 [95% CI (confidence interval), 0.837–0.951, P<0.0001) with 90.53% sensitivity and 79.17% specificity in discriminating liver pathologies from healthy controls, using a cut off value of 1.06 (normalized). No correlations between increased miR-885-5p and liver function parameters [AFP (α-fetoprotein), ALT (alanine aminotransferase), AST (aspartate aminotransferase) and GGT (γ-glutamyl transpeptidase)] were observed in patients with liver pathologies. In summary, miR-885-5p is significantly elevated in the sera of patients with liver pathologies, and our data suggest that serum miRNAs could serve as novel complementary biomarkers for the detection and assessment of liver pathologies.
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330
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Kong X, Du Y, Wang G, Gao J, Gong Y, Li L, Zhang Z, Zhu J, Jing Q, Qin Y, Li Z. Detection of differentially expressed microRNAs in serum of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma patients: miR-196a could be a potential marker for poor prognosis. Dig Dis Sci 2011; 56:602-9. [PMID: 20614181 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-010-1285-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have long been established to remain stable in circulation, and dysregulated miRNAs in serum of tumor patients could potentially serve as novel biomarkers. AIMS To determine whether certain serum miRNAs could represent potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). METHODS About 35 patients diagnosed with PDAC at different stages between August 2007 and January 2009 were enrolled in this study. Sera from 15 chronic pancreatitis (CP) patients and 15 healthy individuals were treated as controls. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assays specific to mature miRNAs were used to quantify the relative levels of those PDAC-associated serum miRNAs. RESULTS Of the seven miRNAs detected, three were identified as differentially expressed in PDAC and control groups. miR-21 was able to distinguish PDAC patients from CP (p = 0.033) and healthy subjects (p = 0.001), whereas miR-155 and miR-196a were able to differentiate sera with sick pancreas (PDAC/CP) from normal pancreas (p = 0.0002 and 0.010, respectively). Serum miR-196a expression levels in unresectable PDAC (stages III and IV) patients were significantly higher than those in resectable (stages I and II) patients (p = 0.001). Furthermore, serum miR-196a expression level was found to have a potential value in predicting median survival time of PDAC patients (high-level miR-196a, 6.1 months, (95% CI, 4.49-7.72) versus low-level miR-196a, 12.00 months, (95% CI, 5.92-18.08), p = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS Serum miR-196a could be a potential noninvasive marker for PDAC prognosis and selection of laparotomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Kong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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331
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Gupta SK, Bang C, Thum T. Circulating microRNAs as biomarkers and potential paracrine mediators of cardiovascular disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 3:484-8. [PMID: 20959591 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.110.958363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shashi K Gupta
- Institute for Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies, Hannover Medical School, Germany
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332
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333
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Yamada Y, Enokida H, Kojima S, Kawakami K, Chiyomaru T, Tatarano S, Yoshino H, Kawahara K, Nishiyama K, Seki N, Nakagawa M. MiR-96 and miR-183 detection in urine serve as potential tumor markers of urothelial carcinoma: correlation with stage and grade, and comparison with urinary cytology. Cancer Sci 2010; 102:522-9. [PMID: 21166959 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2010.01816.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A new diagnostic marker for urothelial carcinoma (UC) is needed to avoid painful cystoscopy during the initial diagnosis and follow-up period. However, the current urine markers are useless because of the low sensitivities and specificities for UC detection. MiR-96 and miR-183 were differentially upregulated microRNA in our previous microRNA screening for UC. The expression levels of miR-96 and miR-183 in the urine samples were significantly higher in 100 UC than in healthy controls (miR-96, P=0.0059; and miR-183, P=0.0044). The receiver-operating characteristic curve analyses demonstrated that each microRNA had good sensitivity and specificity for distinguishing UC patients from non-UC patients (miR-96, 71.0% and 89.2%; and miR-183, 74.0% and 77.3%). Our cohort included 78 UC patients who had undergone urinary cytology. MiR-96 was positively detected in 27 of 44 patients who had had a "negative" urinary cytology diagnosis. We combined the miR-96 detection data with the urinary cytology data, and diagnosed 61 of 78 cases as UC; sensitivity rose from 43.6% to 78.2%. We found significant stepwise increases in miR-96 and miR-183 expression with advancing tumor grade (miR-96, P=0.0057; and miR-183, P=0.0036) and pathological stage (miR-96, P=0.0332; and miR-183, P=0.0117). The expression levels of the microRNA were significantly lower in urine collected after surgery (miR-96, P=0.0241; and miR-183, P=0.0045). In conclusion, miR-96 and miR-183 in urine are promising tumor markers for UC. In particular, miR-96 may be a good diagnostic marker in combination with urinary cytology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasutoshi Yamada
