351
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Sica A, Erreni M, Allavena P, Porta C. Macrophage polarization in pathology. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:4111-26. [PMID: 26210152 PMCID: PMC11113543 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1995-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 454] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are cells of the innate immunity constituting the mononuclear phagocyte system and endowed with remarkable different roles essential for defense mechanisms, development of tissues, and homeostasis. They derive from hematopoietic precursors and since the early steps of fetal life populate peripheral tissues, a process continuing throughout adult life. Although present essentially in every organ/tissue, macrophages are more abundant in the gastro-intestinal tract, liver, spleen, upper airways, and brain. They have phagocytic and bactericidal activity and produce inflammatory cytokines that are important to drive adaptive immune responses. Macrophage functions are settled in response to microenvironmental signals, which drive the acquisition of polarized programs, whose extremes are simplified in the M1 and M2 dichotomy. Functional skewing of monocyte/macrophage polarization occurs in physiological conditions (e.g., ontogenesis and pregnancy), as well as in pathology (allergic and chronic inflammation, tissue repair, infection, and cancer) and is now considered a key determinant of disease development and/or regression. Here, we will review evidence supporting a dynamic skewing of macrophage functions in disease, which may provide a basis for macrophage-centered therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Sica
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro", via Bovio 6, Novara, Italy.
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, 20089, Milan, Rozzano, Italy.
| | - Marco Erreni
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, 20089, Milan, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Paola Allavena
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, 20089, Milan, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Chiara Porta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro", via Bovio 6, Novara, Italy
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352
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Fuchs T, Hahn M, Riabov V, Yin S, Kzhyshkowska J, Busch S, Püllmann K, Beham AW, Neumaier M, Kaminski WE. A combinatorial αβ T cell receptor expressed by macrophages in the tumor microenvironment. Immunobiology 2015; 222:39-44. [PMID: 26494401 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2015.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates the presence of macrophage subpopulations that express the TCRαβ in two major inflammatory diseases, tuberculosis and atherosclerosis. Inflammation is also a well-established attribute of cancer progression and macrophages are one of the major immune cells that infiltrate tumors. Here, we demonstrate that the macrophage-TCRαβ is expressed in the tumor microenvironment of human and murine malignancies. We identify TCRαβ+ macrophages in each case of four randomly selected distinct human tumor entities. In human tumor tissues, the TCRαβ expressed by macrophages in the tumor microenvironment is a combinatorial and individual-specific immune receptor. Furthermore, we routinely find TCRαβ+ macrophage subpopulations in experimental tumors (TS/A, mammary adenocarcinoma) which we induced both in normal mice and mice deficient in the macrophage receptor stabilin-1. Expression of the combinatorial murine tumor macrophage TCRαβ is individual-specific and independent of stabilin-1. These results demonstrate that TCRαβ expression is a characteristic feature of macrophages in the tumor microenvironment and identify an as yet unrecognized flexible element in the macrophage-based host response to tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Fuchs
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg Medical Faculty Mannheim, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Martin Hahn
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg Medical Faculty Mannheim, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Vladimir Riabov
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Shuiping Yin
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Julia Kzhyshkowska
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Svenja Busch
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg Medical Faculty Mannheim, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Alexander W Beham
- Department of Surgery, University of Göttingen, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael Neumaier
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg Medical Faculty Mannheim, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Wolfgang E Kaminski
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg Medical Faculty Mannheim, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany; Bioscientia Institute for Medical Diagnostics, D-55218 Ingelheim, Germany.
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353
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Neesse A, Algül H, Tuveson DA, Gress TM. Stromal biology and therapy in pancreatic cancer: a changing paradigm. Gut 2015; 64:1476-84. [PMID: 25994217 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-309304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 395] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) exhibits one of the poorest prognosis of all solid tumours and poses an unsolved problem in cancer medicine. Despite the recent success of two combination chemotherapies for palliative patients, the modest survival benefits are often traded against significant side effects and a compromised quality of life. Although the molecular events underlying the initiation and progression of PDA have been intensively studied and are increasingly understood, the reasons for the poor therapeutic response are hardly apprehended. One leading hypothesis over the last few years has been that the pronounced tumour microenvironment in PDA not only promotes carcinogenesis and tumour progression but also mediates therapeutic resistance. To this end, targeting of various stromal components and pathways was considered a promising strategy to biochemically and biophysically enhance therapeutic response. However, none of the efforts have yet led to efficacious and approved therapies in patients. Additionally, recent data have shown that tumour-associated fibroblasts may restrain rather than promote tumour growth, reinforcing the need to critically revisit the complexity and complicity of the tumour-stroma with translational implications for future therapy and clinical trial design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albrecht Neesse
- Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Oncology, University Medical Centre Goettingen, Georg August University Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Hana Algül
- II. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - David A Tuveson
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Pancreatic Cancer Research Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, USA
| | - Thomas M Gress
- Department of Gastroenterology, Endocrinology, Infectiology and Metabolism, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
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354
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Mattiola I, Pesant M, Tentorio PF, Molgora M, Marcenaro E, Lugli E, Locati M, Mavilio D. Priming of Human Resting NK Cells by Autologous M1 Macrophages via the Engagement of IL-1β, IFN-β, and IL-15 Pathways. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:2818-28. [PMID: 26276870 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The cross talk between NK cells and macrophages is emerging as a major line of defense against microbial infections and tumors. This study reveals a complex network of soluble mediators and cell-to-cell interactions allowing human classically activated (M1) macrophages, but not resting (M0) or alternatively activated (M2) macrophages, to prime resting autologous NK cells. In this article, we show that M1 increase NK cell cytotoxicity by IL-23 and IFN-β-dependent upregulation of NKG2D, IL-1β-dependent upregulation of NKp44, and trans-presentation of IL-15. Moreover, both IFN-β-dependent cis-presentation of IL-15 on NK cells and engagement of the 2B4-CD48 pathway are used by M1 to trigger NK cell production of IFN-γ. The disclosure of these synergic cellular mechanisms regulating the M1-NK cell cross talk provides novel insights to better understand the role of innate immune responses in the physiopathology of tumor biology and microbial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Mattiola
- Leukocyte Biology Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, I-20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy; Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, I-20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy; Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, I-20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy; and
| | - Matthieu Pesant
- Leukocyte Biology Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, I-20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo F Tentorio
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, I-20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Martina Molgora
- Leukocyte Biology Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, I-20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy; Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, I-20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy; and
| | - Emanuela Marcenaro
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale and Centro di Eccellenza per le Ricerche Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Genova, I-16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Enrico Lugli
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, I-20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Locati
- Leukocyte Biology Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, I-20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy; Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, I-20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy; and
| | - Domenico Mavilio
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, I-20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy; Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, I-20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy; and
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355
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Genin M, Clement F, Fattaccioli A, Raes M, Michiels C. M1 and M2 macrophages derived from THP-1 cells differentially modulate the response of cancer cells to etoposide. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:577. [PMID: 26253167 PMCID: PMC4545815 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1546-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 622] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) are present in high density in solid tumors. TAMs share many characteristics with alternatively activated macrophages, also called M2. They have been shown to favor tumor development and a role in chemoresistance has also been suggested. Here, we investigated the effects of M2 in comparison to M1 macrophages on cancer cell sensitivity to etoposide. Methods We set up a model of macrophage polarization, starting from THP-1 monocytes differentiated into macrophages using PMA (Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate). Once differentiated (M0 macrophages), they were incubated with IL-4 and IL-13 in order to obtain M2 polarized macrophages or with IFN-gamma and LPS for classical macrophage activation (M1). To mimic the communication between cancer cells and TAMs, M0, M1 or M2 macrophages and HepG2 or A549 cancer cells were co-cultured during respectively 16 (HepG2) or 24 (A549) hours, before etoposide exposure for 24 (HepG2) or 16 (A549) hours. After the incubation, the impact of etoposide on macrophage polarization was studied and cancer cell apoptosis was assessed by western-blot for cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved PARP-1 protein, caspase activity assay and FACS analysis of Annexin V and PI staining. Results mRNA and protein expression of M1 and M2 markers confirmed the polarization of THP-1-derived macrophages, which provide a new, easy and well-characterized model of polarized human macrophages. Etoposide-induced cancer cell apoptosis was markedly reduced in the presence of THP-1 M2 macrophages, while apoptosis was increased in cells co-cultured with M1 macrophages. On the other hand, etoposide did not influence M1 or M2 polarization. Conclusions These results evidence for the first time a clear protective effect of M2 on the contrary to M1 macrophages on etoposide-induced cancer cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Genin
- URBC, NARILIS, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium.
| | | | | | - Martine Raes
- URBC, NARILIS, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium.
| | - Carine Michiels
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, NARILIS, University of Namur, 61 rue de Bruxelles, 5000, Namur, Belgium.
