351
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Koehler T, Daerr H, Martens G, Kuhn N, Löscher S, van Stevendaal U, Roessl E. Slit-scanning differential x-ray phase-contrast mammography: Proof-of-concept experimental studies. Med Phys 2015; 42:1959-65. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4914420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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352
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Wang H, Kashyap Y, Sawhney K. Hard-X-ray directional dark-field imaging using the speckle scanning technique. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 114:103901. [PMID: 25815933 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.114.103901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
X-ray dark-field imaging can provide inaccessible and complementary information compared to conventional absorption contrast imaging. However, extraction of the dark-field signal is difficult, and sophisticated optics are often required. In this Letter, we report a novel approach to generate high-quality dark-field images using a simple membrane. The dark-field image is extracted from the maximum correlation coefficient by applying a cross-correlation algorithm to a stack of speckle images collected by scanning a membrane in a transverse direction to the incident x-ray beam. The new method can also provide directional dark-field information, which is extremely useful for the study of strongly ordered systems. The potential of the proposed technique for nondestructive x-ray imaging is demonstrated by imaging representative samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchang Wang
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Yogesh Kashyap
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Kawal Sawhney
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
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353
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Wang H, Berujon S, Herzen J, Atwood R, Laundy D, Hipp A, Sawhney K. X-ray phase contrast tomography by tracking near field speckle. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8762. [PMID: 25735237 PMCID: PMC4349152 DOI: 10.1038/srep08762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
X-ray imaging techniques that capture variations in the x-ray phase can yield higher
contrast images with lower x-ray dose than is possible with conventional absorption
radiography. However, the extraction of phase information is often more difficult
than the extraction of absorption information and requires a more sophisticated
experimental arrangement. We here report a method for three-dimensional (3D) X-ray
phase contrast computed tomography (CT) which gives quantitative volumetric
information on the real part of the refractive index. The method is based on the
recently developed X-ray speckle tracking technique in which the displacement of
near field speckle is tracked using a digital image correlation algorithm. In
addition to differential phase contrast projection images, the method allows the
dark-field images to be simultaneously extracted. After reconstruction, compared to
conventional absorption CT images, the 3D phase CT images show greatly enhanced
contrast. This new imaging method has advantages compared to other X-ray imaging
methods in simplicity of experimental arrangement, speed of measurement and relative
insensitivity to beam movements. These features make the technique an attractive
candidate for material imaging such as in-vivo imaging of biological systems
containing soft tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchang Wang
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Sebastien Berujon
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Julia Herzen
- Institue of Materials Science, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Robert Atwood
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - David Laundy
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Alexander Hipp
- Institue of Materials Science, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Kawal Sawhney
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK
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354
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Zhang Y, Belić MR, Petrović MS, Zheng H, Chen H, Li C, Lu K, Zhang Y. Two-dimensional linear and nonlinear Talbot effect from rogue waves. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2015; 91:032916. [PMID: 25871181 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.91.032916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We introduce two-dimensional (2D) linear and nonlinear Talbot effects. They are produced by propagating periodic 2D diffraction patterns and can be visualized as 3D stacks of Talbot carpets. The nonlinear Talbot effect originates from 2D rogue waves and forms in a bulk 3D nonlinear medium. The recurrences of an input rogue wave are observed at the Talbot length and at the half-Talbot length, with a π phase shift; no other recurrences are observed. Differing from the nonlinear Talbot effect, the linear effect displays the usual fractional Talbot images as well. We also find that the smaller the period of incident rogue waves, the shorter the Talbot length. Increasing the beam intensity increases the Talbot length, but above a threshold this leads to a catastrophic self-focusing phenomenon which destroys the effect. We also find that the Talbot recurrence can be viewed as a self-Fourier transform of the initial periodic beam that is automatically performed during propagation. In particular, linear Talbot effect can be viewed as a fractional self-Fourier transform, whereas the nonlinear Talbot effect can be viewed as the regular self-Fourier transform. Numerical simulations demonstrate that the rogue-wave initial condition is sufficient but not necessary for the observation of the effect. It may also be observed from other periodic inputs, provided they are set on a finite background. The 2D effect may find utility in the production of 3D photonic crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqi Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education & Shaanxi Key Lab of Information Photonic Technique, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Milivoj R Belić
