351
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Waitt C, Ferrara NM, Eshuis H. Thermochemistry and Geometries for Transition-Metal Chemistry from the Random Phase Approximation. J Chem Theory Comput 2016; 12:5350-5360. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.6b00756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Craig Waitt
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Montclair State University, Montclair, New Jersey 07043, United States
| | - Nashali M. Ferrara
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Montclair State University, Montclair, New Jersey 07043, United States
| | - Henk Eshuis
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Montclair State University, Montclair, New Jersey 07043, United States
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352
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Hare SR, Tantillo DJ. Cryptic post-transition state bifurcations that reduce the efficiency of lactone-forming Rh-carbenoid C-H insertions. Chem Sci 2016; 8:1442-1449. [PMID: 28451284 PMCID: PMC5390789 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc03745c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-transition state bifurcations are described that lead to unexpected byproducts in Rh-promoted C–H insertion reactions.
Byproducts of chemical reactions are generally thought to result from the competition between two reaction pathways, each with its own rate-determining transition state structure. We show here, however, that pathways with a single transition state structure followed by a post-transition state bifurcation may also be a source of undesired products, especially those whose appearance is unexpected. The viability of this scenario for intramolecular C–H insertion reactions affording β-lactones via Rh-carbenoid intermediates is assessed through quantum chemical calculations on potential energy surfaces and quasi-classical molecular dynamics simulations. It appears that, in these cases, the rhodium catalyst is to blame for the accessibility of a second, unintended, pathway following the transition state structure for β-lactone formation that leads to fragmentation to a ketene and carbonyl compound. If an unexpected product is formed via a post-transition state bifurcation, conventional strategies for suppressing its formation are unlikely to succeed. Guidelines for recognizing the presence of a post-transition state bifurcation are described here, along with hints at means for controlling product distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie R Hare
- Department of Chemistry , University of California - Davis , One Shields Ave Davis , CA 95616 , USA .
| | - Dean J Tantillo
- Department of Chemistry , University of California - Davis , One Shields Ave Davis , CA 95616 , USA .
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353
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Le CM, Sperger T, Fu R, Hou X, Lim YH, Schoenebeck F, Lautens M. Stereoselective Synthesis of Methylene Oxindoles via Palladium(II)-Catalyzed Intramolecular Cross-Coupling of Carbamoyl Chlorides. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:14441-14448. [PMID: 27700076 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b08925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report a highly robust, general and stereoselective method for the synthesis of 3-(chloromethylene)oxindoles from alkyne-tethered carbamoyl chlorides using PdCl2(PhCN)2 as the catalyst. The transformation involves a stereo- and regioselective chloropalladation of an internal alkyne to generate a nucleophilic vinyl PdII species, which then undergoes an intramolecular cross-coupling with a carbamoyl chloride. The reaction proceeds under mild conditions, is insensitive to the presence of moisture and air, and is readily scalable. The products obtained from this reaction are formed with >95:5 Z:E selectivity in nearly all cases and can be used to access biologically relevant oxindole cores. Through combined experimental and computational studies, we provide insight into stereo- and regioselectivity of the chloropalladation step, as well as the mechanism for the C-C bond forming process. Calculations provide support for a mechanism involving oxidative addition into the carbamoyl chloride bond to generate a high valent PdIV species, which then undergoes facile C-C reductive elimination to form the final product. Overall, the transformation constitutes a formal PdII-catalyzed intramolecular alkyne chlorocarbamoylation reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Le
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Theresa Sperger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Rui Fu
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Xiao Hou
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Yong Hwan Lim
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Franziska Schoenebeck
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Mark Lautens
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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354
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Ye J, Shi Z, Sperger T, Yasukawa Y, Kingston C, Schoenebeck F, Lautens M. Remote C-H alkylation and C-C bond cleavage enabled by an in situ generated palladacycle. Nat Chem 2016; 9:361-368. [PMID: 28338687 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The direct and selective functionalization of C-H bonds of arenes is one of the most challenging yet valuable aims in organic synthesis. Despite notable recent achievements, a pre-installed directing group proved to be essential in most of the methodologies reported so far. In this context, the use of a transient directing group that can be generated in situ has attracted attention and demonstrated the great potential of this strategy. Here we report the use of an in situ generated palladacycle to accomplish remote-selective C-H alkylation reactions of arenes. Following the C-H functionalization event, the alkylated aryl ring undergoes a formal migration to provide diversely substituted benzofuran and indole scaffolds. Computational studies revealed that a palladium(IV) intermediate is not involved in the alkylation step. The aryl migration was found to proceed through a sequential C-C bond cleavage, insertion and β-hydride-elimination process. The increasing steric bulk that builds up during the C-H functionalization step drives the unusual C-C bond cleavage in a non-strained system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juntao Ye
- Davenport Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Zhihao Shi
- Davenport Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Theresa Sperger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Yoshifumi Yasukawa
- Davenport Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Cian Kingston
- Davenport Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Franziska Schoenebeck
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Mark Lautens
- Davenport Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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355
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Park Y, Heo J, Baik MH, Chang S. Why is the Ir(III)-Mediated Amido Transfer Much Faster Than the Rh(III)-Mediated Reaction? A Combined Experimental and Computational Study. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:14020-14029. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b08211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoonsu Park
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon
Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Heo
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Mu-Hyun Baik
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon
Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sukbok Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon
Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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356
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Jiang YY, Man X, Bi S. Advances in theoretical study on transition-metal-catalyzed C−H activation. Sci China Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-016-0330-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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357
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Kärkäs MD, Matsuura BS, Monos TM, Magallanes G, Stephenson CRJ. Transition-metal catalyzed valorization of lignin: the key to a sustainable carbon-neutral future. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:1853-914. [PMID: 26732312 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob02212f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The development of a sustainable, carbon-neutral biorefinery has emerged as a prominent scientific and engineering goal of the 21st century. As petroleum has become less accessible, biomass-based carbon sources have been investigated for utility in fuel production and commodity chemical manufacturing. One underutilized biomaterial is lignin; however, its highly crosslinked and randomly polymerized composition have rendered this biopolymer recalcitrant to existing chemical processing. More recently, insight into lignin's molecular structure has reinvigorated chemists to develop catalytic methods for lignin depolymerization. This review examines the development of transition-metal catalyzed reactions and the insights shared between the homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic systems towards the ultimate goal of valorizing lignin to produce value-added products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus D Kärkäs
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
| | - Bryan S Matsuura
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
| | - Timothy M Monos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
| | - Gabriel Magallanes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
| | - Corey R J Stephenson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
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358
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Yu HS, Li SL, Truhlar DG. Perspective: Kohn-Sham density functional theory descending a staircase. J Chem Phys 2016; 145:130901. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4963168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu S. Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, USA
| | - Shaohong L. Li
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, USA
| | - Donald G. Truhlar
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, USA
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359
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Caballero-García G, Romero-Ortega M, Barroso-Flores J. Reactivity of electrophilic chlorine atoms due to σ-holes: a mechanistic assessment of the chemical reduction of a trichloromethyl group by sulfur nucleophiles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:27300-27307. [PMID: 27722305 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp04321f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
σ-Holes are shown to promote the electrophilic behavior of chlorine atoms in a trichloromethyl group when bound to an electron-withdrawing moiety. A halogen bond-type non-covalent interaction between a chlorine atom and a negatively charged sulfur atom takes place, causing the abstraction of such a chlorine atom while leaving a carbanion, subsequently driving the chemical reduction of the trichloromethyl group to a sulfide in a stepwise process. The mechanism for the model reaction of trichloromethyl pyrimidine 1 with thiophenolate and thiophenol to yield phenylsulfide 4 was followed through 1H-NMR and studied using DFT transition state calculations, and the energy profile for this transformation is fully discussed. MP2 calculations of the electrostatic potential were performed for a series of trichloromethyl compounds in order to assess the presence of σ-holes and quantify them by means of the maximum surface electrostatic potential. Such calculations showed that the chlorine atoms behave as electrophilic leaving groups toward a nucleophilic attack, opening a new possibility in the synthetic chemistry of the trichloromethyl group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Caballero-García
- Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable UAEM - UNAM, Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco km 14.5, Unidad San Cayetano, Personal de la UNAM, Toluca 50200, Estado de México, Mexico. and Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón/Paseo Tollocan, s/n, Toluca 50000, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Moisés Romero-Ortega
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón/Paseo Tollocan, s/n, Toluca 50000, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Joaquín Barroso-Flores
- Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable UAEM - UNAM, Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco km 14.5, Unidad San Cayetano, Personal de la UNAM, Toluca 50200, Estado de México, Mexico.