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356
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Abstract
Deregulated inflammatory response plays a pivotal role in the initiation, development and progression of tumours. Potential molecular mechanism(s) that drive the establishment of an inflammatory-tumour microenvironment is not entirely understood owing to the complex cross-talk between pro-inflammatory and tumorigenic mediators such as cytokines, chemokines, oncogenes, enzymes, transcription factors and immune cells. These molecular mediators are critical linchpins between inflammation and cancer, and their activation and/or deactivation are influenced by both extrinsic (i.e. environmental and lifestyle) and intrinsic (i.e. hereditary) factors. At present, the research pertaining to inflammation-associated cancers is accumulating at an exponential rate. Interest stems from hope that new therapeutic strategies against molecular mediators can be identified to assist in cancer treatment and patient management. The present review outlines the various molecular and cellular inflammatory mediators responsible for tumour initiation, progression and development, and discusses the critical role of chronic inflammation in tumorigenesis.
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357
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Beirão BCB, Raposo T, Pang LY, Argyle DJ. Canine mammary cancer cells direct macrophages toward an intermediate activation state between M1/M2. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:151. [PMID: 26174804 PMCID: PMC4502937 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0473-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Canine mammary carcinoma is the most common cancer in female dogs and is often fatal due to the development of distance metastasis. The microenvironment of a tumour often contains abundant infiltrates of macrophages called tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs). TAMs express an activated phenotype, termed M2, which sustains proliferation of cancer cells, and has been correlated with poor clinical outcomes in human cancer patients. Cancer cells themselves have been implicated in stimulating the conversion of macrophages to a TAM with an M2 phenotype. This process has yet to be fully elucidated. Here we investigate the interplay between cancer cells and macrophages in the context of canine mammary carcinoma. Results We show that cancer cells inhibit lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced macrophage activation. Further, we show that macrophage associated proteins, colony-stimulating factor (CSF)-1 and C-C motif ligand (CCL)-2, stimulate macrophages and are responsible for the effects of cancer cells on macrophages. We suggest the existence of a feedback loop between macrophages and cancer cells; while cancer cells influence the phenotype of the TAMs through CSF-1 and CCL2, the macrophages induce canine mammary cancer cells to upregulate their own expression of the receptors for CSF-1 and CCL2 and increase the cancer cellular metabolic activity. However, these cytokines in isolation induce a phenotypic state in macrophages that is between M1 and M2 phenotypes. Conclusions Overall, our results demonstrate the extent to which canine mammary carcinoma cells influence the macrophage phenotype and the relevance of a feedback loop between these cells, involving CSF-1 and CCL2 as important mediators. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-015-0473-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breno C B Beirão
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Scotland, EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - Teresa Raposo
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Scotland, EH25 9RG, UK. .,Department of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5001-801, Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - Lisa Y Pang
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Scotland, EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - David J Argyle
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Scotland, EH25 9RG, UK.
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358
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Macrophages of M1 phenotype have properties that influence lung cancer cell progression. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:8715-25. [PMID: 26050228 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3630-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Stromal macrophages of different phenotypes can contribute to the expression of proteins that affects metastasis such as urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), its receptor uPAR, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), but knowledge of how essential their contribution is in comparison to the cancer cells in small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and lung squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is lacking. The expression of uPA, uPAR, and PAI-1 and of the matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 were studied in human macrophages of M1 and M2 phenotype and compared to a lung SCC (NCI-H520) and a SCLC (NCI-H69) cell line. Effects of treatment with conditioned media (CM) from M1 and M2 macrophages on the expression of these genes in H520 and H69 cells as well as effects on the cell growth were investigated. In addition, data on the stromal macrophages immunoreactivity of uPAR, MMP-2, and MMP-9 in a few SCC and SCLC biopsies was included. uPAR, MMP-2, and MMP-9 were confirmed in stromal cells including macrophages in the SCC and SCLC biopsies. In vitro, both macrophage phenotypes expressed considerably higher mRNA levels of uPA, uPAR, PAI-1, and MMP-9 compared to the cancer cell lines, and regarding uPAR, the highest level was found in the M1 macrophage phenotype. Furthermore, M1 CM treatment not only induced an upregulation of PAI-1 in both H520 and H69 cells but also inhibited cell growth in both cell lines, giving M1 macrophages both tumor-promoting and tumor-killing potential.
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359
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Cancer stem cells and tumor-associated macrophages: a roadmap for multitargeting strategies. Oncogene 2015; 35:671-82. [PMID: 25961921 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The idea that tumor initiation and progression are driven by a subset of cells endowed with stem-like properties was first described by Rudolf Virchow in 1855. 'Cancer stem cells', as they were termed more than a century later, represent a subset of tumor cells that are able to generate all tumorigenic and nontumorigenic cell types within the malignancy. Although their existence was hypothesized >150 years ago, it was only recently that stem-like cells started to be isolated from different neoplastic malignancies. Interestingly, Virchow, in suggesting a correlation between cancer and the inflammatory microenvironment, also paved the way for the 'Seed and Soil' theory proposed by Paget a few years later. Despite the time that has passed since these two important concepts were suggested, the relationships between Virchow's 'stem-like cells' and Paget's 'soil' are far from being fully understood. One emerging topic is the importance of a stem-like niche in modulating the biological properties of stem-like cancer cells and thus in affecting the response of the tumor to drugs. This review aims to summarize the recent molecular data concerning the multilayered relationship between cancer stem cells and tumor-associated macrophages that form a key component of the tumor microenvironment. We also discuss the therapeutic implications of targeting this synergistic interplay.
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360
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Chiu KC, Lee CH, Liu SY, Chou YT, Huang RY, Huang SM, Shieh YS. Polarization of tumor-associated macrophages and Gas6/Axl signaling in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2015; 51:683-9. [PMID: 25910588 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated the potential involvement of Axl signaling in polarization of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). METHODS Condition medium (CM) from OSCC cells (OEC-M1 and YD38) were collected and their effects on macrophage (THP-1) polarization were examined. Modulation of Axl, PI3/Akt, and NF-κB were performed to investigate their potential involvement in TAM polarization. Expression of pAxl and CD206 were analyzed by immunohistochemistry in OSCC tissues. RESULTS THP-1 polarized to M2 phenotype with increasing expression of interleukins, vascular endothelial growth factor, matrix metalloproteinase and CD206 upon treatment with CM of OSCC. Activated Axl signaling in OSCC enhanced M2 induction ability. Suppression of Axl signaling and inhibition of PI3/Akt and NF-κB diminished M2 induction. pAxl expression was significantly associated with distribution of CD206 positive cells in OSCC tissues. CONCLUSION Axl signaling of OSCC involved in polarizing TAMs toward M2 phenotype. Induction of M2 phenotype macrophage polarization by OSCC cells might involve the Axl/PI3/Akt/NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Chou Chiu
- Graduate Institute of Medical Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hsing Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shyun-Yeu Liu
- Department of Dentistry, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, ChiMei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Chou
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ren-Yeong Huang
- Department of Dentistry, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ming Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Shing Shieh
- Department of Dentistry, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
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361
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Schultze JL, Freeman T, Hume DA, Latz E. A transcriptional perspective on human macrophage biology. Semin Immunol 2015; 27:44-50. [PMID: 25843246 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are a major cell type in tissue homeostasis and contribute to both pathology and resolution in all acute and chronic inflammatory diseases ranging from infections, cancer, obesity, atherosclerosis, autoimmune disorders to neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. The cellular and functional diversity of macrophages depends upon tightly regulated transcription. The innate immune system is under profound evolutionary selection. There is increasing recognition that human macrophage biology differs very significantly from that of commonly studied animal models, which therefore can have a limited predictive value. Here we report on the newest findings on transcriptional control of macrophage activation, and how we envision integrating studies on transcriptional and epigenetic regulation, and more classical approaches in murine models. Moreover, we provide new insights into how we can learn about transcriptional regulation in the human system from larger efforts such as the FANTOM (Functional Annotation of the Mammalian Genome) consortium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim L Schultze
- Genomics and Immunoregulation, LIMES-Institute, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Tom Freeman
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK
| | - David A Hume
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK
| | - Eicke Latz
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospitals, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, UMass Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53175 Bonn, Germany
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362
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Pirilä E, Väyrynen O, Sundquist E, Päkkilä K, Nyberg P, Nurmenniemi S, Pääkkönen V, Pesonen P, Dayan D, Vered M, Uhlin-Hansen L, Salo T. Macrophages modulate migration and invasion of human tongue squamous cell carcinoma. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120895. [PMID: 25811194 PMCID: PMC4374792 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC) has a high mortality rate and the incidence is rising worldwide. Despite advances in treatment, the disease lacks specific prognostic markers and treatment modality. The spreading of OTSCC is dependent on the tumor microenvironment and involves tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). Although the presence of TAMs is associated with poor prognosis in OTSCC, the specific mechanisms underlying this are still unknown. The aim here was to investigate the effect of macrophages (Mfs) on HSC-3 tongue carcinoma cells and NF-kappaB activity. We polarized THP-1 cells to M1 (inflammatory), M2 (TAM-like) and R848 (imidazoquinoline-treated) type Mfs. We then investigated the effect of Mfs on HSC-3 cell migration and NF-kappaB activity, cytokine production and invasion using several different in vitro migration models, a human 3D tissue invasion model, antibody arrays, confocal microscopy, immunohistochemistry and a mouse invasion model. We found that in co-culture studies all types of Mfs fused with HSC-3 cells, a process which was partially due to efferocytosis. HSC-3 cells induced expression of epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor-beta in co-cultures with M2 Mfs. Direct cell-cell contact between M2 Mfs and HSC-3 cells induced migration and invasion of HSC-3 cells while M1 Mfs reduced HSC-3 cell invasion. M2 Mfs had an excess of NF-kappaB p50 subunit and a lack of p65 subunits both in the presence and absence of HSC-3 cells, indicating dysregulation and pro-tumorigenic NF-kappaB activation. TAM-like cells were abundantly present in close vicinity to carcinoma cells in OTSCC patient samples. We conclude that M2 Mfs/TAMs have an important role in OTSCC regulating adhesion, migration, invasion and cytokine production of carcinoma cells favouring tumor growth. These results demonstrate that OTSCC patients could benefit from therapies targeting TAMs, polarizing TAM-like M2 Mfs to inflammatory macrophages and modulating NF-kappaB activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Pirilä