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
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334
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Circulating MicroRNAs, miR-21, miR-122, and miR-223, in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma or chronic hepatitis. Mol Carcinog 2010; 50:136-42. [DOI: 10.1002/mc.20712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 448] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2010] [Revised: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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335
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Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous small RNAs that are 21-25 nucleotides in length. Recently, plasma miRNAs have been reported to be sensitive and specific biomarkers of various tissue injuries and pathological conditions. The goal of this study was to assess plasma miRNA profiles and to identify plasma miRNAs that are differentially expressed in patients with heart failure. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 33 patients with ischemic heart diseases and 17 asymptomatic controls were recruited. In 10 patients with heart failure, miRNAs were assessed at both NYHA IV and III. miRNA array analyses were found to be not appropriate for plasma miRNA profiling. The plasma concentrations of well-characterized miRNAs (miR-126, 122 and 499) were assessed by a real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction using an artificial small RNA as an internal standard. Plasma concentrations of miR-126 were negatively correlated with age and logBNP. In 10 patients with heart failure, plasma concentrations of miR-126 were up-regulated with improvement of the NYHA class from IV to III. CONCLUSIONS The plasma concentration of miR-126 was negatively correlated with age and NYHA class, and could be a useful biomarker for heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasue Fukushima
- Department of Genomic Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
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336
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Reid G, Kirschner MB, van Zandwijk N. Circulating microRNAs: Association with disease and potential use as biomarkers. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2010; 80:193-208. [PMID: 21145252 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2010.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 368] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Revised: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The control of gene expression by microRNAs influences many cellular processes and has been implicated in the control of many (patho)physiological states. Recently, microRNAs have been detected in serum and plasma, and circulating microRNA profiles have now been associated with a range of different tumour types, diseases such as stroke and heart disease, as well as altered physiological states such as pregnancy. Here we review the disease-specific profiles of circulating microRNAs, and the methodologies used for their detection and quantification. We also discuss possible functions of circulating microRNAs and their potential as non-invasive biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen Reid
- Asbestos Diseases Research Institute (ADRI), Bernie Banton Centre, University of Sydney, Concord, Australia.
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337
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Brase JC, Wuttig D, Kuner R, Sültmann H. Serum microRNAs as non-invasive biomarkers for cancer. Mol Cancer 2010; 9:306. [PMID: 21110877 PMCID: PMC3002336 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-9-306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2010] [Accepted: 11/26/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human serum and other body fluids are rich resources for the identification of novel biomarkers, which can be measured in routine clinical diagnosis. microRNAs are small non-coding RNA molecules, which have an important function in regulating RNA stability and gene expression. The deregulation of microRNAs has been linked to cancer development and tumor progression. Recently, it has been reported that serum and other body fluids contain sufficiently stable microRNA signatures. Thus, the profiles of circulating microRNAs have been explored in a variety of studies aiming at the identification of novel non-invasive biomarkers. In this review, we discuss recent findings indicating that circulating microRNAs are useful as non-invasive biomarkers for different tumor types. Additionally, we summarize the knowledge about the mechanism of microRNA release and the putative functional roles of circulating microRNAs. Although several challenges remain to be addressed, circulating microRNAs have the potential to be useful for the diagnosis and prognosis of cancer diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan C Brase
- Working Group Cancer Genome Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.