- Science Program, Texas A&M University at Qatar, P. O. Box 23874, Doha, Qatar
| | - Milan S Petrović
- Science Program, Texas A&M University at Qatar, P. O. Box 23874, Doha, Qatar
- Institute of Physics, P. O. Box 68, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Huaibin Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education & Shaanxi Key Lab of Information Photonic Technique, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Haixia Chen
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education & Shaanxi Key Lab of Information Photonic Technique, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Changbiao Li
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education & Shaanxi Key Lab of Information Photonic Technique, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Keqing Lu
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Yanpeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education & Shaanxi Key Lab of Information Photonic Technique, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
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355
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Epple FM, Ehn S, Thibault P, Koehler T, Potdevin G, Herzen J, Pennicard D, Graafsma H, Noël PB, Pfeiffer F. Phase unwrapping in spectral X-ray differential phase-contrast imaging with an energy-resolving photon-counting pixel detector. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2015; 34:816-823. [PMID: 25163054 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2014.2349852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Grating-based differential phase-contrast imaging has proven to be feasible with conventional X-ray sources. The polychromatic spectrum generally limits the performance of the interferometer but benefit can be gained with an energy-sensitive detector. In the presented work, we employ the energy-discrimination capability to correct for phase-wrapping artefacts. We propose to use the phase shifts, which are measured in distinct energy bins, to estimate the optimal phase shift in the sense of maximum likelihood. We demonstrate that our method is able to correct for phase-wrapping artefacts, to improve the contrast-to-noise ratio and to reduce beam hardening due to the modelled energy dependency. The method is evaluated on experimental data which are measured with a laboratory Talbot-Lau interferometer equipped with a conventional polychromatic X-ray source and an energy-sensitive photon-counting pixel detector. Our work shows, that spectral imaging is an important step to move differential phase-contrast imaging closer to pre-clinical and clinical applications, where phase wrapping is particularly problematic.
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356
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Wu Z, Gao K, Chen J, Wang D, Wang S, Chen H, Bao Y, Shao Q, Wang Z, Zhang K, Zhu P, Wu Z. High sensitivity phase retrieval method in grating-based x-ray phase contrast imaging. Med Phys 2015; 42:741-9. [PMID: 25652488 DOI: 10.1118/1.4905490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Grating-based x-ray phase contrast imaging is considered as one of the most promising techniques for future medical imaging. Many different methods have been developed to retrieve phase signal, among which the phase stepping (PS) method is widely used. However, further practical implementations are hindered, due to its complex scanning mode and high radiation dose. In contrast, the reverse projection (RP) method is a novel fast and low dose extraction approach. In this contribution, the authors present a quantitative analysis of the noise properties of the refraction signals retrieved by the two methods and compare their sensitivities. METHODS Using the error propagation formula, the authors analyze theoretically the signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) of the refraction images retrieved by the two methods. Then, the sensitivities of the two extraction methods are compared under an identical exposure dose. Numerical experiments are performed to validate the theoretical results and provide some quantitative insight. RESULTS The SNRs of the two methods are both dependent on the system parameters, but in different ways. Comparison between their sensitivities reveals that for the refraction signal, the RP method possesses a higher sensitivity, especially in the case of high visibility and/or at the edge of the object. CONCLUSIONS Compared with the PS method, the RP method has a superior sensitivity and provides refraction images with a higher SNR. Therefore, one can obtain highly sensitive refraction images in grating-based phase contrast imaging. This is very important for future preclinical and clinical implementations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Wu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China
| | - Kun Gao
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China
| | - Jian Chen
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China
| | - Dajiang Wang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China
