351
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Klessig DF, Tian M, Choi HW. Multiple Targets of Salicylic Acid and Its Derivatives in Plants and Animals. Front Immunol 2016; 7:206. [PMID: 27303403 PMCID: PMC4880560 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is a critical plant hormone that is involved in many processes, including seed germination, root initiation, stomatal closure, floral induction, thermogenesis, and response to abiotic and biotic stresses. Its central role in plant immunity, although extensively studied, is still only partially understood. Classical biochemical approaches and, more recently, genome-wide high-throughput screens have identified more than two dozen plant SA-binding proteins (SABPs), as well as multiple candidates that have yet to be characterized. Some of these proteins bind SA with high affinity, while the affinity of others exhibit is low. Given that SA levels vary greatly even within a particular plant species depending on subcellular location, tissue type, developmental stage, and with respect to both time and location after an environmental stimulus such as infection, the presence of SABPs exhibiting a wide range of affinities for SA may provide great flexibility and multiple mechanisms through which SA can act. SA and its derivatives, both natural and synthetic, also have multiple targets in animals/humans. Interestingly, many of these proteins, like their plant counterparts, are associated with immunity or disease development. Two recently identified SABPs, high mobility group box protein and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, are critical proteins that not only serve key structural or metabolic functions but also play prominent roles in disease responses in both kingdoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miaoying Tian
- Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa , Honolulu, HI , USA
| | - Hyong Woo Choi
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University , Ithaca, NY , USA
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352
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Holtzman DM, Carrillo MC, Hendrix JA, Bain LJ, Catafau AM, Gault LM, Goedert M, Mandelkow E, Mandelkow E, Miller DS, Ostrowitzki S, Polydoro M, Smith S, Wittmann M, Hutton M. Tau: From research to clinical development. Alzheimers Dement 2016; 12:1033-1039. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2016.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David M. Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center Washington University St. Louis MO USA
| | - Maria C. Carrillo
- Medical & Scientific Relations Alzheimer's Association Chicago IL USA
| | - James A. Hendrix
- Medical & Scientific Relations Alzheimer's Association Chicago IL USA
| | | | | | | | - Michel Goedert
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology Cambridge United Kingdom
| | - Eckhard Mandelkow
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) CAESAR Research Center Bonn Germany
| | - Eva‐Maria Mandelkow
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) CAESAR Research Center Bonn Germany
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353
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Hu W, Zhang X, Tung YC, Xie S, Liu F, Iqbal K. Hyperphosphorylation determines both the spread and the morphology of tau pathology. Alzheimers Dement 2016; 12:1066-1077. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2016.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Hu
- Department of Neurochemistry, Inge Grundke‐Iqbal Research Floor New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities Staten Island NY USA
| | - Xinhua Zhang
- Department of Neurochemistry, Inge Grundke‐Iqbal Research Floor New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities Staten Island NY USA
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration and Co‐Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration Nantong University Nantong Jiangsu P.R. China
| | - Yunn Chyn Tung
- Department of Neurochemistry, Inge Grundke‐Iqbal Research Floor New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities Staten Island NY USA
| | - Shutao Xie
- Department of Neurochemistry, Inge Grundke‐Iqbal Research Floor New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities Staten Island NY USA
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration and Co‐Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration Nantong University Nantong Jiangsu P.R. China
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Neurochemistry, Inge Grundke‐Iqbal Research Floor New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities Staten Island NY USA
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration and Co‐Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration Nantong University Nantong Jiangsu P.R. China
| | - Khalid Iqbal
- Department of Neurochemistry, Inge Grundke‐Iqbal Research Floor New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities Staten Island NY USA
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354
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355
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Medina M, Hernández F, Avila J. New Features about Tau Function and Dysfunction. Biomolecules 2016; 6:biom6020021. [PMID: 27104579 PMCID: PMC4919916 DOI: 10.3390/biom6020021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tau is a brain microtubule-associated protein that directly binds to a microtubule and dynamically regulates its structure and function. Under pathological conditions, tau self-assembles into filamentous structures that end up forming neurofibrillary tangles. Prominent tau neurofibrillary pathology is a common feature in a number of neurodegenerative disorders, collectively referred to as tauopathies, the most common of which is Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Beyond its classical role as a microtubule-associated protein, recent advances in our understanding of tau cellular functions have revealed novel insights into their important role during pathogenesis and provided potential novel therapeutic targets. Regulation of tau behavior and function under physiological and pathological conditions is mainly achieved through post-translational modifications, including phosphorylation, glycosylation, acetylation, and truncation, among others, indicating the complexity and variability of factors influencing regulation of tau toxicity, all of which have significant implications for the development of novel therapeutic approaches in various neurodegenerative disorders. A more comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating tau function and dysfunction will provide us with a better outline of tau cellular networking and, hopefully, offer new clues for designing more efficient approaches to tackle tauopathies in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Medina
- CIBERNED (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas), Valderrebollo 5, 28031 Madrid, Spain.