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338
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Brase JC, Wuttig D, Kuner R, Sültmann H. Serum microRNAs as non-invasive biomarkers for cancer. Mol Cancer 2010. [PMID: 21110877 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-9-306;] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human serum and other body fluids are rich resources for the identification of novel biomarkers, which can be measured in routine clinical diagnosis. microRNAs are small non-coding RNA molecules, which have an important function in regulating RNA stability and gene expression. The deregulation of microRNAs has been linked to cancer development and tumor progression. Recently, it has been reported that serum and other body fluids contain sufficiently stable microRNA signatures. Thus, the profiles of circulating microRNAs have been explored in a variety of studies aiming at the identification of novel non-invasive biomarkers. In this review, we discuss recent findings indicating that circulating microRNAs are useful as non-invasive biomarkers for different tumor types. Additionally, we summarize the knowledge about the mechanism of microRNA release and the putative functional roles of circulating microRNAs. Although several challenges remain to be addressed, circulating microRNAs have the potential to be useful for the diagnosis and prognosis of cancer diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan C Brase
- Working Group Cancer Genome Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.
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339
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Ding SL, Zhou LY, Li PF. MicroRNAs in cardiac hypertrophy: angels or devils. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-RNA 2010; 2:124-34. [PMID: 21956973 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short noncoding RNA molecules that can regulate gene expression via affecting mRNA stability or translation efficiency. miRNAs mediate many important cellular processes and emerge as a newly discovered regulator of gene expression. In cardiac hypertrophy, miRNAs expression is aberrantly altered. Some of these miRNAs can promote cardiac hypertrophy, whereas others can inhibit the process. In this review, we summarize the up- and downregulated miRNAs during cardiac hypertrophy and discuss about their roles in cardiac hypertrophy. The studies on miRNAs shed new light on the mechanism of cardiac hypertrophy and suggest that they may be promising therapeutic targets in tackling cardiac hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Ling Ding
- Division of Cardiovascular Research, National Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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340
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microRNAs, Plasma Lipids, and Cardiovascular Disease. CURRENT CARDIOVASCULAR RISK REPORTS 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s12170-010-0145-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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341
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Zen K, Zhang CY. Circulating microRNAs: a novel class of biomarkers to diagnose and monitor human cancers. Med Res Rev 2010; 32:326-48. [PMID: 22383180 DOI: 10.1002/med.20215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 359] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Specific and sensitive non-invasive biomarkers for the detection of human epithelial malignancies are urgently required to reduce the worldwide morbidity and mortality caused by cancer. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are 19-24 nt noncoding RNAs that are frequently dysregulated in cancer and have shown great promise as tissue-based markers for cancer classification. Once thought to be unstable RNA molecules, miRNAs are now shown to be stably expressed in serum, plasma, urine, saliva, and other body fluids. Moreover, the unique expression patterns of these circulating miRNAs are correlated with certain human diseases, including various types of cancer. Therefore, tumor-derived miRNAs in serum or plasma are emerging as novel blood-based fingerprints for the detection of human cancers, especially at an early stage. This review presented newly uncovered cellular and molecular mechanisms of the sources and stability of circulating miRNAs, revealing their great potential as a class of highly specific and sensitive biomarkers for tumor classification and prognostication. Meanwhile, this review also addressed certain critical issues that hinder the wide application of this new approach. Some potential challenges for the transition of circulating miRNAs from a research setting to a clinical application were also highlighted, with a future perspective of the incorporation of circulating miRNAs in the field of clinical oncology, especially their great potential from diagnostic to prognostic and predictive applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zen
- Jiangsu Diabetes Center, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China.
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342
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Lock EA. Sensitive and early markers of renal injury: where are we and what is the way forward? Toxicol Sci 2010; 116:1-4. [PMID: 20558414 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Edward A Lock
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.
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343
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Abstract
Ischemic heart disease (IHD) or myocardial ischemia is one of the leading causes of mortality all over the world. There is a definite need for new approaches to improve therapies and diagnostics. The pathological process leading to IHD is associated with an altered expression of genes that are important for cardiac functions. Micro-RNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as one of the central players regulating gene expression via degradation or translational inhibition of their target genes. Increasing evidence indicates that miRNAs may serve as potential diagnostic biomarkers and innovative therapeutic targets in several human diseases including cardiovascular disease. Here, we review the latest advances in the identification and validation of myocardial ischemia-related miRNAs and their target genes and discuss the roles of specific miRNAs in regulating ischemia-related cardiac injury, including apoptosis, fibrosis, arrhythmia, and angiogenesis.
