351
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Gammon DB, Ishidate T, Li L, Gu W, Silverman N, Mello CC. The Antiviral RNA Interference Response Provides Resistance to Lethal Arbovirus Infection and Vertical Transmission in Caenorhabditis elegans. Curr Biol 2017; 27:795-806. [PMID: 28262484 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The recent discovery of the positive-sense single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) Orsay virus (OV) as a natural pathogen of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has stimulated interest in exploring virus-nematode interactions. However, OV infection is restricted to a small number of intestinal cells, even in nematodes defective in their antiviral RNA interference (RNAi) response, and is neither lethal nor vertically transmitted. Using a fluorescent reporter strain of the negative-sense ssRNA vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), we show that microinjection of VSV particles leads to a dose-dependent, muscle tissue-tropic, lethal infection in C. elegans. Furthermore, we find nematodes deficient for components of the antiviral RNAi pathway, such as Dicer-related helicase 1 (DRH-1), to display hypersusceptibility to VSV infection as evidenced by elevated infection rates, virus replication in multiple tissue types, and earlier mortality. Strikingly, infection of oocytes and embryos could also be observed in drh-1 mutants. Our results suggest that the antiviral RNAi response not only inhibits vertical VSV transmission but also promotes transgenerational inheritance of antiviral immunity. Our study introduces a new, in vivo virus-host model system for exploring arbovirus pathogenesis and provides the first evidence for vertical pathogen transmission in C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Don B Gammon
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
| | - Takao Ishidate
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Lichao Li
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Weifeng Gu
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Neal Silverman
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Craig C Mello
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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352
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TLR9 and its signaling pathway in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 2017; 373:95-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2016.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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353
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Crowl JT, Gray EE, Pestal K, Volkman HE, Stetson DB. Intracellular Nucleic Acid Detection in Autoimmunity. Annu Rev Immunol 2017; 35:313-336. [PMID: 28142323 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-051116-052331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Protective immune responses to viral infection are initiated by innate immune sensors that survey extracellular and intracellular space for foreign nucleic acids. The existence of these sensors raises fundamental questions about self/nonself discrimination because of the abundance of self-DNA and self-RNA that occupy these same compartments. Recent advances have revealed that enzymes that metabolize or modify endogenous nucleic acids are essential for preventing inappropriate activation of the innate antiviral response. In this review, we discuss rare human diseases caused by dysregulated nucleic acid sensing, focusing primarily on intracellular sensors of nucleic acids. We summarize lessons learned from these disorders, we rationalize the existence of these diseases in the context of evolution, and we propose that this framework may also apply to a number of more common autoimmune diseases for which the underlying genetics and mechanisms are not yet fully understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Crowl
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98109;
| | - Elizabeth E Gray
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98109;
| | - Kathleen Pestal
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98109;
| | - Hannah E Volkman
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98109;
| | - Daniel B Stetson
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98109;
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354
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Mechanisms of Chromatin Remodeling and Repurposing During Extracellular Translocation. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2017; 106:113-137. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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355
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Li J, Ahmet F, O'Keeffe M, Lahoud MH, Heath WR, Caminschi I. CD14 is not involved in the uptake of synthetic CpG oligonucleotides. Mol Immunol 2016; 81:52-58. [PMID: 27974262 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2016.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that DEC205, a surface receptor expressed at high levels on CD8+DC, is able to capture synthetic CpG oligonucleotides (ODN) and is required for optimal responsiveness. However, even in the absence of DEC205, CD8+DC are able to respond to CpG ODN, albeit suboptimally. This suggested that additional receptors might contribute to the uptake of CpG ODN. CD14 represented an ideal candidate as it is expressed by DC and has been shown to bind and facilitate the uptake of CpG ODN. However, when CD14-deficient (CD14-/-) mice and normal B6 mice were injected with CpG ODN, CD8+DC were equivalently activated as assessed by the upregulation of the co-stimulatory molecules CD40 and CD80. Furthermore, the level of serum IL-6 and IL-12 produced in response to CpG ODN was comparable in CD14-/- and B6 mice. Importantly, mice deficient in both DEC205 and CD14 had comparable responses to mice lacking DEC205 alone, both in terms of cytokine production and DC activation, arguing that CD14 did not contribute to responses to CpG ODN. For CD14 to act as an uptake receptor for CpG ODN, it must first capture CpG ODN. To this end we assessed the capacity of cell surface CD14 to bind CpG ODN. Although we unequivocally confirmed that CD14 is required for the binding of its known ligand LPS, CD14 was not required for binding or responses to A-, B-, and C- Class CpG ODN. Our studies dispute the claim that CD14 is involved in CpG ODN capture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Li
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Fatma Ahmet
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Meredith O'Keeffe
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Mireille H Lahoud
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - William R Heath
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Irina Caminschi
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Victoria 3010, Australia; Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.
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356
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Extracellular histones, cell-free DNA, or nucleosomes: differences in immunostimulation. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2518. [PMID: 27929534 PMCID: PMC5261016 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In inflammation, extensive cell death may occur, which results in the release of chromatin components into the extracellular environment. Individually, the purified chromatin components double stranded (ds)DNA and histones have been demonstrated, both in vitro and in vivo, to display various immunostimulatory effects, for example, histones induce cytotoxicity and proinflammatory signaling through toll-like receptor (TLR)2 and 4, while DNA induces signaling through TLR9 and intracellular nucleic acid sensing mechanisms. However, DNA and histones are organized in nucleosomes in the nucleus, and evidence suggests that nucleosomes are released as such in inflammation. The cytotoxicity and proinflammatory signaling induced by nucleosomes have not been studied as extensively as the separate effects brought about by histones and dsDNA, and there appear to be some marked differences. Remarkably, little distinction between the different forms in which histones circulate has been made throughout literature. This is partly due to the limitations of existing techniques to differentiate between histones in their free or DNA-bound form. Here we review the current understanding of immunostimulation induced by extracellular histones, dsDNA and nucleosomes, and discuss the importance of techniques that in their detection differentiate between these different chromatin components.