- CIEN Foundation, Valderrebollo 5, 28041 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Félix Hernández
- CIBERNED (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas), Valderrebollo 5, 28031 Madrid, Spain.
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Nicolás cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jesús Avila
- CIBERNED (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas), Valderrebollo 5, 28031 Madrid, Spain.
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Nicolás cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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356
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Sala Frigerio C, De Strooper B. Alzheimer's Disease Mechanisms and Emerging Roads to Novel Therapeutics. Annu Rev Neurosci 2016; 39:57-79. [PMID: 27050320 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-070815-014015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Ten years of remarkable progress in understanding the fundamental biochemistry of Alzheimer's disease have been followed by ten years of remarkable and increasing clinical insight into the natural progression of the disorder. The concept of a long, intermediary, prodromal phase between the first appearance of amyloid plaques and tangles and the manifestation of dementia is now well established. The major challenge for the next decade is to chart the many cellular processes that underlie this phase and link the biochemical alterations to the clinical manifestation of Alzheimer's disease. We discuss here how genetics, new cell culture systems, and improved animal models will fuel this work. We anticipate that the resulting novel insights will provide a basis for further drug development for this terrible disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Sala Frigerio
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Leuven 3000, Belgium; , .,Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium.,Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience & Disease (LIND), KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Bart De Strooper
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Leuven 3000, Belgium; , .,Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium.,Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience & Disease (LIND), KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium.,Institute of Neurology, University College London, WC1N 3BG London, United Kingdom
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357
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Pan J, Connolly ID, Dangelmajer S, Kintzing J, Ho AL, Grant G. Sports-related brain injuries: connecting pathology to diagnosis. Neurosurg Focus 2016; 40:E14. [DOI: 10.3171/2016.1.focus15607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Brain injuries are becoming increasingly common in athletes and represent an important diagnostic challenge. Early detection and management of brain injuries in sports are of utmost importance in preventing chronic neurological and psychiatric decline. These types of injuries incurred during sports are referred to as mild traumatic brain injuries, which represent a heterogeneous spectrum of disease. The most dramatic manifestation of chronic mild traumatic brain injuries is termed chronic traumatic encephalopathy, which is associated with profound neuropsychiatric deficits. Because chronic traumatic encephalopathy can only be diagnosed by postmortem examination, new diagnostic methodologies are needed for early detection and amelioration of disease burden. This review examines the pathology driving changes in athletes participating in high-impact sports and how this understanding can lead to innovations in neuroimaging and biomarker discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - James Kintzing
- 3Bioengineering, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
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358
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Tracy TE, Sohn PD, Minami SS, Wang C, Min SW, Li Y, Zhou Y, Le D, Lo I, Ponnusamy R, Cong X, Schilling B, Ellerby LM, Huganir RL, Gan L. Acetylated Tau Obstructs KIBRA-Mediated Signaling in Synaptic Plasticity and Promotes Tauopathy-Related Memory Loss. Neuron 2016; 90:245-60. [PMID: 27041503 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Tau toxicity has been implicated in the emergence of synaptic dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the mechanism by which tau alters synapse physiology and leads to cognitive decline is unclear. Here we report abnormal acetylation of K274 and K281 on tau, identified in AD brains, promotes memory loss and disrupts synaptic plasticity by reducing postsynaptic KIdney/BRAin (KIBRA) protein, a memory-associated protein. Transgenic mice expressing human tau with lysine-to-glutamine mutations to mimic K274 and K281 acetylation (tauKQ) exhibit AD-related memory deficits and impaired hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP). TauKQ reduces synaptic KIBRA levels and disrupts activity-induced postsynaptic actin remodeling and AMPA receptor insertion. The LTP deficit was rescued by promoting actin polymerization or by KIBRA expression. In AD patients with dementia, we found enhanced tau acetylation is linked to loss of KIBRA. These findings suggest a novel mechanism by which pathogenic tau causes synaptic dysfunction and cognitive decline in AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara E Tracy
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 91458, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 91458, USA
| | - Peter Dongmin Sohn
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 91458, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 91458, USA
| | - S Sakura Minami
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 91458, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 91458, USA
| | - Chao Wang
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 91458, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 91458, USA
| | - Sang-Won Min
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 91458, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 91458, USA
| | - Yaqiao Li
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 91458, USA
| | - Yungui Zhou
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 91458, USA
| | - David Le
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 91458, USA
| | - Iris Lo
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 91458, USA
| | | | - Xin Cong
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | | | - Lisa M Ellerby
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | - Richard L Huganir
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Li Gan
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 91458, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 91458, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 91458, USA.