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344
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Kong XY, Du YQ, Li L, Liu JQ, Wang GK, Zhu JQ, Man XH, Gong YF, Xiao LN, Zheng YZ, Deng SX, Gu JJ, Li ZS. Plasma miR-216a as a potential marker of pancreatic injury in a rat model of acute pancreatitis. World J Gastroenterol 2010; 16:4599-604. [PMID: 20857533 PMCID: PMC2945494 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v16.i36.4599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To study the potential value and specificity of plasma miR-216a as a marker for pancreatic injury.
METHODS: Two rat models were applied in this article: L-arginine-induced acute pancreatitis was used as one model to explore the potential value of plasma miR-216a for detection of pancreatic injury; nonlethal sepsis induced in rats by single puncture cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) was used as the other model to evaluate the specificity of plasma miR-216a compared with two commonly used markers (amylase and lipase) for acute pancreatitis. Plasmas were sampled from rats at indicated time points and total RNA was isolated. Real-Time Quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction was used to quantify miR-216a in plasmas.
RESULTS: In the acute pancreatitis model, among five time points at which plasmas were sampled, miR-216a concentrations were significantly elevated 24 h after arginine administration and remained significantly increased until 48 h after operation (compared with 0 h time point, P < 0.01, Kruskal-Wallis Test). In the CLP model, plasma amylase and lipase, two commonly used biomarkers for acute pancreatitis, were significantly elevated 24 h after operation (compared with 0 h time point, P < 0.01 and 0.05 respectively, Pairwise Bonferroni corrected t-tests), while miR-216a remained undetectable among four tested time points.
CONCLUSION: Our article showed for the first time that plasma miR-216a might serve as a candidate marker of pancreatic injury with novel specificity.
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345
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Patnaik SK, Mallick R, Yendamuri S. Detection of microRNAs in dried serum blots. Anal Biochem 2010; 407:147-9. [PMID: 20696125 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2010.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Revised: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 08/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
We observed the preservation of microRNAs in unrefrigerated dried serum blots. Preservation was not adversely affected by drying or storing at 37, 45, or 60°C instead of room temperature, but it was harmed when blots were dried incompletely before storage. Preservation of microRNAs in serum was not diminished if, instead of being kept frozen at -80°C, it was stored as dried blots at room temperature for 5 months or at 37°C for 4 weeks. Thus, dried blots can be a convenient and safer way to save, transport, and store serum for microRNA assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Kumar Patnaik
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA.
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346
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Seok HY, Wang DZ. The emerging role of microRNAs as a therapeutic target for cardiovascular disease. BioDrugs 2010; 24:147-55. [PMID: 20462281 DOI: 10.2165/11535860-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small non-coding RNAs that are endogenously transcribed and processed into approximately 21- to approximately 23-nucleotide products. They are believed to function predominantly as sequence-targeted modifiers of gene expression through inhibition of post-transcriptional processes, including messenger RNA degradation and translational repression. Rapid expansion of functional studies of miRNAs in recent years has established a new paradigm in which miRNAs 'fine-tune' gene expression in complex biologic networks. In this review, we summarize the role of miRNA in heart development and cardiac pathogenesis, and discuss the implication of miRNAs as innovative therapeutic approaches for cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Young Seok
- Cardiovascular Research Division, Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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347
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Zampetaki A, Kiechl S, Drozdov I, Willeit P, Mayr U, Prokopi M, Mayr A, Weger S, Oberhollenzer F, Bonora E, Shah A, Willeit J, Mayr M. Plasma microRNA profiling reveals loss of endothelial miR-126 and other microRNAs in type 2 diabetes. Circ Res 2010; 107:810-7. [PMID: 20651284 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.110.226357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1101] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been implicated in the epigenetic regulation of key metabolic, inflammatory, and antiangiogenic pathways in type 2 diabetes (DM) and may contribute to common disease complications. OBJECTIVE In this study, we explore plasma miRNA profiles in patients with DM. METHODS AND RESULTS Total RNA was extracted