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Kim H, Cao W, Oh G, Lee S, Shen A, Khadka D, Lee S, Sharma S, Kim SY, Choe S, Kwak TH, Kim J, Park R, So H. Augmentation of cellular NAD + by NQO1 enzymatic action improves age-related hearing impairment. Aging Cell 2019; 18:e13016. [PMID: 31353811 PMCID: PMC6718544 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related hearing loss (ARHL) is a major neurodegenerative disorder and the leading cause of communication deficit in the elderly population, which remains largely untreated. The development of ARHL is a multifactorial event that includes both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Recent studies suggest that NAD+ /NADH ratio may play a critical role in cellular senescence by regulating sirtuins, PARP-1, and PGC-1α. Nonetheless, the beneficial effect of direct modulation of cellular NAD+ levels on aging and age-related diseases has not been studied, and the underlying mechanisms remain obscure. Herein, we investigated the effect of β-lapachone (β-lap), a known plant-derived metabolite that modulates cellular NAD+ by conversion of NADH to NAD+ via the enzymatic action of NADH: quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) on ARHL in C57BL/6 mice. We elucidated that the reduction of cellular NAD+ during the aging process was an important contributor for ARHL; it facilitated oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory responses in the cochlear tissue through regulating sirtuins that alter various signaling pathways, such as NF-κB, p53, and IDH2. However, augmentation of NAD+ by β-lap effectively prevented ARHL and accompanying deleterious effects through reducing inflammation and oxidative stress, sustaining mitochondrial function, and promoting mitochondrial biogenesis in rodents. These results suggest that direct regulation of cellular NAD+ levels by pharmacological agents may be a tangible therapeutic option for treating various age-related diseases, including ARHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung‐Jin Kim
- Center for Metabolic Function Regulation (CMFR) and Department of Microbiology Wonkwang University School of Medicine Jeonbuk Korea
- NADIANBIO Ltd, Business Incubation Center Iksan Korea
| | - Wa Cao
- Center for Metabolic Function Regulation (CMFR) and Department of Microbiology Wonkwang University School of Medicine Jeonbuk Korea
| | - Gi‐Su Oh
- NADIANBIO Ltd, Business Incubation Center Iksan Korea
| | - SeungHoon Lee
- NADIANBIO Ltd, Business Incubation Center Iksan Korea
| | - AiHua Shen
- Center for Metabolic Function Regulation (CMFR) and Department of Microbiology Wonkwang University School of Medicine Jeonbuk Korea
| | - Dipendra Khadka
- Center for Metabolic Function Regulation (CMFR) and Department of Microbiology Wonkwang University School of Medicine Jeonbuk Korea
| | - Su‐Bin Lee
- Center for Metabolic Function Regulation (CMFR) and Department of Microbiology Wonkwang University School of Medicine Jeonbuk Korea
| | - Subham Sharma
- Center for Metabolic Function Regulation (CMFR) and Department of Microbiology Wonkwang University School of Medicine Jeonbuk Korea
| | - Seon Young Kim
- Center for Metabolic Function Regulation (CMFR) and Department of Microbiology Wonkwang University School of Medicine Jeonbuk Korea
| | - Seong‐Kyu Choe
- Center for Metabolic Function Regulation (CMFR) and Department of Microbiology Wonkwang University School of Medicine Jeonbuk Korea
| | - Tae Hwan Kwak
- NADIANBIO Ltd, Business Incubation Center Iksan Korea
| | - Jin‐Man Kim
- Department of Pathology and Infection Signaling Network Research Center Chungnam National University School of Medicine Daejeon Korea
| | - Raekil Park
- Department of Biomedical Science & Engineering, Institute of Integrated Technology Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology Gwangju Korea
| | - Hong‐Seob So
- Center for Metabolic Function Regulation (CMFR) and Department of Microbiology Wonkwang University School of Medicine Jeonbuk Korea
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302
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Chei S, Oh HJ, Song JH, Seo YJ, Lee K, Lee BY. Magnolol Suppresses TGF-β-Induced Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in Human Colorectal Cancer Cells. Front Oncol 2019; 9:752. [PMID: 31632899 PMCID: PMC6779771 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor metastasis is the end state of a multistep process that includes dissemination of tumor cells to distant organs and requires tumor cells to adapt to different tissue microenvironments. During metastasis, tumor cells undergo a morphological change known as transdifferentiation or the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). In normal embryonic development, the EMT occurs in the context of morphogenesis in a variety of tissues. Over the course of this process, epithelial cells lose their cell-cell adhesion and polarity properties. In this study, we investigated whether magnolol could suppress the EMT in human colorectal cancer cells. To this end, we examined the epithelial markers E-cadherin, ZO-1, and claudin and the mesenchymal markers N-cadherin, TWIST1, Slug, and Snail. Magnolol effectively inhibited EMT in human colon cancer cell lines by upregulating epithelial markers and downregulating mesenchymal markers. The EMT is induced by the TGF-β signaling pathway. To determine whether magnolol disrupts TGF-β signaling, we examined several mediators of this pathway, and found that magnolol decreased the levels of phosphorylated (i.e., active) ERK, GSK3β, and Smad. We conclude that magnolol blocks migration in HCT116 cells by suppressing TGF-β signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungwoo Chei
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Biomedical Sciences, CHA University, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Ji Oh
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Biomedical Sciences, CHA University, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Ji-Hyeon Song
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Biomedical Sciences, CHA University, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Young-Jin Seo
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Biomedical Sciences, CHA University, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Kippeum Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Biomedical Sciences, CHA University, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Boo-Yong Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Biomedical Sciences, CHA University, Seongnam, South Korea
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303
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Fujihara H, Nozaki T, Tsutsumi M, Isumi M, Shimoda S, Hamada Y, Masutani M. Spontaneous Development of Dental Dysplasia in Aged Parp-1 Knockout Mice. Cells 2019; 8:cells8101157. [PMID: 31569682 PMCID: PMC6829344 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (Parp)-1 catalyzes polyADP-ribosylation using NAD+ and is involved in the DNA damage response, genome stability, and transcription. In this study, we demonstrated that aged Parp-1-/- mouse incisors showed more frequent dental dysplasia in both ICR/129Sv mixed background and C57BL/6 strain compared to aged Parp-1+/+ incisors, suggesting that Parp-1 deficiency could be involved in development of dental dysplasia at an advanced age. Computed tomography images confirmed that dental dysplasia was observed at significantly higher incidences in Parp-1-/- mice. The relative calcification levels of Parp-1-/- incisors were higher in both enamel and dentin (p < 0.05). Immunohistochemical analysis revealed (1) Parp-1 positivity in ameloblasts and odontoblasts in Parp-1+/+ incisor, (2) weaker dentin sialoprotein positivity in dentin of Parp-1-/- incisor, and (3) bone sialoprotein positivity in dentin of Parp-1-/- incisor, suggesting ectopic osteogenic formation in dentin of Parp-1-/- incisor. These results indicate that Parp-1 deficiency promotes odontogenic failure in incisors at an advanced age. Parp-1 deficiency did not affect dentinogenesis during the development of mice, suggesting that Parp-1 is not essential in dentinogenesis during development but is possibly involved in the regulation of continuous dentinogenesis in the incisors at an advanced age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisako Fujihara
- Biochemistry Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan.
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University 2-1-3 Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-8501, Japan.
| | - Tadashige Nozaki
- Biochemistry Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan.
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Dentistry, Osaka Dental University 8-1, Kuzuhahanazono-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1121, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Tsutsumi
- Department of Pathology, Saiseikai Chuwa Hospital 323 Oaza Abe, Sakurai City, Nara 633-0054, Japan.
| | - Mayu Isumi
- Department of Frontier Life Sciences, Graduate School of Biochemical Science, Nagasaki University 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan.
| | - Shinji Shimoda
- Department of Oral Anatomy-1, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University 2-1-3 Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-8501, Japan.
| | - Yoshiki Hamada
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University 2-1-3 Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-8501, Japan.
| | - Mitsuko Masutani
- Biochemistry Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan.
- Department of Frontier Life Sciences, Graduate School of Biochemical Science, Nagasaki University 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan.
- Division of Cellular Signaling, National Cancer Center Research Institute 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan.
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Abstract
Significance: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) spans diverse roles in biology, serving as both an important redox cofactor in metabolism and a substrate for signaling enzymes that regulate protein post-translational modifications (PTMs). Critical Issues: Although the interactions between these different roles of NAD+ (and its reduced form NADH) have been considered, little attention has been paid to the role of compartmentation in these processes. Specifically, the role of NAD+ in metabolism is compartment specific (e.g., mitochondrial vs. cytosolic), affording a very different redox landscape for PTM-modulating enzymes such as sirtuins and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases in different cell compartments. In addition, the orders of magnitude differences in expression levels between NAD+-dependent enzymes are often not considered when assuming the effects of bulk changes in NAD+ levels on their relative activities. Recent Advances: In this review, we discuss the metabolic, nonmetabolic, redox, and enzyme substrate roles of cellular NAD+, and the recent discoveries regarding the interplay between these roles in different cell compartments. Future Directions: Therapeutic implications for the compartmentation and manipulation of NAD+ biology are discussed. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 31, 623-642.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaitanya A Kulkarni
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Paul S Brookes
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
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305
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Vossenkamper A, Warnes G. Flow Cytometry Reveals the Nature of Oncotic Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184379. [PMID: 31489916 PMCID: PMC6769836 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The term necrosis is commonly applied to cells that have died via a non-specific pathway or mechanism but strictly is the description of the degradation processes involved once the plasma membrane of the cell has lost integrity. The signalling pathways potentially involved in accidental cell death (ACD) or oncosis are under-studied. In this study, the flow cytometric analysis of the intracellular antigens involved in regulated cell death (RCD) revealed the phenotypic nature of cells undergoing oncosis or necrosis. Sodium azide induced oncosis but also classic apoptosis, which was blocked by zVAD (z-Vla-Ala-Asp(OMe)-fluoromethylketone). Oncotic cells were found to be viability+ve/caspase-3–ve/RIP3+ve/–ve (Receptor-interacting serine/threonine protein kinase 3). These two cell populations also displayed a DNA damage response (DDR) phenotype pH2AX+ve/PARP–ve, cleaved PARP induced caspase independent apoptosis H2AX–ve/PARP+ve and hyper-activation or parthanatos H2AX+ve/PARP+ve. Oncotic cells with phenotype cell viability+ve/RIP3–ve/caspase-3–ve showed increased DDR and parthanatos. Necrostatin-1 down-regulated DDR in oncotic cells and increased sodium azide induced apoptosis. This flow cytometric approach to cell death research highlights the link between ACD and the RCD processes of programmed apoptosis and necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Vossenkamper
- Centre for Immunobiology, The Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary London University, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK.
| | - Gary Warnes
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, The Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary London University, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK.