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360
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin H. Hopmann
- Centre for Theoretical and
Computational Chemistry (CTCC) and Department of Chemistry, University of Tromsø - The Artic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
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361
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Jiang YY, Jiang JL, Fu Y. Mechanism of Vanadium-Catalyzed Deoxydehydration of Vicinal Diols: Spin-Crossover-Involved Processes. Organometallics 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.6b00602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Ye Jiang
- Hefei
National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChEM,
CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key
Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People’s Republic of China
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ju-Long Jiang
- Hefei
National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChEM,
CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key
Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yao Fu
- Hefei
National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChEM,
CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key
Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People’s Republic of China
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362
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Mondal T, De S, Maity B, Koley D. Exploring the Oxidative-Addition Pathways of Phenyl Chloride in the Presence of Pd II Abnormal N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: A DFT Study. Chemistry 2016; 22:15778-15790. [PMID: 27642746 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
DFT calculations were performed to elucidate the oxidative addition mechanism of the dimeric palladium(II) abnormal N-heterocyclic carbene complex 2 in the presence of phenyl chloride and NaOMe base under the framework of a Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction. Pre-catalyst 2 undergoes facile, NaOMe-assisted dissociation, which led to monomeric palladium(II) species 5, 6, and 7, each of them independently capable of initiating oxidative addition reactions with PhCl. Thereafter, three different mechanistic routes, path a, path b, and path c, which originate from the catalytic species 5, 7, and 6, were calculated at M06-L-D3(SMD)/LANL2TZ(f)(Pd)/6-311++G**//M06-L/LANL2DZ(Pd)/6-31+G* level of theory. All studied routes suggested the rather uncommon PdII /PdIV oxidative addition mechanism to be favourable under the ambient reaction conditions. Although the Pd0 /PdII routes are generally facile, the final reductive elimination step from the catalytic complexes were energetically formidable. The PdII /PdIV activation barriers were calculated to be 11.3, 9.0, 26.7 kcal mol-1 (ΔΔ≠ GLS-D3 ) more favourable than the PdII /Pd0 reductive elimination routes for path a, path b, and path c, respectively. Out of all the studied pathways, path a was the most feasible as it comprised of a PdII /PdIV activation barrier of 24.5 kcal mol-1 (ΔGLS-D3 ). To further elucidate the origin of transition-state barriers, EDA calculations were performed for some key saddle points populating the energy profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Totan Mondal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur -, 741 246, India
| | - Sriman De
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur -, 741 246, India
| | - Bholanath Maity
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur -, 741 246, India
| | - Debasis Koley
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur -, 741 246, India.
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363
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Quesnel JS, Moncho S, Ylijoki KEO, Torres GM, Brothers EN, Bengali AA, Arndtsen BA. Computational Study of the Palladium-Catalyzed Carbonylative Synthesis of Aromatic Acid Chlorides: The Synergistic Effect of Pt
Bu3
and CO on Reductive Elimination. Chemistry 2016; 22:15107-15118. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S. Quesnel
- McGill University; Chemistry; 801 Sherbrooke St. W. Montreal H3A 0B8 Canada
| | | | - Kai E. O. Ylijoki
- Department of Chemistry; Saint Mary's University; 923 Robie St Halifax Nova Scotia B3H 3C3 Canada
| | | | | | | | - Bruce A. Arndtsen
- McGill University; Chemistry; 801 Sherbrooke St. W. Montreal H3A 0B8 Canada
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364
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Guo W, Martínez-Rodríguez L, Kuniyil R, Martin E, Escudero-Adán EC, Maseras F, Kleij AW. Stereoselective and Versatile Preparation of Tri- and Tetrasubstituted Allylic Amine Scaffolds under Mild Conditions. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:11970-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b07382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wusheng Guo
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Luis Martínez-Rodríguez
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Rositha Kuniyil
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Eddy Martin
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Eduardo C. Escudero-Adán
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Feliu Maseras
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Departament
de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Arjan W. Kleij
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Catalan Institute of Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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365
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Meyer D, Strassner T. Methylpalladium complexes with pyrimidine-functionalized N-heterocyclic carbene ligands. Beilstein J Org Chem 2016; 12:1557-65. [PMID: 27559406 PMCID: PMC4979653 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.12.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of methylpalladium(II) complexes with pyrimidine-NHC ligands carrying different aryl- and alkyl substituents R ([((pym)^(NHC-R))PdII(CH3)X] with X = Cl, CF3COO, CH3) has been prepared by transmetalation reactions from the corresponding silver complexes and chloro(methyl)(cyclooctadiene)palladium(II). The dimethyl(1-(2-pyrimidyl)-3-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazolin-2-ylidene)palladium(II) complex was synthesized via the free carbene route. All complexes were fully characterized by standard methods and in three cases also by a solid state structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Meyer
- Physikalische Organische Chemie, TU Dresden, Bergstraße 66, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Strassner
- Physikalische Organische Chemie, TU Dresden, Bergstraße 66, 01062 Dresden, Germany
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366
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Fu X, Shang Z, Xu X. Rh(III)-Catalyzed Cascade Oxidative Annulation of Benzoylacetonitrile with Alkynes: Computational Study of Mechanism, Reactivity, and Regioselectivity. J Org Chem 2016; 81:8378-85. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b01567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoning Fu
- Department of Chemistry,
Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of
Education), Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Zhenfeng Shang
- Department of Chemistry,
Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of
Education), Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Xiufang Xu
- Department of Chemistry,
Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of
Education), Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
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367
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Franzoni I, Poblador-Bahamonde AI. Computational Study on the Mechanism of the Palladium-Catalyzed Arylation of α,β-Unsaturated Aldehydes. Organometallics 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.6b00484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Franzoni
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest
Ansermet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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368
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Egorova KS, Ananikov VP. Welche Katalysatormetalle sind harmlos, welche giftig? Vergleich der Toxizitäten von Ni-, Cu-, Fe-, Pd-, Pt-, Rh- und Au-Salzen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201603777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ksenia S. Egorova
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; Leninsky prospect 47 Moscow 119991 Russland
| | - Valentine P. Ananikov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; Leninsky prospect 47 Moscow 119991 Russland
- Department of Chemistry; Saint Petersburg State University; Stary Petergof 198504 Russland
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369
