351
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Gardiner SE, Bassett HC, Noiton DA, Bus VG, Hofstee ME, White AG, Ball RD, Forster RL, Rikkerink EH. A detailed linkage map around an apple scab resistance gene demonstrates that two disease resistance classes both carry the V f gene. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 1996; 93:485-493. [PMID: 24162339 DOI: 10.1007/bf00417939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/1995] [Accepted: 03/01/1996] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A detailed genetic map has been constructed in apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) in the region of the v f gene. This gene confers resistance to the apple scab fungus Venturia inaequalis (Cooke) Wint. Linkage data on four RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) markers and the isoenzyme marker PGM-1, previously reported to be linked to the v f gene, are integrated using two populations segregating for resistance to apple scab. Two new RAPD markers linked to v f (identified by bulked segregant analysis) and a third marker previously reported as being present in several cultivars containing v f are also placed on the map. The map around v f now contains eight genetic markers spread over approximately 28 cM, with markers on both sides of the resistance gene. The study indicates that RAPD markers in the region of crab apple DNA introgressed with resistance are often transportable between apple clones carrying resistance from the same source. Analysis of co-segregation of the resistance classes 3A (weakly resistant) and 3B (weakly susceptible) with the linked set of genetic markers demonstrates that progeny of both classes carry the resistance gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Gardiner
- Batchelar Research Centre, Private Bag 11 030, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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352
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Whitham S, McCormick S, Baker B. The N gene of tobacco confers resistance to tobacco mosaic virus in transgenic tomato. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 93:8776-81. [PMID: 8710948 PMCID: PMC38750 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.93.16.8776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been proposed that cloned plant disease resistance genes could be transferred from resistant to susceptible plant species to control important crop plant diseases. The recently cloned N gene of tobacco confers resistance to the viral pathogen, tobacco mosaic virus. We generated transgenic tomato plants bearing the N gene and demonstrate that N confers a hypersensitive response and effectively localizes tobacco mosaic virus to sites of inoculation in transgenic tomato, as it does in tobacco. The ability to reconstruct the N-mediated resistance response to tobacco mosaic virus in tomato demonstrates the utility of using isolated resistance genes to protect crop plants from diseases, and it demonstrates that all the components necessary for N-mediated resistance are conserved in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Whitham
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Berkeley 94720, USA
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353
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Salmeron JM, Oldroyd GE, Rommens CM, Scofield SR, Kim HS, Lavelle DT, Dahlbeck D, Staskawicz BJ. Tomato Prf is a member of the leucine-rich repeat class of plant disease resistance genes and lies embedded within the Pto kinase gene cluster. Cell 1996; 86:123-33. [PMID: 8689679 DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80083-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 422] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In tomato, resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) strains expressing the avirulence gene avrPto requires the presence of at least two host genes, designated Pto and Prf. Here we report that Prf encodes a protein with leucine-zipper, nucleotide-binding, and leucine-rich repeat motifs, as are found in a number of resistance gene products from other plants. prf mutant alleles (4) were found to carry alterations within the Prf coding sequence. A genomic fragment containing Prf complemented a prf mutant tomato line both for resistance to Pst strains expressing avrPto and for sensitivity to the insecticide Fenthion. Prf resides in the middle of the Pto gene cluster, 24 kb from the Pto gene and 500 bp from the Fen gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Salmeron
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Berkeley 94720, USA
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354