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359
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Heinisch JJ, Brandt R. Signaling pathways and posttranslational modifications of tau in Alzheimer's disease: the humanization of yeast cells. MICROBIAL CELL 2016; 3:135-146. [PMID: 28357346 DOI: 10.15698/mic2016.04.489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, yeast have been frequently employed to study the molecular mechanisms of human neurodegenerative diseases, generally by means of heterologous expression of genes encoding the relevant hallmark proteins. However, it has become evident that substantial posttranslational modifications of many of these proteins are required for the development and progression of potentially disease relevant changes. This is exemplified by the neuronal tau proteins, which are critically involved in a class of neuro-degenerative diseases collectively called tauopathies and which includes Alz-heimer's disease (AD) as its most common representative. In the course of the disease, tau changes its phosphorylation state and becomes hyperphosphory-lated, gets truncated by proteolytic cleavage, is subject to O-glycosylation, sumoylation, ubiquitinylation, acetylation and some other modifications. This poses the important question, which of these posttranslational modifications are naturally occurring in the yeast model or can be reconstituted by heterol-ogous gene expression. Here, we present an overview on common modifica-tions as they occur in tau during AD, summarize their potential relevance with respect to disease mechanisms and refer to the native yeast enzyme orthologs capable to perform these modifications. We will also discuss potential approaches to humanize yeast in order to create modification patterns resembling the situation in mammalian cells, which could enhance the value of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Kluyveromyces lactis as disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen J Heinisch
- Universität Osnabrück, Fachbereich Biologie/Chemie, AG Genetik, Barbarastr. 11, D-49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Roland Brandt
- Universität Osnabrück, Fachbereich Biologie/Chemie, AG Neurobiologie, Barbarastr. 11, D-49076 Osnabrück, Germany
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360
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Heinisch JJ, Brandt R. Signaling pathways and posttranslational modifications of tau in Alzheimer's disease: the humanization of yeast cells. MICROBIAL CELL 2016. [PMID: 28357346 DOI: 10.15698/mic2016.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade, yeast have been frequently employed to study the molecular mechanisms of human neurodegenerative diseases, generally by means of heterologous expression of genes encoding the relevant hallmark proteins. However, it has become evident that substantial posttranslational modifications of many of these proteins are required for the development and progression of potentially disease relevant changes. This is exemplified by the neuronal tau proteins, which are critically involved in a class of neuro-degenerative diseases collectively called tauopathies and which includes Alz-heimer's disease (AD) as its most common representative. In the course of the disease, tau changes its phosphorylation state and becomes hyperphosphory-lated, gets truncated by proteolytic cleavage, is subject to O-glycosylation, sumoylation, ubiquitinylation, acetylation and some other modifications. This poses the important question, which of these posttranslational modifications are naturally occurring in the yeast model or can be reconstituted by heterol-ogous gene expression. Here, we present an overview on common modifica-tions as they occur in tau during AD, summarize their potential relevance with respect to disease mechanisms and refer to the native yeast enzyme orthologs capable to perform these modifications. We will also discuss potential approaches to humanize yeast in order to create modification patterns resembling the situation in mammalian cells, which could enhance the value of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Kluyveromyces lactis as disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen J Heinisch
- Universität Osnabrück, Fachbereich Biologie/Chemie, AG Genetik, Barbarastr. 11, D-49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Roland Brandt
- Universität Osnabrück, Fachbereich Biologie/Chemie, AG Neurobiologie, Barbarastr. 11, D-49076 Osnabrück, Germany
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361
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Conrad RJ, Ott M. Therapeutics Targeting Protein Acetylation Perturb Latency of Human Viruses. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:669-80. [PMID: 26845514 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Persistent viral infections are widespread and represent significant public health burdens. Some viruses endure in a latent state by co-opting the host epigenetic machinery to manipulate viral gene expression. Small molecules targeting epigenetic pathways are now in the clinic for certain cancers and are considered as potential treatment strategies to reverse latency in HIV-infected individuals. In this review, we discuss how drugs interfering with one epigenetic pathway, protein acetylation, perturb latency of three families of pathogenic human viruses-retroviruses, herpesviruses, and papillomaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J. Conrad