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306
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Krishnan Muthaiah VP, Palaniappan T, Rajan SS, Chandrasekar K, Venkatachalam S. Attenuation of oxidative stress after contusion spinal cord injury through inhibition of Poly ADP Ribose Polymerase involves glutamate cysteine ligase. Process Biochem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2019.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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307
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Xu X, Guo C, Liang X, Li R, Chen J. Potential biomarker of fibroblast growth factor 21 in valproic acid-treated livers. Biofactors 2019; 45:740-749. [PMID: 31120577 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Valproic acid (VPA) is a clinical medicine primarily prescribed to control epileptic symptoms. VPA has potential side-effects, such as hepatotoxicity. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a functional cytokine for metabolic regulation. In this article, we aimed to evaluate the possible clinical application of FGF21 in VPA-treated livers in early undetected liver injury (EULI). METHODS Methodologically, plasma samples of VPA-treated epileptic patients were isolated for biochemical and high-performance liquid chromatography tests. In addition, VPA-dosed mice were subjected to determinations of serological parameters, key regulatory effectors and FGF21 expressions through biochemical analyses, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunohistochemistry stain, immunofluorescence stain, and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test, respectively. RESULTS The serological data suggested that VPA-treated epileptic patients showed visibly elevated FGF21 contents in plasma samples. However, other diagnostic parameters showed inconspicuous changes. As revealed in animal study, VPA-dosed mice exhibited undetected morphological alterations and hormonal changes in the liver, pancreas, and kidneys. Furthermore, serological parameters and key regulatory proteins in VPA-dosed livers and controls showed inconspicuous changes. Interestingly, endogenous FGF21 expressions in VPA-dosed mice were increased in sera. In further experiments, the findings showed that intracellular expressions of FGF21 mRNA and protein were upregulated in VPA-dosed livers as revealed in RT-PCR and immunoassay. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these preliminary data reveal that functional FGF21 cytokine may serve as a potent predictor in VPA-related EULI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Chao Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Guigang City People's Hospital, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guigang, China
| | - Xiaoliu Liang
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Rong Li
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
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308
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Mitra A, Biswas R, Bagchi A, Ghosh R. Insight into the binding of a synthetic nitro-flavone derivative with human poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 141:444-459. [PMID: 31473312 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.08.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Flavones are important bioactive compounds, many of which are effective in cancer therapy for their ability to target enzymes related to DNA repair and cell proliferation. In this report, the interaction of a synthetic nitroflavone, 2,4-nitrophenylchromen-4-one (4NCO) with human poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (hPARP1) was investigated to explore its inhibitory action. Its interaction with hPARP1 was compared with that of other inhibitors through molecular docking studies. Further insight into the 4NCO-hPARP1 interaction was obtained from competitive docking and molecular dynamic simulation studies. In silico mutagenesis studies and per-residue interaction energy calculations were carried out. Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship analysis was also performed to calculate its predictive percent inhibitory activity. Our results indicated that 4NCO exhibited competitive mode of binding to hPARP1. It formed a stable interaction with the protein thereby hindering any further molecular interaction to render it inactive with a predictive inhibition of 96%. It also had good ADMET properties and showed best Autodock binding free energy values compared to other known inhibitors. 4NCO showed good hPARP1 inhibitory properties with higher bioavailability and lower probability of getting effluxed. Development of inhibitors against hPARP1 is important for cell proliferative disorders, where 4NCO can be predicted as a potential new drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anindita Mitra
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of Kalyani, Kalyani-741235, Nadia, West Bengal, India
| | - Ria Biswas
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of Kalyani, Kalyani-741235, Nadia, West Bengal, India
| | - Angshuman Bagchi
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of Kalyani, Kalyani-741235, Nadia, West Bengal, India
| | - Rita Ghosh
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of Kalyani, Kalyani-741235, Nadia, West Bengal, India.
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309
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Park KH, Choi JH, Song YS, Kim GC, Hong JW. Ethanol extract of asiasari radix preferentially induces apoptosis in G361 human melanoma cells by differential regulation of p53. Altern Ther Health Med 2019; 19:231. [PMID: 31462222 PMCID: PMC6712601 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-019-2609-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background In Korea and China, asiasari radix (AR) is widely used as a traditional anti-inflammatory and analgesic agent. After its skin-regenerating and hair loss-preventing activities were identified, several types of AR extracts were used for aesthetic purposes. Nevertheless, the effect of ARE on various types of skin cancers was not fully studied yet. Methods In this study, we tested the effect of an ethanolic AR extract (ARE) on G361 human melanoma and HaCaT human keratinocyte cell lines. After ARE exposure, cell growth and the expression patterns of proteins and genes were monitored. Results The ARE-mediated cell growth inhibition was greater in G361 cells than in HaCaT cells due to differences in its cell growth regulation effects. Interestingly, ARE treatment induced caspase-3-mediated apoptosis in G361 cells, but not in HaCaT cells. Furthermore, ARE reduced the expression of p53 and p21 proteins in G361 cells, whereas it induced their expression in HaCaT cells. ARE induced cell death in G361 cells through the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent regulation of p53 and p21 in G361 cells. Microarray analysis showed that ARE regulates Mouse double minute 2 homolog (MDM2) and CASP8 and FADD-like apoptosis regulator (CFLAR) gene expression in G361 and HaCaT cells differently. Conclusion The treatment of ARE preferentially induces apoptosis in melanoma cells by the ROS-dependent differential regulation of p53 level. Therefore, ARE can be used as a new medicinal option for melanoma.
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310
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Yuan YL, Jiang N, Li ZY, Song ZZ, Yang ZH, Xue WH, Zhang XJ, Du Y. Polyphyllin VI induces apoptosis and autophagy in human osteosarcoma cells by modulation of ROS/JNK activation. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2019; 13:3091-3103. [PMID: 31695327 PMCID: PMC6717844 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s194961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Polyphyllin VI, a main active saponin isolated from traditional medicinal plant Paris polyphylla, has exhibited antitumor activities in several cancer cell lines. In the present study, we investigated the antitumor effect of Polyphyllin VI against human osteosarcoma cells (U2OS) and the underlying molecular mechanisms. Methods The U2OS cell lines were used to determine the antiproliferative effect of Polyphyllin VI by CCK8 assay. Cell cycle was analyzed by flow cytometry. The Polyphyllin VI-induced apoptosis was determined by Annexin V-APC/7-AAD apoptosis detection kit and JC-1 staining. Meanwhile, the autophagy was determined by acridine orange staining. The apoptosis and autophagy-related proteins were monitored by Western blot assay. Subsequently, intracellular hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and the activation of ROS/JNK pathway were detected. Results Polyphyllin VI could potently inhibit cell proliferation by causing G2/M phase arrest. Polyphyllin VI induced mitochondria-mediated apoptosis with the upregulation of proapoptotic proteins Bax and poly ADP-ribose polymerase, and downregulation of antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 in U2OS cells. Concomitantly, Polyphyllin VI provoked autophagy with the upregulation of critical Atg proteins and accumulation of LC3B-II. Intracellular H2O2 production was triggered upon exposure to Polyphyllin VI, which could be blocked by ROS scavenger. Polyphyllin VI dramatically promoted JNK phosphorylation, whereas it decreased the levels of phospho-p38 and ERK. Conclusion Our results reveal that Polyphyllin VI may effectively induce apoptosis and autophagy to suppress cell growth via ROS/JNK activation in U2OS cells, suggesting that Polyphyllin VI is a potential drug candidate for the treatment of osteosarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Liang Yuan
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Neng Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Ze-Yun Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Zhen Song
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Heng Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Hua Xue
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Jian Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Du
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
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Zhang D, Baldwin P, Leal AS, Carapellucci S, Sridhar S, Liby KT. A nano-liposome formulation of the PARP inhibitor Talazoparib enhances treatment efficacy and modulates immune cell populations in mammary tumors of BRCA-deficient mice. Am J Cancer Res 2019; 9:6224-6238. [PMID: 31534547 PMCID: PMC6735511 DOI: 10.7150/thno.36281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Two recently approved PARP inhibitors provide an important new therapeutic option for patients with BRCA-mutated metastatic breast cancer. PARP inhibitors significantly prolong progression-free survival in patients, but conventional oral delivery of PARP inhibitors is hindered by limited bioavailability and off-target toxicities, thus compromising the therapeutic benefits and quality of life for patients. Here, we developed a new delivery system, in which the PARP inhibitor Talazoparib is encapsulated in the bilayer of a nano-liposome, to overcome these limitations. Methods: Nano-Talazoparib (NanoTLZ) was characterized both in vitro and in vivo. The therapeutic efficacy and toxicity of Nano-Talazoparib (NanoTLZ) were evaluated in BRCA-deficient mice. The regulation of NanoTLZ on gene transcription and immunomodulation were further investigated in spontaneous BRCA-deficient tumors. Results: NanoTLZ significantly (p<0.05) prolonged the overall survival of BRCA-deficient mice compared to all of the other experimental groups, including saline control, empty nanoparticles, and free Talazoparib groups (oral and i.v.). Moreover, NanoTLZ was better tolerated than treatment with free Talazoparib, with no significant weight lost or alopecia as was observed with the free drug. After 5 doses, NanoTLZ altered the expression of over 140 genes and induced DNA damage, cell cycle arrest and inhibition of cell proliferation in the tumor. In addition, NanoTLZ favorably modulated immune cell populations in vivo and significantly (p<0.05) decreased the percentage of myeloid derived suppressor cells in both the tumor and spleen compared to control groups. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that delivering nanoformulated Talazoparib not only enhances treatment efficacy but also reduces off-target toxicities in BRCA-deficient mice; the same potential is predicted for patients with BRCA-deficient breast cancer.