| | - Shenghao Wang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China
| | - Heng Chen
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China
| | - Yuan Bao
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China
| | - Qigang Shao
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China
| | - Zhili Wang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Peiping Zhu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China and Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ziyu Wu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China and Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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357
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Rand D, Walsh EG, Derdak Z, Wands JR, Rose-Petruck C. A highly sensitive x-ray imaging modality for hepatocellular carcinoma detection in vitro. Phys Med Biol 2015; 60:769-84. [PMID: 25559398 PMCID: PMC4323189 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/60/2/769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Innovations that improve sensitivity and reduce cost are of paramount importance in diagnostic imaging. The novel x-ray imaging modality called spatial frequency heterodyne imaging (SFHI) is based on a linear arrangement of x-ray source, tissue, and x-ray detector, much like that of a conventional x-ray imaging apparatus. However, SFHI rests on a complete paradigm reversal compared to conventional x-ray absorption-based radiology: while scattered x-rays are carefully rejected in absorption-based x-ray radiology to enhance the image contrast, SFHI forms images exclusively from x-rays scattered by the tissue. In this study we use numerical processing to produce x-ray scatter images of hepatocellular carcinoma labeled with a nanoparticle contrast agent. We subsequently compare the sensitivity of SFHI in this application to that of both conventional x-ray imaging and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Although SFHI is still in the early stages of its development, our results show that the sensitivity of SFHI is an order of magnitude greater than that of absorption-based x-ray imaging and approximately equal to that of MRI. As x-ray imaging modalities typically have lower installation and service costs compared to MRI, SFHI could become a cost effective alternative to MRI, particularly in areas of the world with inadequate availability of MRI facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Rand
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University. 324 Brook Street, Providence, Rhode Island 02912 (USA)
| | - Edward G. Walsh
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University. 185 Meeting Street, Providence, Rhode Island 02912 (USA)
| | - Zoltan Derdak
- The Liver Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital and Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University. 55 Claverick Street, Providence, Rhode Island 02903 (USA)
| | - Jack R. Wands
- The Liver Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital and Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University. 55 Claverick Street, Providence, Rhode Island 02903 (USA)
| | - Christoph Rose-Petruck
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University. 324 Brook Street, Providence, Rhode Island 02912 (USA)
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358
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Mocella V, Brun E, Ferrero C, Delattre D. Revealing letters in rolled Herculaneum papyri by X-ray phase-contrast imaging. Nat Commun 2015; 6:5895. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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359
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Sarapata A, Willner M, Walter M, Duttenhofer T, Kaiser K, Meyer P, Braun C, Fingerle A, Noël PB, Pfeiffer F, Herzen J. Quantitative imaging using high-energy X-ray phase-contrast CT with a 70 kVp polychromatic X-ray spectrum. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:523-535. [PMID: 25835698 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.000523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Imaging of large and dense objects with grating-based X-ray phase-contrast computed tomography requires high X-ray photon energy and large fields of view. It has become increasingly possible due to the improvements in the grating manufacturing processes. Using a high-energy X-ray phase-contrast CT setup with a large (10 cm in diameter) analyzer grating and operated at an acceleration tube voltage of 70 kVp, we investigate the complementarity of both attenuation and phase contrast modalities with materials of various atomic numbers (Z). We confirm experimentally that for low-Z materials, phase contrast yields no additional information content over attenuation images, yet it provides increased contrast-to-noise ratios (CNRs). The complementarity of both signals can be seen again with increasing Z of the materials and a more comprehensive material characterization is thus possible. Imaging of a part of a human cervical spine with intervertebral discs surrounded by bones and various soft tissue types showcases the benefit of high-energy X-ray phase-contrast system. Phase-contrast reconstruction reveals the internal structure of the discs and makes the boundary between the disc annulus and nucleus pulposus visible. Despite the fact that it still remains challenging to develop a high-energy grating interferometer with a broad polychromatic source with satisfactory optical performance, improved image quality for phase contrast as compared to attenuation contrast can be obtained and new exciting applications foreseen.