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
- Graduate
Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmacogenomics, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
- Department
of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Melanie Ott
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
- Graduate
Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmacogenomics, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
- Department
of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
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362
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Acetylation mimic of lysine 280 exacerbates human Tau neurotoxicity in vivo. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22685. [PMID: 26940749 PMCID: PMC4778021 DOI: 10.1038/srep22685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction and accumulation of the microtubule-associated human Tau (hTau) protein into intraneuronal aggregates is observed in many neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Reversible lysine acetylation has recently emerged as a post-translational modification that may play an important role in the modulation of hTau pathology. Acetylated hTau species have been observed within hTau aggregates in human AD brains and multi-acetylation of hTau in vitro regulates its propensity to aggregate. However, whether lysine acetylation at position 280 (K280) modulates hTau-induced toxicity in vivo is unknown. We generated new Drosophila transgenic models of hTau pathology to evaluate the contribution of K280 acetylation to hTau toxicity, by analysing the respective toxicity of pseudo-acetylated (K280Q) and pseudo-de-acetylated (K280R) mutant forms of hTau. We observed that mis-expression of pseudo-acetylated K280Q-hTau in the adult fly nervous system potently exacerbated fly locomotion defects and photoreceptor neurodegeneration. In addition, modulation of K280 influenced total hTau levels and phosphorylation without changing hTau solubility. Altogether, our results indicate that pseudo-acetylation of the single K280 residue is sufficient to exacerbate hTau neurotoxicity in vivo, suggesting that acetylated K280-hTau species contribute to the pathological events leading to neurodegeneration in AD.
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363
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Avila J, Pallas N, Bolós M, Sayas CL, Hernandez F. Intracellular and extracellular microtubule associated protein tau as a therapeutic target in Alzheimer disease and other tauopathies. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2016; 20:653-61. [PMID: 26652296 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2016.1131269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Microtubule associated protein tau, a protein mainly expressed in neurons, plays an important role in several diseases related to dementia, named tauopathies. Alzheimer disease is the most relevant tauopathy. The role of tau protein in dementia is now a topic under discussion, and is the focus of this review. AREAS COVERED We have covered two major areas: tau pathology and tau as a therapeutic target. Tau pathology is mainly related to a gain of toxic function due to an abnormal accumulation, aberrant modifications (such as hyperphosphorylation and truncation, among others) and self-aggregation of tau into oligomers or larger structures. Also, tau can be found extracellularly in a toxic form. Tau-based therapy is mainly centered on avoiding the gain of these toxic functions of tau. EXPERT OPINION Tau therapies are focused on lowering tau levels, mainly of modified tau species that could be toxic for neurons (phosphorylated, truncated or aggregated tau), in intracellular or extracellular form. Decreasing the levels of those toxic species is a possible therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Avila
- a Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) , Madrid , Spain.,b Centro de Biología Molecular 'Severo Ochoa' CSIC-UAM , Madrid , Spain
| | - Noemí Pallas
- a Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) , Madrid , Spain.,b Centro de Biología Molecular 'Severo Ochoa' CSIC-UAM , Madrid , Spain
| | - Marta Bolós
- a Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) , Madrid , Spain.,b Centro de Biología Molecular 'Severo Ochoa' CSIC-UAM , Madrid , Spain
| | - C Laura Sayas
- c Centre for Biomedical Research of the Canary Islands (CIBICAN), Institute for Biomedical Technologies (ITB) , University of La Laguna (ULL) , Tenerife , Spain
| | - Felix Hernandez
- a Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) , Madrid , Spain.,b Centro de Biología Molecular 'Severo Ochoa' CSIC-UAM , Madrid , Spain
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364
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Kingwell K. Neurodegenerative disease: Targeting tau acetylation attenuates neurodegeneration. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2016; 14:748. [PMID: 26514860 DOI: 10.1038/nrd4768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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365