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Sadowski J, Gaubier P, Delseny M, Quiros CF. Genetic and physical mapping in Brassica diploid species of a gene cluster defined in Arabidopsis thaliana. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1996; 251:298-306. [PMID: 8676872 DOI: 10.1007/bf02172520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We report the genetic and physical analysis by pulse field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) in three Brassica diploid genomes for a cluster of five genes characterized in a selected segment of 15 kb on chromosome 3 of Arabidopsis thaliana, encoding a Bradyrhizobium CycJ homologue (At1), a rat p67 translation factor homologue (At2), an Em-like (early methionine) protein (At3), chlorophyll synthase (At4) and a yeast Sac1 homologue (A5). The Arabidopsis gene array was found to be conserved on a single linkage group in each of the Brassica genomes. However, partial complexes were found to be duplicated in other chromosome segments on the same or other linkage groups. Some of the At genes, which could not be genetically mapped because of lack of polymorphism, were assigned to their respective linkage groups by physical mapping. The presence of multiple copies of the A. thaliana gene cluster in the three Brassica genomes further establishes their complex nature, which results from extensive duplication and chromosomal rearrangement. In general, genetic distances between the At genes agreed with values expected for the physical distances determined in Brassica.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sadowski
- Department of Vegetable Crops, University of California, Davis 95616, USA
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355
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Anderson PA, Okubara PA, Arroyo-Garcia R, Meyers BC, Michelmore RW. Molecular analysis of irradiation-induced and spontaneous deletion mutants at a disease resistance locus in Lactuca sativa. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1996; 251:316-25. [PMID: 8676874 DOI: 10.1007/bf02172522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The major cluster of disease resistance genes in lettuce (Lactuca sativa) contains at least nine downy mildew resistance genes (Dm) spanning a genetic distance of 20cM and a physical distance of at least 6 Mb. Nine molecular markers that were genetically tightly linked to Dm3 were used to analyze nine independent deletion mutants and construct a map of the region surrounding Dm3. This analysis identified a linear order of deletion breakpoints and markers along the chromosome. There was no evidence for chromosomal rearrangements associated with the deletions. The region is not highly recombinagenic and the deletion breakpoints provided greater genetic resolution than meiotic recombinants. The region contains a mixture of high-and low-copy number sequences; no single-copy sequences were detected. Three markers hybridized to low-copy-number families of sequences that are duplicated predominantly close to Dm3. This was not true for sequences related to the triose-phosphate isomerase gene; these had been shown previously to be linked to Dm3, as well as to two independent clusters of Dm genes, and elsewhere in the genome. Two spontaneous mutants of Dm3 were identified; several markers flanking Dm3 are absent in one of these two mutants. The stability of the Dm3 region was also studied by analyzing the genotypes of diverse related cultivars. The 1.5 Mb region surrounding Dm3 has remained stable through many generations of breeding with and without selection for Dm3 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Anderson
- Department of Vegetable Crops, University of California, Davis 95616, USA
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356
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357
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Dixon MS, Jones DA, Keddie JS, Thomas CM, Harrison K, Jones JD. The tomato Cf-2 disease resistance locus comprises two functional genes encoding leucine-rich repeat proteins. Cell 1996; 84:451-9. [PMID: 8608599 DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81290-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In plants, resistance to pathogens is frequently determined by dominant resistance genes, whose products are proposed to recognize pathogen-encoded avirulence gene (Avr) products. The tomato resistance locus Cf-2 was isolated by positional cloning and found to contain two almost identical genes, each conferring resistance to isolates of tomato leaf mould (C. fulvum) expressing the corresponding Avr2 gene. The two Cf-2 genes encode protein products that differ from each other by only three amino acids and contain 38 leucine-rich repeat (LRR) motifs. Of the LRRs, 20 show extremely conserved alternating repeats. The C-terminus of Cf-2 carries regions of pronounced homology to the protein encoded by the unlinked Cf-9 gene. We suggest that this conserved region interacts with other proteins involved in activating plant defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Dixon
- Sainsbury Laboratory, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
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358
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Abstract
Plant resistance to disease caused by phytopathogenic organisms is often triggered by the ability of the plant to specifically recognize the invading pathogen. One of the most fascinating areas in plant biology research focusses on understanding the mechanisms governing this process. Several recent breakthroughs in this area have come from the genetic analyses of disease resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- B N Kunkel
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63105, USA.