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Egorova KS, Ananikov VP. Which Metals are Green for Catalysis? Comparison of the Toxicities of Ni, Cu, Fe, Pd, Pt, Rh, and Au Salts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:12150-62. [PMID: 27532248 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201603777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Environmental profiles for the selected metals were compiled on the basis of available data on their biological activities. Analysis of the profiles suggests that the concept of toxic heavy metals and safe nontoxic alternatives based on lighter metals should be re-evaluated. Comparison of the toxicological data indicates that palladium, platinum, and gold compounds, often considered heavy and toxic, may in fact be not so dangerous, whereas complexes of nickel and copper, typically assumed to be green and sustainable alternatives, may possess significant toxicities, which is also greatly affected by the solubility in water and biological fluids. It appears that the development of new catalysts and novel applications should not rely on the existing assumptions concerning toxicity/nontoxicity. Overall, the available experimental data seem insufficient for accurate evaluation of biological activity of these metals and its modulation by the ligands. Without dedicated experimental measurements for particular metal/ligand frameworks, toxicity should not be used as a "selling point" when describing new catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenia S Egorova
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Valentine P Ananikov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia. .,Department of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Stary Petergof, 198504, Russia.
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370
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Zhang L, Fang DC. An Explicit Interpretation of the Directing Group Effect for the Pd(OAc)2-Catalyzed Aromatic C–H Activations. J Org Chem 2016; 81:7400-10. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b00997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - De-Cai Fang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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371
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Chen X, Yang X. Mechanistic Insights and Computational Design of Transition-Metal Catalysts for Hydrogenation and Dehydrogenation Reactions. CHEM REC 2016; 16:2364-2378. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201600049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyang Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species; Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 P.R. China
| | - Xinzheng Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species; Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 P.R. China
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372
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Zhang J, Xu JZ, Zheng ZJ, Xu Z, Cui YM, Cao J, Xu LW. Palladium-Catalyzed Desymmetrization of Silacyclobutanes with Alkynes to Silicon-Stereogenic Silanes: A Density Functional Theory Study. Chem Asian J 2016; 11:2867-2875. [PMID: 27325305 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201600709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Revised: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education; Hangzhou Normal University; No. 1378, Wenyi West Road, Science Park of HZNU Hangzhou 311121 China
| | - Jin-Zhou Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education; Hangzhou Normal University; No. 1378, Wenyi West Road, Science Park of HZNU Hangzhou 311121 China
| | - Zhan-Jiang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education; Hangzhou Normal University; No. 1378, Wenyi West Road, Science Park of HZNU Hangzhou 311121 China
| | - Zheng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education; Hangzhou Normal University; No. 1378, Wenyi West Road, Science Park of HZNU Hangzhou 311121 China
| | - Yu-Ming Cui
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education; Hangzhou Normal University; No. 1378, Wenyi West Road, Science Park of HZNU Hangzhou 311121 China
| | - Jian Cao
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education; Hangzhou Normal University; No. 1378, Wenyi West Road, Science Park of HZNU Hangzhou 311121 China
| | - Li-Wen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education; Hangzhou Normal University; No. 1378, Wenyi West Road, Science Park of HZNU Hangzhou 311121 China
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation; Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Lanzhou 730000 P.R. China
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373
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Hasanayn F, Al-Assi LM, Moussawi RN, Omar BS. Mechanism of Alcohol–Water Dehydrogenative Coupling into Carboxylic Acid Using Milstein’s Catalyst: A Detailed Investigation of the Outer-Sphere PES in the Reaction of Aldehydes with an Octahedral Ruthenium Hydroxide. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:7886-902. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b00766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Faraj Hasanayn
- Department of Chemistry, The American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Lara M. Al-Assi
- Department of Chemistry, The American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rasha N. Moussawi
- Department of Chemistry, The American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Boushra Srour Omar
- Department of Chemistry, The American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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374
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García-Rodeja Y, Bickelhaupt FM, Fernández I. Understanding the Oxidative Addition of σ-Bonds to Group 13 Compounds. Chemistry 2016; 22:13669-76. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yago García-Rodeja
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Universidad Complutense; 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - F. Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry; Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling; Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; De Boelelaan 1083 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Institute of Molecules and Materials; Radboud University; Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Universidad Complutense; 28040 Madrid Spain
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375
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Sigman MS, Harper KC, Bess EN, Milo A. The Development of Multidimensional Analysis Tools for Asymmetric Catalysis and Beyond. Acc Chem Res 2016; 49:1292-301. [PMID: 27220055 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.6b00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In most modern organic chemistry reports, including many of ours, reaction optimization schemes are typically presented to showcase how reaction conditions have been tailored to augment the reaction's yield and selectivity. In asymmetric catalysis, this often involves evaluation of catalyst, solvent, reagent, and, sometimes, substrate features. Such an article will then detail the process's scope, which mainly focuses on its successes and briefly outlines the "limitations". These limitations or poorer-performing substrates are occasionally the result of obvious, significant changes to structure (e.g., a Lewis basic group binds to a catalyst), but frequently, a satisfying explanation for inferior performance is not clear. This is one of several reasons such results are not often reported. These apparent outliers are also commonplace in the evaluation of catalyst structure, although most of this information is placed in the Supporting Information. These practices are unfortunate because results that appear at first glance to be peculiar or poor are considerably more interesting than ones that follow obvious or intuitive trends. In other words, all of the data from an optimization campaign contain relevant information about the reaction under study, and the "outliers" may be the most revealing. Realizing the power of outliers as an entry point to entirely new reaction development is not unusual. Nevertheless, the concept that no data should be wasted when considering the underlying phenomena controlling the observations of a given reaction is at the heart of the strategy we describe in this Account. The idea that one can concurrently optimize a reaction to expose the structural features that control its outcomes would represent a transformative addition to the arsenal of catalyst development and, ultimately, de novo design. Herein we outline the development of a recently initiated program in our lab that unites optimization with mechanistic interrogation by correlating reaction outputs (e.g., electrochemical potential or enantio-, site, or chemoselectivity) with structural descriptors of the molecules involved. The ever-evolving inspiration for this program is rooted in outliers of classical linear free energy relationships. These outliers encouraged us to ask questions about the parameters themselves, suggest potential interactions at the source of the observed effects, and, of particular applicability, identify more sophisticated physical organic descriptors. Throughout this program, we have integrated techniques from disparate fields, including synthetic methodology development, mechanistic investigations, statistics, computational chemistry, and data science. The implementation of many of these strategies is described, and the resulting tools are illustrated in a wide range of case studies, which include data sets with simultaneous and multifaceted changes to the reagent, substrate, and catalyst structures. This tactic constitutes a modern approach to physical organic chemistry wherein no data are wasted and mechanistic hypotheses regarding sophisticated processes can be developed and probed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S. Sigman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Kaid C. Harper