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Diagnostics and Oral Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Oulu Medical Research Center, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- * E-mail:
| | - Otto Väyrynen
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Diagnostics and Oral Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Oulu Medical Research Center, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Elias Sundquist
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Diagnostics and Oral Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Oulu Medical Research Center, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Kaisa Päkkilä
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Diagnostics and Oral Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Oulu Medical Research Center, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Pia Nyberg
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Diagnostics and Oral Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Oulu Medical Research Center, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Sini Nurmenniemi
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Diagnostics and Oral Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Oulu Medical Research Center, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Virve Pääkkönen
- Department of Pedodontics, Cariology and Endodontology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Paula Pesonen
- Department of Community Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Dan Dayan
- Department of Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Marilena Vered
- Department of Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Institute of Pathology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Lars Uhlin-Hansen
- Institute of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Northern Norway, Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Tuula Salo
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Diagnostics and Oral Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Oulu Medical Research Center, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
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363
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Age-associated inflammation connects RAS-induced senescence to stem cell dysfunction and epidermal malignancy. Cell Death Differ 2015; 22:1764-74. [PMID: 26434982 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2015.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is the single biggest risk factor for malignant transformation. Among the most common age-associated malignancies are non-melanoma skin cancers, comprising the most common types of human cancer. Here we show that mutant H-Ras activation in mouse epidermis, a frequent event in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), elicits a differential outcome in aged versus young mice. Whereas H-Ras activation in the young skin results in hyperplasia that is mainly accompanied by rapid hair growth, H-Ras activation in the aged skin results in more dysplasia and gradual progression to in situ SCC. Progression is associated with increased inflammation, pronounced accumulation of immune cells including T cells, macrophages and mast cells as well as excessive cell senescence. We found not only an age-dependent increase in expression of several pro-inflammatory mediators, but also activation of a strong anti-inflammatory response involving enhanced IL4/IL10 expression and immune skewing toward a Th2 response. In addition, we observed an age-dependent increase in the expression of Pdl1, encoding an immune suppressive ligand that promotes cancer immune evasion. Moreover, upon switching off oncogenic H-Ras activity, young but not aged skin regenerates successfully, suggesting a failure of the aged epidermal stem cells to repair damaged tissue. Our findings support an age-dependent link between accumulation of senescent cells, immune infiltration and cancer progression, which may contribute to the increased cancer risk associated with old age.
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364
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Hutterer GC, Sobolev N, Ehrlich GC, Gutschi T, Stojakovic T, Mannweiler S, Pummer K, Zigeuner R, Pichler M, Dalpiaz O. Pretreatment lymphocyte-monocyte ratio as a potential prognostic factor in a cohort of patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma. J Clin Pathol 2015; 68:351-5. [PMID: 25661796 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2014-202658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the potential prognostic impact of the lymphocyte-monocyte ratio (LMR) in a large European cohort of patients with localised upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC). The LMR as an indicator of systemic inflammatory response has been shown to represent a potential prognostic factor in various types of human cancers. Up to date, the prognostic significance of the LMR in UTUC has not been evaluated. METHODS Clinico-pathological data from 182 non-metastatic patients with UTUC, operated between 1990 and 2012 at a single tertiary academic centre, were evaluated retrospectively. Pretreatment LMR was assessed 1 day before surgery. Patients were categorised using an LMR cut-off value of 2.0 according to a calculation by receiver-operating curve analysis. Patients' overall survival (OS) was assessed using the Kaplan-Meier method. To evaluate the independent prognostic significance of the LMR, a multivariate proportional Cox regression model was applied for OS. RESULTS In multivariate analyses, age on the date of surgery (<65 vs ≥65 years, HR=2.10, 95% CI 1.22 to 3.64), pathological T-stage (pT1 vs pT2-4, HR=2.15, 95% CI 1.26 to 3.67), as well as the LMR (<2 vs ≥2, HR=0.56, 95% CI 0.35 to 0.92) were independent predictors of OS of patients with UTUC. CONCLUSIONS In the cohort studied, patients with an elevated (≥2) preoperative LMR had a subsequently longer OS after radical surgery for UTUC, compared with those with a low (<2) preoperative LMR. Thus, we believe this parameter might be considered an additional prognostic factor in UTUC in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg C Hutterer
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - N Sobolev
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Georg C Ehrlich
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Gutschi
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Tatjana Stojakovic
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Karl Pummer
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Richard Zigeuner
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Pichler
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Orietta Dalpiaz
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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365
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Murray JI, West NR, Murphy LC, Watson PH. Intratumoural inflammation and endocrine resistance in breast cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2015; 22:R51-67. [PMID: 25404688 DOI: 10.1530/erc-14-0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It is becoming clear that inflammation-associated mechanisms can affect progression of breast cancer and modulate responses to treatment. Estrogen receptor alpha (ERα (ESR1)) is the principal biomarker and therapeutic target for endocrine therapies in breast cancer. Over 70% of patients are ESR1-positive at diagnosis and are candidates for endocrine therapy. However, ESR1-positive tumours can become resistant to endocrine therapy. Multiple mechanisms of endocrine resistance have been proposed, including suppression of ESR1. This review discusses the relationship between intratumoural inflammation and endocrine resistance with a particular focus on inflammation-mediated suppression of ESR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill I Murray
- Deeley Research CentreBritish Columbia Cancer Agency, 2410 Lee Avenue, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8R 6V5Translational Gastroenterology UnitNuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UKDepartment of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics and the Manitoba Institute of Cell BiologyUniversity of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, 675 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, CanadaDepartment of Biochemistry and MicrobiologyUniversity of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, CanadaDepartment of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nathan R West
- Deeley Research CentreBritish Columbia Cancer Agency, 2410 Lee Avenue, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8R 6V5Translational Gastroenterology UnitNuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UKDepartment of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics and the Manitoba Institute of Cell BiologyUniversity of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, 675 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, CanadaDepartment of Biochemistry and MicrobiologyUniversity of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, CanadaDepartment of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Leigh C Murphy
- Deeley Research CentreBritish Columbia Cancer Agency, 2410 Lee Avenue, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8R 6V5Translational Gastroenterology UnitNuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UKDepartment of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics and the Manitoba Institute of Cell BiologyUniversity of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, 675 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, CanadaDepartment of Biochemistry and MicrobiologyUniversity of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, CanadaDepartment of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Peter H Watson
- Deeley Research CentreBritish Columbia Cancer Agency, 2410 Lee Avenue, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8R 6V5Translational Gastroenterology UnitNuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UKDepartment of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics and the Manitoba Institute of Cell BiologyUniversity of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, 675 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, CanadaDepartment of Biochemistry and MicrobiologyUniversity of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, CanadaDepartment of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Deeley Research CentreBritish Columbia Cancer Agency, 2410 Lee Avenue, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8R 6V5Translational Gastroenterology UnitNuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UKDepartment of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics and the Manitoba Institute of Cell BiologyUniversity of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, 675 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, CanadaDepartment of Biochemistry and MicrobiologyUniversity of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, CanadaDepartment of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Deeley Research CentreBritish Columbia Cancer Agency, 2410 Lee Avenue, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8R 6V5Translational Gastroenterology UnitNuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UKDepartment of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics and the Manitoba Institute of Cell BiologyUniversity of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, 675 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, CanadaDepartment of Biochemistry and MicrobiologyUniversity of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, CanadaDepartment of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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366
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Korbelik M, Hamblin MR. The impact of macrophage-cancer cell interaction on the efficacy of photodynamic therapy. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2015; 14:1403-9. [PMID: 25620672 DOI: 10.1039/c4pp00451e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are one of the principal host cell populations in solid tumors. They are capable, due to their plasticity, of acquiring phenotypes that either combat (M1 type) or promote (M2 type) neoplastic growth. These cells, known as tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), play complex but pivotal roles in the outcome of photodynamic therapy (PDT) of malignant lesions. Among the various parenchymal and stromal cell populations found in tumors, TAMs have been shown to have the greatest capacity for the uptake of systemically administered photosensitizers. Both the tumor-localizing property of photosensitizers and their tumor-localized fluorescence could be partly attributed to the activity of TAMs. Since resident TAMs with accumulated high photosensitizer content will sustain high degrees of PDT damage, this population (predominantly M2 in most tumors) is selectively destroyed, and during the ensuing inflammatory reaction is replaced with newly invading macrophages of M1 phenotype. These macrophages are sentinels responding to DAMP signals from PDT-treated tumor cells and in turn are mobilized to generate a variety of inflammatory/immune mediators and opsonins. They have a critical role in contributing to the therapeutic effect of PDT by mediating disposal of killed cancer cells and by processing/presenting tumor antigens to T lymphocytes. However, TAMs accumulating in the later post-PDT phase can acquire the M2 (healing) phenotype, and could have a role in tumor recurrence by releasing factors that promote angiogenesis and the survival/proliferation of remaining cancer cells. Various therapeutic strategies modulating TAM activity in the PDT response have potential for clinical use for improving PDT-mediated tumor control.
