351
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Seref-Ferlengez Z, Suadicani SO, Thi MM. A new perspective on mechanisms governing skeletal complications in type 1 diabetes. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2016; 1383:67-79. [PMID: 27571221 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on bone mechanobiology in type 1 diabetes (T1D), an area of research on diabetes-associated skeletal complications that is still in its infancy. We first provide a brief overview of the deleterious effects of diabetes on the skeleton and of the knowledge gained from studies with rodent models of T1D. Second, we discuss two specific hallmarks of T1D, low insulin and high glucose, and address the extent to which they affect skeletal health. Third, we highlight the mechanosensitive nature of bone tissue and the importance of mechanical loading for bone health. We also summarize recent advances in bone mechanobiology that implicate osteocytes as the mechanosensors and major regulatory cells in the bone. Finally, we discuss recent evidence indicating that the diabetic bone is "deaf" to mechanical loading and that osteocytes are central players in mechanisms that lead to bone loss in T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Seref-Ferlengez
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery.,Laboratories of Musculoskeletal Orthopedic Research at Einstein-Montefiore (MORE)
| | - Sylvia O Suadicani
- Laboratories of Musculoskeletal Orthopedic Research at Einstein-Montefiore (MORE).,Department of Neuroscience.,Department of Urology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York
| | - Mia M Thi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery.,Laboratories of Musculoskeletal Orthopedic Research at Einstein-Montefiore (MORE).,Department of Neuroscience
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352
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Galli S, Jimbo R, Naito Y, Berner S, Dard M, Wennerberg A. Chemically modified titanium-zirconium implants in comparison with commercially pure titanium controls stimulate the early molecular pathways of bone healing. Clin Oral Implants Res 2016; 28:1234-1240. [DOI: 10.1111/clr.12947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Galli
- Department of Prosthodontics; Faculty of Odontology; Malmö University; Malmö Sweden
| | - Ryo Jimbo
- Department of Prosthodontics; Faculty of Odontology; Malmö University; Malmö Sweden
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Medicine; Faculty of Odontology; Malmö University; Malmö Sweden
| | - Yoshihito Naito
- Oral Implant Center; Tokushima University Hospital; Tokushima Japan
| | | | - Michel Dard
- Institut Straumann AG; Basel Switzerland
- College of Dentistry; New York University; New York NY USA
| | - Ann Wennerberg
- Department of Prosthodontics; Faculty of Odontology; Malmö University; Malmö Sweden
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353
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Krishnan V, Vogler EA, Mastro AM. Three-Dimensional in Vitro Model to Study Osteobiology and Osteopathology. J Cell Biochem 2016; 116:2715-23. [PMID: 26039562 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The bone is an amazing organ that grows and remodels itself over a lifetime. It is generally accepted that bone sculpting in response to stress and force is carried out by groups of cells contained within bone multicellular units that are coordinated to degrade existing bone and form new bone. Because of the nature of bone and the extensiveness of the skeleton, it is difficult to study bone remodeling in vivo. On the other hand, because the bone contains a complex environment of many cell types, is it possible to study bone remodeling in vitro? We propose that one can at minimum study the interaction between osteoblasts (bone formation) and osteoclasts (bone degradation) in a three dimensional (3D) "bioreactor". Furthermore, one can add bone degrading metastatic cancer cells, and study how they contribute to and take part in the bone degradation process. We have primarily cultured and differentiated MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts for long periods (2-10 months) before addition of bone marrow osteoclasts and/or metastatic (MDA-MB-231), metastasis suppressed (MDA-MB-231BRMS1) or non-metastatic (MCF-7) breast cancer cells. In the co-culture of osteoblasts and osteoclasts there was clear evidence of matrix degradation. Loss of matrix was also evident after co-culture with metastatic breast cancer cells. Tri-culture permitted an evaluation of the interaction of the three cell types. The 3D system holds promise for further studies of cancer dormancy, hormone, and cytokine effects and matrix manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatesh Krishnan
- The Huck Institute of Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Erwin A Vogler
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrea M Mastro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, 16802, Pennsylvania
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354
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Zhu W, Castro NJ, Cui H, Zhou X, Boualam B, McGrane R, Glazer RI, Zhang LG. A 3D printed nano bone matrix for characterization of breast cancer cell and osteoblast interactions. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:315103. [PMID: 27346678 PMCID: PMC5192011 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/31/315103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Bone metastasis is one of the most prevalent complications of late-stage breast cancer, in which the native bone matrix components, including osteoblasts, are intimately involved in tumor progression. The development of a successful in vitro model would greatly facilitate understanding the underlying mechanism of breast cancer bone invasion as well as provide a tool for effective discovery of novel therapeutic strategies. In the current study, we fabricated a series of in vitro bone matrices composed of a polyethylene glycol hydrogel and nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite of varying concentrations to mimic the native bone microenvironment for the investigation of breast cancer bone metastasis. A stereolithography-based three-dimensional (3D) printer was used to fabricate the bone matrices with precisely controlled architecture. The interaction between breast cancer cells and osteoblasts was investigated in the optimized bone matrix. Using a Transwell® system to separate the two cell lines, breast cancer cells inhibited osteoblast proliferation, while osteoblasts stimulated breast cancer cell growth, whereas, both cell lines increased IL-8 secretion. Breast cancer cells co-cultured with osteoblasts within the 3D bone matrix formed multi-cellular spheroids in comparison to two-dimensional monolayers. These findings validate the use of our 3D printed bone matrices as an in vitro metastasis model, and highlights their potential for investigating breast cancer bone metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington DC 20052, USA
| | - Nathan J. Castro
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington DC 20052, USA
| | - Haitao Cui
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington DC 20052, USA
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington DC 20052, USA
| | - Benchaa Boualam
- College of Computer, Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Maryland-College Park, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Robert McGrane
- College of Computer, Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Maryland-College Park, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Robert I. Glazer
- Department of Oncology, and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007
| | - Lijie Grace Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington DC 20052, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington DC 20052, USA
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355
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Sims NA. Cell-specific paracrine actions of IL-6 family cytokines from bone, marrow and muscle that control bone formation and resorption. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 79:14-23. [PMID: 27497989 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Bone renews itself and changes shape throughout life to account for the changing needs of the body; this requires co-ordinated activities of bone resorbing cells (osteoclasts), bone forming cells (osteoblasts) and bone's internal cellular network (osteocytes). This review focuses on paracrine signaling by the IL-6 family of cytokines between bone cells, bone marrow, and skeletal muscle in normal physiology and in pathological states where their levels may be locally or systemically elevated. These functions include the support of osteoclast formation by osteoblast lineage cells in response to interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 11 (IL-11), oncostatin M (OSM) and cardiotrophin 1 (CT-1). In addition it will discuss how bone-resorbing osteoclasts promote osteoblast activity by secreting CT-1, which acts as a "coupling factor" on osteocytes, osteoblasts, and their precursors to promote bone formation. OSM, produced by osteoblast lineage cells and macrophages, stimulates bone formation via osteocytes. IL-6 family cytokines also mediate actions of other bone formation stimuli like parathyroid hormone (PTH) and mechanical loading. CT-1, OSM and LIF suppress marrow adipogenesis by shifting commitment of pluripotent precursors towards osteoblast differentiation. Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) is released as a myokine from skeletal muscle and suppresses osteoblast differentiation and bone formation on the periosteum (outer bone surface in apposition to muscle). Finally, IL-6 acts directly on marrow-derived osteoclasts to stimulate release of "osteotransmitters" that act through the cortical osteocyte network to stimulate bone formation on the periosteum. Each will be discussed as illustrations of how the extended family of IL-6 cytokines acts within the skeleton in physiology and may be altered in pathological conditions or by targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie A Sims
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia; University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine at St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia.
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356
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Abstract
Notch plays an important function in skeletal homeostasis, osteoblastogenesis, and osteoclastogenesis. Hajdu-Cheney syndrome (HCS) is a rare disease associated with mutations in NOTCH2 leading to the translation of a truncated NOTCH2 stable protein. As a consequence, a gain-of-NOTCH2 function is manifested. HCS is inherited as an autosomal dominant disease although sporadic cases exist. HCS is characterized by craniofacial developmental defects, including platybasia and wormian bones, osteoporosis with fractures, and acro-osteolysis. Subjects may suffer severe neurological complications, and HCS presents with cardiovascular defects and polycystic kidneys. An experimental mouse model harboring a HCSNotch2 mutation exhibits osteopenia secondary to enhanced bone resorption suggesting this as a possible mechanism for the skeletal disease. If the same mechanisms were operational in humans, anti-resorptive therapy could correct the bone loss, but not necessarily the acro-osteolysis. In conclusion, HCS is a devastating disease associated with a gain-of-NOTCH2 function resulting in diverse clinical manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Canalis
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Medicine, and the UConn Musculoskeletal Institute, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030-5456, USA.
| | - Stefano Zanotti
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Medicine, and the UConn Musculoskeletal Institute, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030-5456, USA
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357
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Córdova LA, Guilbaud F, Amiaud J, Battaglia S, Charrier C, Lezot F, Piot B, Redini F, Heymann D. Severe compromise of preosteoblasts in a surgical mouse model of bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2016; 44:1387-94. [PMID: 27519659 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2016.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The effect of amino-bisphosphonates on osteoblastic lineage and its potential contribution to the pathogenesis of bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw (BONJ) remain controversial. We assessed the effects of zoledronic acid (ZOL) on bone and vascular cells of the alveolar socket using a mouse model of BONJ. MATERIAL AND METHODS Thirty-two mice were treated twice a week with either 100 μg/kg of ZOL or saline for 12 weeks. The first left maxillary molar was extracted at the third week. Alveolar sockets were assessed at both 3 weeks (intermediate) and 9 weeks (long-term) after molar extraction by semi-quantitative histomorphometry for empty lacunae, preosteoblasts (Osterix), osteoclasts (TRAP), and pericyte-like cells (CD146). Also, the bone microarchitecture was assessed by micro-CT. RESULTS Osteonecrotic-like lesions were observed in 21% of mice. Moreover, a decreased number of preosteoblasts contrasted with the increased number of osteoclasts at both time points. In addition, osteoclasts display multinucleation and detachment from the endosteal surface. Furthermore, the number of pericyte-like cells increased at the intermediate time point. The alveolar bone mass increased exclusively with long-term ZOL treatment. CONCLUSION The severe imbalance between bone-forming cells and bone-resorbing cells shown in this study could contribute to the pathogenesis of BONJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Córdova
- INSERM, UMR 957, Equipe Ligue Contre le Cancer 2012, 1 rue Gaston Veil, Nantes Cedex 1, 44035, Nantes, France; University of Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universities, Pathophysiology of Bone Resorption and Therapy of Primary Bone Tumours Laboratory, 1 rue Gaston Veil, Nantes Cedex 1, 44035, Nantes, France; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, San Borja Arriarán University Hospital - Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Sergio Livingstone Polhammer 943, Independencia, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Florian Guilbaud
- INSERM, UMR 957, Equipe Ligue Contre le Cancer 2012, 1 rue Gaston Veil, Nantes Cedex 1, 44035, Nantes, France; University of Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universities, Pathophysiology of Bone Resorption and Therapy of Primary Bone Tumours Laboratory, 1 rue Gaston Veil, Nantes Cedex 1, 44035, Nantes, France.
| | - Jérôme Amiaud
- INSERM, UMR 957, Equipe Ligue Contre le Cancer 2012, 1 rue Gaston Veil, Nantes Cedex 1, 44035, Nantes, France; University of Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universities, Pathophysiology of Bone Resorption and Therapy of Primary Bone Tumours Laboratory, 1 rue Gaston Veil, Nantes Cedex 1, 44035, Nantes, France.
| | - Séverine Battaglia
- INSERM, UMR 957, Equipe Ligue Contre le Cancer 2012, 1 rue Gaston Veil, Nantes Cedex 1, 44035, Nantes, France; University of Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universities, Pathophysiology of Bone Resorption and Therapy of Primary Bone Tumours Laboratory, 1 rue Gaston Veil, Nantes Cedex 1, 44035, Nantes, France.