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Elizabeth N. Bess
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Anat Milo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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376
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Park Y, Ahn S, Kang D, Baik MH. Mechanism of Rh-Catalyzed Oxidative Cyclizations: Closed versus Open Shell Pathways. Acc Chem Res 2016; 49:1263-70. [PMID: 27187270 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.6b00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A conceptual theory for analyzing and understanding oxidative addition reactions that form the cornerstone of many transition metal mediated catalytic cycles that activate C-C and C-H bonds, for example, was developed. The cleavage of the σ- or π-bond in the organic substrate can be envisioned to follow a closed or an open shell formalism, which is matched by a corresponding electronic structure at the metal center of the catalyst. Whereas the assignment of one or the other mechanistic scenario appears formal and equivalent at first sight, they should be recognized as different classes of reactions, because they lead to different reaction optimization and control strategies. The closed-shell mechanism involves heterolytic bond cleavages, which give rise to highly localized charges to form at the transition state. In the open-shell pathway, bonds are broken homolytically avoiding localized charges to accumulate on molecular fragments at the transition states. As a result, functional groups with inductive effects may exert a substantial influence on the energies of the intermediate and transition states, whereas no such effect is expected if the mechanism proceeds through the open-shell mechanism. If these functional groups are placed in a way that opens an electronic communication pathway to the molecular sites where charges accumulate, for example, using hyperconjugation, electron donating groups may stabilize a positive charge at that site. An instructive example is discussed, where this stereoelectronic effect allowed for rendering the oxidative addition diastereoselective. No such control is possible, however, when the open-shell reaction pathway is followed, because the inductive effects of functional groups have little to no effect on the stabilities of radical-like substrate states that are encountered when the bonds are broken in a homolytic fashion. Whether the closed-shell or open-shell mechanism for oxidative addition is followed is determined by the ordering of the d-orbital dominated frontier orbitals. If the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) is oriented in space in such a way that will give the organic substrate easy access to the valence electron pair, the closed-shell mechanism can be followed. If the shape and orientation of the HOMO is not appropriate, however, an alternative pathway involving singlet excited states of the metal that will invoke the matching radicaloid cleavage of the organic substrate will dominate the oxidative addition. This novel paradigm for formally analyzing and understanding oxidative additions provides a new way of systematically understanding and planning catalytic reactions, as demonstrated by the in silico design of room-temperature Pauson-Khand reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonsu Park
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon
Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Seihwan Ahn
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon
Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Dahye Kang
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon
Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Mu-Hyun Baik
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon
Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
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377
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Sperger T, Sanhueza IA, Schoenebeck F. Computation and Experiment: A Powerful Combination to Understand and Predict Reactivities. Acc Chem Res 2016; 49:1311-9. [PMID: 27171796 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.6b00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Computational chemistry has become an established tool for the study of the origins of chemical phenomena and examination of molecular properties. Because of major advances in theory, hardware and software, calculations of molecular processes can nowadays be done with reasonable accuracy on a time-scale that is competitive or even faster than experiments. This overview will highlight broad applications of computational chemistry in the study of organic and organometallic reactivities, including catalytic (NHC-, Cu-, Pd-, Ni-catalyzed) and noncatalytic examples of relevance to organic synthesis. The selected examples showcase the ability of computational chemistry to rationalize and also predict reactivities of broad significance. A particular emphasis is placed on the synergistic interplay of computations and experiments. It is discussed how this approach allows one to (i) gain greater insight than the isolated techniques, (ii) inspire novel chemistry avenues, and (iii) assist in reaction development. Examples of successful rationalizations of reactivities are discussed, including the elucidation of mechanistic features (radical versus polar) and origins of stereoselectivity in NHC-catalyzed reactions as well as the rationalization of ligand effects on ligation states and selectivity in Pd- and Ni-catalyzed transformations. Beyond explaining, the synergistic interplay of computation and experiments is then discussed, showcasing the identification of the likely catalytically active species as a function of ligand, additive, and solvent in Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions. These may vary between mono- or bisphosphine-bound or even anionic Pd complexes in polar media in the presence of coordinating additives. These fundamental studies also inspired avenues in catalysis via dinuclear Pd(I) cycles. Detailed mechanistic studies supporting the direct reactivity of Pd(I)-Pd(I) with aryl halides as well as applications of air-stable dinuclear Pd(I) catalysts are discussed. Additional combined experimental and computational studies are described for alternative metals, these include the discussion of the factors that control C-H versus C-C activation in the aerobic Cu-catalyzed oxidation of ketones, and ligand and additive effects on the nature and favored oxidation state of the active catalyst in Ni-catalyzed trifluoromethylthiolations of aryl chlorides. Examples of successful computational reactivity predictions along with experimental verifications are then presented. This includes the design of a fluorinated ligand [(CF3)2P(CH2)2P(CF3)2] for the challenging reductive elimination of ArCF3 from Pd(II) as well as the guidance of substrate scope (functional group tolerance and suitable leaving group) in the Ni-catalyzed trifluoromethylthiolation of C(sp(2))-O bonds. In summary, this account aims to convey the benefits of integrating computational studies in experimental research to increase understanding of observed phenomena and guide future experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Sperger
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Italo A. Sanhueza
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Laboratory
for Organic Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Franziska Schoenebeck
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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378
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Song LJ, Ding S, Wang Y, Zhang X, Wu YD, Sun J. Ir-Catalyzed Regio- and Stereoselective Hydrosilylation of Internal Thioalkynes: A Combined Experimental and Computational Study. J Org Chem 2016; 81:6157-64. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b00854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Juan Song
- Lab
of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design, Laboratory of Chemical
Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Shengtao Ding
- Department
of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yong Wang
- HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Xinhao Zhang
- Lab