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Soler Palacios B, Estrada-Capetillo L, Izquierdo E, Criado G, Nieto C, Municio C, González-Alvaro I, Sánchez-Mateos P, Pablos JL, Corbí AL, Puig-Kröger A. Macrophages from the synovium of active rheumatoid arthritis exhibit an activin A-dependent pro-inflammatory profile. J Pathol 2014; 235:515-26. [PMID: 25319955 DOI: 10.1002/path.4466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease whose pathogenesis and severity correlates with the presence of macrophage-derived pro-inflammatory cytokines within the inflamed synovium. Macrophage-derived cytokines fuel the pathological processes in RA and are targets of clinically successful therapies. However, although macrophage polarization determines cytokine production, the polarization state of macrophages in RA joints remains poorly defined. To dissect the molecular basis for the tissue-damaging effects of macrophages in RA joints, we undertook the phenotypic and transcriptomic characterization of ex vivo isolated CD14(+) RA synovial fluid (RA-SF) macrophages. Flow cytometry and gene profiling indicated that RA-SF macrophages express pro-inflammatory polarization markers (MMP12, EGLN3, CCR2), lack expression of markers associated with homeostatic and anti-inflammatory polarization (IGF1, HTR2B) and exhibit a transcriptomic profile that resembles the activin A-dependent gene signature of pro-inflammatory in vitro-generated macrophages. In fact, high levels of Smad-activating activin A were found in RA-SF and, accordingly, the Smad signalling pathway was activated in ex vivo-isolated RA-SF macrophages. In vitro experiments on monocytes and macrophages indicated that RA-SF promoted the acquisition of pro-inflammatory markers (INHBA, MMP12, EGLN3, CCR2) but led to a significant reduction in the expression of genes associated with homeostasis and inflammation resolution (FOLR2, SERPINB2, IGF1, CD36), thus confirming the pro-inflammatory polarization ability of RA-SF. Importantly, the macrophage-polarizing ability of RA-SF was inhibited by an anti-activin A-neutralizing antibody, thus demonstrating that activin A mediates the pro-inflammatory macrophage-polarizing ability of RA-SF. Moreover, and in line with these findings, multicolour immunofluorescence evidenced that macrophages within RA synovial membranes (RA-SM) also express pro-inflammatory polarization markers whose expression is activin A-dependent. Altogether, our results demonstrate that macrophages from RA synovial fluids and membranes exhibit an MMP12(+) EGLN3(+) CCR2(+) pro-inflammatory polarization state whose acquisition is partly dependent on activin A from the synovial fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Soler Palacios
- Laboratorio de Inmuno-Metabolismo, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
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Akkari L, Gocheva V, Kester JC, Hunter KE, Quick ML, Sevenich L, Wang HW, Peters C, Tang LH, Klimstra DS, Reinheckel T, Joyce JA. Distinct functions of macrophage-derived and cancer cell-derived cathepsin Z combine to promote tumor malignancy via interactions with the extracellular matrix. Genes Dev 2014; 28:2134-50. [PMID: 25274726 PMCID: PMC4180975 DOI: 10.1101/gad.249599.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
During the process of tumor progression, cancer cells can produce the requisite growth- and invasion-promoting factors and can also rely on noncancerous cells in the tumor microenvironment as an alternative, cell-extrinsic source. However, whether the cellular source influences the function of such tumor-promoting factors remains an open question. Here, we examined the roles of the cathepsin Z (CtsZ) protease, which is provided by both cancer cells and macrophages in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors in humans and mice. We found that tumor proliferation was exclusively regulated by cancer cell-intrinsic functions of CtsZ, whereas tumor invasion required contributions from both macrophages and cancer cells. Interestingly, several of the tumor-promoting functions of CtsZ were not dependent on its described catalytic activity but instead were mediated via the Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) motif in the enzyme prodomain, which regulated interactions with integrins and the extracellular matrix. Together, these results underscore the complexity of interactions within the tumor microenvironment and indicate that cellular source can indeed impact molecular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Akkari
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York,10065, USA
| | - Vasilena Gocheva
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York,10065, USA
| | - Jemila C Kester
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York,10065, USA
| | - Karen E Hunter
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York,10065, USA
| | - Marsha L Quick
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York,10065, USA
| | - Lisa Sevenich
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York,10065, USA
| | - Hao-Wei Wang
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York,10065, USA
| | - Christoph Peters
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert-Ludwigs University, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Laura H Tang
- Pathology Department, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - David S Klimstra
- Pathology Department, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Thomas Reinheckel
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert-Ludwigs University, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Johanna A Joyce
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York,10065, USA;
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369
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Karikoski M, Marttila-Ichihara F, Elima K, Rantakari P, Hollmén M, Kelkka T, Gerke H, Huovinen V, Irjala H, Holmdahl R, Salmi M, Jalkanen S. Clever-1/stabilin-1 controls cancer growth and metastasis. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:6452-64. [PMID: 25320356 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-1236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Immunosuppressive leukocytes and vasculature are important host cell components regulating tumor progression. Clever-1/Stabilin-1, a multifunctional scavenger and adhesion receptor, is constitutively present on a subset of type II macrophages and lymphatic endothelium, but its functional role in cancer is unknown. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Here, we generated full Clever-1 knockout mice and cell-specific ones lacking Clever-1 either on macrophages or endothelium. We also used anti-Clever-1 antibody therapy to treat B16 melanoma and EL-4 lymphoma. RESULTS Clever-1-deficient mice had smaller primary and metastatic tumors than wild-type (WT) controls. Growth of primary tumors, but not of metastases, was attenuated also in mice lacking Clever-1 selectively in macrophages or in vascular endothelium. Anti-Clever-1 antibody treatment inhibited tumor progression in WT mice. Both genetically and therapeutically induced absence of functional Clever-1 led to diminished numbers of immunosuppressive leukocyte types in tumors. Functionally Clever-1 mediated binding of immunosuppressive leukocytes to the intratumoral blood vessels aberrantly expressing Clever-1, and tumor cell traffic via the lymphatics. The antibody therapy did not aggravate autoimmunity. CONCLUSION This work identifies Clever-1 in type II macrophages and in tumor vasculature as a new immunosuppressive molecule in cancer. Our finding that Clever-1 supports binding of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes to tumor vasculature increases our understanding of leukocyte immigration to tumors. The ability of anti-Clever-1 antibody treatment to attenuate tumor progression in WT mice in vivo is therapeutically relevant. Thus, Clever-1 may be an emerging new target for modulating immune evasion and lymphatic spread in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Karikoski
- MediCity Research Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Kati Elima
- MediCity Research Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland. Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Pia Rantakari
- MediCity Research Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland. Department of Physiology and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Maija Hollmén
- MediCity Research Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Tiina Kelkka
- MediCity Research Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Heidi Gerke
- MediCity Research Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Ville Huovinen
- MediCity Research Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Heikki Irjala
- MediCity Research Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland. Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Rikard Holmdahl
- MediCity Research Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Marko Salmi
- MediCity Research Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland. National Institute for Health and Welfare, Turku, Finland. Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Sirpa Jalkanen
- MediCity Research Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland. National Institute for Health and Welfare, Turku, Finland. Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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370