| | - Céline Charrier
- INSERM, UMR 957, Equipe Ligue Contre le Cancer 2012, 1 rue Gaston Veil, Nantes Cedex 1, 44035, Nantes, France; University of Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universities, Pathophysiology of Bone Resorption and Therapy of Primary Bone Tumours Laboratory, 1 rue Gaston Veil, Nantes Cedex 1, 44035, Nantes, France.
| | - Frédéric Lezot
- INSERM, UMR 957, Equipe Ligue Contre le Cancer 2012, 1 rue Gaston Veil, Nantes Cedex 1, 44035, Nantes, France; University of Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universities, Pathophysiology of Bone Resorption and Therapy of Primary Bone Tumours Laboratory, 1 rue Gaston Veil, Nantes Cedex 1, 44035, Nantes, France.
| | - Benoît Piot
- Department of Stomatology and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nantes University Hospital, 1 Place Alexis-Ricordeau, 44093, Nantes Cedex 1, France; Nantes University Hospital, 1 Place Alexis-Ricordeau, 44093, Nantes Cedex 1, France.
| | - Françoise Redini
- INSERM, UMR 957, Equipe Ligue Contre le Cancer 2012, 1 rue Gaston Veil, Nantes Cedex 1, 44035, Nantes, France; University of Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universities, Pathophysiology of Bone Resorption and Therapy of Primary Bone Tumours Laboratory, 1 rue Gaston Veil, Nantes Cedex 1, 44035, Nantes, France.
| | - Dominique Heymann
- INSERM, UMR 957, Equipe Ligue Contre le Cancer 2012, 1 rue Gaston Veil, Nantes Cedex 1, 44035, Nantes, France; University of Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universities, Pathophysiology of Bone Resorption and Therapy of Primary Bone Tumours Laboratory, 1 rue Gaston Veil, Nantes Cedex 1, 44035, Nantes, France; Nantes University Hospital, 1 Place Alexis-Ricordeau, 44093, Nantes Cedex 1, France; Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, Beech Hill Road, S10 2RX, Sheffield, UK.
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358
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Chiba S, Anada T, Suzuki K, Saito K, Shiwaku Y, Miyatake N, Baba K, Imaizumi H, Hosaka M, Itoi E, Suzuki O. Effect of resorption rate and osteoconductivity of biodegradable calcium phosphate materials on the acquisition of natural bone strength in the repaired bone. J Biomed Mater Res A 2016; 104:2833-42. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shinpei Chiba
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; Tohoku University School of Medicine; Sendai 980-8574 Japan
- Division of Craniofacial Function Engineering; Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry; Sendai 980-8575 Japan
| | - Takahisa Anada
- Division of Craniofacial Function Engineering; Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry; Sendai 980-8575 Japan
| | - Kentaro Suzuki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; Tohoku University School of Medicine; Sendai 980-8574 Japan
| | - Keisuke Saito
- Division of Craniofacial Function Engineering; Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry; Sendai 980-8575 Japan
| | - Yukari Shiwaku
- Division of Craniofacial Function Engineering; Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry; Sendai 980-8575 Japan
| | | | - Kazuyoshi Baba
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; Tohoku University School of Medicine; Sendai 980-8574 Japan
| | - Hideki Imaizumi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery; Osaki Citizen Hospital; Osaki 989-6183 Japan
| | - Masami Hosaka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; Tohoku University School of Medicine; Sendai 980-8574 Japan
| | - Eiji Itoi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; Tohoku University School of Medicine; Sendai 980-8574 Japan
| | - Osamu Suzuki
- Division of Craniofacial Function Engineering; Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry; Sendai 980-8575 Japan
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359
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Hofsø D, Bollerslev J, Sandbu R, Jørgensen A, Godang K, Hjelmesæth J, Ueland T. Bone resorption following weight loss surgery is associated with treatment procedure and changes in secreted Wnt antagonists. Endocrine 2016; 53:313-21. [PMID: 26956843 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-016-0903-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
To assess if altered bone turnover following bariatric surgery is related to metabolic consequences of the surgical procedure or weight loss. We evaluated serum markers reflecting bone turnover and metabolic pathways at baseline and after 1-year in a controlled non-randomized clinical trial comparing Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery (n = 74) with lifestyle intervention (n = 63) on obesity-related comorbidities. The decrease in body mass index (BMI) was larger in the surgery (-14.0 kg/m(2)) compared to lifestyle (-3.7 kg/m(2)). Markedly increased bone turnover was observed following surgery compared to lifestyle intervention and was correlated with change in BMI. Stepwise multivariable regression analysis revealed that group (β = 0.31, p < 0.01), and changes in BMI (β = -0.28, p < 0.01), dickkopf-1 (β = 0.20, p < 0.001) and sclerostin (β = 0.11, p < 0.05) were predictors of change in the bone resorption marker N-terminal telopeptide. Our data support that mechanisms related to the procedure itself and changes in secreted Wnt antagonists may contribute to increased bone turnover following bariatric surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dag Hofsø
- Morbid Obesity Centre, Department of Medicine, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
- Section of Specialized Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jens Bollerslev
- Section of Specialized Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rune Sandbu
- Morbid Obesity Centre, Department of Medicine, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
| | - Anders Jørgensen
- Section of Specialized Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristin Godang
- Section of Specialized Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jøran Hjelmesæth
- Morbid Obesity Centre, Department of Medicine, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thor Ueland
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, PO Box 4950, Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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360
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Ball H, Moussa F, Mbimba T, Orman R, Safadi F, Cooper L. Methods and insights from the characterization of osteoprogenitor cells of bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera). Stem Cell Res 2016; 17:54-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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361
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Cabahug-Zuckerman P, Frikha-Benayed D, Majeska RJ, Tuthill A, Yakar S, Judex S, Schaffler MB. Osteocyte Apoptosis Caused by Hindlimb Unloading is Required to Trigger Osteocyte RANKL Production and Subsequent Resorption of Cortical and Trabecular Bone in Mice Femurs. J Bone Miner Res 2016; 31:1356-65. [PMID: 26852281 PMCID: PMC5488280 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Osteocyte apoptosis is essential to activate bone remodeling in response to fatigue microdamage and estrogen withdrawal, such that apoptosis inhibition in vivo prevents the onset of osteoclastic resorption. Osteocyte apoptosis has also been spatially linked to bone resorption owing to disuse, but whether apoptosis plays a similar controlling role is unclear. We, therefore, 1) evaluated the spatial and temporal effects of disuse from hindlimb unloading (HLU) on osteocyte apoptosis, receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) expression, bone resorption, and loss in mouse femora, and 2) tested whether osteocyte apoptosis was required to activate osteoclastic activity in cortical and trabecular bone by treating animals subjected to HLU with the pan-caspase apoptosis inhibitor, QVD (quinolyl-valyl-O-methylaspartyl-[-2,6-difluorophenoxy]-methylketone). Immunohistochemistry was used to identify apoptotic and RANKL-producing osteocytes in femoral diaphysis and distal trabecular bone, and µCT was used to determine the extent of trabecular bone loss owing to HLU. In both cortical and trabecular bone, 5 days of HLU increased osteocyte apoptosis significantly (3- and 4-fold, respectively, p < 0.05 versus Ctrl). At day 14, the apoptotic osteocyte number in femoral cortices declined to near control levels but remained elevated in trabeculae (3-fold versus Ctrl, p < 0.05). The number of osteocytes producing RANKL in both bone compartments was also significantly increased at day 5 of HLU (>1.5-fold versus Ctrl, p < 0.05) and further increased by day 14. Increases in osteocyte apoptosis and RANKL production preceded increases in bone resorption at both endocortical and trabecular surfaces. QVD completely inhibited not only the HLU-triggered increases in osteocyte apoptosis but also RANKL production and activation of bone resorption at both sites. Finally, µCT studies revealed that apoptosis inhibition completely prevented the trabecular bone loss caused by HLU. Together these data indicate that osteocyte apoptosis plays a central and controlling role in triggering osteocyte RANKL production and the activation of new resorption leading to bone loss in disuse. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dorra Frikha-Benayed
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert J Majeska
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alyssa Tuthill
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Shoshana Yakar
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stefan Judex
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Mitchell B Schaffler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, NY, USA
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362
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Zhang DM, Cui DX, Xu RS, Zhou YC, Zheng LW, Liu P, Zhou XD. Phenotypic research on senile osteoporosis caused by SIRT6 deficiency. Int J Oral Sci 2016; 8:84-92. [PMID: 27357320 PMCID: PMC4932771 DOI: 10.1038/ijos.2015.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a serious public bone metabolic disease. However, the mechanisms underlying bone loss combined with ageing, which is known as senile osteoporosis, remains unknown. Here we show the detailed phenotype of this disease caused by SIRT6 knock out (KO) in mice. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to reveal that SIRT6 is expressed in both bone marrow stroma cells and bone-related cells in both mouse and human models, which suggests that SIRT6 is an important regulator in bone metabolism. SIRT6-KO mice exhibit a significant decrease in body weight and remarkable dwarfism. The skeleton of the SIRT6-KO mouse is deficient in cartilage and mineralized bone tissue. Moreover, the osteocalcin concentration in blood is lower, which suggests that bone mass is markedly lost. Besides, the tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b (TRAP5b) concentration is much higher, which suggests that bone resorption is overactive. Both trabecular and cortical bones exhibit severe osteopenia, and the bone mineral density is decreased. Moreover, double-labelling analysis shows that bone formation is much slower. To determine whether SIRT6 directly regulates bone metabolism, we cultured primary bone marrow stromal cells for osteogenesis and osteoclastogenesis separately to avoid indirect interference in vivo responses such as inflammation. Taken together, these results show that SIRT6 can directly regulate osteoblast proliferation and differentiation, resulting in attenuation in mineralization. Furthermore, SIRT6 can directly regulate osteoclast differentiation and results in a higher number of small osteoclasts, which may be related to overactive bone resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Mao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Di-Xin Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruo-Shi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ya-Chuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li-Wei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Peng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xue-Dong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Sun Y, Ye X, Cai M, Liu X, Xiao J, Zhang C, Wang Y, Yang L, Liu J, Li S, Kang C, Zhang B, Zhang Q, Wang Z, Hong A, Wang X. Osteoblast-Targeting-Peptide Modified Nanoparticle for siRNA/microRNA Delivery. ACS NANO 2016; 10:5759-68. [PMID: 27176123 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b07828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Antiosteoporosis gene-based drug development strategies are presently focused on targeting osteoblasts to either suppress bone loss or increase bone mass. Although siRNA/microRNA-based gene therapy has enormous potential, it is severely limited by the lack of specific cell-targeting delivery systems. We report an osteoblast-targeting peptide (SDSSD) that selectively binds to osteoblasts via periostin. We developed SDSSD-modified polyurethane (PU) nanomicelles encapsulating siRNA/microRNA that delivers drugs to osteoblasts; the data showed that SDSSD-PU could selectively target not only bone-formation surfaces but also osteoblasts without overt toxicity or eliciting an immune response in vivo. We used the SDSSD-PU delivery system to deliver anti-miR-214 to osteoblasts and our results showed increased bone formation, improved bone microarchitecture, and increased bone mass in an ovariectomized osteoporosis mouse model. SDSSD-PU may be a useful osteoblast-targeting small nucleic acid delivery system that could be used as an anabolic strategy to treat osteoblast-induced bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Sun
- Department of Oral Implantology, School of Stomatology, Tongji University , Shanghai 200072, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration , Shanghai 200072, China
- Sino-Russian Institute of Hard Tissue Development and Regeneration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University , Harbin 150086, China
| | - Xiongzhen Ye
- Department of Cell Biology & Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Mingxiang Cai
- Department of Oral Implantology, School of Stomatology, Tongji University , Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Xiangning Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jia Xiao
- Department of Cell Biology & Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Chenyang Zhang
- Department of Oral Implantology, School of Stomatology, Tongji University , Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Yayu Wang
- Department of Cell Biology & Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Cell Biology & Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jiafan Liu
- Department of Cell Biology & Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Shannai Li
- Department of Cell Biology & Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Chen Kang
- Sino-Russian Institute of Hard Tissue Development and Regeneration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University , Harbin 150086, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Sino-Russian Institute of Hard Tissue Development and Regeneration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University , Harbin 150086, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Oral Implantology, School of Stomatology, Tongji University , Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Zuolin Wang
- Department of Oral Implantology, School of Stomatology, Tongji University , Shanghai 200072, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration , Shanghai 200072, China
| | - An Hong
- Department of Cell Biology & Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiaogang Wang