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312
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Natali F, Rancati G. The Mutator Phenotype: Adapting Microbial Evolution to Cancer Biology. Front Genet 2019; 10:713. [PMID: 31447882 PMCID: PMC6691094 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The mutator phenotype hypothesis was postulated almost 40 years ago to reconcile the observation that while cancer cells display widespread mutational burden, acquisition of mutations in non-transformed cells is a rare event. Moreover, it also suggested that cancer evolution could be fostered by increased genome instability. Given the evolutionary conservation throughout the tree of life and the genetic tractability of model organisms, yeast and bacterial species pioneered studies to dissect the functions of genes required for genome maintenance (caretaker genes) or for cell growth control (gatekeeper genes). In this review, we first provide an overview of what we learned from model organisms about the roles of these genes and the genome instability that arises as a consequence of their dysregulation. We then discuss our current understanding of how mutator phenotypes shape the evolution of bacteria and yeast species. We end by bringing clinical evidence that lessons learned from single-cell organisms can be applied to tumor evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Natali
- Institute of Medical Biology (IMB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore.,School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Giulia Rancati
- Institute of Medical Biology (IMB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
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313
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Prawira A, Munusamy P, Yuan J, Chan CHT, Koh GL, Shuen TWH, Hu J, Yap YS, Tan MH, Ang P, Lee ASG. Assessment of PARP4 as a candidate breast cancer susceptibility gene. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2019; 177:145-153. [PMID: 31119570 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-019-05286-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE PARP4 has been proposed as a candidate breast cancer susceptibility gene. However, its function and involvement in breast carcinogenesis is unclear. We sought to determine the variant frequency of PARP4 in BRCA-negative women referred for genetic testing from Singapore and to perform functional analyses of PARP4. METHODS Next-generation sequencing of PARP4 was conducted for 198 BRCA-negative cases from Singapore. Three independent case-control association analyses of PARP4 were performed for (1) our Singaporean cohort, (2) three dbGaP datasets, and (3) cases from TCGA, with controls from the Exome Aggregation Consortium (ExAC). PARP4 knockout cells were generated utilizing the CRISPR-Cas9 approach in MDA-MB-231 (breast cancer) and MCF10A (normal breast) cell lines, and colony formation, cell proliferation, and migration assays carried out. RESULTS Candidate variants in PARP4 were identified in 5.5% (11/198) of our Singapore cohort. Case-control association studies for our cases and the dbGaP datasets showed no significant association. However, a significant association was observed for PARP4 variants when comparing 988 breast cancer cases from the TCGA provisional data and 53,105 controls from ExAC (ALL) (OR 0.249, 95% CI 0.139-0.414, P = 2.86 × 10-11). PARP4 knockout did not affect the clonogenicity, proliferation rate, and migration of normal breast cells, but appeared to decrease the proliferation rate and clonogenicity of breast cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results do not support that PARP4 functions as a cancer susceptibility gene. This study highlights the importance of performing functional analyses for candidate cancer predisposition genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Prawira
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Prabhakaran Munusamy
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jimin Yuan
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Claire Hian Tzer Chan
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Geok Ling Koh
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Jiancheng Hu
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yoon Sim Yap
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Min Han Tan
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Singapore, Singapore
- Lucence Diagnostics Pte Ltd, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Peter Ang
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Oncocare Cancer Centre, Gleneagles Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ann Siew Gek Lee
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Singapore.
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Office of Clinical and Academic Faculty Affairs, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
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314
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Liu X, Peng J, Zhou Y, Xie B, Wang J. Silencing RRM2 inhibits multiple myeloma by targeting the Wnt/β‑catenin signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:2159-2166. [PMID: 31322175 PMCID: PMC6691237 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribonucleotide reductase M2 (RRM2) is one of the two subunits that comprise ribonucleotide reductase (RR), the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ribonucleotide 5'‑diphosphates into 2'‑deoxyribonucleotides, which are required for DNA synthesis. RRM2 is a stress response factor important for the development of several tumors. However, its role in multiple myeloma (MM) remains to be fully elucidated. The present study aimed to investigate the role of RRM2 in MM. The expression of RRM2 in patients with MM was analyzed using the Oncomine database. The results demonstrated that RRM2 expression was higher in MM compared with healthy subjects. Reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot results revealed that RRM2 expression was decreased following transfection with a small interfering RNA targeting RRM2 into NCI‑H929 cells. RR activity and Cell Counting Kit‑8 assays demonstrated that RRM2 silencing reduced RR activity and inhibited cell proliferation. Annexin V‑propidium iodide staining indicated that the percentage of apoptotic NCI‑H929 cells was increased following RRM2 silencing compared with that in the control group. Increased phosphorylation of H2AX indicated that RRM2 silencing may activate the DNA‑damage response pathway in NCI‑H929 cells. Western blot analysis revealed that protein levels of the apoptosis‑associated factor Bcl‑2 were reduced, whereas Bax, cleaved caspase‑3 and cleaved poly(ADP‑ribose) polymerase 1 were upregulated following RRM2 silencing compared with the control group. In addition, the results demonstrated that RRM2 silencing may inhibit target gene expression in the Wnt/β‑catenin signaling pathway by increasing the phosphorylation of glucose synthase kinase 3β. These findings indicated that RRM2 may be involved in the proliferation and apoptosis of MM cells via the Wnt/β‑catenin signaling pathway, suggesting that RRM2 may represent a novel therapeutic target for MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Liu
- Central Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310005, P.R. China
| | - Jiamin Peng
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310005, P.R. China
| | - Yayun Zhou
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310005, P.R. China
| | - Bei Xie
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310005, P.R. China
| | - Jianchao Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310012, P.R. China
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315
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da Silva Júnior EN, Jardim GAM, Jacob C, Dhawa U, Ackermann L, de Castro SL. Synthesis of quinones with highlighted biological applications: A critical update on the strategies towards bioactive compounds with emphasis on lapachones. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 179:863-915. [PMID: 31306817 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Naphthoquinones are of key importance in organic synthesis and medicinal chemistry. In the last few years, various synthetic routes have been developed to prepare bioactive compounds derived or based on lapachones. In this sense, this review is mainly focused on the synthetic aspects and strategies used for the design of these compounds on the basis of their biological activities for the development of drugs against the neglected diseases leishmaniases and Chagas disease and also cancer. Three strategies used to develop bioactive quinones are discussed and categorized: (i) C-ring modification, (ii) redox centre modification and (iii) A-ring modification. Framed within these strategies for the development of naphthoquinoidal compounds against T. cruzi. Leishmania and cancer, reactions including copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (click chemistry), palladium-catalysed cross couplings, C-H activation reactions, Ullmann couplings and heterocyclisations reported up to July 2019 will be discussed. The aim of derivatisation is the generation of novel molecules that can potentially inhibit cellular organelles/processes, generate reactive oxygen species and increase lipophilicity to enhance penetration through the plasma membrane. Modified lapachones have emerged as promising prototypes for the development of drugs against leishmaniases, Chagas disease and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eufrânio N da Silva Júnior
- Laboratory of Synthetic and Heterocyclic Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil; Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Guilherme A M Jardim
- Laboratory of Synthetic and Heterocyclic Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil; Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Claus Jacob
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus B2 1, D-66123, Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Uttam Dhawa
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Solange L de Castro
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21045-900, Brazil
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316
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Nguyen JT, Haidar FS, Fox AL, Ray C, Mendonça DB, Kim JK, Krebsbach PH. mEAK-7 Forms an Alternative mTOR Complex with DNA-PKcs in Human Cancer. iScience 2019; 17:190-207. [PMID: 31288154 PMCID: PMC6614755 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
MTOR associated protein, eak-7 homolog (mEAK-7), activates mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling in human cells through an alternative mTOR complex to regulate S6K2 and 4E-BP1. However, the role of mEAK-7 in human cancer has not yet been identified. We demonstrate that mEAK-7 and mTOR signaling are strongly elevated in tumor and metastatic lymph nodes of patients with non-small-cell lung carcinoma compared with those of patients with normal lung or lymph tissue. Cancer stem cells, CD44+/CD90+ cells, yield elevated mEAK-7 and activated mTOR signaling. mEAK-7 is required for clonogenic potential and spheroid formation. mEAK-7 associates with DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit isoform 1 (DNA-PKcs), and this interaction is increased in response to X-ray irradiation to regulate S6K2 signaling. DNA-PKcs pharmacologic inhibition or genetic knockout reduced S6K2, mEAK-7, and mTOR binding with DNA-PKcs, resulting in loss of S6K2 activity and mTOR signaling. Therefore, mEAK-7 forms an alternative mTOR complex with DNA-PKcs to regulate S6K2 in human cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Truong Nguyen
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Fatima Sarah Haidar
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Alexandra Lucienne Fox
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Connor Ray
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | | | - Jin Koo Kim
- Section of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Paul H Krebsbach
- Section of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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317
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Methanol Extract of Aerial Parts of Pavetta indica L. Enhances the Cytotoxic Effect of Doxorubicin and Induces Radiation Sensitization in MDA-MB-231 Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24122273. [PMID: 31216782 PMCID: PMC6631732 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24122273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pavetta indica L. is used in traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases including hemorrhoids, headache, urinary conditions, ulcerated nose, and dropsy. However, no study has evaluated the anticancer effect of P. indica L. In this study, we found that a methanol extract of the leaves and branches of P. indica L. (MEPI) caused cellcycle arrest at the sub-G1 phase and induced apoptosis, as indicated by the activation of caspase-8, -3, -7, and c-PARP. Western blotting revealed that MEPI significantly reduced the levels of markers of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, such as Vimentin, Snail, Slug, and matrix metallopeptidase 9. Notably, the expression of multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) was significantly decreased by MEPI. Moreover, the co-treatment with MEPI and doxorubicin resulted in a synergistic reduction in cell viability. MEPI also induced radiation sensitization of TNBC cells. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis revealed that 5,6-dehydrokawain (DK) is the major constituent of MEPI. Interestingly, DK exerted significant anti-invasive and anti-metastatic effects. Our results provide a strong rationale for investigating the molecular mechanisms of action of MEPI in TNBC.
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318
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Aktas BY, Guner G, Guven DC, Arslan C, Dizdar O. Exploiting DNA repair defects in breast cancer: from chemotherapy to immunotherapy. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2019; 19:589-601. [PMID: 31181965 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2019.1631162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Impaired DNA damage response (DDR) and subsequent genomic instability are associated with the carcinogenic process itself, but it also results in sensitivity of tumor cells to certain drugs and can be exploited to treat cancer by inducing deadly mutations or mitotic catastrophe. Exploiting DDR defects in breast cancer cells has been one of the main strategies in both conventional chemotherapy, targeted therapies, or immunotherapies. Areas covered: In this review, the authors first discuss DDR mechanisms in healthy cells and DDR defects in breast cancer, then focus on current therapies and developments in the treatment of DDR-deficient breast cancer. Expert opinion: Among conventional chemotherapeutics, platinum-based regimens, in particular, seem to be effective in DDR-deficient patients. PARP inhibitors represent one of the successful models of translational research in this area and clinical data showed high efficacy and reasonable toxicity with these agents in patients with breast cancer and BRCA mutation. Recent studies have underlined that some subtypes of breast cancer are highly immunogenic. Promising activity has been shown with immunotherapeutic agents, particularly in DDR-deficient breast cancers. Chemotherapeutics, DNA-repair pathway inhibitors, and immunotherapies might result in further improved outcomes in certain subsets of patients with breast cancer and DDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burak Yasin Aktas
- a Department of Medical Oncology , Hacettepe University Cancer Institute , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Gurkan Guner
- a Department of Medical Oncology , Hacettepe University Cancer Institute , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Deniz Can Guven
- a Department of Medical Oncology , Hacettepe University Cancer Institute , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Cagatay Arslan
- b Bahcesehir University , Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Oncology , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Omer Dizdar
- a Department of Medical Oncology , Hacettepe University Cancer Institute , Ankara , Turkey
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319
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Error Tolerance of Machine Learning Algorithms across Contemporary Biological Targets. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24112115. [PMID: 31167452 PMCID: PMC6601015 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24112115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Machine learning continues to make strident advances in the prediction of desired properties concerning drug development. Problematically, the efficacy of machine learning in these arenas is reliant upon highly accurate and abundant data. These two limitations, high accuracy and abundance, are often taken together; however, insight into the dataset accuracy limitation of contemporary machine learning algorithms may yield insight into whether non-bench experimental sources of data may be used to generate useful machine learning models where there is a paucity of experimental data. We took highly accurate data across six kinase types, one GPCR, one polymerase, a human protease, and HIV protease, and intentionally introduced error at varying population proportions in the datasets for each target. With the generated error in the data, we explored how the retrospective accuracy of a Naïve Bayes Network, a Random Forest Model, and a Probabilistic Neural Network model decayed as a function of error. Additionally, we explored the ability of a training dataset with an error profile resembling that produced by the Free Energy Perturbation method (FEP+) to generate machine learning models with useful retrospective capabilities. The categorical error tolerance was quite high for a Naïve Bayes Network algorithm averaging 39% error in the training set required to lose predictivity on the test set. Additionally, a Random Forest tolerated a significant degree of categorical error introduced into the training set with an average error of 29% required to lose predictivity. However, we found the Probabilistic Neural Network algorithm did not tolerate as much categorical error requiring an average of 20% error to lose predictivity. Finally, we found that a Naïve Bayes Network and a Random Forest could both use datasets with an error profile resembling that of FEP+. This work demonstrates that computational methods of known error distribution like FEP+ may be useful in generating machine learning models not based on extensive and expensive in vitro-generated datasets.