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359
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Abstract
Significant recent advances in the understanding of plant defense mechanisms include the isolation and characterization of resistance genes against bacterial, fungal and viral pathogens, the identification of genes involved in cell death, and the demonstration of the involvement of reactive oxygen species and salicylic acid in the signal-transduction pathways for expression of induced resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Shirasu
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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360
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Buchanan SG, Gay NJ. Structural and functional diversity in the leucine-rich repeat family of proteins. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1996; 65:1-44. [PMID: 9029940 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6107(96)00003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S G Buchanan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, U.K
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361
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Leach JE, White FF. Bacterial avirulence genes. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 1996; 34:153-79. [PMID: 15012539 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.phyto.34.1.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Although more than 30 bacterial avirulence genes have been cloned and characterized, the function of the gene products in the elictitation of resistance is unknown in all cases but one. The product of avrD from Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea likely functions indirectly to elicit resistance in soybean, that is, evidence suggests the gene product is an enzyme involved in elicitor production. In most if not all cases, bacterial avirulence gene function is dependent on interactions with the hypersensitive response and pathogenicity (hrp) genes. Many hrp genes are similar to genes involved in delivery of pathogenicity factors in mammalian bacterial pathogens. Thus, analogies between mammalian and plant pathogens may provide needed clues to elucidate how virulence gene products control induction of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Leach
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506-5502, USA.
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362
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Young ND. QTL mapping and quantitative disease resistance in plants. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 1996; 34:479-501. [PMID: 15012553 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.phyto.34.1.479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping is a highly effective approach for studying genetically complex forms of plant disease resistance. With QTL mapping, the roles of specific resistance loci can be described, race-specificity of partial resistance genes can be assessed, and interactions between resistance genes, plant development, and the environment can be analyzed. Outstanding examples include: quantitative resistance to the rice blast fungus, late blight of potato, gray leaf spot of maize, bacterial wilt of tomato, and the soybean cyst nematode. These studies provide insights into the number of quantitative resistance loci involved in complex disease resistance, epistatic and environmental interactions, race-specificity of partial resistance loci, interactions between pathogen biology, plant development and biochemistry, and the relationship between qualitative and quantitative loci. QTL mapping also provides a framework for marker-assisted selection of complex disease resistance characters and the positional cloning of partial resistance genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- N D Young
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA
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363
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364
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Functional implications of the three-dimensional structures of pectate lyases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0921-0423(96)80263-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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365
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Hammond-Kosack KE, Jones JDG. Plant disease resistance genes: unravelling how they work. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1139/b95-288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Resistance (R) genes confer on a plant the ability to defend itself following microbial attack. Each R gene exhibits an extreme specificity of action and is only effective against a microbe that has the corresponding functional avirulence (Avr) gene. This article reviews the strategies and experimental approaches deployed to understand the molecular events underlying the specificity of action of various tomato Cf resistance genes that results in incompatibility to the fungal pathogen Cladosporium fulvum. Topics covered include the clustering of Cf genes, the biology of Cf-dependent incompatibility, the map-based and transposon tagging approaches used to clone the Cf-2 and Cf-9 genes, respectively, identification by mutagenesis of other plant loci required for full Cf-9 mediated resistance, the expression of a functional Avr9 gene in planta and its lethal consequences to Cf-9 containing plants, the physiological and molecular host responses to C. fulvum and AVR elicitor challenges and some genetic approaches to ascertain the crucial components of the defense response. Key words: Cladosporium fulvum, Lycopersicon esculentum, tomato leaf mold, Cf resistance genes, fungal avirulence genes, plant defense responses.