- Department of Cell Biology & Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
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364
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Kang Y. Dissecting Tumor-Stromal Interactions in Breast Cancer Bone Metastasis. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2016; 31:206-12. [PMID: 27184014 PMCID: PMC4923403 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2016.31.2.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone metastasis is a frequent occurrence in breast cancer, affecting more than 70% of late stage cancer patients with severe complications such as fracture, bone pain, and hypercalcemia. The pathogenesis of osteolytic bone metastasis depends on cross-communications between tumor cells and various stromal cells residing in the bone microenvironment. Several growth factor signaling pathways, secreted micro RNAs (miRNAs) and exosomes are functional mediators of tumor-stromal interactions in bone metastasis. We developed a functional genomic approach to systemically identified molecular pathways utilized by breast cancer cells to engage the bone stroma in order to generate osteolytic bone metastasis. We showed that elevated expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1) in disseminated breast tumor cells mediates the recruitment of pre-osteoclasts and promotes their differentiation to mature osteoclasts during the bone metastasis formation. Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is released from bone matrix upon bone destruction, and signals to breast cancer to further enhance their malignancy in developing bone metastasis. We furthered identified Jagged1 as a TGF-β target genes in tumor cells that engaged bone stromal cells through the activation of Notch signaling to provide a positive feedback to promote tumor growth and to activate osteoclast differentiation. Substantially change in miRNA expression was observed in osteoclasts during their differentiation and maturation, which can be exploited as circulating biomarkers of emerging bone metastasis and therapeutic targets for the treatment of bone metastasis. Further research in this direction may lead to improved diagnosis and treatment strategies for bone metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibin Kang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
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365
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Sun W, Zhao C, Li Y, Wang L, Nie G, Peng J, Wang A, Zhang P, Tian W, Li Q, Song J, Wang C, Xu X, Tian Y, Zhao D, Xu Z, Zhong G, Han B, Ling S, Chang YZ, Li Y. Osteoclast-derived microRNA-containing exosomes selectively inhibit osteoblast activity. Cell Discov 2016; 2:16015. [PMID: 27462462 PMCID: PMC4886818 DOI: 10.1038/celldisc.2016.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs have an important role in bone homeostasis. However, the detailed mechanism of microRNA-mediated intercellular communication between bone cells remains elusive. Here, we report that osteoclasts secrete microRNA-enriched exosomes, by which miR-214 is transferred into osteoblasts to inhibit their function. In a coculture system, inhibition of exosome formation and secretion prevented miR-214 transportation. Exosomes specifically recognized osteoblasts through the interaction between ephrinA2 and EphA2. In osteoclast-specific miR-214 transgenic mice, exosomes were secreted into the serum, and miR-214 and ephrinA2 levels were elevated. Therefore, these exosomes have an inhibitory role in osteoblast activity. miR-214 and ephrinA2 levels in serum exosomes from osteoporotic patients and mice were upregulated substantially. These exosomes may significantly inhibit osteoblast activity. Inhibition of exosome secretion via Rab27a small interfering RNA prevented ovariectomized-induced osteoblast dysfunction in vivo. Taken together, these findings suggest that exosome-mediated transfer of microRNA plays an important role in the regulation of osteoblast activity. Circulating miR-214 in exosomes not only represents a biomarker for bone loss but could selectively regulate osteoblast function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijia Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Chenyang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center , Beijing, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Institute of Orthopedics, 309 Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army , Beijing, China
| | - Guangjun Nie
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Academy of Sciences for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China , Beijing, China
| | - Jiang Peng
- Institute of Orthopedics, General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army , Beijing, China
| | - Aiyuan Wang
- Institute of Orthopedics, General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army , Beijing, China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Weiming Tian
- Bio-X Center, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin, China
| | - Qi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center , Beijing, China
| | - Jinping Song
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center , Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Institute of Orthopedics, General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army , Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolong Xu
- Institute of Orthopedics, General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army , Beijing, China
| | - Yanhua Tian
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Academy of Sciences for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China , Beijing, China
| | - Dingsheng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center , Beijing, China
| | - Zi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Guohui Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center , Beijing, China
| | - Bingxing Han
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center , Beijing, China
| | - Shukuan Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center , Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Zhong Chang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University , Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yingxian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center , Beijing, China
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366
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Jeon OH, Panicker LM, Lu Q, Chae JJ, Feldman RA, Elisseeff JH. Human iPSC-derived osteoblasts and osteoclasts together promote bone regeneration in 3D biomaterials. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26761. [PMID: 27225733 PMCID: PMC4881234 DOI: 10.1038/srep26761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone substitutes can be designed to replicate physiological structure and function by creating a microenvironment that supports crosstalk between bone and immune cells found in the native tissue, specifically osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) represent a powerful tool for bone regeneration because they are a source of patient-specific cells that can differentiate into all specialized cell types residing in bone. We show that osteoblasts and osteoclasts can be differentiated from hiPSC-mesenchymal stem cells and macrophages when co-cultured on hydroxyapatite-coated poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)/poly(L-lactic acid) (HA–PLGA/PLLA) scaffolds. Both cell types seeded on the PLGA/PLLA especially with 5% w/v HA recapitulated the tissue remodeling process of human bone via coupling signals coordinating osteoblast and osteoclast activity and finely tuned expression of inflammatory molecules, resulting in accelerated in vitro bone formation. Following subcutaneous implantation in rodents, co-cultured hiPSC-MSC/-macrophage on such scaffolds showed mature bone-like tissue formation. These findings suggest the importance of coupling matrix remodeling through osteoblastic matrix deposition and osteoclastic tissue resorption and immunomodulation for tissue development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ok Hee Jeon
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Wilmer Eye Institute and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Leelamma M Panicker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Qiaozhi Lu
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Wilmer Eye Institute and the Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeremy J Chae
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Wilmer Eye Institute and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ricardo A Feldman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer H Elisseeff
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Wilmer Eye Institute and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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367
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Abstract
During the past decade preclinical studies have defined many of the mechanisms used by tumours to hijack the skeleton and promote bone metastasis. This has led to the development and widespread clinical use of bone-targeted drugs to prevent skeletal-related events. This understanding has also identified a critical dependency between colonizing tumour cells and the cells of bone. This is particularly important when tumour cells first arrive in bone, adapt to their new microenvironment and enter a long-lived dormant state. In this Review, we discuss the role of different bone cell types in supporting disseminated tumour cell dormancy and reactivation, and highlight the new opportunities this provides for targeting the bone microenvironment to control dormancy and bone metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter I Croucher
- Division of Bone Biology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales Medicine, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Michelle M McDonald
- Division of Bone Biology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales Medicine, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - T John Martin
- St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, 9 Princes Street, Fitzroy, Melbourne, Victoria 3065, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3065, Australia
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368
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Dela Cruz A, Grynpas MD, Mitchell J. Elevated Gα11 expression in osteoblast lineage cells promotes osteoclastogenesis and leads to enhanced trabecular bone accrual in response to pamidronate. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016; 310:E811-20. [PMID: 27006198 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00049.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Osteoblastic cells indirectly induce osteoclastogenesis in the bone microenvironment by expressing paracrine factors such as RANKL and M-CSF, leading to increased bone resorption. These cytokines can be regulated by a variety of intracellular pathways, which include G protein-coupled receptor signaling. To explore how enhanced signaling of the Gαq/11 pathway in osteoblast lineage cells may mediate osteoclast formation, we cocultured wild-type (WT) preosteoclasts with BMSCs derived from either WT or transgenic mice with osteoblast-specific overexpression of Gα11 (G11-Tg). G11-Tg cocultures had elevated osteoclast numbers with greater resorptive capacity and increased expression of Rankl, Rankl:Opg (osteoprotegerin), and M-csf compared with cocultures with WT BMSCs. As well, cocultures with G11-Tg BMSCs required a higher concentration of OPG to inhibit osteoclast formation and less angiotensin II to increase osteoclast size. These indicate that G11-Tg osteoblasts drive the increased osteoclast formation and osteopenia seen in G11-Tg mice. Pamidronate treatment of G11-Tg mice restored the trabecular bone loss phenotype, as bone mineral density, bone volume, trabecular number, separation, and expressions of osteoblastic and osteoclastic genes were comparable with WT parameters. These changes were characterized by enhanced accumulation of calcified cartilage in trabecular bone, demonstrating that resorption of the cartilaginous intermediate by osteoclasts is more affected by bisphosphonate treatment in G11-Tg mice. In conclusion, overexpression of Gα11 in osteoblastic cells promotes osteoclastogenesis by upregulation of Rankl and M-csf and bone loss by increased osteoclast resorption of the trabecular bone and cartilaginous matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariana Dela Cruz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - Marc D Grynpas
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jane Mitchell
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada;
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369
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Gnyubkin V, Guignandon A, Laroche N, Vanden-Bossche A, Malaval L, Vico L. High-acceleration whole body vibration stimulates cortical bone accrual and increases bone mineral content in growing mice. J Biomech 2016; 49:1899-1908. [PMID: 27178020 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2016.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Whole body vibration (WBV) is a promising tool for counteracting bone loss. Most WBV studies on animals have been performed at acceleration <1g and frequency between 30 and 90Hz. Such WBV conditions trigger bone growth in osteopenia models, but not in healthy animals. In order to test the ability of WBV to promote osteogenesis in young animals, we exposed seven-week-old male mice to vibration at 90Hz and 2g peak acceleration for 15min/day, 5 days/week. We examined the effects on skeletal tissues with micro-computed tomography and histology. We also quantified bone vascularization and mechanosensitive osteocyte proteins, sclerostin and DMP1. Three weeks of WBV resulted in an increase of femur cortical thickness (+5%) and area (+6%), associated with a 25% decrease of sclerostin expression, and 35% increase of DMP1 expression in cortical osteocytes. Mass-structural parameters of trabecular bone were unaltered in femur or vertebra, while osteoclastic parameters and bone formation rate were increased at both sites. Three weeks of WBV resulted in higher blood vessel numbers (+23%) in the distal femoral metaphysis. After 9-week WBV, we have not observed the difference in structural cortical or trabecular parameters. However, the tissue mineral density of cortical bone was increased by 2.5%. Three or nine weeks of 2g/90Hz WBV treatment did not affect longitudinal growth rate or body weight increase under our experimental conditions, indicating that these are safe to use. These results validate a potential of 2g/90Hz WBV to stimulate trabecular bone cellular activity, accelerate cortical bone growth, and increase bone mineral density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasily Gnyubkin
- INSERM U1059, 42023 Saint-Etienne, France; Université de Lyon, 42023 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Alain Guignandon
- INSERM U1059, 42023 Saint-Etienne, France; Université de Lyon, 42023 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Norbert Laroche
- INSERM U1059, 42023 Saint-Etienne, France; Université de Lyon, 42023 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Arnaud Vanden-Bossche
- INSERM U1059, 42023 Saint-Etienne, France; Université de Lyon, 42023 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Luc Malaval
- INSERM U1059, 42023 Saint-Etienne, France; Université de Lyon, 42023 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Laurence Vico
- INSERM U1059, 42023 Saint-Etienne, France; Université de Lyon, 42023 Saint-Etienne, France.