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320
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Increased Oxidative Stress Induced by Rubus Bioactive Compounds Induce Apoptotic Cell Death in Human Breast Cancer Cells. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:6797921. [PMID: 31281587 PMCID: PMC6589211 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6797921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bioactive compounds from plants represent good candidate drugs for the prevention and treatment of various forms of cancer. Berries are rich sources of bioactive compounds, and there has been an increasing interest in the study of therapeutic action of wild berries. Oxidants are generated continuously in biological system as a result of physiological process. When there is an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants, it leads to a condition called oxidative stress. Natural compounds as inducers of oxidative stress are able to modulate the physiological functions of cancer cells leading to cell death or survival. The aim of this study was to evaluate the induction of apoptosis by isolated bioactive compounds (1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-4-methylpentan-1-one (C1) and 2-[(3-methylbutoxy) carbonyl] benzoic acid (C2)) from Rubus fairholmianus against MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The exposure of C1 and C2 reduced viability (IC50 of C1: 4.69; C2: 8.36 μg/mL) and proliferation. Cytochrome c release from mitochondria and changes in mitochondrial membrane potential of treated cells supported the intrinsic apoptotic cell death. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production after treatment with C1 and C2 was found to be higher and induced nuclear damage. Expression of apoptotic proteins after the treatments was significantly upregulated as indicated using immunofluorescence (caspase 9, p53, and Bax), western blotting (p53, cleaved PARP, cytochrome c, and Bax), and ELISA (caspase 9) analysis. Overall, C1 was more cytotoxic, increased the ROS production in dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate assay, and induced apoptosis in breast cancer cells. These results illustrate that berry bioactive compounds have strong chemopreventive potential. In this article, we provide information on prooxidant and anticancer activities of Rubus bioactive compounds. Natural products have always demonstrated a significant contribution to the development of several cancer chemotherapeutic drugs. Most of these compounds are known to affect the redox state of the cell; and studies on these compounds have focused on their antioxidant property instead of prooxidant properties.
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321
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Rudolph J, Luger K. Kinetics of DNA-protein association and dissociation by stopped-flow spectroscopy. Methods Enzymol 2019; 625:135-156. [PMID: 31455524 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2019.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The ability of proteins to recognize a specific nucleotide sequence or structural feature in the genome is central to DNA replication and repair as well as gene transcription. To understand how DNA-binding proteins accomplish this feat it is important to characterize how they efficiently recognize specific DNA sequences or various structural features in the milieu of a crowded nucleus containing 50mM basepairs of DNA. This minimally entails the determination of thermodynamic (equilibrium) parameters that characterize the relative affinities of DNA-binding proteins with their cognate and non-cognate DNA sequences of interest. Additionally, elucidating the kinetic parameters that govern DNA-protein association and dissociation can provide essential mechanistic insights into the underlying mechanisms, and can inform on how these processes can be controlled under varying cellular conditions. Unfortunately, the acquisition of kinetic data can appear intimidating and are usually not included in the characterization of most DNA binding proteins. Here we provide detailed theoretical considerations and practical, easy-to-follow protocols for using stopped-flow spectroscopy to study the kinetics of DNA-protein association and dissociation, using poly-(ADP ribose) polymerase 1 as a practical example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Rudolph
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States.
| | - Karolin Luger
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
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322
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Lombard AP, Liu C, Armstrong CM, D'Abronzo LS, Lou W, Chen H, Dall'Era M, Ghosh PM, Evans CP, Gao AC. Overexpressed ABCB1 Induces Olaparib-Taxane Cross-Resistance in Advanced Prostate Cancer. Transl Oncol 2019; 12:871-878. [PMID: 31075528 PMCID: PMC6510951 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Castration-resistant prostate cancer remains as an incurable disease. Exploiting DNA damage repair defects via inhibition of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) is becoming an attractive therapeutic option. The TOPARP-A clinical trial demonstrated that the PARP inhibitor olaparib may be an effective strategy for treating prostate cancer. However, several unanswered questions regarding the use of olaparib remain: 1) How do we best stratify patients for olaparib treatment? 2) Where do we place olaparib in the treatment sequence paradigm? 3) Is there cross-resistance between olaparib and currently used therapies? Here, we tested putative cross-resistance between current therapies and olaparib in treatment-resistant castration-resistant prostate cancer models. Docetaxel-resistant cells exhibited robust resistance to olaparib which could be attributed to blunted PARP trapping in response to olaparib treatment. Upregulated ABCB1 mediates cross-resistance between taxanes and olaparib, which can be overcome through decreasing ABCB1 expression or inhibiting ABCB1 using elacridar or enzalutamide. We also show that combining olaparib with enzalutamide is more effective in olaparib-sensitive cells than either single agent. Our results demonstrate that cross-resistance between olaparib and other therapies could blunt response to treatment and highlight the need to develop strategies to maximize olaparib efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan P Lombard
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California Davis, 4860 Y Street, Suite 2200, Sacramento, CA 95817
| | - Chengfei Liu
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California Davis, 4860 Y Street, Suite 2200, Sacramento, CA 95817
| | - Cameron M Armstrong
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California Davis, 4860 Y Street, Suite 2200, Sacramento, CA 95817
| | - Leandro S D'Abronzo
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California Davis, 4860 Y Street, Suite 2200, Sacramento, CA 95817
| | - Wei Lou
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California Davis, 4860 Y Street, Suite 2200, Sacramento, CA 95817
| | - Hongwu Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, 2700 Stockton Blvd, Suite 2102, Sacramento, CA 95817; UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, 2279 45(th) Street, Sacramento, CA 95817; VA Northern California Health Care System, Sacramento, 10535 Hospital Way, Mather, CA 95655
| | - Marc Dall'Era
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California Davis, 4860 Y Street, Suite 2200, Sacramento, CA 95817; UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, 2279 45(th) Street, Sacramento, CA 95817
| | - Paramita M Ghosh
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California Davis, 4860 Y Street, Suite 2200, Sacramento, CA 95817; UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, 2279 45(th) Street, Sacramento, CA 95817; VA Northern California Health Care System, Sacramento, 10535 Hospital Way, Mather, CA 95655
| | - Christopher P Evans
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California Davis, 4860 Y Street, Suite 2200, Sacramento, CA 95817; UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, 2279 45(th) Street, Sacramento, CA 95817
| | - Allen C Gao
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California Davis, 4860 Y Street, Suite 2200, Sacramento, CA 95817; UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, 2279 45(th) Street, Sacramento, CA 95817; VA Northern California Health Care System, Sacramento, 10535 Hospital Way, Mather, CA 95655.
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323
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Mahadevan J, Rudolph J, Jha A, Tay JW, Dragavon J, Grumstrup EM, Luger K. Q-FADD: A Mechanistic Approach for Modeling the Accumulation of Proteins at Sites of DNA Damage. Biophys J 2019; 116:2224-2233. [PMID: 31109734 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The repair of DNA damage requires the ordered recruitment of many different proteins that are responsible for signaling and subsequent repair. A powerful and widely used tool for studying the orchestrated accumulation of these proteins at damage sites is laser microirradiation in live cells, followed by monitoring the accumulation of the fluorescently labeled protein in question. Despite the widespread use of this approach, there exists no rigorous method for characterizing the recruitment process quantitatively. Here, we introduce a diffusion model that explicitly accounts for the unique sizes and shapes of individual nuclei and uses two variables: Deff, the effective coefficient of diffusion, and F, the fraction of mobile protein that accumulates at sites of DNA damage. Our model quantitatively describes the accumulation of three test proteins, poly-ADP-ribose polymerases 1 and 2 (PARP1/2) and histone PARylation factor 1. Deff for PARP1, as derived by our approach, is 6× greater than for PARP2 and in agreement with previous literature reports using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching. Our data indicate that histone PARylation factor 1 arrives at sites of DNA damage independently of either PARP. Importantly, our model, which can be applied to existing data, allows for the direct comparison of the coefficient of diffusion for any DNA repair protein between different cell types, obtained in different laboratories and by different methods, and also allows for the interrogation of cell-to-cell variability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jian Wei Tay
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Joseph Dragavon
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Erik M Grumstrup
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana
| | - Karolin Luger
- Department of Biochemistry; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado.