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366
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Dangl
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599, USA
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367
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Zhou J, Loh YT, Bressan RA, Martin GB. The tomato gene Pti1 encodes a serine/threonine kinase that is phosphorylated by Pto and is involved in the hypersensitive response. Cell 1995; 83:925-35. [PMID: 8521516 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(95)90208-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The Pto gene encodes a serine/threonine kinase that confers resistance to bacterial speck disease in tomato. Using the yeast two-hybrid system, we identified a second serine/threonine kinase, Pto-interacting 1 (Pti1), that physically interacts with Pto. Cross-phosphorylation assays revealed that Pto specifically phosphorylates Pti1 and that Pti1 does not phosphorylate Pto. Fen, another serine/threonine kinase from tomato that is closely related to Pto, was unable to phosphorylate Pti1 and was not phosphorylated by Pti1. Expression of a Pti1 transgene in tobacco plants enhanced the hypersensitive response to a P. syringae pv. tabaci strain carrying the avirulence gene avrPto. These findings indicate that Pti1 is involved in a Pto-mediated signaling pathway, probably by acting as a component downstream of Pto in a phosphorylation cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zhou
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-1150, USA
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368
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Abstract
The detection of pathogens by plants is often described as a 'gene-for -gene' interaction. However, recent work from several laboratories indicates that, in some instances, a single gene product in the plant can mediate the recognition of multiple pathogen signals, and that multiple plant genes are required for the recognition of, and response to, a single pathogen signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Innes
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
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369
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Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana is a small flowering plant that is a member of the family cruciferae. It has many characteristics--diploid genetics, rapid growth cycle, relatively low repetitive DNA content, and small genome size--that recommend it as the model for a plant genome project. The current status of the genetic and physical maps, as well as efforts to sequence the genome, are presented. Examples are given of genes isolated by using map-based cloning. The importance of the Arabidopsis project for plant biology in general is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Goodman
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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370
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Ballvora A, Hesselbach J, Niewöhner J, Leister D, Salamini F, Gebhardt C. Marker enrichment and high-resolution map of the segment of potato chromosome VII harbouring the nematode resistance gene Gro1. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1995; 249:82-90. [PMID: 8552038 DOI: 10.1007/bf00290239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The dominant allele Gro1 confers on potato resistance to the root cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis. The Gro1 locus has been mapped to chromosome VII on the genetic map of potato, using RFLP markers. This makes possible the cloning of Gro1 based on its map position. As part of this strategy we have constructed a high-resolution genetic map of the chromosome segment surrounding Gro1, based on RFLP, RAPD and AFLP markers. RAPD and AFLP markers closely linked to Gro1 were selected by bulked segregant analysis and mapped relative to the Gro1 locus in a segregating population of 1105 plants. Three RFLP and one RAPD marker were found to be inseparable from the Gro1 locus. Two AFLP markers were identified that flanked Gro1 at genetic distances of 0.6 cM and 0.8 cM, respectively. A genetic distance of 1 cM in the Gro1 region corresponds to a physical distance of ca. 100 kb as estimated by long-range restriction analysis. Marker-assisted selection for nematode resistance was accomplished in the course of constructing the high-resolution map. Plants carrying the resistance allele Gro1 could be distinguished from susceptible plants by marker assays based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ballvora
- Max-Planck-Institut für Züchtungsforschung, Köln, Germany
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371