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370
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Wingender B, Bradley P, Saxena N, Ruberti JW, Gower L. Biomimetic organization of collagen matrices to template bone-like microstructures. Matrix Biol 2016; 52-54:384-396. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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371
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Odgren PR, Witwicka H, Reyes-Gutierrez P. The cast of clasts: catabolism and vascular invasion during bone growth, repair, and disease by osteoclasts, chondroclasts, and septoclasts. Connect Tissue Res 2016; 57:161-74. [PMID: 26818783 PMCID: PMC4912663 DOI: 10.3109/03008207.2016.1140752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Three named cell types degrade and remove skeletal tissues during growth, repair, or disease: osteoclasts, chondroclasts, and septoclasts. A fourth type, unnamed and less understood, removes nonmineralized cartilage during development of secondary ossification centers. "Osteoclasts," best known and studied, are polykaryons formed by fusion of monocyte precursors under the influence of colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF)-1 (M-CSF) and RANKL. They resorb bone during growth, remodeling, repair, and disease. "Chondroclasts," originally described as highly similar in cytological detail to osteoclasts, reside on and degrade mineralized cartilage. They may be identical to osteoclasts since to date there are no distinguishing markers for them. Because osteoclasts also consume cartilage cores along with bone during growth, the term "chondroclast" might best be reserved for cells attached only to cartilage. "Septoclasts" are less studied and appreciated. They are mononuclear perivascular cells rich in cathepsin B. They extend a cytoplasmic projection with a ruffled membrane and degrade the last transverse septum of hypertrophic cartilage in the growth plate, permitting capillaries to bud into it. To do this, antiangiogenic signals in cartilage must give way to vascular trophic factors, mainly vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The final cell type excavates cartilage canals for vascular invasion of articular cartilage during development of secondary ossification centers. The "clasts" are considered in the context of fracture repair and diseases such as arthritis and tumor metastasis. Many observations support an essential role for hypertrophic chondrocytes in recruiting septoclasts and osteoclasts/chondroclasts by supplying VEGF and RANKL. The intimate relationship between blood vessels and skeletal turnover and repair is also examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R. Odgren
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655,Corresponding author: Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue, North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA, Phone: 508 856 8609, Fax: 508 856 1033,
| | - Hanna Witwicka
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - Pablo Reyes-Gutierrez
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
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372
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Chao Wei C, Qi Ping D, Tian You F, Yong Qiang C, Tao C. Icariin Prevents Cartilage and Bone Degradation in Experimental Models of Arthritis. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:9529630. [PMID: 27199510 PMCID: PMC4854995 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9529630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Icariin (ICA) is an active compound extracted from Epimedium brevicornum Maxim. Previous reports have shown that icariin has a clinically significant therapeutic effect on rheumatoid arthritis. However, little is known about the mechanism by which icariin inhibits cartilage and bone degradation. METHODS New Zealand rabbits were immunized with antigen-induced arthritis (AIA) and treated with icariin. Joint tissues from rabbits were studied by histological analysis, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and micro-CT. The expression levels of receptor activator of nuclear factor-B ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) in joint tissues were determined using immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR analysis. RESULTS Histological analysis and TEM sections of cartilage in the ICA treated group showed a low level of chondrocyte destruction. Micro-CT analysis showed that the bone mineral density value and bone structural level in ICA treated rabbits were significantly higher compared with those in the AIA group. Immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR analysis showed that icariin treatment reduced RANKL expression and enhanced OPG expression levels, as compared to the AIA group. CONCLUSION These data indicate that ICA suppresses articular bone loss and prevents joint destruction. This study also determined that ICA regulated articular bone loss in part by regulating RANKL and OPG expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chao Wei
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai 200071, China
| | - Dai Qi Ping
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai 200071, China
| | - Fan Tian You
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai 200071, China
| | - Chen Yong Qiang
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai 200071, China
| | - Che Tao
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai 200071, China
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373
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Messer JG, La S, Hopkins RG, Kipp DE. Quercetin Partially Preserves Development of Osteoblast Phenotype in Fetal Rat Calvaria Cells in an Oxidative Stress Environment. J Cell Physiol 2016; 231:2779-88. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan G. Messer
- Department of Nutrition; University of North Carolina at Greensboro; Greensboro North Carolina
| | - Stephanie La
- Department of Nutrition; University of North Carolina at Greensboro; Greensboro North Carolina
| | - Robin G. Hopkins
- Department of Nutrition; University of North Carolina at Greensboro; Greensboro North Carolina
| | - Deborah E. Kipp
- Department of Nutrition; University of North Carolina at Greensboro; Greensboro North Carolina
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374
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Penolazzi L, Lolli A, Sardelli L, Angelozzi M, Lambertini E, Trombelli L, Ciarpella F, Vecchiatini R, Piva R. Establishment of a 3D-dynamic osteoblasts-osteoclasts co-culture model to simulate the jawbone microenvironment in vitro. Life Sci 2016; 152:82-93. [PMID: 27015789 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We aimed to establish a 3D osteoblasts/osteoclasts co-culture system requiring limited amounts of human primary cells and useful as platform to 1. recapitulate an "oral bone microenvironment" in healthy or pathological condition, and 2. produce potential implantable cell constructs for regeneration of jawbone which can be negatively affected by bisphosphonates (BPs). MAIN METHODS Osteoblasts from normal bone chips (hOBs) or from jawbone of patients taking BPs (hnOBs) were co-cultured with monocytes (hMCs) either in static (3D-C) or dynamic (3D-DyC) condition using the RCCS-4™ bioreactor for 3weeks. Cell aggregates were characterized for viability, histological features and specific osteoclastic and osteogenic markers. KEY FINDINGS In all tested conditions hOBs supported the formation of mature osteoclasts (hOCs), without differentiating agents or exogenous scaffolds. 3D-DyC condition associated with a ground based condition (Xg) rather than modeled microgravity (μXg) produced aggregates with high level of osteogenic markers including Osteopontin (OPN), Osterix (OSX), Runx2 and appreciable bone mineral matrix. hnOBs co-cultured with hMCs in 3D-Dyc/Xg condition generated OPN and mineral matrix positive aggregates. SIGNIFICANCE We optimized a 3D co-culture system with a limited amount of cells preserving viability and functionality of bone cellular components and generating bone-like aggregates also by using cells from jawbone necrotic tissue. The feasibility to obtain from poor-quality bone sites viable osteoblasts able to form aggregates when co-cultured with hMCs, allows to study the development of autologous implantable constructs to overcome jawbone deficiency in patients affected by MRONJ (Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaws).
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Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Penolazzi
- Department of Biomedical and Specialty Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Andrea Lolli
- Department of Biomedical and Specialty Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Luca Sardelli
- Department of Biomedical and Specialty Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Marco Angelozzi
- Department of Biomedical and Specialty Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Lambertini
- Department of Biomedical and Specialty Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Leonardo Trombelli
- Department of Biomedical and Specialty Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Francesca Ciarpella
- Department of Biomedical and Specialty Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Renata Vecchiatini
- Department of Biomedical and Specialty Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Roberta Piva
- Department of Biomedical and Specialty Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy.
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375
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Gaddini GW, Turner RT, Grant KA, Iwaniec UT. Alcohol: A Simple Nutrient with Complex Actions on Bone in the Adult Skeleton. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2016; 40:657-71. [PMID: 26971854 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol is an important nonessential component of diet, but the overall impact of drinking on bone health, especially at moderate levels, is not well understood. Bone health is important because fractures greatly reduce quality of life and are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the elderly. Regular alcohol consumption is most common following skeletal maturity, emphasizing the importance of understanding the skeletal consequences of drinking in adults. METHODS This review focuses on describing the complex effects of alcohol on the adult skeleton. Studies assessing the effects of alcohol on bone in adult humans as well as skeletally mature animal models published since the year 2000 are emphasized. RESULTS Light to moderate alcohol consumption is generally reported to be beneficial, resulting in higher bone mineral density (BMD) and reduced age-related bone loss, whereas heavy alcohol consumption is generally associated with decreased BMD, impaired bone quality, and increased fracture risk. Bone remodeling is the principal mechanism for maintaining a healthy skeleton in adults and dysfunction in bone remodeling can lead to bone loss and/or decreased bone quality. Light to moderate alcohol may exert beneficial effects in older individuals by slowing the rate of bone remodeling, but the impact of light to moderate alcohol on bone remodeling in younger individuals is less certain. The specific effects of alcohol on bone remodeling in heavy drinkers are even less certain because the effects are often obscured by unhealthy lifestyle choices, alcohol-associated disease, and altered endocrine signaling. CONCLUSIONS Although there have been advances in understanding the complex actions of alcohol on bone, much remains to be determined. Limited evidence implicates age, skeletal site evaluated, duration, and pattern of drinking as important variables. Few studies systematically evaluating the impact of these factors have been conducted and should be made a priority for future research. In addition, studies performed in skeletally mature animals have potential to reveal mechanistic insights into the precise actions of alcohol and associated comorbidity factors on bone remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gino W Gaddini
- Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Russell T Turner
- Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon.,Center for Healthy Aging Research, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Kathleen A Grant
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon
| | - Urszula T Iwaniec
- Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon.,Center for Healthy Aging Research, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
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376
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Osteoclast-derived exosomal miR-214-3p inhibits osteoblastic bone formation. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10872. [PMID: 26947250 PMCID: PMC4786676 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 383] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that osteoclasts direct osteoblastic bone formation. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have a crucial role in regulating osteoclast and osteoblast function. However, whether miRNAs mediate osteoclast-directed osteoblastic bone formation is mostly unknown. Here, we show that increased osteoclastic miR-214-3p associates with both elevated serum exosomal miR-214-3p and reduced bone formation in elderly women with fractures and in ovariectomized (OVX) mice. Osteoclast-specific miR-214-3p knock-in mice have elevated serum exosomal miR-214-3p and reduced bone formation that is rescued by osteoclast-targeted antagomir-214-3p treatment. We further demonstrate that osteoclast-derived exosomal miR-214-3p is transferred to osteoblasts to inhibit osteoblast activity in vitro and reduce bone formation in vivo. Moreover, osteoclast-targeted miR-214-3p inhibition promotes bone formation in ageing OVX mice. Collectively, our results suggest that osteoclast-derived exosomal miR-214-3p transfers to osteoblasts to inhibit bone formation. Inhibition of miR-214-3p in osteoclasts may be a strategy for treating skeletal disorders involving a reduction in bone formation. In previous studies the authors discovered that miR-214 inhibits osteoblastic bone formation. Here they extend on these findings, using ovariectomized mice and samples from patients with bone fractures, to show that miR-214 is a mediator of osteoclast-osteoblast crosstalk.