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324
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Abdel-Magied N, Shedid SM, Ahmed AG. Mitigating effect of biotin against irradiation-induced cerebral cortical and hippocampal damage in the rat brain tissue. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:13441-13452. [PMID: 30911963 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04806-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Radiation-induced brain injury is common and mainly occurs in patients receiving radiotherapy for malignant head and neck tumors. The brain is oversensitive to oxidant injury induced by radiation. Biotin is a member of the vitamin B complex family and its deficiency has been associated with neurogenesis impairment in animals and humans. The present study was undertaken to investigate the mitigating effect of biotin on the cerebral cortical and hippocampal damage induced by radiation exposure. Animals were exposed to radiation in the presence or absence of biotin and sacrificed on day 10. The results demonstrated that the administration of biotin 2 mg to irradiated rats had no significant effect on the radiation-induced damage of the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus, while the administration of biotin 6 mg has significantly attenuated oxidative stress in the hippocampus, manifested by a reduction of 4-hydroxynonenal (4HNE), total nitrate/nitrite (NOx), and xanthine oxidase (XO) levels associated with an elevation of glutathione (GSH) content as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities. In addition, biotin decreased the pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrotic factor alpha (TNF-α)), caspase-3, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) level, and PARP1 gene expression. Moreover, biotin 6 mg treatment diminished serum S100 protein (S100B) and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) levels. In conclusion, biotin treatment at high dose post-irradiation has efficiently neutralized the effect of free radicals in the hippocampal region of rats. Thus, it could be applicable as a radio-mitigator for reducing or delayed radiation-induced brain injury in patients post-radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Abdel-Magied
- Radiation Biology Research Department, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Atomic Energy Authority (AEA), 3 street (3st) Ahmed Elzomer, P.O. Box 29, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Shereen M Shedid
- Radiation Biology Research Department, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Atomic Energy Authority (AEA), 3 street (3st) Ahmed Elzomer, P.O. Box 29, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amal G Ahmed
- Radiation Biology Research Department, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Atomic Energy Authority (AEA), 3 street (3st) Ahmed Elzomer, P.O. Box 29, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
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Tsika AC, Melekis E, Tsatsouli SA, Papageorgiou N, Maté MJ, Canard B, Coutard B, Bentrop D, Spyroulias GA. Deciphering the Nucleotide and RNA Binding Selectivity of the Mayaro Virus Macro Domain. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:2283-2297. [PMID: 30998933 PMCID: PMC7094482 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Mayaro virus (MAYV) is a member of Togaviridae family, which also includes Chikungunya virus as a notorious member. MAYV recently emerged in urban areas of the Americas, and this emergence emphasized the current paucity of knowledge about its replication cycle. The macro domain (MD) of MAYV belongs to the N-terminal region of its non-structural protein 3, part of the replication complex. Here, we report the first structural and dynamical characterization of a previously unexplored Alphavirus MD investigated through high-resolution NMR spectroscopy, along with data on its ligand selectivity and binding properties. The structural analysis of MAYV MD reveals a typical "macro" (ββαββαβαβα) fold for this polypeptide, while NMR-driven interaction studies provide in-depth insights into MAYV MD-ligand adducts. NMR data in concert with thermodynamics and biochemical studies provide convincing experimental evidence for preferential binding of adenosine diphosphate ribose (ADP-r) and adenine-rich RNAs to MAYV MD, thus shedding light on the structure-function relationship of a previously unexplored viral MD. The emerging differences with any other related MD are expected to enlighten distinct functions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Maria J Maté
- AFMB, UMR7257 CNRS/Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, CEDEX 9, France
| | - Bruno Canard
- AFMB, UMR7257 CNRS/Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, CEDEX 9, France
| | - Bruno Coutard
- UVE: Aix-Marseille Univ-IRD 190-Inserm 27-IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.
| | - Detlef Bentrop
- Institute of Physiology II, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
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326
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Erdogan S, Turkekul K, Dibirdik I, Doganlar ZB, Doganlar O, Bilir A. Midkine silencing enhances the anti–prostate cancer stem cell activity of the flavone apigenin: cooperation on signaling pathways regulated by ERK, p38, PTEN, PARP, and NF-κB. Invest New Drugs 2019; 38:246-263. [DOI: 10.1007/s10637-019-00774-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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327
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Shao N, Shi Y, Yu L, Ye R, Shan Z, Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Lin Y. Prospect for Application of PARP Inhibitor in Patients with HER2 Negative Breast Cancer. Int J Biol Sci 2019; 15:962-972. [PMID: 31182917 PMCID: PMC6535782 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.30721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER2) negative metastatic breast cancer (BC) accounts for 73% of BC. The molecular analysis of this disease is essential for potential options for targeted therapy. Several promising clinical strategies are being evaluated which includes endocrine therapy, modified chemotherapy, angiogenesis inhibitors, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and anti-androgens. New therapeutic approaches are being developed that target BC patients with germline mutations in either BRCA1, BRCA2 as well as BRCAness, a condition in which tumors have molecular similarity to BRCA-mutated tumors. Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) which are effective therapy in germline BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations, are also observed to be effective in somatic mutations. Germline mutations in the homologous recombination pathway genes could also contribute to PARPi sensitivity. PARPi act as chemo- and radio-sensitizers by limiting the DNA-damage response and potentiating the activity of chemo- and radio-therapy when used alone or in combination with chemotherapy. Apart from PARPi as monotherapy, additional researches are ongoing in combination with cytotoxic chemotherapeutics and targeted agents in HER2 negative BC. This review aims at the most recent developments in the targeted therapy, summarizes the recent clinical trials outcomes, along with the overview of ongoing clinical trials in HER2 negative patients with BRCA1/2 mutations and sporadic tumors with BRCAness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ying Lin
- Breast Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 58, ZhongShan Er Lu, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, P.R. China
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328
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Huang CH, Lei KF, Tsang NM. Apoptosis and cell cycle arrest of hepatocellular carcinoma spheroids treated by an alternating electric field. Biotechnol Prog 2019; 35:e2787. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hao Huang
- Program in Biomedical Engineering; College of Engineering, Chang Gung University; Taoyuan Taiwan
| | - Kin Fong Lei
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chang Gung University; Taoyuan Taiwan
- Department of Radiation Oncology; Chang Gung Memorial Hospital; Linkou Taiwan
| | - Ngan-Ming Tsang
- Department of Radiation Oncology; Chang Gung Memorial Hospital; Linkou Taiwan
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Chang Gung University; Taoyuan Taiwan
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329
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Han Y, Chen MK, Wang HL, Hsu JL, Li CW, Chu YY, Liu CX, Nie L, Chan LC, Yam C, Wang SC, He GJ, Hortobagyi GN, Tan XD, Hung MC. Synergism of PARP inhibitor fluzoparib (HS10160) and MET inhibitor HS10241 in breast and ovarian cancer cells. Am J Cancer Res 2019; 9:608-618. [PMID: 30949414 PMCID: PMC6448061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors (PARPi) are promising targeted therapeutics for breast and ovarian cancers bearing a germline BRCA1/2 mutation (BRCA m), and several have already received regulatory approval in the United States. In patients with a BRCA m cancer, PARPi can increase the burden of unrepaired DNA double-strand breaks by blocking PARP activity and trapping PARP1 onto damaged DNA. Resistance to PARP inhibitors can block the formation of DNA double-strand breaks through BRCA-related DNA repair pathway. MET is a hyper-activated receptor tyrosine kinase expressed in multiple cancer types and the activation contributes to resistance to DNA damage-inducing therapeutic drugs. Our previous study showed that MET inhibition by pan-kinase inhibitors has synergism with PARPi in suppressing growth of breast cancer in vitro and in xenograft tumor models. In this study, we validated the inhibitory effect of novel inhibitors, HS10241 (selective MET inhibitor) and HS10160 (PARPi), to their target respectively in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) cells. We further demonstrated that these two inhibitors function synergistically in eliminating TNBC and HGSOC cells; combining with HS10241 increased DNA double-strand breaks induced by HS10160 in cancer cells; and PARP1 tyrosine (Y)-907 phosphorylation (PARP1 p-Y907) can be an effective biomarker as an indicator of MET-mediated PARPi in HGSOC. Our results suggest that the combination of HS10241 and HS10160 may benefit patients bearing tumors overexpressing MET as well as those resistant to single-agent PARPi treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Han
- Department of Second Breast Surgery, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing HospitalShenyang, P. R. China
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, TX, USA
| | - Mei-Kuang Chen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, TX, USA
- Univeristy of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonHouston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hung-Ling Wang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, China Medical UniversityTaichung 40402, Taiwan
- Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University HospitalTaichung 40447, Taiwan
| | - Jennifer L Hsu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, TX, USA
| | - Chia-Wei Li
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, TX, USA
| | - Yu-Yi Chu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, TX, USA
| | - Chun-Xiao Liu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, TX, USA
| | - Lei Nie
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, TX, USA
| | - Li-Chuan Chan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, TX, USA
- Univeristy of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonHouston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Clinton Yam
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, TX, USA
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, TX, USA
- Univeristy of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonHouston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shao-Chun Wang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, China Medical UniversityTaichung 40402, Taiwan
- Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University HospitalTaichung 40447, Taiwan
| | - Gui-Jin He
- Department of Second Breast Surgery, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing HospitalShenyang, P. R. China
| | - Gabriel N Hortobagyi
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, TX, USA
| | - Xiao-Dong Tan
- Department of Thyroid and Pancreatic Surgery, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing HospitalShenyang, P. R. China
| | - Mien-Chie Hung
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, TX, USA
- Univeristy of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonHouston, TX 77030, USA
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, China Medical UniversityTaichung 40402, Taiwan
- Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University HospitalTaichung 40447, Taiwan
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330
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Morii I, Iwabuchi Y, Mori S, Suekuni M, Natsume T, Yoshida K, Sugimoto N, Kanemaki MT, Fujita M. Inhibiting the MCM8-9 complex selectively sensitizes cancer cells to cisplatin and olaparib. Cancer Sci 2019; 110:1044-1053. [PMID: 30648820 PMCID: PMC6398883 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
MCM8 and MCM9 are paralogues of the MCM2‐7 eukaryotic DNA replication helicase proteins and play a crucial role in a homologous recombination‐mediated repair process to resolve replication stress by fork stalling. Thus, deficiency of MCM8‐9 sensitizes cells to replication stress caused, for example, by platinum compounds that induce interstrand cross‐links. It is suggested that cancer cells undergo more replication stress than normal cells due to hyperstimulation of growth. Therefore, it is possible that inhibiting MCM8‐9 selectively hypersensitizes cancer cells to platinum compounds and poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase inhibitors, both of which hamper replication fork progression. Here, we inhibited MCM8‐9 in transformed and nontransformed cells and examined their sensitivity to cisplatin and olaparib. We found that knockout of MCM9 or knockdown of MCM8 selectively hypersensitized transformed cells to cisplatin and olaparib. In agreement with reported findings, RAS‐ and human papilloma virus type 16 E7‐mediated transformation of human fibroblasts increased replication stress, as indicated by induction of multiple DNA damage responses (including formation of Rad51 foci). Such replication stress induced by oncogenes was further increased by knockdown of MCM8, providing a rationale for cancer‐specific hypersensitization to cisplatin and olaparib. Finally, we showed that knocking out MCM9 increased the sensitivity of HCT116 xenograft tumors to cisplatin. Taken together, the data suggest that conceptual MCM8‐9 inhibitors will be powerful cancer‐specific chemosensitizers for platinum compounds and poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase inhibitors, thereby opening new avenues to the design of novel cancer chemotherapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issay Morii
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yukiko Iwabuchi
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Sumiko Mori
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masaki Suekuni
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toyoaki Natsume
- Department of Chromosome Science, National Institute of Genetics, Research Organization of Information and Systems, Mishima, Japan.,Department of Genetics, SOKENDAI, Mishima, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Yoshida
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Nozomi Sugimoto
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masato T Kanemaki
- Department of Chromosome Science, National Institute of Genetics, Research Organization of Information and Systems, Mishima, Japan.,Department of Genetics, SOKENDAI, Mishima, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Fujita
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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331
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Li C, Zhang J, Xue M, Li X, Han F, Liu X, Xu L, Lu Y, Cheng Y, Li T, Yu X, Sun B, Chen L. SGLT2 inhibition with empagliflozin attenuates myocardial oxidative stress and fibrosis in diabetic mice heart. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2019; 18:15. [PMID: 30710997 PMCID: PMC6359811 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-019-0816-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hyperglycaemia associated with myocardial oxidative stress and fibrosis is the main cause of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Empagliflozin, a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor has recently been reported to improve glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes in an insulin-independent manner. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of empagliflozin on myocardium injury and the potential mechanism in type 2 diabetic KK-Ay mice. Methods Thirty diabetic KK-Ay mice were administered empagliflozin (10 mg/kg/day) by oral gavage daily for 8 weeks. After 8 weeks, heart structure and function were evaluated by echocardiography. Oxidants and antioxidants were measured and cardiac fibrosis was analysed using immunohistochemistry, Masson’s trichrome stain and Western blot. Results Results showed that empagliflozin improved diabetic myocardial structure and function, decreased myocardial oxidative stress and ameliorated myocardial fibrosis. Further study indicated that empagliflozin suppressed oxidative stress and fibrosis through inhibition of the transforming growth factor β/Smad pathway and activation of Nrf2/ARE signaling. Conclusions Glycaemic control with empagliflozin significantly ameliorated myocardial oxidative stress injury and cardiac fibrosis in diabetic mice. Taken together, these results indicate that the empagliflozin is a promising agent for the prevention and treatment of diabetic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenguang Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Tianjin Medical University), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Tianjin Medical University), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Mei Xue
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Tianjin Medical University), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Tianjin Medical University), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Fei Han
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Tianjin Medical University), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Xiangyang Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Tianjin Medical University), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Linxin Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Tianjin Medical University), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Yunhong Lu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Tianjin Medical University), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Ying Cheng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Tianjin Medical University), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Ting Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Tianjin Medical University), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Xiaochen Yu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Tianjin Medical University), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Bei Sun
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Tianjin Medical University), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin, 300070, China.