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Meksem K, Leister D, Peleman J, Zabeau M, Salamini F, Gebhardt C. A high-resolution map of the vicinity of the R1 locus on chromosome V of potato based on RFLP and AFLP markers. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1995; 249:74-81. [PMID: 8552036 DOI: 10.1007/bf00290238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The R1 allele confers on potato a race-specific resistance to Phytophthora infestans. The corresponding genetic locus maps on chromosome V in a region in which several other resistance genes are also located. As part of a strategy for cloning R1, a high-resolution genetic map was constructed for the segment of chromosome V that is bordered by the RFLP loci GP21 and GP179 and includes the R1 locus. Bulked segregant analysis and markers based on amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP markers) were used to select molecular markers closely linked to R1. Twenty-nine of approximately 3200 informative AFLP loci displayed linkage to the R1 locus. Based on the genotypic analysis of 461 gametes, eight loci mapped within the GP21-GP179 interval. Two of those could not be separated from R1 by recombination. For genotyping large numbers of plants with respect to the flanking markers GP21 and GP179 PCR based assays were also developed which allowed marker-assisted selection of plants with genotypes Rr and rr and of recombinant plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Meksem
- Max-Planck-Institut für Züchtungsforschung, Köln, Germany
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372
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Mouzeyar S, Roeckel-Drevet P, Gentzbittel L, Philippon J, Tourvieille De Labrouhe D, Vear F, Nicolas P. RFLP and RAPD mapping of the sunflower Pl1 locus for resistance to Plasmopara halstedii race 1. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 1995; 91:733-7. [PMID: 24169908 DOI: 10.1007/bf00220951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/1995] [Accepted: 03/31/1995] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The Pl1 locus in sunflower, Helianthus annuus L., conferring resistance to downy mildew, Plasmopara halstedii, race 1 has been located in linkage group 1 of the consensus RFLP map of the cultivated sunflower. Bulked segregant analyses were used on 135 plants of an F2 progeny from a cross between a downy mildew susceptible line, GH, and RHA266, a line carrying Pl1. Two RFLP markers and one RAPD marker linked to the Pl1 locus have been identified. The RFLP markers are located at 5.6 cM and 7.1 cM on either side of Pl1. The RAPD marker is situated at 43.7 cM from Pl1. The significance and applications of these markers in sunflower breeding are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mouzeyar
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Domaine de Crouelle, 63039, Clermont-Ferrand Cedex, France
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373
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Feuillet C, Messmer M, Schachermayr G, Keller B. Genetic and physical characterization of the LR1 leaf rust resistance locus in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1995; 248:553-62. [PMID: 7476855 DOI: 10.1007/bf02423451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to characterize the leaf rust resistance locus Lr1 in wheat. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis was performed on the resistant line Lr1/6* Thatcher and the susceptible varieties Thatcher and Frisal, as well as on the segregating F2 populations. Seventeen out of 37 RFLP probes mapping to group 5 chromosomes showed polymorphism between Lr1/6* Thatcher and Frisal, whereas 11 probes were polymorphic between the near-isogenic lines (NILs) Lr1/6* Thatcher and Thatcher. Three of these probes were linked to the resistance gene in the segregating F2 populations. One probe (pTAG621) showed very tight linkage to Lr1 and mapped to a single-copy region on chromosome 5D. The map location of pTAG621 at the end of the long arm of chromosome 5D was confirmed by the absence of the band in the nulli-tetrasomic line N5DT5B of Chinese Spring and a set of deletion lines of Chinese Spring lacking the distal part of 5DL. Twenty-seven breeding lines containing the Lr1 resistance gene in different genetic backgrounds showed the same band as Lr1/6* Thatcher when hybridized with pTAG621. The RFLP marker was converted to a sequence-tagged-site marker using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. Sequencing of the specific fragment amplified from both NILs revealed point mutations as well as small insertion/deletion events. These were used to design primers that allowed amplification of a specific product only from the resistant line Lr1/6* Thatcher. This STS, specific for the Lr1 resistance gene, will allow efficient selection for the disease resistance gene in wheat breeding programmes. In addition, the identification of a D-genome-specific probe tightly linked to Lr1 should ultimately provide the basis for positional cloning of the gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Feuillet
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swiss Federal Research Station for Agronomy, Zürich, Switzerland
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374
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Grant MR, Godiard L, Straube E, Ashfield T, Lewald J, Sattler A, Innes RW, Dangl JL. Structure of the Arabidopsis RPM1 gene enabling dual specificity disease resistance. Science 1995; 269:843-6. [PMID: 7638602 DOI: 10.1126/science.7638602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 517] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Plants can recognize pathogens through the action of disease resistance (R) genes, which confer resistance to pathogens expressing unique corresponding avirulence (avr) genes. The molecular basis of this gene-for-gene specificity is unknown. The Arabidopsis thaliana RPM1 gene enables dual specificity to pathogens expressing either of two unrelated Pseudomonas syringae avr genes. Despite this function, RPM1 encodes a protein sharing molecular features with recently described single-specificity R genes. Surprisingly, RPM1 is lacking from naturally occurring, disease-susceptible Arabidopsis accessions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Grant