of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design, Laboratory of Chemical
Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yun-Dong Wu
- Lab
of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design, Laboratory of Chemical
Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jianwei Sun
- Department
of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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379
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Shimbayashi T, Okamoto K, Ohe K. C–H Activation Induced by Oxidative Addition of N–O Bonds in Oxime Esters: Formation of Rhodacycles and Cycloaddition with Alkynes. Organometallics 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.6b00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Shimbayashi
- Department of Energy and
Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura,
Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Okamoto
- Department of Energy and
Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura,
Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Kouichi Ohe
- Department of Energy and
Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura,
Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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380
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Choi H, Min M, Peng Q, Kang D, Paton RS, Hong S. Unraveling innate substrate control in site-selective palladium-catalyzed C-H heterocycle functionalization. Chem Sci 2016; 7:3900-3909. [PMID: 30155034 PMCID: PMC6013790 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc04590h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the regioselectivity of C-H activation in the absence of directing groups is an important step towards the design of site-selective C-H functionalizations. The Pd(ii)-catalyzed direct arylation of chromones and enaminones provides an intriguing example where a simple substitution leads to a divergence in substrate-controlled site-selectivity. We describe computational and experimental studies which reveal this results from a switch in mechanism and therefore the selectivity-determining step. We present computational results and experimentally measured kinetic isotope effects and labelling studies consistent with this proposal. The C-H activation of these substrates proceeds via a CMD mechanism, which favors more electron rich positions and therefore displays a pronounced kinetic selectivity for the C3-position. However, C2-selective carbopalladation is also a competitive pathway for chromones so that the overall regiochemical outcome depends on which substrate undergoes activation first. Our studies provide insight into the site-selectivity based on the favorability of two competing CMD and carbopalladation processes of the substrates undergoing coupling. This model can be utilized to predict the regioselectivity of coumarins which are proficient substrates for carbopalladation. Furthermore, our model is able to account for the opposite selectivities observed for enaminone and chromone, and explains how a less reactive coupling partner leads to a switch in selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwanho Choi
- Chemistry Research Laboratory , Department of Chemistry , University of Oxford , 12 Mansfield Road , Oxford OX1 3TA , UK . ;
| | - Minsik Min
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Daejeon , 34141 Korea .
- Department of Chemistry , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Daejeon , 34141 Korea
| | - Qian Peng
- Chemistry Research Laboratory , Department of Chemistry , University of Oxford , 12 Mansfield Road , Oxford OX1 3TA , UK . ;
| | - Dahye Kang
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Daejeon , 34141 Korea .
- Department of Chemistry , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Daejeon , 34141 Korea
| | - Robert S Paton
- Chemistry Research Laboratory , Department of Chemistry , University of Oxford , 12 Mansfield Road , Oxford OX1 3TA , UK . ;
| | - Sungwoo Hong
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Daejeon , 34141 Korea .
- Department of Chemistry , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Daejeon , 34141 Korea
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381
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McPherson KE, Bartolotti LJ, Morehead AT, Sargent AL. Utility of the Nudged Elastic Band Method in Identifying the Minimum Energy Path of an Elementary Organometallic Reaction Step. Organometallics 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.6b00236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kate E. McPherson
- Department of Chemistry, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27858, United States
| | - Libero J. Bartolotti
- Department of Chemistry, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27858, United States
| | - Andrew T. Morehead
- Department of Chemistry, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27858, United States
| | - Andrew L. Sargent
- Department of Chemistry, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27858, United States
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382
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Santoro S, Kalek M, Huang G, Himo F. Elucidation of Mechanisms and Selectivities of Metal-Catalyzed Reactions using Quantum Chemical Methodology. Acc Chem Res 2016; 49:1006-18. [PMID: 27082700 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.6b00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Quantum chemical techniques today are indispensable for the detailed mechanistic understanding of catalytic reactions. The development of modern density functional theory approaches combined with the enormous growth in computer power have made it possible to treat quite large systems at a reasonable level of accuracy. Accordingly, quantum chemistry has been applied extensively to a wide variety of catalytic systems. A huge number of problems have been solved successfully, and vast amounts of chemical insights have been gained. In this Account, we summarize some of our recent work in this field. A number of examples concerned with transition metal-catalyzed reactions are selected, with emphasis on reactions with various kinds of selectivities. The discussed cases are (1) copper-catalyzed C-H bond amidation of indoles, (2) iridium-catalyzed C(sp(3))-H borylation of chlorosilanes, (3) vanadium-catalyzed Meyer-Schuster rearrangement and its combination with aldol- and Mannich-type additions, (4) palladium-catalyzed propargylic substitution with phosphorus nucleophiles, (5) rhodium-catalyzed 1:2 coupling of aldehydes and allenes, and finally (6) copper-catalyzed coupling of nitrones and alkynes to produce β-lactams (Kinugasa reaction). First, the methodology adopted in these studies is presented briefly. The electronic structure method in the great majority of these kinds of mechanistic investigations has for the last two decades been based on density functional theory. In the cases discussed here, mainly the B3LYP functional has been employed in conjunction with Grimme's empirical dispersion correction, which has been shown to improve the calculated energies significantly. The effect of the surrounding solvent is described by implicit solvation techniques, and the thermochemical corrections are included using the rigid-rotor harmonic oscillator approximation. The reviewed examples are chosen to illustrate the usefulness and versatility of the adopted methodology in solving complex problems and proposing new detailed reaction mechanisms that rationalize the experimental findings. For each of the considered reactions, a consistent mechanism is presented, the experimentally observed selectivities are reproduced, and their sources are identified. Reproducing selectivities requires high accuracy in computing relative transition state energies. As demonstrated by the results summarized in this Account, this accuracy is possible with the use of the presented methodology, benefiting of course from a large extent of cancellation of systematic errors. It is argued that as the employed models become larger, the number of rotamers and isomers that have to be considered for every stationary point increases and a careful assessment of their energies is therefore necessary in order to ensure that the lowest energy conformation is located. This issue constitutes a bottleneck of the investigation in some cases and is particularly important when analyzing selectivities, since small energy differences need to be reproduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Santoro
- Department
of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Marcin Kalek
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2c, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Genping Huang
- Department of Chemistry,
School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Fahmi Himo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius
Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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383