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357
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Innate recognition of microbial-derived signals in immunity and inflammation. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2016; 59:1210-1217. [PMID: 27888386 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-016-0325-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Microbes generate a vast array of different types of conserved structural components called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), which can be recognized by cells of the innate immune system. This recognition of "nonself" signatures occurs through host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), suggesting that microbial-derived signals are good targets for innate immunity to discriminate between self- and nonself. Such PAMP-PRR interactions trigger multiple but distinct downstream signaling cascades, subsequently leading to production of proinflammatory cytokines and interferons that tailor immune responses to particular microbes. Aberrant PRR signals have been associated with various inflammatory diseases and fine regulation of PRR signaling is essential for avoiding excessive inflammatory immune responses and maintaining immune homeostasis. In this review we summarize the ligands and signal transduction pathways of PRRs and highlight recent progress of the mechanisms involved in microbe-specific innate immune recognition during immune responses and inflammation, which may provide new targets for therapeutic intervention to the inflammatory disorders.
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358
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Janss T, Mesnil C, Pirottin D, Lemaitre P, Marichal T, Bureau F, Desmet CJ. Interferon response factor-3 promotes the pro-Th2 activity of mouse lung CD11b + conventional dendritic cells in response to house dust mite allergens. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:2614-2628. [PMID: 27546168 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Very few transcription factors have been identified that are required by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to induce T helper type 2 (Th2) responses. Because lung CD11b+ conventional dendritic cells (CD11b+ cDCs) are responsible for priming Th2 responses in house-dust mite (HDM)-induced airway allergy, we used them as a model to identify transcriptional events regulating the pro-Th2 activity of cDCs. Transcriptomic profiling of lung CD11b+ cDCs exposed to HDM in vivo revealed first that HDM triggers an antiviral defence-like response, and second that the majority of HDM-induced transcriptional changes depend on the transcription factor Interferon Response Factor-3 (Irf3). Validating the functional relevance of these observations, Irf3-deficient CD11b+ cDCs displayed reduced pro-allergic activity. Indeed, Irf3-deficient CD11b+ cDCs induced less Th2, more regulatory T cell, and similar Th1 differentiation in naïve CD4+ T cells compared to their wild-type counterparts. The altered APC activity of Irf3 CD11b+ cDCs was associated with reduced expression of CD86 and was phenocopied by blocking CD86 activity in wild-type CD11b+ cDCs. Altogether, these results establish Irf3, known mostly for its role in antiviral responses, as a transcription factor involved in the induction of Th2 responses through the promotion of pro-Th2 costimulation in CD11b+ DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaut Janss
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, GIGA-I3, GIGA-Research Center and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Claire Mesnil
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, GIGA-I3, GIGA-Research Center and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Dimitri Pirottin
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, GIGA-I3, GIGA-Research Center and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Pierre Lemaitre
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, GIGA-I3, GIGA-Research Center and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Thomas Marichal
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, GIGA-I3, GIGA-Research Center and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Fabrice Bureau
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, GIGA-I3, GIGA-Research Center and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Christophe J Desmet
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, GIGA-I3, GIGA-Research Center and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium.
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359
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Maelfait J, Bridgeman A, Benlahrech A, Cursi C, Rehwinkel J. Restriction by SAMHD1 Limits cGAS/STING-Dependent Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses to HIV-1. Cell Rep 2016; 16:1492-1501. [PMID: 27477283 PMCID: PMC4978700 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
SAMHD1 is a restriction factor for HIV-1 infection. SAMHD1 mutations cause the autoinflammatory Aicardi-Goutières syndrome that is characterized by chronic type I interferon (IFN) secretion. We show that the spontaneous IFN response in SAMHD1-deficient cells and mice requires the cGAS/STING cytosolic DNA-sensing pathway. We provide genetic evidence that cell-autonomous control of lentivirus infection in myeloid cells by SAMHD1 limits virus-induced production of IFNs and the induction of co-stimulatory markers. This program of myeloid cell activation required reverse transcription, cGAS and STING, and signaling through the IFN receptor. Furthermore, SAMHD1 reduced the induction of virus-specific cytotoxic T cells in vivo. Therefore, virus restriction by SAMHD1 limits the magnitude of IFN and T cell responses. This demonstrates a competition between cell-autonomous virus control and subsequent innate and adaptive immune responses, a concept with important implications for the treatment of infection. Spontaneous IFN production in SAMHD1-deficient cells requires cGAS and STING During HIV-1 infection, SAMHD1 limits activation of myeloid cells cGAS and STING detect HIV-1 infection in SAMHD1-deficient cells and induce IFN SAMHD1 prevents virus-specific CD8 T cell responses in vivo
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Maelfait
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine and Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Anne Bridgeman
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine and Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Adel Benlahrech
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine and Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Chiara Cursi
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine and Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Jan Rehwinkel
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine and Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.
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360
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Lässig C, Hopfner KP. RIG-I-Like Receptors: One STrEP Forward. Trends Microbiol 2016; 24:517-519. [PMID: 27236860 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
RIG-I-like receptors detect cytosolic viral RNA and activate an antiviral innate immune response. A new study employs the one STrEP-purification technique and next generation sequencing to characterize physiological ligands in an infected cell. The view of all three RLRs bound to viral RNAs shows specialization, collaboration and new binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Lässig
- Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany; Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Karl-Peter Hopfner
- Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany; Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany; Center for Integrated Protein Science, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
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