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360
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361
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Han H, Lee S, Seo J, Mahata C, Cho SH, Han AR, Hong KS, Park JH, Soh MJ, Park C, Lee T. Enhancement of X-ray detection by single-walled carbon nanotube enriched flexible polymer composite. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2014; 9:2482. [PMID: 26088997 PMCID: PMC4493992 DOI: 10.1186/1556-276x-9-610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Although organic-based direct conversion X-ray detectors have been developed, their photocurrent generation efficiency has been limited by recombination of excitons due to the intrinsically poor electrical properties of organic materials. In this report, we fabricated a polymer-based flexible X-ray detector and enhanced the X-ray detection sensitivity using a single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) enriched polymer composite. When this SWNT enriched polymer composite was used as the active layer of an X-ray detector, it efficiently separated charges at the interface between the SWNTs and polymer, preventing recombination of X-ray-induced excitons. This increased the photocurrent generation efficiency, as measured from current-voltage characteristics. Therefore, X-ray-induced photocurrent and X-ray detection sensitivity were enhanced as the concentration of SWNTs in the composite was increased. However, this benefit was counterbalanced by the slow and unstable time-dependent response at high SWNT concentrations, arising from reduced Schottky barrier heights between the active layer and electrodes. At high SWNT concentration, the dark current also increased due to the reduced Schottky barrier height, leading to decrease the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the device. Experimental results indicated that 0.005 wt.% SWNT in the composite was the optimum composition for practical X-ray detector operation because it showed enhanced performance in both sensitivity and SNR. In mechanical flexibility tests, the device exhibited a stable response up to a bending radius of 0.5 cm, and the device had no noticeable change in diode current after 1,000 bending cycles. PACS CODE 8.67.Sc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heetak Han
- />Nanobio Device Laboratory, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 120-749 Republic of Korea
| | - Sanggeun Lee
- />Nanobio Device Laboratory, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 120-749 Republic of Korea
| | - Jungmok Seo
- />Nanobio Device Laboratory, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 120-749 Republic of Korea
| | - Chandreswar Mahata
- />Nanobio Device Laboratory, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 120-749 Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hwan Cho
- />Nano-Polymers Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 120-749 Republic of Korea
| | - A-Reum Han
- />Luxen Technologies, Inc., 396 Worldcupbuk-ro, Mapo-Gu, Seoul, 121-795 Republic of Korea
| | - Keun-Sung Hong
- />Luxen Technologies, Inc., 396 Worldcupbuk-ro, Mapo-Gu, Seoul, 121-795 Republic of Korea
| | - Joon-Ho Park
- />Luxen Technologies, Inc., 396 Worldcupbuk-ro, Mapo-Gu, Seoul, 121-795 Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Jin Soh
- />Luxen Technologies, Inc., 396 Worldcupbuk-ro, Mapo-Gu, Seoul, 121-795 Republic of Korea
| | - Cheolmin Park
- />Nano-Polymers Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 120-749 Republic of Korea
| | - Taeyoon Lee
- />Nanobio Device Laboratory, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 120-749 Republic of Korea
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362
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General solution for quantitative dark-field contrast imaging with grating interferometers. Sci Rep 2014; 4:7243. [PMID: 25430623 PMCID: PMC4246210 DOI: 10.1038/srep07243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Grating interferometer based imaging with X-rays and neutrons has proven to hold huge potential for applications in key research fields conveying biology and medicine as well as engineering and magnetism, respectively. The thereby amenable dark-field imaging modality implied the promise to access structural information beyond reach of direct spatial resolution. However, only here a yet missing approach is reported that finally allows exploiting this outstanding potential for non-destructive materials characterizations. It enables to obtain quantitative structural small angle scattering information combined with up to 3-dimensional spatial image resolution even at lab based x-ray or at neutron sources. The implied two orders of magnitude efficiency gain as compared to currently available techniques in this regime paves the way for unprecedented structural investigations of complex sample systems of interest for material science in a vast range of fields.