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Hedbrant A, Erlandsson A, Delbro D, Wijkander J. Conditioned media from human macrophages of M1 phenotype attenuate the cytotoxic effect of 5‑fluorouracil on the HT‑29 colon cancer cell line. Int J Oncol 2014; 46:37-46. [PMID: 25310018 PMCID: PMC4238731 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance of tumor cells to chemotherapy, such as 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), is an obstacle for successful treatment of cancer. As a follow-up of a previous study we have investigated the effect of conditioned media (CM) from macrophages of M1 or M2 phenotypes on 5-FU cytotoxicity on the colon cancer cell lines HT-29 and CACO-2. HT-29 cells, but not CACO-2 cells, having been treated with a combination of M1 CM and 5-FU recovered their cell growth to a much larger extent compared to cells having been treated with 5-FU alone when further cultured for 7 days in fresh media. M1 CM treatment of HT-29, but not CACO-2 cells, induced cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 and G2/M phases. 5-FU treatment induced accumulation of cells in S-phase in both HT-29 and CACO-2 cells. This accumulation of cells in S-phase was attenuated by combined M1 CM and 5-FU treatment in HT-29 cells, but not in CACO-2 cells. The mRNA expression of cell cycle regulatory proteins and 5-FU metabolic enzymes were analyzed in an attempt to find possible mechanisms for the M1 CM induced attenuation of 5-FU cytotoxicity in HT-29. Thymidylate synthetase (TS) and thymidine phosphorylase (TP) were found to be substantially downregulated and upregulated, respectively, in HT-29 cells treated with M1 CM, making them unlikely as mediators of reduced 5-FU cytotoxicity. Among cell cycle regulating proteins, p21 was induced in HT-29 cells, but not in CACO-2 cells, in response to M1 CM treatment. However, small interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown of p21 had no effect on the M1 CM induced cell cycle arrest seen in HT-29 and neither did it change the growth recovery after combined treatment of HT-29 cells with M1 CM and 5-FU. In conclusion, treatment of HT-29 cells with M1 CM reduces the cytotoxic effect of 5-FU and this is mediated by a M1 CM induced cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 and G2/M phases. So far, we lack an explanation why this action is absent in the CACO-2 cells. The current findings may be important for optimization of chemotherapy in colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ann Erlandsson
- Department of Health Sciences, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden
| | - Dick Delbro
- School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Jonny Wijkander
- Department of Health Sciences, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden
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371
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Laoui D, Van Overmeire E, De Baetselier P, Van Ginderachter JA, Raes G. Functional Relationship between Tumor-Associated Macrophages and Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor as Contributors to Cancer Progression. Front Immunol 2014; 5:489. [PMID: 25339957 PMCID: PMC4188035 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The current review article describes the functional relationship between tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) as key cellular contributors to cancer malignancy on the one hand and macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF or CSF-1) as an important molecular contributor on the other. We recapitulate the available data on expression of M-CSF and the M-CSF receptor (M-CSFR) in human tumor tissue as constituents of a stromal macrophage signature and on the limits of the predictive and prognostic value of plasma M-CSF levels. After providing an update on current insights into the nature of TAM heterogeneity at the level of M1/M2 phenotype and TAM subsets, we give an overview of experimental evidence, based on genetic, antibody-mediated, and pharmacological disruption of M-CSF/M-CSFR signaling, for the extent to which M-CSFR signaling can not only determine the TAM quantity, but can also contribute to shaping the phenotype and heterogeneity of TAM and other related tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells (TIM). Finally, we review the accumulating information on the – sometimes conflicting – effects blocking M-CSFR signaling may have on various aspects of cancer progression such as tumor growth, invasion, angiogenesis, metastasis, and resistance to therapy and we thereby discuss in how far these different effects actually reflect a contribution of TAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damya Laoui
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB , Brussels , Belgium ; Unit of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Brussels , Belgium
| | - Eva Van Overmeire
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB , Brussels , Belgium ; Unit of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Brussels , Belgium
| | - Patrick De Baetselier
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB , Brussels , Belgium ; Unit of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Brussels , Belgium
| | - Jo A Van Ginderachter
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB , Brussels , Belgium ; Unit of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Brussels , Belgium
| | - Geert Raes
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB , Brussels , Belgium ; Unit of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Brussels , Belgium
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372
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Zhou D, Huang C, Kong L, Li J. Novel therapeutic target of hepatocellular carcinoma by manipulation of macrophage colony-stimulating factor/tumor-associated macrophages axis in tumor microenvironment. Hepatol Res 2014; 44:E318-9. [PMID: 25257690 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dexi Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University (AMU), Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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Zhan X, Jia L, Niu Y, Qi H, Chen X, Zhang Q, Zhang J, Wang Y, Dong L, Wang C. Targeted depletion of tumour-associated macrophages by an alendronate-glucomannan conjugate for cancer immunotherapy. Biomaterials 2014; 35:10046-57. [PMID: 25245263 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) are a set of macrophages residing in the tumour microenvironment. They play essential roles in mediating tumour angiogenesis, metastasis and immune evasion. Delivery of therapeutic agents to eliminate TAMs can be a promising strategy for cancer immunotherapy but an efficient vehicle to target these cells is still in pressing need. In this study, we developed a bisphosphonate-glucomannan conjugate that could efficiently target and specifically eliminate TAMs in the tumour microenvironment. We employed the polysaccharide from Bletilla striata (BSP), a glucomannan affinitive for macrophages that express abundant mannose receptors, to conjugate alendronate (ALN), a bisphosphonate compound with in vitro macrophage-inhibiting activities. In both in vitro and in vivo tests, the prepared ALN-BSP conjugate could preferentially accumulate in macrophages and induced them into apoptosis. In the subcutaneous S180 tumour-bearing mice model, the treatment using ALN-BSP effectively eliminated TAMs, remarkably inhibited angiogenesis, recovered local immune surveillance, and eventually suppressed tumour progression, without eliciting any unwanted effect such as systematic immune response. Interestingly, ALN alone failed to exhibit any anti-TAM activity in vivo, probably because this compound was susceptible to the mildly acidic tumour microenvironment. Taken together, these results demonstrate the potential of ALN-BSP as a safe and efficient tool targeted at direct depletion of TAMs for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiudan Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Lixin Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yiming Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Haixia Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiuping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Qingwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Junfeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yitao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Lei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Chunming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China.
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374
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Abstract
Solid tumors are well known for their genomic heterogeneity. Although some aspects of this derive from so-called driver mutations, it is now clear that tumor cells possess a seemingly limitless capacity to evade cell death pathway activation, maintain essential survival programming, and initiate resistance networks that block efficacy of cytotoxic and targeted therapy. Given this amazing survival capability, how then to design approaches for effective eradication of malignant cells? Also present within all solid tumors is a diverse assemblage of genomically stable immune cell types. Whereas some of these possess documented activities that foster tumor progression, others possess inherent activities that when favored lead to rapid tumor cell elimination. This review focuses on aspects of dendritic cell biology in solid tumors, especially breast cancers, which point to dendritic cells as a tractable tool to exploit for immune-based therapies.