| | - Liming Chen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Tianjin Medical University), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin, 300070, China.
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Mikuła-Pietrasik J, Witucka A, Pakuła M, Uruski P, Begier-Krasińska B, Niklas A, Tykarski A, Książek K. Comprehensive review on how platinum- and taxane-based chemotherapy of ovarian cancer affects biology of normal cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:681-697. [PMID: 30382284 PMCID: PMC6514066 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2954-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
One of the most neglected aspects of chemotherapy are changes, and possible consequences of these changes, that occur in normal somatic cells. In this review, we summarize effects of selected drugs used to treat ovarian cancer (platin derivatives-cisplatin and carboplatin; and taxanes-paclitaxel and docetaxel) on cellular metabolism, acquisition of reactive stroma features, cellular senescence, inflammatory reactions, apoptosis, autophagy, mitophagy, oxidative stress, DNA damage, and angiogenesis in various types of normal cells, including fibroblasts, epithelial cells, endothelial cells, and neurons. The activity of these drugs against the normal cells is presented from a broader perspective of their desirable anti-tumoral effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Mikuła-Pietrasik
- Department of Hypertensiology, Angiology and Internal Medicine, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Długa 1/2 Str., 61-848, Poznań, Poland
| | - Anna Witucka
- Department of Hypertensiology, Angiology and Internal Medicine, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Długa 1/2 Str., 61-848, Poznań, Poland
| | - Martyna Pakuła
- Department of Hypertensiology, Angiology and Internal Medicine, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Długa 1/2 Str., 61-848, Poznań, Poland
| | - Paweł Uruski
- Department of Hypertensiology, Angiology and Internal Medicine, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Długa 1/2 Str., 61-848, Poznań, Poland
| | - Beata Begier-Krasińska
- Department of Hypertensiology, Angiology and Internal Medicine, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Długa 1/2 Str., 61-848, Poznań, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Niklas
- Department of Hypertensiology, Angiology and Internal Medicine, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Długa 1/2 Str., 61-848, Poznań, Poland
| | - Andrzej Tykarski
- Department of Hypertensiology, Angiology and Internal Medicine, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Długa 1/2 Str., 61-848, Poznań, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Książek
- Department of Hypertensiology, Angiology and Internal Medicine, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Długa 1/2 Str., 61-848, Poznań, Poland.
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333
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Guney Eskiler G, Cecener G, Egeli U, Tunca B. BMN 673 (talazoparib): A potent PARP inhibitor for triple negative breast cancer with different genetic profile. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2019; 33:e22286. [PMID: 30672063 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to elucidate the effect of BMN 673 (talozoparib) on BRCA1 mutant (HCC1937) and wild-type (MDA-MB-231) triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). The in vitro cytotoxicity results indicated that BMN 673 had considerable inhibitory effects on HCC1937 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines by inducing apoptosis, multicaspase activity, G2/M arrest, and altering the expression levels of apoptosis-related genes (P < 0.01). Additionally, BMN 673 indicated no toxicity on MCF-10A control cells until a certain concentration and incubation time. However, BMN 673, a novel and selective poly ADP ribose polymerase inhibitor, was more potent in TNBC cells bearing BRCA1 mutant than those with wild-type BRCA1. In conclusion, our study, for the first time, demonstrated a molecular mechanism of the induction of apoptosis by BMN 673 in TNBC with different genetic profile. However, further investigations regarding the exact molecular mechanisms underlying BMN 673-inducing apoptotic death and gene-cell line associations are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamze Guney Eskiler
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Gulsah Cecener
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Unal Egeli
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Berrin Tunca
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
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334
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Effect of niraparib on cardiac repolarization in patients with platinum-sensitive, recurrent epithelial ovarian, fallopian tube, and primary peritoneal cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2019; 83:717-726. [DOI: 10.1007/s00280-019-03774-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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335
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Baloch T, López-Ozuna VM, Wang Q, Matanis E, Kessous R, Kogan L, Yasmeen A, Gotlieb WH. Sequential therapeutic targeting of ovarian Cancer harboring dysfunctional BRCA1. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:44. [PMID: 30630446 PMCID: PMC6327434 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-5250-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) have become the first targeted therapies available in the treatment of patients with high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC). We recently described a significant reduction in PARP1 protein levels in vitro and in vivo in patients treated with standard carboplatinum-paclitaxel chemotherapy, raising the question whether the sequence of treatment used today with chemotherapy followed by PARPi is optimal. In this study, we aim to evaluate if the sequence of PARPi followed by chemotherapy could be more beneficial. Methods BRCA1-mutated (UWB1.287, SNU-251), epigenetically-silenced (OVCAR8), and wild-type (SKOV3, A2780PAR & A2780CR) ovarian cancer cell lines were exposed to clinically relevant doses of PARPi followed by different doses of standard chemotherapy and compared to the inverse treatment. The therapeutic efficacy was assessed using colony formation assays. Flow cytometry was used to evaluate cell apoptosis rate and the changes in cell cycle. Finally, apoptotic and cell cycle protein expression was immunodetected using western blot. Results Exposure to PARPi prior to standard chemotherapy sensitized BRCA1-mutated or epigenetically-silenced BRCA1 cell lines to lower doses of chemotherapy. Similar results were observed in BRCA1 wild-type and cell lines in which BRCA1 functionality was restored. Moreover, this treatment increased the apoptotic rate in these cell lines. Conclusion Pre-treatment with PARPi followed by standard chemotherapy in vitro is more efficient in growth inhibition and induction of apoptosis compared to the administration of standard chemotherapy followed by PARPi. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-018-5250-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahira Baloch
- Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute of Medical Research, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Experimental Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Vanessa M López-Ozuna
- Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute of Medical Research, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Qiong Wang
- Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute of Medical Research, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Emad Matanis
- Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute of Medical Research, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Roy Kessous
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, 3755 Cote Ste. Catherine Road, Montreal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada.,Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute of Medical Research, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Liron Kogan
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, 3755 Cote Ste. Catherine Road, Montreal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada.,Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute of Medical Research, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Amber Yasmeen
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, 3755 Cote Ste. Catherine Road, Montreal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada. .,Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute of Medical Research, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Walter H Gotlieb
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, 3755 Cote Ste. Catherine Road, Montreal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada.,Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute of Medical Research, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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336
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Sambi M, Qorri B, Harless W, Szewczuk MR. Therapeutic Options for Metastatic Breast Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1152:131-172. [PMID: 31456183 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-20301-6_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic breast cancer is the most common cancer in women after skin cancer, with a 5-year survival rate of 26%. Due to its high prevalence, it is important to develop therapies that go beyond those that just provide palliation of symptoms. Currently, there are several types of therapies available to help treat breast cancer including: hormone therapy, immunotherapy, and chemotherapy, with each one depending on both the location of metastases and morphological characteristics. Although technological and scientific advancements continue to pave the way for improved therapies that adopt a targeted and personalized approach, the fact remains that the outcomes of current first-line therapies have not significantly improved over the last decade. In this chapter, we review the current understanding of the pathology of metastatic breast cancer before thoroughly discussing local and systemic therapies that are administered to patients diagnosed with metastatic breast cancer. In addition, our review will also elaborate on the genetic profile that is characteristic of breast cancer as well as the local tumor microenvironment that shapes and promotes tumor growth and cancer progression. Lastly, we will present promising novel therapies being developed for the treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manpreet Sambi
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Bessi Qorri
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | | | - Myron R Szewczuk
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
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337
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Badawy AAB. Tryptophan Metabolism: A Versatile Area Providing Multiple Targets for Pharmacological Intervention. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC AND CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY 2019; 9:10.32527/2019/101415. [PMID: 31105983 PMCID: PMC6520243 DOI: 10.32527/2019/101415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The essential amino acid L-tryptophan (Trp) undergoes extensive metabolism along several pathways, resulting in production of many biologically active metabolites which exert profound effects on physiological processes. The disturbance in Trp metabolism and disposition in many disease states provides a basis for exploring multiple targets for pharmaco-therapeutic interventions. In particular, the kynurenine pathway of Trp degradation is currently at the forefront of immunological research and immunotherapy. In this review, I shall consider mammalian Trp metabolism in health and disease and outline the intervention targets. It is hoped that this account will provide a stimulus for pharmacologists and others to conduct further studies in this rich area of biomedical research and therapeutics.