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363
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Grandl S, Sztrókay-Gaul A, Auweter SD, Hellerhoff K. [Phase contrast imaging of the breast. Basic principles and steps towards clinical implementation]. Radiologe 2014; 54:254-61. [PMID: 24623010 DOI: 10.1007/s00117-013-2577-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
CLINICAL/METHODICAL ISSUE Breast cancer is the most common cancer and the leading cause of cancer deaths in women worldwide. STANDARD RADIOLOGICAL METHODS Mammography is the only imaging technique approved for nationwide breast cancer screening. Digital full field mammography has improved mammographic image quality. Nevertheless, mammography has a low positive predictive value and a low sensitivity especially in mammographically dense breasts. One of the major limitations is the inherently low contrast between healthy breast parenchyma and breast cancer. METHODICAL INNOVATIONS Phase contrast imaging is based on the phase shift that occurs when X-rays encounter a change in refractive index between different materials. PERFORMANCE The improved soft tissue contrast makes the technology particularly promising for breast diagnostics. ACHIEVEMENTS The studies presented here suggest that phase contrast imaging provides additional diagnostic information both using phase contrast mammography and phase contrast computed tomography (CT). PRACTICAL RECOMMENDATIONS This paper provides an overview of the basic principles of the phase contrast imaging and describes recent developments towards in vivo and ex vivo phase contrast imaging of the breast.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Grandl
- Institut für Klinische Radiologie, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Campus Großhadern, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, München, Deutschland,
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364
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Garrett J, Ge Y, Li K, Chen GH. Anatomical background noise power spectrum in differential phase contrast and dark field contrast mammograms. Med Phys 2014; 41:120701. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4901313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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365
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Vedantham S, Shi L, Karellas A. Large-angle x-ray scatter in Talbot-Lau interferometry for breast imaging. Phys Med Biol 2014; 59:6387-400. [PMID: 25295630 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/59/21/6387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Monte Carlo simulations were used to investigate large-angle x-ray scatter at design energy of 25 keV during small field of view (9.6 cm × 5 cm) differential phase contrast imaging of the breast using Talbot-Lau interferometry. Homogenous, adipose and fibroglandular breasts of uniform thickness ranging from 2 to 8 cm encompassing the field of view were modeled. Theoretically determined transmission efficiencies of the gratings were used to validate the Monte Carlo simulations, followed by simulations to determine the x-ray scatter reaching the detector. The recorded x-ray scatter was classified into x-ray photons that underwent at least one Compton interaction (incoherent scatter) and Rayleigh interaction alone (coherent scatter) for further analysis. Monte Carlo based estimates of transmission efficiencies showed good correspondence [Formula: see text] with theoretical estimates. Scatter-to-primary ratio increased with increasing breast thickness, ranging from 0.11 to 0.22 for 2-8 cm thick adipose breasts and from 0.12 to 0.28 for 2-8 cm thick fibroglandular breasts. The analyzer grating reduced incoherent scatter by ~18% for 2 cm thick adipose breast and by ~35% for 8 cm thick fibroglandular breast. Coherent scatter was the dominant contributor to the total scatter. Coherent-to-incoherent scatter ratio ranged from 2.2 to 3.1 for 2-8 cm thick adipose breasts and from 2.7 to 3.4 for 2-8 cm thick fibroglandular breasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasan Vedantham
- Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
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366
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Irvine S, Mokso R, Modregger P, Wang Z, Marone F, Stampanoni M. Simple merging technique for improving resolution in qualitative single image phase contrast tomography. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:27257-27269. [PMID: 25401876 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.027257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
For dynamic samples and/or for simple ease-of-use experiments, single-image phase contrast tomography is a very effective method for the 3D visualization of materials which would otherwise be indiscernible in attenuation based x-ray imaging. With binary samples (e.g. air-material) and monochromatic wavefields a transport-of-intensity (TIE)-based phase retrieval algorithm is known to retrieve accurate quantitative maps of the phase distribution. For mixed material samples and/or white beam radiation the algorithm can still produce useful qualitative tomographic reconstructions with significantly improved area contrast. The stability of the algorithm comes with a recognized associated loss of spatial resolution due to its essential behaviour as a low-pass filter. One possible answer to this is an image fusion technique that merges the slices reconstructed from raw phase contrast images and those after phase retrieval, where the improved contrast may be acquired without the associated loss of high-frequency information. We present this technique as a simple few-parameter Fourier method, which is easily tunable and highly compatible with current reconstruction steps.