from plasma samples of the prospective population-based Bruneck study. A total of 13 candidate miRNAs identified by microarray screening and miRNA network inference were quantified by quantitative PCR in all diabetic patients of the Bruneck study and age- and sex-matched controls (1995 evaluation, n=80 each). Quantitative PCR assessment revealed lower plasma levels of miR-20b, miR-21, miR-24, miR-15a, miR-126, miR-191, miR-197, miR-223, miR-320, and miR-486 in prevalent DM, but a modest increase of miR-28-3p. Findings emerged as robust in multivariable analysis and were independent of the standardization procedure applied. For endothelial miR-126, results were confirmed in the entire Bruneck cohort (n=822) in univariate (odds ratio [95% confidence interval], 0.38 [0.26 to 0.55]; P=2.72 × 10(-7)) and multivariate analyses (0.57 [0.37 to 0.86]; P=0.0082). Importantly, reduced miR-15a, miR-29b, miR-126, miR-223, and elevated miR-28-3p levels antedated the manifestation of disease. Most differences in miRNA levels were replicated in plasma obtained from hyperglycemic Lep(ob) mice. High glucose concentrations reduced the miR-126 content of endothelial apoptotic bodies. Similarly in patients with DM, the reduction of miR-126 was confined to circulating vesicles in plasma. CONCLUSIONS We reveal a plasma miRNA signature for DM that includes loss of endothelial miR-126. These findings might explain the impaired peripheral angiogenic signaling in patients with DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Zampetaki
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre, King's College London, United Kingdom
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348
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Fichtlscherer S, De Rosa S, Fox H, Schwietz T, Fischer A, Liebetrau C, Weber M, Hamm CW, Röxe T, Müller-Ardogan M, Bonauer A, Zeiher AM, Dimmeler S. Circulating microRNAs in patients with coronary artery disease. Circ Res 2010; 107:677-84. [PMID: 20595655 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.109.215566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 937] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE MicroRNAs are small RNAs that control gene expression. Besides their cell intrinsic function, recent studies reported that microRNAs are released by cultured cells and can be detected in the blood. OBJECTIVE To address the regulation of circulating microRNAs in patients with stable coronary artery disease. METHODS AND RESULTS To determine the regulation of microRNAs, we performed a microRNA profile using RNA isolated from n=8 healthy volunteers and n=8 patients with stable coronary artery disease that received state-of-the-art pharmacological treatment. Interestingly, most of the highly expressed microRNAs that were lower in the blood of patients with coronary artery disease are known to be expressed in endothelial cells (eg, miR-126 and members of the miR-17 approximately 92 cluster). To prospectively confirm these data, we detected selected microRNAs in plasma of 36 patients with coronary artery disease and 17 healthy volunteers by quantitative PCR. Consistent with the data obtained by the profile, circulating levels of miR-126, miR-17, miR-92a, and the inflammation-associated miR-155 were significantly reduced in patients with coronary artery disease compared with healthy controls. Likewise, the smooth muscle-enriched miR-145 was significantly reduced. In contrast, cardiac muscle-enriched microRNAs (miR-133a, miR-208a) tend to be higher in patients with coronary artery disease. These results were validated in a second cohort of 31 patients with documented coronary artery disease and 14 controls. CONCLUSIONS Circulating levels of vascular and inflammation-associated microRNAs are significantly downregulated in patients with coronary artery disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Fichtlscherer
- Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor Stern Kai 7, Frankfurt, Germany
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349
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Shen E, Diao X, Wei C, Wu Z, Zhang L, Hu B. MicroRNAs target gene and signaling pathway by bioinformatics analysis in the cardiac hypertrophy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 397:380-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.05.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2010] [Accepted: 05/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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350
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Abstract
The presence of DNA and RNA circulating in human plasma and serum is described. The known sources of the DNA/RNA in blood, the ability of these nucleic acids to enter other cells and to express in the recipient cells are considered along with their relationship to metastases. The possible role(s) of the DNA/RNA in personalized clinical diagnosis, monitoring of treatment and prognosis in oncology are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Brian Gahan
- Anatomy & Human Sciences, King’s College London, London Bridge, London, SE1 1UL UK
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