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377
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Chan ASM, Clairfeuille T, Landao-Bassonga E, Kinna G, Ng PY, Loo LS, Cheng TS, Zheng M, Hong W, Teasdale RD, Collins BM, Pavlos NJ. Sorting nexin 27 couples PTHR trafficking to retromer for signal regulation in osteoblasts during bone growth. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:1367-82. [PMID: 26912788 PMCID: PMC4831889 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-12-0851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The parathyroid hormone 1 receptor (PTHR) is central to the process of bone formation and remodeling. PTHR signaling requires receptor internalization into endosomes, which is then terminated by recycling or degradation. Here we show that sorting nexin 27 (SNX27) functions as an adaptor that couples PTHR to the retromer trafficking complex. SNX27 binds directly to the C-terminal PDZ-binding motif of PTHR, wiring it to retromer for endosomal sorting. The structure of SNX27 bound to the PTHR motif reveals a high-affinity interface involving conserved electrostatic interactions. Mechanistically, depletion of SNX27 or retromer augments intracellular PTHR signaling in endosomes. Osteoblasts genetically lacking SNX27 show similar disruptions in PTHR signaling and greatly reduced capacity for bone mineralization, contributing to profound skeletal deficits in SNX27-knockout mice. Taken together, our data support a critical role for SNX27-retromer mediated transport of PTHR in normal bone development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey S M Chan
- Cellular Orthopaedic Laboratory, School of Surgery, University of Western Australia, Nedlands 6009, Australia
| | - Thomas Clairfeuille
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia
| | - Euphemie Landao-Bassonga
- Cellular Orthopaedic Laboratory, School of Surgery, University of Western Australia, Nedlands 6009, Australia
| | - Genevieve Kinna
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia
| | - Pei Ying Ng
- Cellular Orthopaedic Laboratory, School of Surgery, University of Western Australia, Nedlands 6009, Australia
| | - Li Shen Loo
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore 138673
| | - Tak Sum Cheng
- Cellular Orthopaedic Laboratory, School of Surgery, University of Western Australia, Nedlands 6009, Australia
| | - Minghao Zheng
- Cellular Orthopaedic Laboratory, School of Surgery, University of Western Australia, Nedlands 6009, Australia
| | - Wanjin Hong
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore 138673
| | - Rohan D Teasdale
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia
| | - Brett M Collins
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia
| | - Nathan J Pavlos
- Cellular Orthopaedic Laboratory, School of Surgery, University of Western Australia, Nedlands 6009, Australia
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378
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Jeradi S, Hammerschmidt M. Retinoic acid-induced premature osteoblast-to-preosteocyte transitioning has multiple effects on calvarial development. Development 2016; 143:1205-16. [PMID: 26903503 DOI: 10.1242/dev.129189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that, in human and zebrafish, hypomorphic mutations of the gene encoding the retinoic acid (RA)-metabolizing enzyme Cyp26b1 result in coronal craniosynostosis, caused by an RA-induced premature transitioning of suture osteoblasts to preosteocytes, inducing ectopic mineralization of the suture's osteoid matrix. In addition, we showed that human CYP26B1 null patients have more severe and seemingly opposite skull defects, characterized by smaller and fragmented calvaria, but the cellular basis of these defects remained largely unclear. Here, by treating juvenile zebrafish with exogenous RA or a chemical Cyp26 inhibitor in the presence or absence of osteogenic cells or bone-resorbing osteoclasts, we demonstrate that both reduced calvarial size and calvarial fragmentation are also caused by RA-induced premature osteoblast-to-preosteocyte transitioning. During calvarial growth, the resulting osteoblast deprival leads to decreased osteoid production and thereby smaller and thinner calvaria, whereas calvarial fragmentation is caused by increased osteoclast stimulation through the gained preosteocytes. Together, our data demonstrate that RA-induced osteoblast-to-preosteocyte transitioning has multiple effects on developing bone in Cyp26b1 mutants, ranging from gain to loss of bone, depending on the allelic strength, the developmental stage and the cellular context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirine Jeradi
- Institute of Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Matthias Hammerschmidt
- Institute of Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
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379
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Koenders MA, Saso R. A mathematical model of cell equilibrium and joint cell formation in multiple myeloma. J Theor Biol 2016; 390:73-9. [PMID: 26643942 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In Multiple Myeloma Bone Disease healthy bone remodelling is affected by tumour cells by means of paracrine cytokinetic signalling in such a way that osteoclast formation is enhanced and the growth of osteoblast cells inhibited. The participating cytokines are described in the literature. Osteoclast-induced myeloma cell growth is also reported. Based on existing mathematical models for healthy bone remodelling a three-way equilibrium model is presented for osteoclasts, osteoblasts and myeloma cell populations to describe the progress of the illness in a scenario in which there is a secular increase in the cytokinetic interactive effectiveness of paracrine processes. The equilibrium state for the system is obtained. The paracrine interactive effectiveness is explored by parameter variation and the stable region in the parameter space is identified. Then recently-discovered joint myeloma-osteoclast cells are added to the model to describe the populations inside lytic lesions. It transpires that their presence expands the available parameter space for stable equilibrium, thus permitting a detrimental, larger population of osteoclasts and myeloma cells. A possible relapse mechanism for the illness is explored by letting joint cells dissociate. The mathematics then permits the evaluation of the evolution of the cell populations as a function of time during relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Koenders
- Department Engineering and The Environment, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - R Saso
- Bud Flanagan Ambulatory Outpatients Unit, The Royal Marsden, Downs Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5 PT, UK
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380
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Geurts J, Patel A, Hirschmann MT, Pagenstert GI, Müller-Gerbl M, Valderrabano V, Hügle T. Elevated marrow inflammatory cells and osteoclasts in subchondral osteosclerosis in human knee osteoarthritis. J Orthop Res 2016; 34:262-9. [PMID: 26250062 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Subchondral osteosclerosis, characterized by an increase of hypomineralized bone material, is a pathological hallmark of osteoarthritis. The cellular components in the subchondral marrow compartment that participate in this aberrant bone remodeling process remain to be elucidated. This study assessed the presence of marrow inflammatory cells and their relative abundance between nonsclerotic and sclerotic tissues in knee osteoarthritis. Bone samples from osteoarthritic knee tibial plateaus were stratified for histological analyses using computed tomography osteoabsorptiometry. Immunohistological analysis revealed the presence of CD20 (B-lymphocyte) and CD68 (macrophage), but not CD3 (T-lymphocyte) immunoreactive mononuclear cells in subchondral marrow tissues and their relative abundance was significantly increased in sclerotic compared with nonsclerotic bone samples. Multinucleated osteoclasts that stained positive for CD68 and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, predominantly associated with CD34-positive blood vessels and their abundance was strongly increased in sclerotic samples. Bone-specific alkaline phosphatase activity in outgrowth osteoblasts was induced by conditioned medium from nonsclerotic, but not sclerotic, bone pieces. These results suggest that an interaction between bone-resident cells and marrow inflammatory cells might play a role in aberrant bone remodeling leading to subchondral osteosclerosis. Elevated osteoclast activity in sclerotic bone suggests that bone formation and resorption activities are increased, yet uncoupled, in human knee osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Geurts
- Osteoarthritis Research Center Basel, Orthopaedic Department, University Hospital Basel, Spitalstrasse 21, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Amit Patel
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Basel, Pestalozzistrasse 20, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael T Hirschmann
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Kantonsspital Baselland-Bruderholz, 4104 Bruderholz, Switzerland
| | - Geert I Pagenstert
- Osteoarthritis Research Center Basel, Orthopaedic Department, University Hospital Basel, Spitalstrasse 21, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Magdalena Müller-Gerbl
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Basel, Pestalozzistrasse 20, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Victor Valderrabano
- Osteoarthritis Research Center Basel, Orthopaedic Department, University Hospital Basel, Spitalstrasse 21, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Hügle
- Osteoarthritis Research Center Basel, Orthopaedic Department, University Hospital Basel, Spitalstrasse 21, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
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381
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Loi F, Córdova LA, Zhang R, Pajarinen J, Lin TH, Goodman SB, Yao Z. The effects of immunomodulation by macrophage subsets on osteogenesis in vitro. Stem Cell Res Ther 2016; 7:15. [PMID: 26801095 PMCID: PMC4724110 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-016-0276-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bone formation and remodeling are influenced by the inflammatory state of the local microenvironment. In this regard, macrophages are postulated to play a crucial role in modulating osteogenesis. However, the differential effects of macrophage subsets and their plasticity on bone formation are currently unknown. Methods Polarized primary murine macrophages and preosteoblastic MC3T3 cells were co-cultured to investigate the effect of non-activated M0, pro-inflammatory M1, and tissue-regenerative M2 macrophages on the osteogenic ability of MC3T3-E1 cells in vitro. Furthermore, to model the physiological transition from inflammation to tissue regeneration, M1-MC3T3 co-cultures were treated with interleukin-4 (IL-4) at different time points to modulate the M1 phenotype towards M2. Macrophage phenotypic markers were assessed by flow cytometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A time course study of osteogenic markers at different time points was conducted: alkaline phosphatase (ALP) mRNA levels were evaluated at week 1, ALP activity and osteocalcin and osteopontin mRNA levels at week 2, and matrix mineralization and osteocalcin and osteopontin protein concentrations at week 3. Supernatant collected 72 hours after seeding or IL-4 treatment, whichever was later, was analyzed for oncostatin M, a cytokine released by macrophages that has been recognized to enhance osteogenesis. Unpaired t test or one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s or Dunnett’s post hoc tests were used for statistical comparison of the groups. Results Co-culture with any of the macrophage subtypes increased the osteogenic ability of MC3T3 cells as indicated by increases in ALP activity and matrix mineralization. Increased ALP activity, osteocalcin concentration, and matrix mineralization demonstrated that osteogenesis by M1-MC3T3 co-cultures was further enhanced by macrophage phenotype modulation to M2 via IL-4 treatment 72 hours after seeding. Increased oncostatin M protein concentration in untreated M1-MC3T3 co-cultures and M1-MC3T3 co-cultures treated with IL-4 at 72 hours correlated with greater ALP activity and matrix mineralization. Conclusions These results suggest that a transient inflammatory phase is crucial for enhanced bone formation. Macrophage plasticity may offer new strategies for modulating the local inflammatory microenvironment with the aim of potentially enhancing bone repair. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13287-016-0276-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Loi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Edwards Building, Room R116, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Luis A Córdova
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Edwards Building, Room R116, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA. .,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Sergio Livingstone Polhammer 943, Independencia, 8380000, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Ruth Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Edwards Building, Room R116, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Jukka Pajarinen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Edwards Building, Room R116, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Tzu-hua Lin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Edwards Building, Room R116, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Stuart B Goodman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Edwards Building, Room R116, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA. .,Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Edwards Building, Room R114, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Zhenyu Yao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Edwards Building, Room R116, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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382
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Chhana A, Aati O, Gamble GD, Callon KE, Doyle AJ, Roger M, McQueen FM, Horne A, Reid IR, Cornish J, Dalbeth N. Path Analysis Identifies Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-κB Ligand, Osteoprotegerin, and Sclerostin as Potential Mediators of the Tophus-bone Erosion Relationship in Gout. J Rheumatol 2016; 43:445-9. [PMID: 26773114 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.150738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the relationship between tophus, erosion and bone remodeling factors in gout. METHODS Computed tomography bone erosion and circulating bone factors were measured in adults with tophaceous gout. Multiple regression modeling and path analysis were used to determine predictors of erosion. RESULTS Tophus number, Māori or Pacific ethnicity, creatinine, receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL), osteoprotegerin (OPG), and sclerostin were independently associated with erosion. Path analysis showed a direct effect of tophus number on erosion, partially mediated through OPG, RANKL, and sclerostin. CONCLUSION Tophus number is strongly associated with bone erosion in gout. Circulating RANKL, OPG, and sclerostin are potential mediators of tophus-related erosion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashika Chhana
- From the Bone and Joint Research Group, the Department of Medicine, the Department of Anatomy with Radiology, and the Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland; and the Department of Radiology, Auckland District Health Board, Auckland, New Zealand.A. Chhana, PhD, Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland; O. Aati, MHSc, Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland; G.D. Gamble, MSc, Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland; K.E. Callon, BSc, Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland; A. Horne, MBChB, Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland; I.R. Reid, MBChB, MD, FRACP, Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland; J. Cornish, PhD, Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland; N. Dalbeth, MBChB, MD, FRACP, Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland; A.J. Doyle, MBChB, Department of Anatomy with Radiology, University of Auckland, and Department of Radiology, Auckland District Health Board; M. Roger, MBChB, Department of Radiology, Auckland District Health Board; F.M. McQueen, MD, FRACP, Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland
| | - Opetaia Aati