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367
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Zhao X, Zheng Y, Ren H, An N, Chen X. Cherenkov second-harmonic Talbot effect in one-dimension nonlinear photonic crystal. OPTICS LETTERS 2014; 39:5885-5887. [PMID: 25361110 DOI: 10.1364/ol.39.005885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a new method to generate second-harmonic Talbot effect through degenerate Cherenkov radiation in one-dimension anomalous-dispersion-like nonlinear photonic crystals. In anomalous-dispersion-like medium, the degenerated nonlinear Cherenkov radiation can be achieved and is parallel to domain walls, of which the intensity is adjusted by the second-order nonlinear coefficient. In this system the one-dimension nonlinear photonic crystal can be regarded as a nonlinear grating, which is necessary for nonlinear Talbot effect. This is a new method to generate enhanced nonlinear Talbot effect in addition to the quasi-phase-matching technique reported previously.
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368
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A study on mastectomy samples to evaluate breast imaging quality and potential clinical relevance of differential phase contrast mammography. Invest Radiol 2014; 49:131-7. [PMID: 24141742 DOI: 10.1097/rli.0000000000000001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Differential phase contrast and scattering-based x-ray mammography has the potential to provide additional and complementary clinically relevant information compared with absorption-based mammography. The purpose of our study was to provide a first statistical evaluation of the imaging capabilities of the new technique compared with digital absorption mammography. MATERIALS AND METHODS We investigated non-fixed mastectomy samples of 33 patients with invasive breast cancer, using grating-based differential phase contrast mammography (mammoDPC) with a conventional, low-brilliance x-ray tube. We simultaneously recorded absorption, differential phase contrast, and small-angle scattering signals that were combined into novel high-frequency-enhanced images with a dedicated image fusion algorithm. Six international, expert breast radiologists evaluated clinical digital and experimental mammograms in a 2-part blinded, prospective independent reader study. The results were statistically analyzed in terms of image quality and clinical relevance. RESULTS The results of the comparison of mammoDPC with clinical digital mammography revealed the general quality of the images to be significantly superior (P < 0.001); sharpness, lesion delineation, as well as the general visibility of calcifications to be significantly more assessable (P < 0.001); and delineation of anatomic components of the specimens (surface structures) to be significantly sharper (P < 0.001). Spiculations were significantly better identified, and the overall clinically relevant information provided by mammoDPC was judged to be superior (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that complementary information provided by phase and scattering enhanced mammograms obtained with the mammoDPC approach deliver images of generally superior quality. This technique has the potential to improve radiological breast diagnostics.
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369
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Velroyen A, Bech M, Zanette I, Schwarz J, Rack A, Tympner C, Herrler T, Staab-Weijnitz C, Braunagel M, Reiser M, Bamberg F, Pfeiffer F, Notohamiprodjo M. X-ray phase-contrast tomography of renal ischemia-reperfusion damage. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109562. [PMID: 25299243 PMCID: PMC4192129 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of the study was to investigate microstructural changes occurring in unilateral renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in a murine animal model using synchrotron radiation. Material and Methods The effects of renal ischemia-reperfusion were investigated in a murine animal model of unilateral ischemia. Kidney samples were harvested on day 18. Grating-Based Phase-Contrast Imaging (GB-PCI) of the paraffin-embedded kidney samples was performed at a Synchrotron Radiation Facility (beam energy of 19 keV). To obtain phase information, a two-grating Talbot interferometer was used applying the phase stepping technique. The imaging system provided an effective pixel size of 7.5 µm. The resulting attenuation and differential phase projections were tomographically reconstructed using filtered back-projection. Semi-automated segmentation and volumetry and correlation to histopathology were performed. Results GB-PCI provided good discrimination of the cortex, outer and inner medulla in non-ischemic control kidneys. Post-ischemic kidneys showed a reduced compartmental differentiation, particularly of the outer stripe of the outer medulla, which could not be differentiated from the inner stripe. Compared to the contralateral kidney, after ischemia a volume loss was detected, while the inner medulla mainly retained its volume (ratio 0.94). Post-ischemic kidneys exhibited severe tissue damage as evidenced by tubular atrophy and dilatation, moderate inflammatory infiltration, loss of brush borders and tubular protein cylinders. Conclusion In conclusion GB-PCI with synchrotron radiation allows for non-destructive microstructural assessment of parenchymal kidney disease and vessel architecture. If translation to lab-based approaches generates sufficient density resolution, and with a time-optimized image analysis protocol, GB-PCI may ultimately serve as a non-invasive, non-enhanced alternative for imaging of pathological changes of the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Velroyen
- Chair of Biomedical Physics, Department of Physics (E17), Munich, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Martin Bech