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375
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Shehade H, Oldenhove G, Moser M. Hypoxia in the intestine or solid tumors: a beneficial or deleterious alarm signal? Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:2550-7. [PMID: 25043839 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor hypoxia inducible factors (HIF)-1 functions as a master regulator of oxygen homeostasis. There is increasing evidence that HIF has an essential role to prevent tissue damage in physiological and pathological situations in which cells are deprived of O2. Here, we review the effects of decreased oxygen supply on the innate and adaptive immune responses in the gut and in solid tumors in which the oxygenation profile correlates with the grade of inflammation. Data in the literature indicate that some tumors may co-opt immune mechanisms induced by HIF-1 to promote their survival and proliferation. By contrast, HIF-1 stabilization would have a beneficial effect in the intestinal tract as it would dampen inflammation and promote its resolution. Therefore, stabilization of HIF-1 in hypoxia may have opposite effects on the integrity of the host, depending on the tissue microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein Shehade
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
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376
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Kono Y, Kawakami S, Higuchi Y, Maruyama K, Yamashita F, Hashida M. Antitumor effect of nuclear factor-κB decoy transfer by mannose-modified bubble lipoplex into macrophages in mouse malignant ascites. Cancer Sci 2014; 105:1049-55. [PMID: 24850474 PMCID: PMC4317846 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with malignant ascites (MAs) display several symptoms, such as dyspnea, nausea, pain, and abdominal tenderness, resulting in a significant reduction in their quality of life. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play a crucial role in MA progression. Because TAMs have a tumor-promoting M2 phenotype, conversion of the M2 phenotypic function of TAMs would be promising for MA treatment. Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) is a master regulator of macrophage polarization. Here, we developed targeted transfer of a NF-κB decoy into TAMs by ultrasound (US)-responsive, mannose-modified liposome/NF-κB decoy complexes (Man-PEG bubble lipoplexes) in a mouse peritoneal dissemination model of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma. In addition, we investigated the effects of NF-κB decoy transfection into TAMs on MA progression and mouse survival rates. Intraperitoneal injection of Man-PEG bubble lipoplexes and US exposure transferred the NF-κB decoy into TAMs effectively. When the NF-κB decoy was delivered into TAMs by this method in the mouse peritoneal dissemination model, mRNA expression of the Th2 cytokine interleukin (IL)-10 in TAMs was decreased significantly. In contrast, mRNA levels of Th1 cytokines (IL-12, tumor necrosis factor-α, and IL-6) were increased significantly. Moreover, the expression level of vascular endothelial growth factor in ascites was suppressed significantly, and peritoneal angiogenesis showed a reduction. Furthermore, NF-κB decoy transfer into TAMs significantly decreased the ascitic volume and number of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells in ascites, and prolonged mouse survival. In conclusion, we transferred a NF-κB decoy efficiently by Man-PEG bubble lipoplexes with US exposure into TAMs, which may be a novel approach for MA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kono
- Department of Drug Delivery Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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377
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Lisi L, Laudati E, Navarra P, Dello Russo C. The mTOR kinase inhibitors polarize glioma-activated microglia to express a M1 phenotype. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:125. [PMID: 25051975 PMCID: PMC4128534 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-11-125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is observed in numerous human cancers. Recent studies on the glioma kinome have identified several deregulated pathways that converge and activate mTOR. The available evidence on the role of microglia in CNS cancers would suggest a dual role, a tumoricidal role and -on the contrary- a role favoring tumor growth. METHODS In the present paper, we have compared the effects of μM concentrations of rapamycin (RAPA) and its analog, RAD001 (RAD), on activated microglia; the latter was obtained by exposing cells to conditioned medium harvested either from inflammatory activated glioma cells (LI-CM) or from glioma cells kept under basal conditions (C-CM). RESULTS Here we show that the inhibition of mTOR polarizes glioma-activated microglial cells towards the M1 phenotype, with cytotoxic activities, preventing the induction of the M2 status that promotes tumor growth. In fact RAPA and RAD significantly increased iNOS expression and activity, while on the same time significantly reducing IL-10 gene expression induced by C-CM, thus suggesting that the drugs prevent the acquisition of a M2 phenotype in response to glioma factors promoting a classic M1 activation. Similar results were obtained using the conditioned media obtained after glioma stimulation with LPS-IFNγ (LI-CM), which was found to induce a mixture of M1 and M2a/b polarization phenotypes. In these conditions, the inhibition of mTOR led to a significant up-regulation of iNOS, and in parallel to the down-regulation of both ARG and IL-10 gene expression. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that mTOR inhibition may prevent glioma induced M2 polarization of microglial cells and increase their cytotoxic potential, possibly resulting in antitumor actions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pierluigi Navarra
- Institute of Pharmacology, Catholic University Medical School, L,go F Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
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378
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Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is a complex ecology of cells that evolves with and provides support to tumor cells during the transition to malignancy. Among the innate and adaptive immune cells recruited to the tumor site, macrophages are particularly abundant and are present at all stages of tumor progression. Clinical studies and experimental mouse models indicate that these macrophages generally play a protumoral role. In the primary tumor, macrophages can stimulate angiogenesis and enhance tumor cell invasion, motility, and intravasation. During monocytes and/or metastasis, macrophages prime the premetastatic site and promote tumor cell extravasation, survival, and persistent growth. Macrophages are also immunosuppressive, preventing tumor cell attack by natural killer and T cells during tumor progression and after recovery from chemo- or immunotherapy. Therapeutic success in targeting these protumoral roles in preclinical models and in early clinical trials suggests that macrophages are attractive targets as part of combination therapy in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Noy
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Center for the Study of Reproductive Biology and Women's Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Pollard
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Center for the Study of Reproductive Biology and Women's Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA; MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK.
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379
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Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is a complex ecology of cells that evolves with and provides support to tumor cells during the transition to malignancy. Among the innate and adaptive immune cells recruited to the tumor site, macrophages are particularly abundant and are present at all stages of tumor progression. Clinical studies and experimental mouse models indicate that these macrophages generally play a protumoral role. In the primary tumor, macrophages can stimulate angiogenesis and enhance tumor cell invasion, motility, and intravasation. During monocytes and/or metastasis, macrophages prime the premetastatic site and promote tumor cell extravasation, survival, and persistent growth. Macrophages are also immunosuppressive, preventing tumor cell attack by natural killer and T cells during tumor progression and after recovery from chemo- or immunotherapy. Therapeutic success in targeting these protumoral roles in preclinical models and in early clinical trials suggests that macrophages are attractive targets as part of combination therapy in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Noy
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Center for the Study of Reproductive Biology and Women's Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Pollard
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Center for the Study of Reproductive Biology and Women's Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA; MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK.
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380
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Sullivan AR, Pixley FJ. CSF-1R signaling in health and disease: a focus on the mammary gland. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2014; 19:149-59. [PMID: 24912655 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-014-9320-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1), also known as macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF), is the primary growth factor regulating survival, proliferation and differentiation of macrophages. It is also a potent chemokine for macrophages and monocytes. Signaling via the CSF-1 receptor (CSF-1R) is necessary for the production of almost all tissue resident macrophage populations and these macrophages participate, via trophic mechanisms, in the normal development and homeostasis of tissues and organs in which they reside, including the mammary gland. The drawback of this close interaction between macrophages and parenchymal cells is that dysregulation of macrophage trophic functions assists in the development and progression of many cancers, including breast cancer. Furthermore, tumour cells secrete CSF-1 to attract more macrophages to the tumour microenvironment where CSF-1R signaling frequently drives the behaviour of these tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) to promote tumour progression and metastasis. Evidence is mounting that treated tumours secrete more CSF-1 and the increased recruitment of TAMs limits treatment efficacy. Thus, therapeutic targeting of the CSF-1R to inhibit TAM function is likely to enhance tumour response and improve patient outcomes in the treatment of cancer, including breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Renee Sullivan
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
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381
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The metabolic cooperation between cells in solid cancer tumors. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2014; 1846:216-25. [PMID: 24983675 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells cooperate with stromal cells and use their environment to promote tumor growth. Energy production depends on nutrient availability and O₂ concentration. Well-oxygenated cells are highly proliferative and reorient the glucose metabolism towards biosynthesis, whereas glutamine oxidation replenishes the TCA cycle coupled with OXPHOS-ATP production. Glucose, glutamine and alanine transformations sustain nucleotide and fatty acid synthesis. In contrast, hypoxic cells slow down their proliferation, enhance glycolysis to produce ATP and reject lactate which is recycled as fuel by normoxic cells. Thus, glucose is spared for biosynthesis and/or for hypoxic cell function. Environmental cells, such as fibroblasts and adipocytes, serve as food donors for cancer cells, which reject waste products (CO₂ , H⁺, ammoniac, polyamines…) promoting EMT, invasion, angiogenesis and proliferation. This metabolic-coupling can be considered as a form of commensalism whereby non-malignant cells support the growth of cancer cells. Understanding these cellular cooperations within tumors may be a source of inspiration to develop new anti-cancer agents.