- From the Bone and Joint Research Group, the Department of Medicine, the Department of Anatomy with Radiology, and the Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland; and the Department of Radiology, Auckland District Health Board, Auckland, New Zealand.A. Chhana, PhD, Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland; O. Aati, MHSc, Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland; G.D. Gamble, MSc, Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland; K.E. Callon, BSc, Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland; A. Horne, MBChB, Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland; I.R. Reid, MBChB, MD, FRACP, Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland; J. Cornish, PhD, Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland; N. Dalbeth, MBChB, MD, FRACP, Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland; A.J. Doyle, MBChB, Department of Anatomy with Radiology, University of Auckland, and Department of Radiology, Auckland District Health Board; M. Roger, MBChB, Department of Radiology, Auckland District Health Board; F.M. McQueen, MD, FRACP, Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland
| | - Gregory D Gamble
- From the Bone and Joint Research Group, the Department of Medicine, the Department of Anatomy with Radiology, and the Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland; and the Department of Radiology, Auckland District Health Board, Auckland, New Zealand.A. Chhana, PhD, Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland; O. Aati, MHSc, Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland; G.D. Gamble, MSc, Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland; K.E. Callon, BSc, Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland; A. Horne, MBChB, Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland; I.R. Reid, MBChB, MD, FRACP, Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland; J. Cornish, PhD, Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland; N. Dalbeth, MBChB, MD, FRACP, Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland; A.J. Doyle, MBChB, Department of Anatomy with Radiology, University of Auckland, and Department of Radiology, Auckland District Health Board; M. Roger, MBChB, Department of Radiology, Auckland District Health Board; F.M. McQueen, MD, FRACP, Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland
| | - Karen E Callon
- From the Bone and Joint Research Group, the Department of Medicine, the Department of Anatomy with Radiology, and the Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland; and the Department of Radiology, Auckland District Health Board, Auckland, New Zealand.A. Chhana, PhD, Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland; O. Aati, MHSc, Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland; G.D. Gamble, MSc, Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland; K.E. Callon, BSc, Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland; A. Horne, MBChB, Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland; I.R. Reid, MBChB, MD, FRACP, Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland; J. Cornish, PhD, Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland; N. Dalbeth, MBChB, MD, FRACP, Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland; A.J. Doyle, MBChB, Department of Anatomy with Radiology, University of Auckland, and Department of Radiology, Auckland District Health Board; M. Roger, MBChB, Department of Radiology, Auckland District Health Board; F.M. McQueen, MD, FRACP, Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland
| | - Anthony J Doyle
- From the Bone and Joint Research Group, the Department of Medicine, the Department of Anatomy with Radiology, and the Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland; and the Department of Radiology, Auckland District Health Board, Auckland, New Zealand.A. Chhana, PhD, Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland; O. Aati, MHSc, Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland; G.D. Gamble, MSc, Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland; K.E. Callon, BSc, Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland; A. Horne, MBChB, Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland; I.R. Reid, MBChB, MD, FRACP, Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland; J. Cornish, PhD, Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland; N. Dalbeth, MBChB, MD, FRACP, Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland; A.J. Doyle, MBChB, Department of Anatomy with Radiology, University of Auckland, and Department of Radiology, Auckland District Health Board; M. Roger, MBChB, Department of Radiology, Auckland District Health Board; F.M. McQueen, MD, FRACP, Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland
| | - Mark Roger
- From the Bone and Joint Research Group, the Department of Medicine, the Department of Anatomy with Radiology, and the Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland; and the Department of Radiology, Auckland District Health Board, Auckland, New Zealand.A. Chhana, PhD, Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland; O. Aati, MHSc, Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland; G.D. Gamble, MSc, Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland; K.E. Callon, BSc, Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland; A. Horne, MBChB, Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland; I.R. Reid, MBChB, MD, FRACP, Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland; J. Cornish, PhD, Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland; N. Dalbeth, MBChB, MD, FRACP, Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland; A.J. Doyle, MBChB, Department of Anatomy with Radiology, University of Auckland, and Department of Radiology, Auckland District Health Board; M. Roger, MBChB, Department of Radiology, Auckland District Health Board; F.M. McQueen, MD, FRACP, Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland
| | - Fiona M McQueen
- From the Bone and Joint Research Group, the Department of Medicine, the Department of Anatomy with Radiology, and the Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland; and the Department of Radiology, Auckland District Health Board, Auckland, New Zealand.A. Chhana, PhD, Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland; O. Aati, MHSc, Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland; G.D. Gamble, MSc, Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland; K.E. Callon, BSc, Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland; A. Horne, MBChB, Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland; I.R. Reid, MBChB, MD, FRACP, Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland; J. Cornish, PhD, Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland; N. Dalbeth, MBChB, MD, FRACP, Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland; A.J. Doyle, MBChB, Department of Anatomy with Radiology, University of Auckland, and Department of Radiology, Auckland District Health Board; M. Roger, MBChB, Department of Radiology, Auckland District Health Board; F.M. McQueen, MD, FRACP, Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland
| | - Anne Horne
- From the Bone and Joint Research Group, the Department of Medicine, the Department of Anatomy with Radiology, and the Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland; and the Department of Radiology, Auckland District Health Board, Auckland, New Zealand.A. Chhana, PhD, Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland; O. Aati, MHSc, Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland; G.D. Gamble, MSc, Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland; K.E. Callon, BSc, Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland; A. Horne, MBChB, Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland; I.R. Reid, MBChB, MD, FRACP, Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland; J. Cornish, PhD, Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland; N. Dalbeth, MBChB, MD, FRACP, Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland; A.J. Doyle, MBChB, Department of Anatomy with Radiology, University of Auckland, and Department of Radiology, Auckland District Health Board; M. Roger, MBChB, Department of Radiology, Auckland District Health Board; F.M. McQueen, MD, FRACP, Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland
| | - Ian R Reid
- From the Bone and Joint Research Group, the Department of Medicine, the Department of Anatomy with Radiology, and the Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland; and the Department of Radiology, Auckland District Health Board, Auckland, New Zealand.A. Chhana, PhD, Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland; O. Aati, MHSc, Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland; G.D. Gamble, MSc, Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland; K.E. Callon, BSc, Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland; A. Horne, MBChB, Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland; I.R. Reid, MBChB, MD, FRACP, Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland; J. Cornish, PhD, Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland; N. Dalbeth, MBChB, MD, FRACP, Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland; A.J. Doyle, MBChB, Department of Anatomy with Radiology, University of Auckland, and Department of Radiology, Auckland District Health Board; M. Roger, MBChB, Department of Radiology, Auckland District Health Board; F.M. McQueen, MD, FRACP, Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland
| | - Jillian Cornish
- From the Bone and Joint Research Group, the Department of Medicine, the Department of Anatomy with Radiology, and the Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland; and the Department of Radiology, Auckland District Health Board, Auckland, New Zealand.A. Chhana, PhD, Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland; O. Aati, MHSc, Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland; G.D. Gamble, MSc, Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland; K.E. Callon, BSc, Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland; A. Horne, MBChB, Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland; I.R. Reid, MBChB, MD, FRACP, Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland; J. Cornish, PhD, Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland; N. Dalbeth, MBChB, MD, FRACP, Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland; A.J. Doyle, MBChB, Department of Anatomy with Radiology, University of Auckland, and Department of Radiology, Auckland District Health Board; M. Roger, MBChB, Department of Radiology, Auckland District Health Board; F.M. McQueen, MD, FRACP, Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland
| | - Nicola Dalbeth
- From the Bone and Joint Research Group, the Department of Medicine, the Department of Anatomy with Radiology, and the Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland; and the Department of Radiology, Auckland District Health Board, Auckland, New Zealand.A. Chhana, PhD, Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland; O. Aati, MHSc, Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland; G.D. Gamble, MSc, Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland; K.E. Callon, BSc, Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland; A. Horne, MBChB, Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland; I.R. Reid, MBChB, MD, FRACP, Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland; J. Cornish, PhD, Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland; N. Dalbeth, MBChB, MD, FRACP, Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland; A.J. Doyle, MBChB, Department of Anatomy with Radiology, University of Auckland, and Department of Radiology, Auckland District Health Board; M. Roger, MBChB, Department of Radiology, Auckland District Health Board; F.M. McQueen, MD, FRACP, Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland.
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383
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Fairfield H, Falank C, Avery L, Reagan MR. Multiple myeloma in the marrow: pathogenesis and treatments. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2016; 1364:32-51. [PMID: 27002787 PMCID: PMC4806534 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a B cell malignancy resulting in osteolytic lesions and fractures. In the disease state, bone healing is limited owing to increased osteoclastic and decreased osteoblastic activity, as well as an MM-induced forward-feedback cycle where bone-embedded growth factors further enhance tumor progression as bone is resorbed. Recent work on somatic mutation in MM tumors has provided insight into cytogenetic changes associated with this disease; the initiating driver mutations causing MM are diverse because of the complexity and multitude of mutations inherent in MM tumor cells. This manuscript provides an overview of MM pathogenesis by summarizing cytogenic changes related to oncogenes and tumor suppressors associated with MM, reviewing risk factors, and describing the disease progression from monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance to overt MM. It also highlights the importance of the bone marrow microenvironment (BMM) in the establishment and progression of MM, as well as associated MM-induced bone disease, and the relationship of the bone marrow to current and future therapeutics. This review highlights why understanding the basic biology of the healthy and diseased BMM is crucial in the quest for better treatments and work toward a cure for genetically diverse diseases such as MM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Michaela R Reagan
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine
- University of Maine, Orono, Maine
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384
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Common mutations in ALK2/ACVR1, a multi-faceted receptor, have roles in distinct pediatric musculoskeletal and neural orphan disorders. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2015; 27:93-104. [PMID: 26776312 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Activin receptor-like kinase-2 (ALK2), the product of ACVR1, is a member of the type I bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) receptor family. ALK2 exerts key and non-redundant roles in numerous developmental processes, including the specification, growth and morphogenesis of endochondral skeletal elements. There is also strong evidence that BMP signaling plays important roles in determination, differentiation and function of neural cells and tissues. Here we focus on the intriguing discovery that common activating mutations in ALK2 occur in Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva (FOP) and Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Gliomas (DIPGs), distinct pediatric disorders of significant severity that are associated with premature death. Pathogenesis and treatment remain elusive for both. We consider recent studies on the nature of the ACVR1 mutations, possible modes of action and targets, and plausible therapeutic measures. Comparisons of the diverse - but genetically interrelated - pathologies of FOP and DIPG will continue to be of major mutual benefit with broad biomedical and clinical relevance.
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385
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Osteoblast and osteoclast behaviors in the turnover of attachment bones during medaka tooth replacement. Dev Biol 2015; 409:370-81. [PMID: 26658319 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Tooth replacement in polyphyodont is a well-organized system for maintenance of homeostasis of teeth, containing the dynamic structural change in skeletal tissues such as the attachment bone, which is the supporting element of teeth. Histological analyses have revealed the character of tooth replacement, however, the cellular mechanism of how skeletal tissues are modified during tooth replacement is largely unknown. Here, we showed the important role of osteoblasts for controlling osteoclasts to modify the attachment bone during tooth replacement in medaka pharyngeal teeth, coupled with an osterix-DsRed/TRAP-GFP transgenic line to visualize osteoblasts and osteoclasts. In the turnover of the row of attachment bones, these bones were resorbed at the posterior side where most developed functional teeth were located, and generated at the anterior side where teeth were newly erupted, which caused continuous tooth replacement. In the cellular analysis, osteoclasts and osteoblasts were located at attachment bones separately, since mature osteoclasts were localized at the resorbing side and osteoblasts gathered at the generating side. To demonstrate the role of osteoclasts in tooth replacement, we established medaka made deficient in c-fms-a by TALEN. c-fms-a deficient medaka showed hyperplasia of attachment bones along with reduced bone resorption accompanied by a low number of TRAP-positive osteoclasts, indicating an important role of osteoclasts in the turnover of attachment bones. Furthermore, nitroreductase-mediated osteoblast-specific ablation induced disappearance of osteoclasts, indicating that osteoblasts were essential for maintenance of osteoclasts for the proper turnover. Taken together, our results suggested that the medaka attachment bone provides the model to understand the cellular mechanism for tooth replacement, and that osteoblasts act in the coordination of bone morphology by supporting osteoclasts.