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338
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Cramer T, Rosenberg T, Kisliouk T, Meiri N. PARP Inhibitor Affects Long-term Heat-stress Response via Changes in DNA Methylation. Neuroscience 2018; 399:65-76. [PMID: 30579833 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Resilience to stress can be obtained by adjusting the stress-response set point during postnatal sensory development. Recent studies have implemented epigenetic mechanisms to play leading roles in improving resilience. We previously found that better resilience to heat stress in chicks can be achieved by conditioning them to moderate heat stress during their critical developmental period of thermal control establishment, 3 days posthatch. Furthermore, the expression level of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) was found to play a direct role in determining future resilience or vulnerability to heat stress by alterations in its DNA-methylation and demethylation pattern. Here we demonstrate how intraperitoneal injection of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor (PARPi) influences the DNA methylation pattern, thereby affecting the long-term heat-stress response. Single PARPi administration, induced a reduction in both 5-methylcytosine (5mC) and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), without affecting body temperature. The accumulated effect of three PARPi doses brought about a long-term decrease in 5mC% and 5hmC%. These changes coincided with a reduction in body temperature in non-conditioned chicks, similar to that occurring in moderately conditioned heat-stress-resilient chicks. The observed changes in DNA methylation can be explained by decreased activity of the enzyme DNA methyltransferase as a result of the PARPi injection. Furthermore, evaluation of the DNA-methylation pattern along the CRH intron showed a reduction in 5mC% as a result of PARPi treatment, alongside a reduction in CRH mRNA expression. Thus, PARPi treatment can affect DNA methylation, which can alter hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis anchors such as CRH, thereby potentially enhancing long-term resilience to heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomer Cramer
- Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Department of Poultry and Aquaculture Science, Rishon LeZiyyon 7528809, Israel; The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Department of Animal Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Tali Rosenberg
- Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Department of Poultry and Aquaculture Science, Rishon LeZiyyon 7528809, Israel; The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Department of Animal Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Tatiana Kisliouk
- Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Department of Poultry and Aquaculture Science, Rishon LeZiyyon 7528809, Israel
| | - Noam Meiri
- Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Department of Poultry and Aquaculture Science, Rishon LeZiyyon 7528809, Israel.
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339
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Sidhu A, Diwan V, Kaur H, Bhateja D, Singh CK, Sharma S, Padi SSV. Nicotinamide reverses behavioral impairments and provides neuroprotection in 3-nitropropionic acid induced animal model ofHuntington's disease: implication of oxidative stress- poly(ADP- ribose) polymerase pathway. Metab Brain Dis 2018; 33:1911-1921. [PMID: 30054774 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-018-0297-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is characterized by cognitive and psychiatric impairment caused by neuronal degeneration in the brain. Several studies have supported the hypothesis that oxidative stress is the main pathogenic factor in HD. The current study aims to determine the possible neuroprotective effects of nicotinamide on 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP) induced HD. Male Wistar albino rats were divided into six groups. Group I was the vehicle-treated control, group II received 3-NP (20 mg/kg, intraperitoneally (i.p.) for 4 days, group III received nicotinamide (500 mg/kg, i.p.). The remaining groups received a combination of 3-NP plus nicotinamide 100, 300 or 500 mg/kg, i.p. respectively for 8 days. Afterward, the motor function and hind paw activity in the limb withdrawal were tested; rats were then euthanized for biochemical and histopathological analyses. Treatment of rats with 3-NP altered the motor function, elevated oxidative stress and caused significant histopathological changes in the brain. The treatment of rats with nicotinamide (100, 300 and 500 mg/kg) improved the motor function tested by locomotor activity test, movement analysis, and limb withdrawal test, which was associated with decreased oxidative stress markers (malondialdehyde, nitrites) and increased antioxidant enzyme (glutathione) levels. In addition, nicotinamide treatment decreased lactate dehydrogenase and prevented neuronal death in the striatal region. Our study, therefore, concludes that antioxidant drugs like nicotinamide might slow progression of clinical HD and may improve the motor functions in HD patients. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to explore the neuroprotective effects of nicotinamide on 3-NP-induced HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akram Sidhu
- Neuropharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, I.S.F College of Pharmacy, Ferozepur Road, Ghal Kalan, Moga, Punjab, 142001, India.
| | - Vishal Diwan
- UQ Diamantina Institute, Centre for Kidney Disease Research, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Harsimran Kaur
- Neuropharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, I.S.F College of Pharmacy, Ferozepur Road, Ghal Kalan, Moga, Punjab, 142001, India
| | - Deepak Bhateja
- Neuropharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, I.S.F College of Pharmacy, Ferozepur Road, Ghal Kalan, Moga, Punjab, 142001, India
| | - Charan K Singh
- Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141012, India
| | - Saurabh Sharma
- Neuropharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, I.S.F College of Pharmacy, Ferozepur Road, Ghal Kalan, Moga, Punjab, 142001, India
| | - Satyanarayana S V Padi
- Neuropharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, I.S.F College of Pharmacy, Ferozepur Road, Ghal Kalan, Moga, Punjab, 142001, India
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340
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Pathophysiological mechanisms of diabetic cardiomyopathy and the therapeutic potential of epigallocatechin-3-gallate. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 109:2155-2172. [PMID: 30551473 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.11.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular complications are considered one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality among diabetic patients. Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a type of cardiovascular damage presents in diabetic patients independent of the coexistence of ischemic heart disease or hypertension. It is characterized by impaired diastolic relaxation time, myocardial dilatation and hypertrophy and reduced systolic and diastolic functions of the left ventricle. Molecular mechanisms underlying these pathological changes in the diabetic heart are most likely multifactorial and include, but not limited to, oxidative/nitrosative stress, increased advanced glycation end products, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation and cell death. The aim of this review is to address the major molecular mechanisms implicated in the pathogenesis of DCM. In addition, this review provides studies conducted to determine the pharmacological effects of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the major polyphenol in green tea, focusing on its therapeutic potential against the processes involved in the pathogenesis and progression of DCM. EGCG has been shown to exert several potential therapeutic properties both in vitro and in vivo. Given its therapeutic potential, EGCG might be a promising drug candidate to decrease the morbidity and mortality associated with DCM and other diabetes complications.
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341
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Response to olaparib in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer with germline BRCA2 mutation: a case report. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2018; 19:185. [PMID: 30333000 PMCID: PMC6192270 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-018-0703-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Prostate cancer is a heterogeneous disease, meaning patients would benefit from different treatment strategies based on their molecular stratification. In recent years, several genomic studies have identified prostate cancers with defects in DNA repair genes. It is known that the PARP inhibitor, olaparib, has a significant synthetic lethal effect on tumors with BRCA 1/2 mutations, particularly in ovarian and breast cancer. Case presentation In this study, we describe a patient with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) containing a BRCA2 germline mutation who underwent olaparib treatment. The efficacy of the treatment was monitored by serum TPSA level as well as mutation levels of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) using next-generation sequencing (NGS). The patient responded to the olaparib treatment as indicated by the minimal residual levels of TPSA and tumor-specific mutations of ctDNA in plasma after four months of treatment, although the patient eventually progressed at six-month post-treatment with significantly elevated and newly acquired somatic mutations in ctDNA. Conclusions Our study provides evidence that mCRPC with BRCA2 germline mutations could response to PARP inhibitor, which improves patient’s outcome. We further demonstrated that NGS-based genetic testing on liquid biopsy can be used to dynamically monitor the efficacy of treatment.
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342
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Liposits G, Loh KP, Soto-Perez-de-Celis E, Dumas L, Battisti NML, Kadambi S, Baldini C, Banerjee S, Lichtman SM. PARP inhibitors in older patients with ovarian and breast cancer: Young International Society of Geriatric Oncology review paper. J Geriatr Oncol 2018; 10:337-345. [PMID: 30333088 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgo.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Breast and ovarian cancer are common malignancies among older adults, causing significant morbidity and mortality. Although most cases of breast and ovarian cancer are sporadic, a significant proportion is caused by mutations in cancer susceptibility genes, most often breast cancer susceptibility genes (BRCA) 1 and 2. Furthermore, some breast and ovarian tumors are phenotypically similar to those with BRCA mutations, a phenomenon known as "BRCAness". BRCA mutations and "BRCAness" lead to defects in DNA repair, which may be a target for therapeutic agents such as Poly ADP-Ribose Polymerase (PARP) inhibitors. PARP inhibitors are novel medications which lead to double-strand breaks resulting in cell death due to synthetic lethality, and which have been shown to be effective in patients with advanced breast and ovarian cancers with or without BRCA mutations. Three different PARP inhibitors (olaparib, niraparib, and rucaparib) have been approved for the treatment of ovarian cancer and one (olaparib) for breast cancer harboring BRCA mutations. Here, we review the currently available evidence regarding the use of PARP inhibitors for the treatment of patients with breast and ovarian cancer, with a particular focus on the inclusion of older adults in clinical trials of these therapies. Additionally, we provide an overview of currently ongoing studies of PARP inhibitors in breast and ovarian cancer, and include recommendations for increasing the evidence-base for using these medications among older patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabor Liposits
- Department of Oncology, Region Hospital West Jutland, Gl. Landevej 61, Herning, 7400, Denmark.
| | - Kah Poh Loh
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, James P. Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
| | - Enrique Soto-Perez-de-Celis
- Enrique Soto-Perez-de-Celis Department of Geriatrics, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Lucy Dumas
- Gynaecology Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, United Kingdom.
| | | | - Sindhuja Kadambi
- Division of Geriatrics/Aging, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
| | - Capucine Baldini
- Drug Development Department (DITEP), Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, F-94805, France.
| | - Susana Banerjee
- Gynaecology Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust Sutton, United Kingdom.
| | - Stuart M Lichtman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NY, USA.