- Max-Delbrück Laboratory, Köln, Germany
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375
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Lee D, Ellard M, Wanner LA, Davis KR, Douglas CJ. The Arabidopsis thaliana 4-coumarate:CoA ligase (4CL) gene: stress and developmentally regulated expression and nucleotide sequence of its cDNA. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1995; 28:871-884. [PMID: 7640359 DOI: 10.1007/bf00042072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
An Arabidopsis cDNA clone encoding 4-coumarate:CoA ligase (4CL), a key enzyme of phenylpropanoid metabolism, was identified and sequenced. The predicted amino acid sequence is similar to those of other cloned 4CL genes. Southern blot analysis indicated that 4CL is single-copy gene in Arabidopsis. Northern blots showed that 4CL expression was activated early during seedling development. The onset of 4CL expression was correlated with the onset of lignin deposition in cotyledons and roots 2-3 days after germination. The timing of the expression of a parsley 4CL1-GUS fusion in transgenic Arabidopsis seedlings was examined in parallel and was very similar to that of endogenous 4CL. In mature plants, highest 4CL expression was observed in bolting stems, where relatively large amounts of lignin accumulate. Both 4CL and 4CL1-GUS mRNA accumulation was strongly and transiently activated by wounding of mature Arabidopsis leaves. 4CL expression was specifically activated within 6 h after infiltration of Arabidopsis ecotype Columbia leaves with a Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola strain harboring the bacterial avirulence gene avrB, which causes in incompatible interaction. The timing of 4CL activation was identical to the previously observed activation of PAL gene expression in this interaction. No activation of 4CL expression was observed in a compatible interaction caused by a Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola strain without avrB.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lee
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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376
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Dong X. Finding the missing pieces in the puzzle of plant disease resistance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995; 92:7137-9. [PMID: 11607565 PMCID: PMC41293 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.92.16.7137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- X Dong
- Developmental, Cell and Molecular Biology Group, Department of Botany, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-1000, USA
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377
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Century KS, Holub EB, Staskawicz BJ. NDR1, a locus of Arabidopsis thaliana that is required for disease resistance to both a bacterial and a fungal pathogen. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995; 92:6597-601. [PMID: 11607554 PMCID: PMC41565 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.92.14.6597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We have employed Arabidopsis thaliana as a model host plant to genetically dissect the molecular pathways leading to disease resistance. A. thaliana accession Col-0 is susceptible to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strain DC3000 but resistant in a race-specific manner to DC3000 carrying any one of the cloned avirulence genes avrB, avrRpm1, avrRpt2, and avrPph3. Fast-neutron-mutagenized Col-0 M2 seed was screened to identify mutants susceptible to DC3000(avrB). Disease assays and analysis of in planta bacterial growth identified one mutant, ndr1-1 (nonrace-specific disease resistance), that was susceptible to DC3000 expressing any one of the four avirulence genes tested. Interestingly, a hypersensitive-like response was still induced by several of the strains. The ndr1-1 mutation also rendered the plant susceptible to several avirulent isolates of the fungal pathogen Peronospora parasitica. Genetic analysis of ndr1-1 demonstrated that the mutation segregated as a single recessive locus, located on chromosome III. Characterization of the ndr1-1 mutation suggests that a common step exists in pathways of resistance to two unrelated pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Century
- Department of Environmental Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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378
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Affiliation(s)
- P J de Wit
- Agricultural University, Dept of Phytopathology, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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379
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Abstract
Leucine-rich repeats are short sequence motifs present in over sixty proteins, all of which appear to be involved in protein-protein interactions. The crystal structure of ribonuclease inhibitor demonstrated that the repeats correspond to beta-alpha structural units. The recently determined crystal structure of the ribonuclease A-ribonuclease inhibitor complex suggests the basis for the protein-binding function of leucine-rich repeats.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kobe