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386
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Notomi T, Kuno M, Hiyama A, Ezura Y, Honma M, Ishizuka T, Ohura K, Yawo H, Noda M. Membrane depolarization regulates intracellular RANKL transport in non-excitable osteoblasts. Bone 2015. [PMID: 26211991 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (VD3) are important factors in Ca(2+) homeostasis, and promote osteoclastogenesis by modulating receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) mRNA expression. However, their contribution to RANKL intracellular transport (RANKLiT), including the trigger for RANKL lysosomal vesicle (RANKL-lv) fusion to the cell membrane, is unclear. In neurons, depolarization of membrane potential increases the intracellular Ca(2+) level ([Ca(2+)]i) and promotes neurotransmitter release via fusion of the synaptic vesicles to the cell membrane. To determine whether membrane depolarization also regulates cellular processes such as RANKLiT in MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts (OBs), we generated a light-sensitive OB cell line and developed a system for altering their membrane potential via delivery of a blue light stimulus. In the membrane fraction of RANKL-overexpressing OBs, PTH and VD3 increased the membrane-bound RANKL (mbRANKL) level at 10 min after application without affecting the mRNA expression level, and depolarized the cell membrane while transiently increasing [Ca(2+)]i. In our novel OB line stably expressing the channelrhodopsin-wide receiver, blue light-induced depolarization increased the mbRANKL level, which was reversed by treatment of blockers for L-type voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels and Ca(2+) release from the endoplasmic reticulum. In co-cultures of osteoclast precursor-like RAW264.7 cells and light-sensitive OBs overexpressing RANKL, light stimulation induced an increase in tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase activity and promoted osteoclast differentiation. These results indicate that depolarization of the cell membrane is a trigger for RANKL-lv fusion to the membrane and that membrane potential contributes to the function of OBs. In addition, the non-genomic action of VD3-induced RANKL-lv fusion included the membrane-bound VD3 receptor (1,25D3-MARRS receptor). Elucidating the mechanism of RANKLiT regulation by PTH and VD3 will be useful for the development of drugs to prevent bone loss in osteoporosis and other bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Notomi
- Department of Pharmacology, Osaka Dental University, 8-1 Kuzuhahanazono-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1121, Japan; Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan; Global Center of Excellence Program for Molecular Science for Tooth and Bone Diseases, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, 1-4-3 Asahimachi, Abeno, Osaka 545-8585, Japan.
| | - Miyuki Kuno
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, 1-4-3 Asahimachi, Abeno, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Akiko Hiyama
- Department of Pharmacology, Osaka Dental University, 8-1 Kuzuhahanazono-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1121, Japan
| | - Yoichi Ezura
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Masashi Honma
- Department of Pharmacy, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Toru Ishizuka
- Department of Developmental Biology and Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Ohura
- Department of Pharmacology, Osaka Dental University, 8-1 Kuzuhahanazono-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1121, Japan
| | - Hiromu Yawo
- Department of Developmental Biology and Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Masaki Noda
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan; Global Center of Excellence Program for Molecular Science for Tooth and Bone Diseases, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
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387
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Johnson RW, McGregor NE, Brennan HJ, Crimeen-Irwin B, Poulton IJ, Martin TJ, Sims NA. Glycoprotein130 (Gp130)/interleukin-6 (IL-6) signalling in osteoclasts promotes bone formation in periosteal and trabecular bone. Bone 2015; 81:343-351. [PMID: 26255596 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-11 (IL-11) receptors (IL-6R and IL-11R, respectively) are both expressed in osteoclasts and transduce signal via the glycoprotein130 (gp130) co-receptor, but the physiological role of this pathway is unclear. To determine the critical roles of gp130 signalling in the osteoclast, we generated mice using cathepsin K Cre (CtskCre) to disrupt gp130 signalling in osteoclasts. Bone marrow macrophages from CtskCre.gp130(f/f) mice generated more osteoclasts in vitro than cells from CtskCre.gp130(w/w) mice; these osteoclasts were also larger and had more nuclei than controls. While no increase in osteoclast numbers was observed in vivo, osteoclasts on trabecular bone surfaces of CtskCre.gp130(f/f) mice were more spread out than in control mice, but had no functional defect detectable by serum CTX1 levels or trabecular bone cartilage remnants. However, trabecular osteoblast number and mineralising surfaces were significantly lower in male CtskCre.gp130(f/f) mice compared to controls, and this was associated with a significantly lower trabecular bone volume at 12 weeks of age. Furthermore, CtskCre.gp130(f/f) mice exhibited greatly suppressed periosteal bone formation at this age, indicated by significant reductions in both double-labelled surface and mineral apposition rate. By 26 weeks of age, CtskCre.gp130(f/f) mice exhibited narrower femora, with lower periosteal and endocortical perimeters than CtskCre.gp130(w/w) controls. Since IL-6 and IL-11R global knockout mice exhibited a similar reduction in femoral width, we also assessed periosteal bone formation in those strains, and found bone forming surfaces were also reduced in male IL-6 null mice. These data suggest that IL-6/gp130 signalling in the osteoclast is not essential for normal bone resorption in vivo, but maintains both trabecular and periosteal bone formation in male mice by promoting osteoblast activity through the stimulation of osteoclast-derived "coupling factors" and "osteotransmitters", respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Holly J Brennan
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Ingrid J Poulton
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - T John Martin
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia; University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine at St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Natalie A Sims
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia; University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine at St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia.
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388
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Abstract
Migration of the cells in osteoblastic lineage, including preosteoblasts and osteoblasts, has been postulated to influence bone formation. However, the molecular bases that link preosteoblastic/osteoblastic cell migration and bone formation are incompletely understood. Nck (noncatalytic region of tyrosine kinase; collectively referred to Nck1 and Nck2) is a member of the signaling adaptors that regulate cell migration and cytoskeletal structures, but its function in cells in the osteoblastic lineage is not known. Therefore, we examined the role of Nck in migration of these cells. Nck is expressed in preosteoblasts/osteoblasts, and its knockdown suppresses migration as well as cell spreading and attachment to substrates. In contrast, Nck1 overexpression enhances spreading and increases migration and attachment. As for signaling, Nck double knockdown suppresses migration toward IGF1 (insulin-like growth factor 1). In these cells, Nck1 binds to IRS-1 (insulin receptor substrate 1) based on immunoprecipitation experiments using anti-Nck and anti-IRS-1 antibodies. In vivo, Nck knockdown suppresses enlargement of the pellet of DiI-labeled preosteoblasts/osteoblasts placed in the calvarial defects. Genetic experiments indicate that conditional double deletion of both Nck1 and Nck2 specifically in osteoblasts causes osteopenia. In these mice, Nck double deficiency suppresses the levels of bone-formation parameters such as bone formation rate in vivo. Interestingly, bone-resorption parameters are not affected. Finally, Nck deficiency suppresses repair of bone injury after bone marrow ablation. These results reveal that Nck regulates preosteoblastic/osteoblastic migration and bone mass.
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389
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Zach F, Mueller A, Gessner A. Production and Functional Characterization of Murine Osteoclasts Differentiated from ER-Hoxb8-Immortalized Myeloid Progenitor Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142211. [PMID: 26529319 PMCID: PMC4631598 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro differentiation into functional osteoclasts is routinely achieved by incubation of embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, or primary as well as cryopreserved spleen and bone marrow-derived cells with soluble receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand and macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Additionally, osteoclasts can be derived from co-cultures with osteoblasts or by direct administration of soluble receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand to RAW 264.7 macrophage lineage cells. However, despite their benefits for osteoclast-associated research, these different methods have several drawbacks with respect to differentiation yields, time and animal consumption, storage life of progenitor cells or the limited potential for genetic manipulation of osteoclast precursors. In the present study, we therefore established a novel protocol for the differentiation of osteoclasts from murine ER-Hoxb8-immortalized myeloid stem cells. We isolated and immortalized bone marrow cells from wild type and genetically manipulated mouse lines, optimized protocols for osteoclast differentiation and compared these cells to osteoclasts derived from conventional sources. In vitro generated ER-Hoxb8 osteoclasts displayed typical osteoclast characteristics such as multi-nucleation, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining of supernatants and cells, F-actin ring formation and bone resorption activity. Furthermore, the osteoclast differentiation time course was traced on a gene expression level. Increased expression of osteoclast-specific genes and decreased expression of stem cell marker genes during differentiation of osteoclasts from ER-Hoxb8-immortalized myeloid progenitor cells were detected by gene array and confirmed by semi-quantitative and quantitative RT-PCR approaches. In summary, we established a novel method for the quantitative production of murine bona fide osteoclasts from ER-Hoxb8 stem cells generated from wild type or genetically manipulated mouse lines. These cells represent a standardized and theoretically unlimited source for osteoclast-associated research projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Zach
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Mueller
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - André Gessner
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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390
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Sánchez-Duffhues G, Hiepen C, Knaus P, Ten Dijke P. Bone morphogenetic protein signaling in bone homeostasis. Bone 2015; 80:43-59. [PMID: 26051467 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are cytokines belonging to the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily. They play multiple functions during development and tissue homeostasis, including regulation of the bone homeostasis. The BMP signaling pathway consists in a well-orchestrated manner of ligands, membrane receptors, co-receptors and intracellular mediators, that regulate the expression of genes controlling the normal functioning of the bone tissues. Interestingly, BMP signaling perturbation is associated to a variety of low and high bone mass diseases, including osteoporosis, bone fracture disorders and heterotopic ossification. Consistent with these findings, in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that BMPs have potent effects on the activity of cells regulating bone function, suggesting that manipulation of the BMP signaling pathway may be employed as a therapeutic approach to treat bone diseases. Here we review the recent advances on BMP signaling and bone homeostasis, and how this knowledge may be used towards improved diagnosis and development of novel treatment modalities. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Muscle Bone Interactions".
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Sánchez-Duffhues
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Hiepen
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Berlin Brandenburg School of Regenerative Therapies (BSRT), Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Petra Knaus
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Berlin Brandenburg School of Regenerative Therapies (BSRT), Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Peter Ten Dijke
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands.
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391
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Inoue K, Imai Y. Fatostatin, an SREBP inhibitor, prevented RANKL-induced bone loss by suppression of osteoclast differentiation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1852:2432-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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392
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The Multiple Roles of Microrna-223 in Regulating Bone Metabolism. Molecules 2015; 20:19433-48. [PMID: 26512640 PMCID: PMC6332311 DOI: 10.3390/molecules201019433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone metabolism is a lifelong process for maintaining skeletal system homeostasis, which is regulated by bone-resorbing osteoclasts and bone-forming osteoblasts. Aberrant differentiation of osteoclasts and osteoblasts leads to imbalanced bone metabolism, resulting in ossification and osteolysis diseases. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are pivotal factors in regulating bone metabolism via post-transcriptional inhibition of target genes. Recent studies have revealed that miR-223 exerts multiple effects on bone metabolism, especially in the processes of osteoclast and osteoblasts differentiation. In this review, we highlight the roles of miR-223 during the processes of osteoclast and osteoblast differentiation, as well as the potential clinical applications of miR-223 in bone metabolism disorders.
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393
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Macrophages derived from THP-1 promote the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells through the IL-23/IL-23R/β-catenin pathway. Exp Cell Res 2015; 339:81-9. [PMID: 26477825 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal bone formation is a clinically significant dilemma for many conditions in response to injury, inflammation or genetic disease. However, the effects of inflammation on the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) remain unclear. IL-23 secretion from macrophages might contribute to the development of bone formation. Here, we investigated the stimulatory effects of THP-1 macrophage conditioned medium (MΦ CM) on the osteogenic differentiation of human MSCs and the associated signaling pathways. The osteogenic differentiation of MSCs was induced after exposure to osteogenic differentiation medium (OM). MΦ CM significantly increased alkaline phosphate (ALP) activity and calcium mineralization in MSCs. Osteogenic marker genes, including RUNX2, ALP and osteocalcin (OCN), were also up-regulated in MSCs after exposure to MΦ CM. Moreover, western blotting revealed that MΦ CM treatment induced STAT3 and β-catenin activation in MSCs. Furthermore, blockade of IL-23 in MΦ CM not only impaired the osteogenic-promotion effects of macrophage but also decreased the expression of osteogenic maker genes. However, IL-23R silencing suppressed MΦ CM-induced calcium mineralization and osteogenic maker gene expression in MSCs. These data suggest that macrophages derived from THP-1 promote the osteoblastic differentiation of MSCs through the IL-23/IL-23R/β-catenin pathway and macrophages might contribute to the development of bone formation in inflammation.