- Chair of Biomedical Physics, Department of Physics (E17), Munich, Bavaria, Germany
- Medical Radiation Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Irene Zanette
- Chair of Biomedical Physics, Department of Physics (E17), Munich, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Jolanda Schwarz
- Chair of Biomedical Physics, Department of Physics (E17), Munich, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Alexander Rack
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France
| | - Christiane Tympner
- Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tanja Herrler
- Department of General, Trauma, Hand, and Plastic Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Claudia Staab-Weijnitz
- Institute for Clinical Radiology, University Hospitals Munich, Munich, Germany
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University and Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Margarita Braunagel
- Institute for Clinical Radiology, University Hospitals Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Maximilian Reiser
- Institute for Clinical Radiology, University Hospitals Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Fabian Bamberg
- Institute for Clinical Radiology, University Hospitals Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Franz Pfeiffer
- Chair of Biomedical Physics, Department of Physics (E17), Munich, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Mike Notohamiprodjo
- Institute for Clinical Radiology, University Hospitals Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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370
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Yang Y, Tang X. Complex dark-field contrast and its retrieval in x-ray phase contrast imaging implemented with Talbot interferometry. Med Phys 2014; 41:101914. [PMID: 25281966 DOI: 10.1118/1.4896098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Under the existing theoretical framework of x-ray phase contrast imaging methods implemented with Talbot interferometry, the dark-field contrast refers to the reduction in interference fringe visibility due to small-angle x-ray scattering of the subpixel microstructures of an object to be imaged. This study investigates how an object's subpixel microstructures can also affect the phase of the intensity oscillations. METHODS Instead of assuming that the object's subpixel microstructures distribute in space randomly, the authors' theoretical derivation starts by assuming that an object's attenuation projection and phase shift vary at a characteristic size that is not smaller than the period of analyzer grating G₂ and a characteristic length dc. Based on the paraxial Fresnel-Kirchhoff theory, the analytic formulae to characterize the zeroth- and first-order Fourier coefficients of the x-ray irradiance recorded at each detector cell are derived. Then the concept of complex dark-field contrast is introduced to quantify the influence of the object's microstructures on both the interference fringe visibility and the phase of intensity oscillations. A method based on the phase-attenuation duality that holds for soft tissues and high x-ray energies is proposed to retrieve the imaginary part of the complex dark-field contrast for imaging. Through computer simulation study with a specially designed numerical phantom, they evaluate and validate the derived analytic formulae and the proposed retrieval method. RESULTS Both theoretical analysis and computer simulation study show that the effect of an object's subpixel microstructures on x-ray phase contrast imaging method implemented with Talbot interferometry can be fully characterized by a complex dark-field contrast. The imaginary part of complex dark-field contrast quantifies the influence of the object's subpixel microstructures on the phase of intensity oscillations. Furthermore, at relatively high energies, for soft tissues it can be retrieved for imaging with a method based on the phase-attenuation duality. CONCLUSIONS The analytic formulae derived in this work to characterize the complex dark-field contrast in x-ray phase contrast imaging method implemented with Talbot interferometry are of significance, which may initiate more activities in the research and development of x-ray differential phase contrast imaging for extensive biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- Imaging and Medical Physics, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, 1701 Uppergate Drive, C-5018, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Xiangyang Tang
- Imaging and Medical Physics, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, 1701 Uppergate Drive, C-5018, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
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371
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Pelzer G, Zang A, Anton G, Bayer F, Horn F, Kraus M, Rieger J, Ritter A, Wandner J, Weber T, Fauler A, Fiederle M, Wong WS, Campbell M, Meiser J, Meyer P, Mohr J, Michel T. Energy weighted x-ray dark-field imaging. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:24507-24515. [PMID: 25322026 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.024507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The dark-field image obtained in grating-based x-ray phase-contrast imaging can provide information about the objects' microstructures on a scale smaller than the pixel size even with low geometric magnification. In this publication we demonstrate that the dark-field image quality can be enhanced with an energy-resolving pixel detector. Energy-resolved x-ray dark-field images were acquired with a 16-energy-channel photon-counting pixel detector with a 1 mm thick CdTe sensor in a Talbot-Lau x-ray interferometer. A method for contrast-noise-ratio (CNR) enhancement is proposed and validated experimentally. In measurements, a CNR improvement by a factor of 1.14 was obtained. This is equivalent to a possible radiation dose reduction of 23%.