- St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Australia
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380
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Ausubel FM, Katagiri F, Mindrinos M, Glazebrook J. Use of Arabidopsis thaliana defense-related mutants to dissect the plant response to pathogens. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995; 92:4189-96. [PMID: 7753782 PMCID: PMC41909 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.92.10.4189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant defense response to microbial pathogens had been studied primarily by using biochemical and physiological techniques. Recently, several laboratories have developed a variety of pathosystems utilizing Arabidopsis thaliana as a model host so that genetic analysis could also be used to study plant defense responses. Utilizing a pathosystem that involves the infection of Arabidopsis with pathogenic pseudomonads, we have cloned the Arabidopsis disease-resistance gene RPS2, which corresponds to the avirulence gene avrRpt2 in a gene-for-gene relationship. RPS2 encodes a 105-kDa protein containing a leucine zipper, a nucleotide binding site, and 14 imperfect leucine-rich repeats. The RPS2 protein is remarkably similar to the product of the tobacco N gene, which confers resistance to tobacco mosaic virus. We have also isolated a series of Arabidopsis mutants that synthesize decreased levels of an Arabidopsis phytoalexin called camalexin. Analysis of these mutants indicated that camalexin does not play a significant role in limiting growth of avirulent Pseudomonas syringae strains during the hypersensitive defense response but that it may play a role in limiting the growth of virulent strains. More generally, we have shown that we can utilize Arabidopsis to systematically dissect the defense response by isolation and characterization of appropriate defense-related mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Ausubel
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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381
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Staskawicz BJ, Ausubel FM, Baker BJ, Ellis JG, Jones JD. Molecular genetics of plant disease resistance. Science 1995; 268:661-7. [PMID: 7732374 DOI: 10.1126/science.7732374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 416] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Plant breeders have used disease resistance genes (R genes) to control plant disease since the turn of the century. Molecular cloning of R genes that enable plants to resist a diverse range of pathogens has revealed that the proteins encoded by these genes have several features in common. These findings suggest that plants may have evolved common signal transduction mechanisms for the expression of resistance to a wide range of unrelated pathogens. Characterization of the molecular signals involved in pathogen recognition and of the molecular events that specify the expression of resistance may lead to novel strategies for plant disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Staskawicz
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Berkeley 94720, USA
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382
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Dangl
- Max-Delbrück-Laboratorium, Federal Republic of Germany
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383
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Abstract
Molecular characterization of the components of signalling pathways that mediate disease resistance is at last providing a unified picture of how plants fight disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Briggs
- Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc., Johnston, Iowa 50131-1004, USA
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384
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Tanksley SD, Ganal MW, Martin GB. Chromosome landing: a paradigm for map-based gene cloning in plants with large genomes. Trends Genet 1995; 11:63-8. [PMID: 7716809 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-9525(00)88999-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The original concept behind map-based or positional cloning was to find a DNA marker linked to a gene of interest, and then to 'walk' to the gene via overlapping clones (e.g. cosmids or YACs). While chromosome walking is straightforward in organisms with small genomes, it is difficult to apply in most plant species, which typically have large, complex genomes. The strategy of chromosome walking is based on the assumption that it is difficult and time consuming to find DNA markers that are physically close to a gene of interest. Recent technological developments invalidate this assumption for many species. As a result, the mapping paradigm has now changed such that one first isolates one or more DNA marker(s) at a physical distance from the targeted gene that is less than the average insert size of the genomic library being used for clone isolation. The DNA marker is then used to screen the library and isolate (or 'land' on) the clone containing the gene, without any need for chromosome walking and its associated problems. Chromosome landing, together with the technology that has made it possible, is likely to become the main strategy by which map-based cloning is applied to isolate both major genes and genes underlying quantitative traits in plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Tanksley