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394
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Sammarco MC, Simkin J, Cammack AJ, Fassler D, Gossmann A, Marrero L, Lacey M, Van Meter K, Muneoka K. Hyperbaric Oxygen Promotes Proximal Bone Regeneration and Organized Collagen Composition during Digit Regeneration. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140156. [PMID: 26452224 PMCID: PMC4599941 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxygen is critical for optimal bone regeneration. While axolotls and salamanders have retained the ability to regenerate whole limbs, mammalian regeneration is restricted to the distal tip of the digit (P3) in mice, primates, and humans. Our previous study revealed the oxygen microenvironment during regeneration is dynamic and temporally influential in building and degrading bone. Given that regeneration is dependent on a dynamic and changing oxygen environment, a better understanding of the effects of oxygen during wounding, scarring, and regeneration, and better ways to artificially generate both hypoxic and oxygen replete microenvironments are essential to promote regeneration beyond wounding or scarring. To explore the influence of increased oxygen on digit regeneration in vivo daily treatments of hyperbaric oxygen were administered to mice during all phases of the entire regenerative process. Micro-Computed Tomography (μCT) and histological analysis showed that the daily application of hyperbaric oxygen elicited the same enhanced bone degradation response as two individual pulses of oxygen applied during the blastema phase. We expand past these findings to show histologically that the continuous application of hyperbaric oxygen during digit regeneration results in delayed blastema formation at a much more proximal location after amputation, and the deposition of better organized collagen fibers during bone formation. The application of sustained hyperbaric oxygen also delays wound closure and enhances bone degradation after digit amputation. Thus, hyperbaric oxygen shows the potential for positive influential control on the various phases of an epimorphic regenerative response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mimi C. Sammarco
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jennifer Simkin
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Alexander J. Cammack
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Danielle Fassler
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Alexej Gossmann
- Department of Mathematics, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Luis Marrero
- Department of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Michelle Lacey
- Department of Mathematics, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Keith Van Meter
- Department of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Ken Muneoka
- Department of Veterinary Physiology & Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
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395
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Kim JY, Min JY, Baek JM, Ahn SJ, Jun HY, Yoon KH, Choi MK, Lee MS, Oh J. CTRP3 acts as a negative regulator of osteoclastogenesis through AMPK-c-Fos-NFATc1 signaling in vitro and RANKL-induced calvarial bone destruction in vivo. Bone 2015; 79:242-51. [PMID: 26103094 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Adipokines derived from adipocytes are important factors that act as circulating regulators of bone metabolism. C1q/tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related Protein-3 (CTRP3) is a novel adipokine with multiple effects such as lowering glucose levels, inhibiting gluconeogenesis in the liver, and increasing angiogenesis and anti-inflammation. However, the effects and the mechanisms of CTRP3 on bone metabolism, which is regulated by osteoblasts and osteoclasts, have not been investigated. Here, we found that CTRP3 inhibited osteoclast differentiation induced by osteoclastogenic factors in bone marrow cell-osteoblast co-cultures, but did not affect the ratio of receptor activator of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) ligand (RANKL) to osteoprotegerin (OPG) induced by osteoclastogenic factors in osteoblasts. We also found that CTRP3 inhibited osteoclast differentiation from mouse bone marrow macrophages (BMMs) induced by RANKL in a dose-dependent manner without cytotoxicity. Functionally, CTRP3 inhibited the F-actin formation and bone resorbing activity of mature osteoclasts. Pretreatment with CTRP3 significantly inhibited RANKL-induced expression of c-Fos and nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFATc1), essential transcription factors for osteoclast development. Surprisingly, the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) was considerably increased by pretreatment with CTRP3 for 1h. The CTRP3-stimulated AMPK activation was also maintained during RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis. CTRP3 did not affect RANKL-induced p38, ERK, JNK, Akt, IκB, CREB, and calcium signaling (Btk and PLCγ2). These results suggest that CTRP3 plays an important role as a negative regulator of RANKL-mediated osteoclast differentiation by acting as an inhibitor of NFATc1 activation through the AMPK signaling pathway. Furthermore, CTRP3 treatment reduced RANKL-induced osteoclast formation and bone destruction in mouse calvarial bone in vivo based on micro-CT and histologic analysis. In conclusion, these findings strongly suggest that CTRP3 deserves new evaluation as a potential treatment target in various bone diseases associated with excessive osteoclast differentiation and bone destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Young Kim
- Imaging Science-based Lung and Bone Diseases Research Center, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Youl Min
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Min Baek
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Jun Ahn
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Young Jun
- Imaging Science-based Lung and Bone Diseases Research Center, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwon-Ha Yoon
- Imaging Science-based Lung and Bone Diseases Research Center, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Republic of Korea; Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Kyu Choi
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Republic of Korea; Institute for Environmental Science, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeung Su Lee
- Imaging Science-based Lung and Bone Diseases Research Center, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Republic of Korea; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Republic of Korea; Institute for Skeletal Disease, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jaemin Oh
- Imaging Science-based Lung and Bone Diseases Research Center, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Republic of Korea; Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Republic of Korea; Institute for Skeletal Disease, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Republic of Korea.
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396
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Jing D, Hao J, Shen Y, Tang G, Li ML, Huang SH, Zhao ZH. The role of microRNAs in bone remodeling. Int J Oral Sci 2015. [PMID: 26208037 PMCID: PMC4582559 DOI: 10.1038/ijos.2015.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone remodeling is balanced by bone formation and bone resorption as well as by alterations in the quantities and functions of seed cells, leading to either the maintenance or deterioration of bone status. The existing evidence indicates that microRNAs (miRNAs), known as a family of short non-coding RNAs, are the key post-transcriptional repressors of gene expression, and growing numbers of novel miRNAs have been verified to play vital roles in the regulation of osteogenesis, osteoclastogenesis, and adipogenesis, revealing how they interact with signaling molecules to control these processes. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the roles of miRNAs in regulating bone remodeling as well as novel applications for miRNAs in biomaterials for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dian Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jin Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ge Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mei-Le Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shi-Hu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhi-He Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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397
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Abstract
The osteoblastic expression of RANKL, which is essential for the communication between osteoblastic cells and osteoclastogenic cells, is stimulated by locally acting or circulating osteotropic cytokines and hormones such as PTH and 1,25-(OH)2-D3 during the bone remodeling process. However, mechanisms those control subcellular trafficking events, membrane expression and extracellular secretion of the newly synthesized RANKL are still not well understood. In our previous study, we have found that the deficiency of osteoblastic Arl6ip5 (ADP-ribosylation-like factor 6 interacting protein 5), an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-localized protein belonging to the prenylated rab-acceptor-family, enhanced osteoclastogenesis by increasing RANKL transcription in an ER stress dependent signaling. Here we found that over-expression of hemagglutinin (HA)-tagged Arl6ip5 in UAMS32 stromal/osteoblastic cells inhibited osteoclastogenesis, decreased the amount of soluble RANKL in culture supernatant and increased RANKL retention in ER. Moreover, Arl6ip5 bound with RANKL and disturbed the RANKL-OPG complex in UAMS-32 cells. Finally, 1 to 36 amino acid deletion on the NH2 lumen terminus of Arl6ip5 impaired the interaction between Arl6ip5 and RANKL, restored the level of soluble RANKL and the osteoclastogenic ability. These findings indicated that Arl6ip5 was an anti-catabolic factor by binding with RANKL and disturbing its subcellular trafficking in osteoblast.
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398
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Sinnesael M, Jardi F, Deboel L, Laurent MR, Dubois V, Zajac JD, Davey RA, Carmeliet G, Claessens F, Vanderschueren D. The androgen receptor has no direct antiresorptive actions in mouse osteoclasts. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 411:198-206. [PMID: 25958043 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Androgen deficiency or androgen receptor knockout (ARKO) causes high-turnover osteopenia, but the target cells for this effect remain unclear. To examine whether AR in osteoclasts directly suppresses bone resorption, we crossed AR-floxed with cathepsin K-Cre mice. Osteoclast-specific ARKO (ocl-ARKO) mice showed no changes neither in osteoclast surface nor in bone microarchitecture nor in the response to orchidectomy and androgen replacement, indicating that the AR in osteoclasts is not critical for bone maintenance. In line with the lack of a bone phenotype, the levels of AR were very low in osteoclast-enriched cultures derived from bone marrow (BM) and undetectable in osteoclasts generated from spleen precursors. Since tibiae of ubiquitous ARKO mice displayed increased osteoclast counts, the role of AR was further explored using cell cultures from these animals. Osteoclast generation and activity in vitro were similar between ARKO and wildtype control (WT) mice. In co-culture experiments, BM stromal cells (BMSCs) were essential for the suppressive action of AR on osteoclastogenesis and osteoclast activity. Stimulation with 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3 increased Rankl and decreased Tnfsf11 (osteoprotegerin, Opg) gene expression in BMSCs more than in osteoblasts. This increase in the Rankl/Opg ratio following 1,25(OH)2D3 stimulation was lower, not higher, in ARKO mice. Runx2 expression in BMSCs was however higher in ARKO vs. WT, suggesting that ARKO mice may more readily commit osteoprogenitor cells to osteoblastogenesis. In conclusion, the AR does not seem to suppress bone resorption through direct actions in osteoclasts. BMSCs may however represent an alternative AR target in the BM milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieke Sinnesael
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ferran Jardi
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ludo Deboel
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michaël R Laurent
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vanessa Dubois
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jeffrey D Zajac
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rachel A Davey
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Geert Carmeliet
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frank Claessens
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dirk Vanderschueren
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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399
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Morethson P. Extracellular fluid flow and chloride content modulate H(+) transport by osteoclasts. BMC Cell Biol 2015; 16:20. [PMID: 26271334 PMCID: PMC4536797 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-015-0066-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bone resorption takes place within the basic multicellular units (BMU), and the surface to be resorbed is isolated from adjacent bone surfaces by a sealing zone between osteoclast membrane and bone matrix, which defines the limits of the resorption lacuna. Considering that the extracellular fluid (ECF) in both BMU and the resorption lacuna can be isolated from its surroundings, I hypothesize that flow and ion composition of the bone ECF in these sites might contribute to the regulation of osteoclast H+ secretion. To investigate this hypothesis, I evaluated the H+ secretion properties of individual osteoclasts and osteoclast-like cells (OCL-cells) and investigated whether changes in flow or chloride content of the extracellular solution modify the H+ secretion properties in vitro. Results The results show that 1) osteoclasts are unable to secrete H+ and regulate intracellular pH (pHi) under continuous flow conditions and exhibit progressive intracellular acidification; 2) the cessation of flow coincides with the onset of H+ secretion and subsequent progressive intracellular alkalinization of osteoclasts and OCL-cells; 3) osteoclasts exhibit spontaneous rhythmic oscillations of pHi in non-flowing ECF, 4) pHi oscillations are not abolished by concanamycin, NPPB, or removal of extracellular Na+ or Cl−; 5) extracellular Cl− removal modifies the pattern of oscillations, by diminishing H+ secretion; 6) pHi oscillations are abolished by continuous flowing of ECF over osteoclasts and OCL-cells. Conclusions The data suggest, for the first time, that ECF flow and Cl− content have direct effects on osteoclast H+ secretion and could be part of a mechanism determining the onset of osteoclast H+ secretion required for bone resorption. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12860-015-0066-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla Morethson
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. .,Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo - Unifesp, R. Silva Jardim 136 Vila Mathias, Santos, 11065-201, SP, Brazil.
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400
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Sansoni V, Perego S, Colombini A, Banfi G, Brayda-Bruno M, Lombardi G. Interplay between low plasma RANKL and VDR-FokI polymorphism in lumbar disc herniation independently from age, body mass, and environmental factors: a case-control study in the Italian population. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2015; 25:192-199. [PMID: 26261013 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-015-4176-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Aim of this study was to investigate RANKL and osteoprotegerin plasma concentrations in patients affected by disc herniation, the most common epiphenomenon of disc degenerative diseases, and in a matched cohort of healthy subjects and whether the expression of these markers was associated to a polymorphism of the vitamin D receptor gene. METHODS For this case-control study, 110 consecutive cases affected by lumbar disc herniation (confirmed by MRI) and 110 healthy age- and sex-matched controls were enrolled. Subjects affected by any other pathology were excluded. RANKL and osteoprotegerin were measured in plasma by immunoassays. The difference in these markers between cases and controls was assessed by t test. The correlation between osteoimmunological markers concentrations, anthropometrical variables, and the expression of the pathology was statistically assessed (Pearson's test) along with the association (Fisher's exact test) with the vitamin D receptor gene genotype, determined elsewhere. RESULTS Despite comparable osteoprotegerin concentrations, cases, altogether or grouped for gender, express lower RANKL and, consequently, RANKL-to-osteoprotegerin ratio. While in cases RANKL and osteoprotegerin concentrations were independent from age and BMI, in controls they increased with age. Disc herniation was strongly associated with RANKL and the presence of the F allele of the VDR gene. CONCLUSIONS Whether vertebral bone changes precede or follow cartilage deterioration in intervertebral disc degeneration is not known. Our results suggest a reduced bone turnover rate, associated to a specific genetic background, in patients affected by lumbar disc herniation which could be one of the favoring factors for disc degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Sansoni
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italia
| | - Silvia Perego
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italia
| | - Alessandra Colombini
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italia
| | - Giuseppe Banfi
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italia.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italia
| | - Marco Brayda-Bruno
- Scoliosis Unit, Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology-Spine Surgery III, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italia
| | - Giovanni Lombardi
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italia.
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