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343
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Blacker AJ, Moran-Malagon G, Powell L, Reynolds W, Stones R, Chapman MR. Development of an S NAr Reaction: A Practical and Scalable Strategy To Sequester and Remove HF. Org Process Res Dev 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.8b00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. John Blacker
- Institute of Process Research and Development, School of Chemistry and School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriel Moran-Malagon
- Institute of Process Research and Development, School of Chemistry and School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Lyn Powell
- Chemical Development, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - William Reynolds
- Institute of Process Research and Development, School of Chemistry and School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Stones
- Institute of Process Research and Development, School of Chemistry and School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Michael R. Chapman
- Institute of Process Research and Development, School of Chemistry and School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
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344
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Demiroglu-Zergeroglu A, Ayvali N, Turhal G, Ceylan H, Nacak Baytas S. Investigation of potent anticarcinogenic activity of 1, 3-diarylpyrazole acrylamide derivatives in vitro. J Pharm Pharmacol 2018; 70:1619-1629. [PMID: 30198567 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Pyrazole derivatives are pharmacologically powerful agents pointing at new horizons in the development of anticancer therapies. In this study, anticarcinogenic potential of a series of pyrazole-acrylamide derivatives has been investigated in mesothelial, malignant mesothelioma and lung cancer cell lines. METHODS The effect of compounds on the viability of cells and the distribution of cell cycle were examined through MTS assay and PI staining, respectively. Apoptosis was evaluated via caspase-3 enzymatic assay and AO/EB staining. Proteins involved in proliferation, survival and apoptosis were analysed by immunoblotting. KEY FINDINGS Twelve compounds of 21 (4a-4v) reduced the viability of cells but, only the subset of five (4f, 4i, 4j, 4k and 4v) induced the caspase-3 activity. Among five, only one compound (4k) significantly suppressed phosphorylation and expression of ERK1/2 and AKT proteins in 24 h. Exposing cancer cells to successive concentrations of 4k gave rise to dose- and time-dependent G2/M phase arrest and apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS 4k has revealed its potent antiproliferative activity by decreasing viability and inhibiting proliferation and survival signals of cancer cells. Moreover, 4k has exposed cytostatic and apoptotic effect especially, on cancer cells. Therefore, it may be necessary to examine the biological actions of 4k in vivo as well.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nurettin Ayvali
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Gebze Technical University, Gebze/Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Gulseren Turhal
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Gebze Technical University, Gebze/Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Hurmuz Ceylan
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Gebze Technical University, Gebze/Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Sultan Nacak Baytas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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345
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Caffo O, Veccia A, Kinspergher S, Rizzo M, Maines F. Aberrations of DNA Repair Pathways in Prostate Cancer: Future Implications for Clinical Practice? Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:71. [PMID: 30234108 PMCID: PMC6133959 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients who are carriers of inherited mutations in essential component of DNA repair pathways have a significantly higher lifetime risk for developing cancer compared to the population of reference. Recent advances in DNA next-generation sequencing technology have allowed screening for carriers of those mutations, allowing development of promising risk-reduction strategies and providing the rationale to personalize the therapeutic approach for these patients. New intriguing scenarios are opening nowadays for the management of prostate cancer in patients with germline or somatic mutations in components of DNA repair pathways (e.g., BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes), such as specific screening policies and new therapeutic strategies involving PARP inhibitors or platinum-based chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orazio Caffo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Santa Chiara Hospital, Trento, Italy
| | - Antonello Veccia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Santa Chiara Hospital, Trento, Italy
| | | | - Mimma Rizzo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Santa Chiara Hospital, Trento, Italy
| | - Francesca Maines
- Department of Medical Oncology, Santa Chiara Hospital, Trento, Italy
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346
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Cimmino L, Neel BG, Aifantis I. Vitamin C in Stem Cell Reprogramming and Cancer. Trends Cell Biol 2018; 28:698-708. [PMID: 29724526 PMCID: PMC6102081 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin C is an essential dietary requirement for humans. In addition to its known role as an antioxidant, vitamin C is a cofactor for Fe2+- and α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases (Fe2+/α-KGDDs) which comprise a large number of diverse enzymes, including collagen prolyl hydroxylases and epigenetic regulators of histone and DNA methylation. Vitamin C can modulate embryonic stem cell (ESC) function, enhance reprogramming of fibroblasts to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and hinder the aberrant self-renewal of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) through its ability to enhance the activity of either Jumonji C (JmjC) domain-containing histone demethylases or ten-eleven translocation (TET) DNA hydroxylases. Given that epigenetic dysregulation is a known driver of malignancy, vitamin C may play a novel role as an epigenetic anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Cimmino
- Department of Pathology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.,Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center and Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Stem Cell Biology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.,To Whom Correspondence Should Be Addressed: Luisa Cimmino, Ph.D. or Iannis Aifantis, Ph.D. Department of Pathology and Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine 521 First Avenue, Smilow 1303 New York, NY 10016 or
| | - Benjamin G. Neel
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center and Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Stem Cell Biology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Iannis Aifantis
- Department of Pathology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.,Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center and Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Stem Cell Biology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.,To Whom Correspondence Should Be Addressed: Luisa Cimmino, Ph.D. or Iannis Aifantis, Ph.D. Department of Pathology and Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine 521 First Avenue, Smilow 1303 New York, NY 10016 or
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347
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Elamin M, Ruskin DN, Masino SA, Sacchetti P. Ketogenic Diet Modulates NAD +-Dependent Enzymes and Reduces DNA Damage in Hippocampus. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:263. [PMID: 30214397 PMCID: PMC6125375 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The ketogenic diet's (KD) anti-seizure effects have long been documented. Recently, its therapeutic potential in multiple neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders has emerged. Yet experimental evidence for a fundamental mechanism underlying beneficial effects across numerous diseases remains lacking. We previously showed that feeding rats a KD produced an early (within 2 days) and persistent elevation of hippocampal nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide+ (NAD+), an essential metabolic coenzyme and signaling molecule. NAD+ is a marker of cellular health and a substrate for enzymes implicated in longevity and DNA damage repair such as sirtuins and poly-ADP ribose polymerase-1 (PARP-1). As a result, activation of NAD+-dependent enzymes' downstream pathways could be the origin of KD's broad beneficial effects. Here rats were fed ad libitum regular chow or KD for 2 days or 3 weeks and the levels of hippocampal sirtuins, PARP-1, and the oxidative DNA damage marker 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine were quantified. We found a significant immediate and persistent increase in the collective activity of nuclear sirtuin enzymes, and a significant augmentation of Sirt1 mRNA at 2 days. Levels of PARP-1 and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine decreased after 2 days of treatment and further declined at 3 weeks. Our data show that a KD can rapidly modulate energy metabolism by acting on NAD+-dependent enzymes and their downstream pathways. Thus, therapy with a KD can potentially enhance brain health and increase overall healthspan via NAD+-related mechanisms that render cells more resilient against DNA damage and a host of metabolic, epileptic, neurodegenerative, or neurodevelopmental insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Elamin
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Department of Biology, University of Hartford, West Hartford, CT, United States
| | - David N Ruskin
- Neuroscience Program and Psychology Department, Trinity College, Hartford, CT, United States
| | - Susan A Masino
- Neuroscience Program and Psychology Department, Trinity College, Hartford, CT, United States
| | - Paola Sacchetti
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Department of Biology, University of Hartford, West Hartford, CT, United States
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348
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Rudolph J, Mahadevan J, Dyer P, Luger K. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 searches DNA via a 'monkey bar' mechanism. eLife 2018; 7:37818. [PMID: 30088474 PMCID: PMC6135609 DOI: 10.7554/elife.37818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) is both a first responder to DNA damage and a chromatin architectural protein. How PARP1 rapidly finds DNA damage sites in the context of a nucleus filled with undamaged DNA, to which it also binds, is an unresolved question. Here, we show that PARP1 association with DNA is diffusion-limited, and release of PARP1 from DNA is promoted by binding of an additional DNA molecule that facilitates a ‘monkey bar’ mechanism, also known as intersegment transfer. The WGR-domain of PARP1 is essential to this mechanism, and a point mutation (W589A) recapitulates the altered kinetics of the domain deletion. Demonstrating the physiological importance of the monkey bar mechanism for PARP1 function, the W589A mutant accumulates at sites of DNA damage more slowly following laser micro-irradiation than wild-type PARP1. Clinically relevant inhibitors of PARP1 did not alter the rate or mechanism of the release of PARP1 from DNA. Our cells constantly withstand damage that can lead to breaks in the strands of our DNA. These cuts need to be fixed for the cell to stay healthy. When a break happens, one of the first responders to the scene is a protein known as PARP1. It binds to the ruptured strand (or strands) and then it recruits other repair agents to that location. But first, PARP1 needs to scan for cuts and notches amongst an overwhelming amount of DNA that is still intact. This is a complicated task, especially since the protein tends to bind both broken and unbroken DNA. How does it not stay ‘stuck’ on an undamaged portion of the genome? Here, Rudolph et al. use a combination of biochemical techniques and cell biology to show that PARP1 travels through our genome by swinging from one DNA location to another, the way a child grabs onto monkey bars. One of the DNA-binding domains of PARP1, known as the WGR-domain, acts like an arm and initiates the movement by gripping onto a new segment of DNA. In fact, chopping off the WGR-domain or disabling it through mutations makes PARP1 worse at finding DNA breakages in the cell. Unfixed DNA damage can lead to a cell becoming cancerous; ultimately, if the breakages keep accumulating, the cell does not survive. This makes PARP1 an important target for cancer treatment. Indeed, certain drugs already rely on trapping the protein so that tumor cells die. Understanding how cells cope with DNA damage and exactly how PARP1 works could help in the fight against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Rudolph
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, United States
| | - Jyothi Mahadevan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, United States
| | - Pamela Dyer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, United States
| | - Karolin Luger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, United States
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349
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Wei XF, Feng YF, Chen QL, Zhang QK. CDA gene silencing regulated the proliferation and apoptosis of chronic myeloid leukemia K562 cells. Cancer Cell Int 2018; 18:96. [PMID: 30002603 PMCID: PMC6038203 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-018-0587-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As a disease of hematopoietic stem cell, chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) possesses unique biological and clinical features. However, the biologic mechanism underlying its development remains poorly understood. Thus, the objective of the present study is to discuss the effect of cytidine deaminase (CDA) gene silencing on the apoptosis and proliferation of CML K562 cells. Methods CDA mRNA expression was detected by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), and enzymatic activity of CDA was measured by a nuclide liquid scintillation method. RT-qPCR and Western blot analysis were used to detect CDA mRNA and protein expression. Cell proliferation, apoptosis and cell cycle were measured by CCK-8 assay and flow cytometry. The expression of proteins relevant to cell proliferation, apoptosis and cell cycle was measured by Western blot analysis. Tumor xenografts were implanted in nude mice to verify the effect of CDA silencing on tumor growth in vivo. Results CML and AL patients showed increased mRNA expression and enzymatic activity of CDA. Compared with the blank group, the mRNA and protein expression of CDA in the shRNA-1 and shRNA-2 groups decreased significantly. As a result, the proliferation of K562 cells was inhibited after CDA silencing and the cells were mainly arrested in S and G2 phases, while the apoptosis rate of these cells was increased. In addition, CDA gene silencing in K562 cells led to down-regulated p-ERK1/2, t-AKT, p-AKT and BCL-2 expression and up-regulated expression of P21, Bax, cleaved caspase-3/total caspase-3 and cleaved PARP/total PARP. Finally, CDA gene silencing inhibited tumor growth. Conclusion Our study demonstrated that CDA gene silencing could inhibit CML cell proliferation and induce cell apoptosis. Therefore, CDA gene silencing may become an effective target for the treatment of leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Fang Wei
- Department of Hematology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, No. 204, Donggang West Road, Lanzhou, 730000 Gansu People's Republic of China
| | - You-Fan Feng
- Department of Hematology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, No. 204, Donggang West Road, Lanzhou, 730000 Gansu People's Republic of China
| | - Qiao-Lin Chen
- Department of Hematology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, No. 204, Donggang West Road, Lanzhou, 730000 Gansu People's Republic of China
| | - Qi-Ke Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, No. 204, Donggang West Road, Lanzhou, 730000 Gansu People's Republic of China
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350
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Palanissami G, Paul SFD. RAGE and Its Ligands: Molecular Interplay Between Glycation, Inflammation, and Hallmarks of Cancer—a Review. Discov Oncol 2018; 9:295-325. [DOI: 10.1007/s12672-018-0342-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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