- Department of Plant Breeding and Biometry, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
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385
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386
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387
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Jones DA, Thomas CM, Hammond-Kosack KE, Balint-Kurti PJ, Jones JD. Isolation of the tomato Cf-9 gene for resistance to Cladosporium fulvum by transposon tagging. Science 1994; 266:789-93. [PMID: 7973631 DOI: 10.1126/science.7973631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 438] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The tomato Cf-9 gene confers resistance to infection by races of the fungus Cladosporium fulvum that carry the avirulence gene Avr9. The Cf-9 gene was isolated by transposon tagging with the maize transposable element Dissociation. The DNA sequence of Cf-9 encodes a putative membrane-anchored extracytoplasmic glycoprotein. The predicted protein shows homology to the receptor domain of several receptor-like protein kinases in Arabidopsis, to antifungal polygalacturonase-inhibiting proteins in plants, and to other members of the leucine-rich repeat family of proteins. This structure is consistent with that of a receptor that could bind Avr9 peptide and activate plant defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Jones
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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388
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Whitham S, Dinesh-Kumar SP, Choi D, Hehl R, Corr C, Baker B. The product of the tobacco mosaic virus resistance gene N: similarity to toll and the interleukin-1 receptor. Cell 1994; 78:1101-15. [PMID: 7923359 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(94)90283-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 699] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The products of plant disease resistance genes are postulated to recognize invading pathogens and rapidly trigger host defense responses. Here we describe isolation of the resistance gene N of tobacco that mediates resistance to the viral pathogen tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). The N gene was isolated by transposon tagging using the maize Activator transposon. A genomic DNA fragment containing the N gene conferred TMV resistance to TMV susceptible tobacco. Sequence analysis of the N gene shows that it encodes a protein of 131.4 kDa with an amino-terminal domain similar to that of the cytoplasmic domain of the Drosophila Toll protein and the interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R) in mammals, a nucleotide-binding site (NBS), and 14 [corrected] imperfect leucine-rich repeats (LRR). The sequence similarity of N, Toll, and IL-1R suggests that N mediates rapid gene induction and TMV resistance through a Toll-IL-1-like pathway.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Base Sequence
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Drosophila Proteins
- Genes, Plant/genetics
- Genetic Complementation Test
- Genomic Library
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Insect Hormones/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Models, Genetic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutagenesis, Insertional
- Plant Diseases/genetics
- Plant Proteins/genetics
- Plants, Genetically Modified
- Plants, Toxic
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-1/genetics
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Signal Transduction
- Nicotiana/genetics
- Tobacco Mosaic Virus/pathogenicity
- Toll-Like Receptors
- Virus Diseases/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- S Whitham
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Berkeley 94720
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389
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390
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Bent AF, Kunkel BN, Dahlbeck D, Brown KL, Schmidt R, Giraudat J, Leung J, Staskawicz BJ. RPS2 of Arabidopsis thaliana: a leucine-rich repeat class of plant disease resistance genes. Science 1994; 265:1856-60. [PMID: 8091210 DOI: 10.1126/science.8091210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 479] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Plant disease resistance genes function is highly specific pathogen recognition pathways. PRS2 is a resistance gene of Arabidopsis thaliana that confers resistance against Pseudomonas syringae bacteria that express avirulence gene avrRpt2. RPS2 was isolated by the use of a positional cloning strategy. The derived amino acid sequence of RPS2 contains leucine-rich repeat, membrane-spanning, leucine zipper, and P loop domains. The function of the RPS2 gene product in defense signal transduction is postulated to involve nucleotide triphosphate binding and protein-protein interactions and may also involve the reception of an elicitor produced by the avirulent pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Bent
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Berkeley 94720
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