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Sabbagh JJ, Dickey CA. The Metamorphic Nature of the Tau Protein: Dynamic Flexibility Comes at a Cost. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:3. [PMID: 26834532 PMCID: PMC4720746 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of the microtubule associated protein tau occurs in several neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD). The tau protein is intrinsically disordered, giving it unique structural properties that can be dynamically altered by post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation and cleavage. Over the last decade, technological advances in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and structural modeling have permitted more in-depth insights into the nature of tau. These studies have helped elucidate how metamorphism of tau makes it ideally suited for dynamic microtubule regulation, but how it also facilitates tau self-assembly, oligomerization, and neurotoxicity. This review will focus on how the distinct structure of tau governs its function, accumulation, and toxicity as well as how other cellular factors such as molecular chaperones control these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J Sabbagh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, University of South Florida Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Chad A Dickey
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, University of South Florida Tampa, FL, USA
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366
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Abstract
In 1975, tau protein was isolated as a microtubule-associated factor from the porcine brain. In the previous year, a paired helical filament (PHF) protein had been identified in neurofibrillary tangles in the brains of individuals with Alzheimer disease (AD), but it was not until 1986 that the PHF protein and tau were discovered to be one and the same. In the AD brain, tau was found to be abnormally hyperphosphorylated, and it inhibited rather than promoted in vitro microtubule assembly. Almost 80 disease-causing exonic missense and intronic silent mutations in the tau gene have been found in familial cases of frontotemporal dementia but, to date, no such mutation has been found in AD. The first phase I clinical trial of an active tau immunization vaccine in patients with AD was recently completed. Assays for tau levels in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma are now available, and tau radiotracers for PET are under development. In this article, we provide an overview of the pivotal discoveries in the tau research field over the past 40 years. We also review the current status of the field, including disease mechanisms and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Iqbal
- Department of Neurochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Inge Grundke-Iqbal Research Floor, 1050 Forest Hill Road, Staten Island, New York 10314, USA
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Neurochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Inge Grundke-Iqbal Research Floor, 1050 Forest Hill Road, Staten Island, New York 10314, USA
| | - Cheng-Xin Gong
- Department of Neurochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Inge Grundke-Iqbal Research Floor, 1050 Forest Hill Road, Staten Island, New York 10314, USA
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367
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Abstract
Tau is a microtubule-associated protein that has a role in stabilizing neuronal microtubules and thus in promoting axonal outgrowth. Structurally, tau is a natively unfolded protein, is highly soluble and shows little tendency for aggregation. However, tau aggregation is characteristic of several neurodegenerative diseases known as tauopathies. The mechanisms underlying tau pathology and tau-mediated neurodegeneration are debated, but considerable progress has been made in the field of tau research in recent years, including the identification of new physiological roles for tau in the brain. Here, we review the expression, post-translational modifications and functions of tau in physiology and in pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yipeng Wang
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53175 Bonn, Germany.,CAESAR Research Center, 53175 Bonn, Germany
| | - Eckhard Mandelkow
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53175 Bonn, Germany.,CAESAR Research Center, 53175 Bonn, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Hamburg Outstation, c/o DESY, Hamburg, Germany
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368
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Tau acetylation is an early pathological event in neurodegenerative disease. Nat Rev Neurol 2015. [DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2015.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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369
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Tackling TAUxicity. Nat Rev Neurosci 2015. [DOI: 10.1038/nrn4046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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370
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