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382
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Dittmer J, Leyh B. The impact of tumor stroma on drug response in breast cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2014; 31:3-15. [PMID: 24912116 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the last two decades the breast cancer mortality rate has steadily declined, in part, due to the availability of better treatment options. However, drug resistance still remains a major challenge. Resistance can be an inherent feature of breast cancer cells, but can also arise from the tumor microenvironment. This review aims to focus on the modulatory effect of the tumor microenvironment on the differing response of breast cancer subtypes to targeted drugs and chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Dittmer
- Clinic for Gynecology, University of Halle, Halle/Saale, Germany.
| | - Benjamin Leyh
- Clinic for Gynecology, University of Halle, Halle/Saale, Germany
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383
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Tumor-associated macrophages promote cancer stem cell-like properties via transforming growth factor-beta1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Lett 2014; 352:160-8. [PMID: 24892648 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), a crucial component of immune cells infiltrated in tumor microenvironment, have been found to be associated with progression and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In this study, we aimed to clarify the mechanism underlying the crosstalk between TAMs and cancer stem cells (CSCs) in HCC. Mouse macrophage cell line RAW264.7 cells were used to investigate the effects of TAMs on mouse hepatoma cell line Hepa1-6 cells in vivo and vitro. A total of 90 clinical samples had pathology-proven HCC were used to evaluate the distribution of TAMs and CSCs and analyze their value in predicting the prognosis. In the study, we have found that the number of TAMs has a positive correlation with the density of CSCs in the marginal of human HCC. Our results show that, cocultured with TAM-conditioned medium (CM) promoted CSC-like properties in Hepa1-6 cells, which underwent EMT and gained higher invasive capability. TAMs secreted more transforming growth factor- beta1 (TGF-beta1) than other phenotypes of macrophage. Furthermore, depletion of TGF-beta1 blocked acquisition of CSC-like properties by inhibition of TGF-beta1-induced EMT. High expression of CD68 in the EpCAM positive expression HCC tissues was strongly associated with both poor cancer-free survival and overall survival in patients. Our results indicate that the TAMs promote CSC-like properties via TGF-beta1-induced EMT and they may contribute to investigate the prognosis of HCC.
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384
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Garziera M, Toffoli G. Inhibition of host immune response in colorectal cancer: Human leukocyte antigen-G and beyond. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:3778-3794. [PMID: 24744572 PMCID: PMC3983436 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i14.3778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most diffuse cancers worldwide and is still a clinical burden. Increasing evidences associate CRC clinical outcome to immune contexture represented by adaptive immune cells. Their type, density and location are summarized in the Immune Score that has been shown to improve prognostic prediction of CRC patients. The non-classical MHC class I human leukocyte antigen-G (HLA-G), is a crucial tumor-driven immune escape molecule involved in immune tolerance. HLA-G and soluble counterparts are able to exert inhibitory functions by direct interactions with inhibitory receptors present on both innate cells such as natural killer cells, and adaptive immune cells as cytotoxic T and B lymphocytes. HLA-G may play a prominent role in CRC strategies to avoid host immunosurveillance. This review highlights the current knowledge on HLA-G contribution in CRC, in related inflammatory diseases and in other type of cancers and disorders. HLA-G genetic setting (specific haplotypes, genotypes and alleles frequencies) and association with circulating/soluble profiles was highlighted. HLA G prognostic and predictive value in CRC was investigated in order to define a novel prognostic immune biomarker in CRC.
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385
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Senescent remodeling of the innate and adaptive immune system in the elderly men with prostate cancer. Curr Gerontol Geriatr Res 2014; 2014:478126. [PMID: 24772169 PMCID: PMC3977481 DOI: 10.1155/2014/478126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 01/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite years of intensive investigation that has been made in understanding prostate cancer, it remains a major cause of death in men worldwide. Prostate cancer emerges from multiple alterations that induce changes in expression patterns of genes and proteins that function in networks controlling critical cellular events. Based on the exponential aging of the population and the increasing life expectancy in industrialized Western countries, prostate cancer in the elderly men is becoming a disease of increasing significance. Aging is a progressive degenerative process strictly integrated with inflammation. Several theories have been proposed that attempt to define the role of chronic inflammation in aging including redox stress, mitochondrial damage, immunosenescence, and epigenetic modifications. Here, we review the innate and adaptive immune systems and their senescent remodeling in elderly men with prostate cancer.
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386
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Sermeus A, Leonard W, Engels B, De Ridder M. Advances in radiotherapy and targeted therapies for rectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:1-5. [PMID: 24415852 PMCID: PMC3885997 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The last decade witnessed a significant progress in understanding the biology and immunology of colorectal cancer alongside with the technical innovations in radiotherapy. The stepwise implementation of intensity-modulated and image-guided radiation therapy by means of megavolt computed tomography and helical tomotherapy enabled us to anatomically sculpt dose delivery, reducing treatment related toxicity. In addition, the administration of a simultaneous integrated boost offers excellent local control rates. The novel challenge is the development of treatment strategies for medically inoperable patient and organ preserving approaches. However, distant control remains unsatisfactory and indicates an urgent need for biomarkers that predict the risk of tumor spread. The expected benefit of targeted therapies that exploit the tumor genome alone is so far hindered by high cost techniques and pharmaceuticals, hence hardly justifying rather modest improvements in patient outcomes. On the other hand, the immune landscape of colorectal cancer is now better clarified with regard to the immunosuppressive network that promotes immune escape. Both N2 neutrophils and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) emerge as useful clinical biomarkers of poor prognosis, while the growing list of anti-MDSC agents shows promising ability to boost antitumor T-cell immunity in preclinical settings. Therefore, integration of genetic and immune biomarkers is the next logical step towards effective targeted therapies in the context of personalized cancer treatment.
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387
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Nanomedicine: The Promise and Challenges in Cancer Chemotherapy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 811:207-33. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-8739-0_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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388
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Engström A, Erlandsson A, Delbro D, Wijkander J. Conditioned media from macrophages of M1, but not M2 phenotype, inhibit the proliferation of the colon cancer cell lines HT-29 and CACO-2. Int J Oncol 2013; 44:385-92. [PMID: 24296981 PMCID: PMC3898868 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.2203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Solid tumors are infiltrated by stroma cells including macrophages and these cells can affect tumor growth, metastasis and angiogenesis. We have investigated the effects of conditioned media (CM) from different macrophages on the proliferation of the colon cancer cell lines HT-29 and CACO-2. CM from THP-1 macrophages and monocyte-derived human macrophages of the M1 phenotype, but not the M2 phenotype, inhibited proliferation of the tumor cells in a dose-dependent manner. Lipopolysaccaharide and interferon γ was used for differentiation of macrophages towards the M1 phenotype and CM were generated both during differentiation (M1DIFF) and after differentiation (M1). M1 and M1DIFF CM as well as THP-1 macrophage CM resulted in cell cycle arrest in HT-29 cells with a decrease of cells in S phase and an increase in G2/M phase. Treatment of HT-29 cells with M1DIFF, but not M1 or THP-1 macrophage CM, resulted in apoptosis of about 20% of the tumor cells and this was accompanied by lack of recovery of cell growth after removal of CM and subsequent culture in fresh media. A protein array was used to identify cytokines released from M1 and M2 macrophages. Among the cytokines released by M1 macrophages, tumor necrosis factor α and CXCL9 were tested by direct addition to HT-29 cells, but neither affected proliferation. Our results indicate that M1 macrophages inhibit colon cancer cell growth and have the potential of contributing to reducing tumor growth in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ann Erlandsson
- Department of Health Sciences, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden
| | - Dick Delbro
- School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Jonny Wijkander
- Department of Health Sciences, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden
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389
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Di Meo S, Airoldi I, Sorrentino C, Zorzoli A, Esposito S, Di Carlo E. Interleukin-30 expression in prostate cancer and its draining lymph nodes correlates with advanced grade and stage. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 20:585-94. [PMID: 24277453 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-2240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The interleukin (IL)-27 cytokine subunit p28, also called IL-30, has been recognized as a novel immunoregulatory mediator endowed with its own functions. These are currently the subject of discussion in immunology, but completely unexplored in cancer biology. We set out to investigate the role of IL-30 in prostate carcinogenesis and its effects on human prostate cancer (hPCa) cells. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN IL-30 expression, as visualized by immunohistochemistry and real-time reverse transcriptase PCR on prostate and draining lymph nodes from 125 patients with prostate cancer, was correlated with clinicopathologic data. IL-30 regulation of hPCa cell viability and expression of selected gene clusters was tested by flow cytometry and PCR array. RESULTS IL-30, absent in normal prostatic epithelia, was expressed by cancerous epithelia with Gleason ≥ 7% of 21.3% of prostate cancer stage I to III and 40.9% of prostate cancer stage IV. IL-30 expression by tumor infiltrating leukocytes (T-ILK) was higher in stage IV that in stage I to III prostate cancer (P = 0.0006) or in control tissue (P = 0.0011). IL-30 expression in prostate draining lymph nodes (LN)-ILK was higher in stage IV than in stage I to III prostate cancer (P = 0.0031) or in control nodes (P = 0.0023). The main IL-30 sources were identified as CD68(+) macrophages, CD33(+)/CD11b(+) myeloid cells, and CD14(+) monocytes. In vitro, IL-30 stimulated proliferation of hPCa cells and also downregulated CCL16/LEC, TNFSF14/LIGHT, chemokine-like factor (CKLF), and particularly CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain containing 3 (CMTM3) and greatly upregulated ChemR23/CMKLR. CONCLUSIONS We provide the first evidence that IL-30 is implicated in prostate cancer progression because (i) its expression by prostate cancer or T- and LN-ILK correlates with advanced disease grade and stage; and (ii) IL-30 exerts protumor activity in hPCa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Di Meo