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Balcells D, Clot E, Eisenstein O, Nova A, Perrin L. Deciphering Selectivity in Organic Reactions: A Multifaceted Problem. Acc Chem Res 2016; 49:1070-8. [PMID: 27152927 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.6b00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Computational chemistry has made a sustained contribution to the understanding of chemical reactions. In earlier times, half a century ago, the goal was to distinguish allowed from forbidden reactions (e.g., Woodward-Hoffmann rules), that is, reactions with low or high to very high activation barriers. A great achievement of computational chemistry was also to contribute to the determination of structures with the bonus of proposing a rationalization (e.g., anomeric effect, isolobal analogy, Gillespie valence shell pair electron repulsion rules and counter examples, Wade-Mingos rules for molecular clusters). With the development of new methods and the constant increase in computing power, computational chemists move to more challenging problems, close to the daily concerns of the experimental chemists, in determining the factors that make a reaction both efficient and selective: a key issue in organic synthesis. For this purpose, experimental chemists use advanced synthetic and analytical techniques to which computational chemists added other ways of determining reaction pathways. The transition states and intermediates contributing to the transformation of reactants into the desired and undesired products can now be determined, including their geometries, energies, charges, spin densities, spectroscopy properties, etc. Such studies remain challenging due to the large number of chemical species commonly present in the reactive media whose role may have to be determined. Calculating chemical systems as they are in the experiment is not always possible, bringing its own share of complexity through the large number of atoms and the associated large number of conformers to consider. Modeling the chemical species with smaller systems is an alternative that historically led to artifacts. Another important topic is the choice of the computational method. While DFT is widely used, the vast diversity of functionals available is both an opportunity and a challenge. Though chemical knowledge helps, the relevant computational method is best chosen in conjunction with the nature of the experimental systems and many studies have been concerned with this topic. We will not address this aspect but give references in the text. Usually, a computational study starts with the validation of the method by means of benchmark calculations vs accurate experimental data or state-of-the-art calculations. Finally, computational chemists can bring more than the sole determination of the reaction pathways through the analysis of the electronic structure. In our case, we have privileged the NBO analysis, which has the advantage of describing interactions on the basis of terms and concepts that are shared within the chemical community. In this Account, we have chosen to select representative reactions from our own work to highlight the diversity of situations than can be addressed nowadays. These include selective activation of C(sp(3))-H bonds, selective reactions with low energy barriers, involving closed shell or radical species, the role of noncovalent interactions, and the importance of considering side reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Balcells
- Centre
for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (CTCC) and The Department
of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Eric Clot
- Institut
Charles Gerhardt, UMR 5253 CNRS-UM-ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095
Cedex 5 Montpellier, France
| | - Odile Eisenstein
- Centre
for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (CTCC) and The Department
of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
- Institut
Charles Gerhardt, UMR 5253 CNRS-UM-ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095
Cedex 5 Montpellier, France
| | - Ainara Nova
- Centre
for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (CTCC) and The Department
of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Lionel Perrin
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon1, CNRS, INSA,
CPE-Lyon, ICBMS, UMR 5246, 43, Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Cedex Villeurbanne, France
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384
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Pendleton IM, Pérez-Temprano MH, Sanford MS, Zimmerman PM. Experimental and Computational Assessment of Reactivity and Mechanism in C(sp(3))-N Bond-Forming Reductive Elimination from Palladium(IV). J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:6049-60. [PMID: 27087364 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b02714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This report describes a combined experimental and computational investigation of the mechanism of C(sp(3))-N bond-forming reductive elimination from sulfonamide-ligated Pd(IV) complexes. After an initial experimental assessment of reactivity, we used ZStruct, a computational combinatorial reaction finding method, to analyze a large number of multistep mechanisms for this process. This study reveals two facile isomerization pathways connecting the experimentally observed Pd(IV) isomers, along with two competing SN2 pathways for C(sp(3))-N coupling. One of these pathways involves an unanticipated oxygen-nitrogen exchange of the sulfonamide ligand prior to an inner-sphere SN2-type reductive elimination. The calculated ΔG(⧧) values for isomerization and reductive elimination with a series of sulfonamide derivatives are in good agreement with experimental data. Furthermore, the simulations predict relative reaction rates with different sulfonamides, which is successful only after considering competition between the proposed operating mechanisms. Overall, this work shows that the combination of experimental studies and new computational tools can provide fundamental mechanistic insights into complex organometallic reaction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Pendleton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | | | - Melanie S Sanford
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Paul M Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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385
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Kalvet I, Tammiku-Taul J, Mäeorg U, Tämm K, Burk P, Sikk L. NMR and DFT Study of the Copper(I)-Catalyzed Cycloaddition Reaction: H/D Scrambling of Alkynes and Variable Reaction Order of the Catalyst. ChemCatChem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201600176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Indrek Kalvet
- Institute of Chemistry; University of Tartu (UT); Ravila 14a 50411 Tartu Estonia
| | - Jaana Tammiku-Taul
- Institute of Chemistry; University of Tartu (UT); Ravila 14a 50411 Tartu Estonia
| | - Uno Mäeorg
- Institute of Chemistry; University of Tartu (UT); Ravila 14a 50411 Tartu Estonia
| | - Kaido Tämm
- Institute of Chemistry; University of Tartu (UT); Ravila 14a 50411 Tartu Estonia
| | - Peeter Burk
- Institute of Chemistry; University of Tartu (UT); Ravila 14a 50411 Tartu Estonia
| | - Lauri Sikk
- Institute of Chemistry; University of Tartu (UT); Ravila 14a 50411 Tartu Estonia
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386
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Funes‐Ardoiz I, Sameera WMC, Romero RM, Martínez C, Souto JA, Sampedro D, Muñiz K, Maseras F. DFT Rationalization of the Diverse Outcomes of the Iodine(III)‐Mediated Oxidative Amination of Alkenes. Chemistry 2016; 22:7545-53. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201600415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Funes‐Ardoiz
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ) The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - W. M. C. Sameera
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ) The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry Kyoto University 606-8103 Kyoto Japan
| | - R. Martín Romero
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ) The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Claudio Martínez
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ) The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - José A. Souto
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ) The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Diego Sampedro
- Departamento de Química Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química (CISQ) Universidad de La Rioja C/Madre de Dios, 51 26006 Logroño Spain
| | - Kilian Muñiz
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ) The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) Pg. Lluís Companys 23 08010 Barcelona Spain
| | - Feliu Maseras
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ) The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
- Departament de Química Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona 08193 Bellaterra Spain
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387