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Medicine and Sciences of Aging, Section of Anatomic Pathology and Molecular Medicine; Ce.S.I. Aging Research Center, "G. d'Annunzio" University Foundation, Chieti; and Laboratory of Oncology, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
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390
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Zhang Y, Cheng S, Zhang M, Zhen L, Pang D, Zhang Q, Li Z. High-infiltration of tumor-associated macrophages predicts unfavorable clinical outcome for node-negative breast cancer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76147. [PMID: 24098773 PMCID: PMC3786995 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is composed of tumor cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells and infiltrating immune cells, which may inhibit or promote tumor growth and progression. The objectives of this retrospective study were to characterize the density of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in breast cancer, and to correlate the density of TAMs with clinicopathological parameters. Paraffin-embedded specimens and clinicopathological data, including up to 5 years follow-up information, were obtained from 172 breast cancer patients. Immunohistochemical staining for CD68 (marker for macrophages) was performed and evaluated in a blinded fashion. We found that TAMs were significantly frequent in high histopathological grade breast cancer patients. Breast cancer patients with a high density of TAMs had significantly lower rates of disease-free survival and 5-year overall survival than patients with low density of TAMs. Furthermore, high-infiltration of TAMs indicated worse survival rate for patients with node-negative breast cancer. In conclusion, the number of TAMs in the tumor stroma is an independent predictor of survival time for breast cancer patients. High-infiltration of TAMs is a significant unfavorable prognostic factor for patients with invasive breast cancer and, as such, is a potentially useful prognostic marker for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shaoqiang Cheng
- The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Mingyan Zhang
- The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lina Zhen
- The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Da Pang
- The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Qingyuan Zhang
- The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- * E-mail: (QYZ); (ZL)
| | - Zhigao Li
- The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- * E-mail: (QYZ); (ZL)
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391
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Shigdar S, Li Y, Bhattacharya S, O'Connor M, Pu C, Lin J, Wang T, Xiang D, Kong L, Wei MQ, Zhu Y, Zhou S, Duan W. Inflammation and cancer stem cells. Cancer Lett 2013; 345:271-8. [PMID: 23941828 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells are becoming recognised as being responsible for metastasis and treatment resistance. The complex cellular and molecular network that regulates cancer stem cells and the role that inflammation plays in cancer progression are slowly being elucidated. Cytokines, secreted by tumour associated immune cells, activate the necessary pathways required by cancer stem cells to facilitate cancer stem cells progressing through the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and migrating to distant sites. Once in situ, these cancer stem cells can secrete their own attractants, thus providing an environment whereby these cells can continue to propagate the tumour in a secondary niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Shigdar
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3217, Australia.
| | - Yong Li
- Cancer Care Centre, St. George Hospital, and St. George Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Santanu Bhattacharya
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | - Michael O'Connor
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3217, Australia
| | - Chunwen Pu
- Dalian Sixth People's Hospital, Dalian 116033, China
| | - Jia Lin
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3217, Australia
| | - Tao Wang
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3217, Australia
| | - Dongxi Xiang
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3217, Australia
| | - Lingxue Kong
- School of Medical Science and Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Australia
| | - Ming Q Wei
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yimin Zhu
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Nanobiomedicine, Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shufeng Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Wei Duan
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3217, Australia.
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392
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Tissue macrophage heterogeneity: issues and prospects. Semin Immunopathol 2013; 35:533-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s00281-013-0386-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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393
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Ascierto PA, Grimaldi AM, Acquavella N, Borgognoni L, Calabrò L, Cascinelli N, Cesano A, Del Vecchio M, Eggermont AM, Faries M, Ferrone S, Fox BA, Gajewski TF, Galon J, Gnjatic S, Gogas H, Kashani-Sabet M, Kaufman HL, Larkin J, Lo RS, Mantovani A, Margolin K, Melief C, McArthur G, Palmieri G, Puzanov I, Ribas A, Seliger B, Sosman J, Suenaert P, Tarhini AA, Trinchieri G, Vidal-Vanaclocha F, Wang E, Ciliberto G, Mozzillo N, Marincola FM, Thurin M. Future perspectives in melanoma research. Meeting report from the "Melanoma Bridge. Napoli, December 2nd-4th 2012". J Transl Med 2013; 11:137. [PMID: 23731854 PMCID: PMC3681569 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-11-137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent insights into the genetic and somatic aberrations have initiated a new era of rapidly evolving targeted and immune-based treatments for melanoma. After decades of unsuccessful attempts to finding a more effective cure in the treatment of melanoma now we have several drugs active in melanoma. The possibility to use these drugs in combination to improve responses to overcome the resistance, to potentiate the action of immune system with the new immunomodulating antibodies, and identification of biomarkers that can predict the response to a particular therapy represent new concepts and approaches in the clinical management of melanoma. The third "Melanoma Research: "A bridge from Naples to the World" meeting, shortened as "Bridge Melanoma Meeting" took place in Naples, December 2 to 4th, 2012. The four topics of discussion at this meeting were: advances in molecular profiling and novel biomarkers, combination therapies, novel concepts toward integrating biomarkers and therapies into contemporary clinical management of patients with melanoma across the entire spectrum of disease stage, and the knowledge gained from the biology of tumor microenvironment across different tumors as a bridge to impact on prognosis and response to therapy in melanoma. This international congress gathered more than 30 international faculty members who in an interactive atmosphere which stimulated discussion and exchange of their experience regarding the most recent advances in research and clinical management of melanoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo A Ascierto
- Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Fondazione “G. Pascale”, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Nicolas Acquavella
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MA, USA
| | - Lorenzo Borgognoni
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Regional Melanoma Refferral Center – S.M. Annunziata Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Luana Calabrò
- Medical Oncology and Immunotherapy, University Hospital of Siena, Istituto Toscano Tumori, Siena, Italy
| | | | | | - Michele Del Vecchio
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Mark Faries
- John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | - Soldano Ferrone
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bernard A Fox
- Laboratory of Molecular and Tumor Immunology, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | | | - Jérôme Galon
- INSERM, U872, Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Paris F-75006, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Sacha Gnjatic
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Helen Gogas
- 1st Department of Medicine, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Mohammed Kashani-Sabet
- Center for Melanoma Research and Treatment, California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Roger S Lo
- Dermatology/Medicine, UCLA Geffen School of Medicine and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Kim Margolin
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Cornelis Melief
- Leiden University Medical Center and ISA Pharmaceuticals, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Grant McArthur
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Australia
| | - Giuseppe Palmieri
- Unit of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council, Sassari, Italy
| | - Igor Puzanov
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Antoni Ribas
- Tumor Immunology Program, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center (JCCC), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Barbara Seliger
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Jeff Sosman
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Comprehensive Cancer Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Peter Suenaert
- Global Early Clinical Development, Clinical Immunotherapeutics, Immunotherapeutics, GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines, Rixensart, Belgium
| | - Ahmad A Tarhini
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Giorgio Trinchieri
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Fernando Vidal-Vanaclocha
- Institute of Applied Molecular Medicine (IMMA), CEU-San Pablo University and HM-Hospitals School of Medicine, Boadilla del Monte, 28668, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ena Wang
- Infectious Disease and Immunogenetics Section (IDIS), Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center and Center for Human Immunology (CHI), NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Nicola Mozzillo
- Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Fondazione “G. Pascale”, Naples, Italy
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