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Ortuño MA, Dereli B, Cramer CJ. Mechanism of Pd-Catalyzed Decarbonylation of Biomass-Derived Hydrocinnamic Acid to Styrene following Activation as an Anhydride. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:4124-31. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b02664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel A. Ortuño
- Department of Chemistry,
Chemical Theory Center, and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Büşra Dereli
- Department of Chemistry,
Chemical Theory Center, and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Christopher J. Cramer
- Department of Chemistry,
Chemical Theory Center, and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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388
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Grimme S, Hansen A, Brandenburg JG, Bannwarth C. Dispersion-Corrected Mean-Field Electronic Structure Methods. Chem Rev 2016; 116:5105-54. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 799] [Impact Index Per Article: 99.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical
Chemistry, Universität Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Hansen
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical
Chemistry, Universität Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Bannwarth
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical
Chemistry, Universität Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany
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389
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Aniagyei A, Tia R, Adei E. A computational study of the addition of ReO3L (L = Cl(-), CH3, OCH3 and Cp) to ethenone. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:354. [PMID: 27066367 PMCID: PMC4801834 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-2012-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The periselectivity and chemoselectivity of the addition of transition metal oxides of the type ReO3L (L = Cl, CH3, OCH3 and Cp) to ethenone have been explored at the MO6 and B3LYP/LACVP* levels of theory. The activation barriers and reaction energies for the stepwise and concerted addition pathways involving multiple spin states have been computed. In the reaction of ReO3L (L = Cl−, OCH3, CH3 and Cp) with ethenone, the concerted [2 + 2] addition of the metal oxide across the C=C and C=O double bond to form either metalla-2-oxetane-3-one or metalla-2,4-dioxolane is the most kinetically favored over the formation of metalla-2,5-dioxolane-3-one from the direct [3 + 2] addition pathway. The trends in activation and reaction energies for the formation of metalla-2-oxetane-3-one and metalla-2,4-dioxolane are Cp < Cl− < OCH3 < CH3 and Cp < OCH3 < CH3 < Cl− and for the reaction energies are Cp < OCH3 < Cl− < CH3 and Cp < CH3 < OCH3 < Cl CH3. The concerted [3 + 2] addition of the metal oxide across the C=C double of the ethenone to form species metalla-2,5-dioxolane-3-one is thermodynamically the most favored for the ligand L = Cp. The direct [2 + 2] addition pathways leading to the formations of metalla-2-oxetane-3-one and metalla-2,4-dioxolane is thermodynamically the most favored for the ligands L = OCH3 and Cl−. The difference between the calculated [2 + 2] activation barriers for the addition of the metal oxide LReO3 across the C=C and C=O functionalities of ethenone are small except for the case of L = Cl− and OCH3. The rearrangement of the metalla-2-oxetane-3-one–metalla-2,5-dioxolane-3-one even though feasible, are unfavorable due to high activation energies of their rate-determining steps. For the rearrangement of the metalla-2-oxetane-3-one to metalla-2,5-dioxolane-3-one, the trends in activation barriers is found to follow the order OCH3 < Cl− < CH3 < Cp. The trends in the activation energies for the most favorable [2 + 2] addition pathways for the LReO3–ethenone system is CH3 > CH3O− > Cl− > Cp. For the analogous ethylene–LReO3 system, the trends in activation and reaction energies for the most favorable [3 + 2] addition pathway is CH3 > CH3O− > Cl− > Cp [10]. Even though the most favored pathway in the ethylene-LReO3 system is the [3 + 2] addition pathway and that on the LReO3–ethenone is the [2 + 2] addition pathway, the trends in the activation energies for both pathways are the same, i.e. CH3 > CH3O− > Cl− > Cp. However, the trends in reaction energies are quite different due to different product stabilities. The formation of the acetic acid precursor through the direct addition pathways was unsuccessful for all the ligands studied. The formation of the acetic acid precursor through the cyclization of the metalla-2-oxetane-3-one is only possible for the ligands L = Cl−, CH3 whiles for the cyclization of metalla-2-oxetane-4-one to the acetic acid precursor is only possible for the ligand L = CH3. Although there are spin-crossover reaction observed for the ligands L = Cl−, CH3 and CH3O−, the reactions occurring on the single surfaces have been found to occur with lower energies than their spin-crossover counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Aniagyei
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Richard Tia
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Evans Adei
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
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390
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Liu X, Hsiao C, Kalvet I, Leiendecker M, Guo L, Schoenebeck F, Rueping M. Lewis Acid Assisted Nickel‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling of Aryl Methyl Ethers by C−O Bond‐Cleaving Alkylation: Prevention of Undesired β‐Hydride Elimination. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:6093-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201510497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangqian Liu
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Chien‐Chi Hsiao
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Indrek Kalvet
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Matthias Leiendecker
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Lin Guo
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Franziska Schoenebeck
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Magnus Rueping
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC) Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
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391
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Liu X, Hsiao C, Kalvet I, Leiendecker M, Guo L, Schoenebeck F, Rueping M. Lewis‐Säure‐unterstützte metallkatalysierte Kreuzkupplung: Alkylierung von Arylmethylethern unter C‐O‐Bindungsspaltung ohne β‐Hydrideliminierung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201510497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangqian Liu
- Institut für Organische Chemie RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Chien‐Chi Hsiao
- Institut für Organische Chemie RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Indrek Kalvet
- Institut für Organische Chemie RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Matthias Leiendecker
- Institut für Organische Chemie RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Lin Guo
- Institut für Organische Chemie RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Franziska Schoenebeck
- Institut für Organische Chemie RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Magnus Rueping
- Institut für Organische Chemie RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Deutschland
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC) Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi-Arabien
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392
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Mak AM, Lim YH, Jong H, Yang Y, Johannes CW, Robins EG, Sullivan MB. Mechanistic Insights and Implications of Dearomative Rearrangement in Copper-Free Sonogashira Cross-Coupling Catalyzed by Pd-Cy*Phine. Organometallics 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.6b00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian M. Mak
- Institute of High Performance Computing, 1 Fusionopolis Way, #16-16 Connexis, Singapore 138632, Singapore
| | - Yee Hwee Lim
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences, 8 Biomedical Grove, Neuros #07-01, Singapore 138665, Singapore
| | - Howard Jong
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences, 8 Biomedical Grove, Neuros #07-01, Singapore 138665, Singapore
| | - Yong Yang
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences, 8 Biomedical Grove, Neuros #07-01, Singapore 138665, Singapore
| | - Charles W. Johannes
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences, 8 Biomedical Grove, Neuros #07-01, Singapore 138665, Singapore
| | - Edward G. Robins
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #02-02, Singapore 138667, Singapore
| | - Michael B. Sullivan
- Institute of High Performance Computing, 1 Fusionopolis Way, #16-16 Connexis, Singapore 138632, Singapore
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393
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Habershon S. Automated Prediction of Catalytic Mechanism and Rate Law Using Graph-Based Reaction Path Sampling. J Chem Theory Comput 2016; 12:1786-98. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.6b00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott Habershon
- Department
of Chemistry and
Centre for Scientific Computing, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill
Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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394
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Liu JB, Sheng XH, Sun CZ, Huang F, Chen DZ. A Computational Mechanistic Study of Amidation of Quinoline N-Oxide: The Relative Stability of Amido Insertion Intermediates Determines the Regioselectivity. ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.5b02938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Biao Liu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical
Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center
of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - Xie-Huang Sheng
- College of Chemistry, Chemical
Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center
of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - Chuan-Zhi Sun
- College of Chemistry, Chemical
Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center
of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - Fang Huang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical
Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center
of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - De-Zhan Chen
- College of Chemistry, Chemical
Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center
of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
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395
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Chen J, Guo W, Xia Y. Computational Revisit to the β-Carbon Elimination Step in Rh(III)-Catalyzed C–H Activation/Cycloaddition Reactions of N-Phenoxyacetamide and Cyclopropenes. J Org Chem 2016; 81:2635-8. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Chen
- College of Chemistry and
Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, P. R. China
| | - Wei Guo
- College of Chemistry and
Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, P. R. China
| | - Yuanzhi Xia
- College of Chemistry and
Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, P. R. China
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396
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Siva Reddy A, Siva Kumari AL, Saha S, Kumara Swamy KC. Palladium-Catalyzed Tandem-Cyclization of Functionalized Ynamides: An Approach to Benzosultams. Adv Synth Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201500854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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397
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Xiao LJ, Fu XN, Zhou MJ, Xie JH, Wang LX, Xu XF, Zhou QL. Nickel-Catalyzed Hydroacylation of Styrenes with Simple Aldehydes: Reaction Development and Mechanistic Insights. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:2957-60. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jian-Hua Xie
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300071, China
| | | | | | - Qi-Lin Zhou
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300071, China
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398
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Varela-Álvarez A, Yang T, Jennings H, Kornecki KP, Macmillan SN, Lancaster KM, Mack JBC, Du Bois J, Berry JF, Musaev DG. Rh2(II,III) Catalysts with Chelating Carboxylate and Carboxamidate Supports: Electronic Structure and Nitrene Transfer Reactivity. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:2327-41. [PMID: 26820386 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b12790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dirhodium-catalyzed C-H amination is hypothesized to proceed via Rh2-nitrene intermediates in either the Rh2(II,II) or Rh2(II,III) redox state. Herein, we report joint theoretical and experimental studies of the ground electronic state (GES), redox potentials, and C-H amination of [Rh2(II,III)(O2CCH3)4(L)n](+) (1_L) (L = none, Cl(-), and H2O), [Rh2(esp)2](+) (2), and Rh2(espn)2Cl (3) (esp = α,α,α',α'-tetramethyl-1,3-benzenedipropanoate and espn = α,α,α',α'-tetramethyl-1,3-benzenedipropanamidate). CASSCF calculations on 1_L yield a wave function with two closely weighted configurations, (δ*)(2)(π1*)(2)(π2*)(1) and (δ*)(2)(π1*)(1)(π2*)(2), consistent with reported EPR g values [Chem. Phys. Lett. 1986, 130, 20-23]. In contrast, EPR spectra of 2 show g values consistent with the DFT-computed (π*)(4)(δ*)(1) GES. EPR spectra and Cl K-edge XAS for 3 are consistent with a (π*)(4)(δ*)(1) GES, as supported by DFT. Nitrene intermediates 2N_L and 3N_L are also examined by DFT (the nitrene is an NSO3R species). DFT calculations suggest a doublet GES for 2N_L and a quartet GES for 3N_L. CASSCF calculations describe the GES of 2N as Rh2(II,II) with a coordinated nitrene radical cation, (π*)(4)(δ*)(2)(π(nitrene,1))(1)(π(nitrene,2))(0). Conversely, the GES of 3N is Rh2(II,III) with a coordinated triplet nitrene, (π*)(4)(δ*)(1)(π(nitrene,1))(1)(π(nitrene,2))(1). Quartet transition states ((4)TSs) are found to react via a stepwise radical mechanism, whereas (2)TSs are found to react via a concerted mechanism that is lower in energy compared to (4)TSs for both 2N_L and 3N_L. The experimental (determined by intramolecular competition) and (2)TS-calculated kinetic isotopic effect (KIE) shows a KIE ∼ 3 for both 2N and 3N, which is consistent with a concerted mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Varela-Álvarez
- The Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation, Emory University , 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Tzuhsiung Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Heather Jennings
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Katherine P Kornecki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Samantha N Macmillan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Kyle M Lancaster
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - James B C Mack
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - J Du Bois
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - John F Berry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Djamaladdin G Musaev
- The Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation, Emory University , 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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399
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Sperger T, Fisher HC, Schoenebeck F. Computationally deciphering palladium-catalyzed reaction mechanisms. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Sperger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; RWTH Aachen University; Aachen Germany
| | - Henry C. Fisher
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; RWTH Aachen University; Aachen Germany
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400
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Straker RN, Peng Q, Mekareeya A, Paton RS, Anderson EA. Computational ligand design in enantio- and diastereoselective ynamide [5+2] cycloisomerization. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10109. [PMID: 26728968 PMCID: PMC4728367 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Transition metals can catalyse the stereoselective synthesis of cyclic organic molecules in a highly atom-efficient process called cycloisomerization. Many diastereoselective (substrate stereocontrol), and enantioselective (catalyst stereocontrol) cycloisomerizations have been developed. However, asymmetric cycloisomerizations where a chiral catalyst specifies the stereochemical outcome of the cyclization of a single enantiomer substrate--regardless of its inherent preference--are unknown. Here we show how a combined theoretical and experimental approach enables the design of a highly reactive rhodium catalyst for the stereoselective cycloisomerization of ynamide-vinylcyclopropanes to [5.3.0]-azabicycles. We first establish highly diastereoselective cycloisomerizations using an achiral catalyst, and then explore phosphoramidite-complexed rhodium catalysts in the enantioselective variant, where theoretical investigations uncover an unexpected reaction pathway in which the electronic structure of the phosphoramidite dramatically influences reaction rate and enantioselectivity. A marked enhancement of both is observed using the optimal theory-designed ligand, which enables double stereodifferentiating cycloisomerizations in both matched and mismatched catalyst-substrate settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. N. Straker
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Q. Peng
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - A. Mekareeya
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - R. S. Paton
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - E. A. Anderson
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
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