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372
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Malecki A, Eggl E, Schaff F, Potdevin G, Baum T, Garcia EG, Bauer JS, Pfeiffer F. Correlation of X-ray dark-field radiography to mechanical sample properties. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2014; 20:1528-1533. [PMID: 24983688 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927614001718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The directional dark-field signal obtained with X-ray grating interferometry yields direction-dependent information about the X-ray scattering taking place inside the examined sample. It allows examination of its morphology without the requirement of resolving the micrometer size structures directly causing the scattering. The local morphology in turn gives rise to macroscopic mechanical properties of the investigated specimen. In this study, we investigate the relation between the biomechanical elasticity (Young's modulus) and the measured directional dark-field parameters of a well-defined sample made of wood. In our proof-of-principle experiment, we found a correlation between Young's modulus, the average dark-field signal, and the average dark-field anisotropy. Hence, we are able to show that directional dark-field imaging is a new method to predict mechanical sample properties. As grating interferometry provides absorption, phase-contrast, and dark-field data at the same time, this technique appears promising to combine imaging and mechanical testing in a single testing stage. Therefore, we believe that directional dark-field imaging will have a large impact in the materials science world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Malecki
- 1Physik-Department,Technische Universität München,James-Franck-Str. 1,85748 Garching,Germany
| | - Elena Eggl
- 1Physik-Department,Technische Universität München,James-Franck-Str. 1,85748 Garching,Germany
| | - Florian Schaff
- 1Physik-Department,Technische Universität München,James-Franck-Str. 1,85748 Garching,Germany
| | - Guillaume Potdevin
- 1Physik-Department,Technische Universität München,James-Franck-Str. 1,85748 Garching,Germany
| | - Thomas Baum
- 3Institut für Radiologie,Klinikum rechts der Isar,Technische Universität München,Ismaninger Straße 22,81675 München,Bavaria,Germany
| | - Eduardo Grande Garcia
- 3Institut für Radiologie,Klinikum rechts der Isar,Technische Universität München,Ismaninger Straße 22,81675 München,Bavaria,Germany
| | - Jan S Bauer
- 4Abteilung für Neuroradiologie,Klinikum rechts der Isar,Technische Universität München,Ismaninger Straße 22,81675 München,Bavaria,Germany
| | - Franz Pfeiffer
- 1Physik-Department,Technische Universität München,James-Franck-Str. 1,85748 Garching,Germany
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373
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Sarapata A, Chabior M, Cozzini C, Sperl JI, Bequé D, Langner O, Coman J, Zanette I, Ruiz-Yaniz M, Pfeiffer F. Quantitative electron density characterization of soft tissue substitute plastic materials using grating-based x-ray phase-contrast imaging. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2014; 85:103708. [PMID: 25362404 DOI: 10.1063/1.4898052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Many scientific research areas rely on accurate electron density characterization of various materials. For instance in X-ray optics and radiation therapy, there is a need for a fast and reliable technique to quantitatively characterize samples for electron density. We present how a precise measurement of electron density can be performed using an X-ray phase-contrast grating interferometer in a radiographic mode of a homogenous sample in a controlled geometry. A batch of various plastic materials was characterized quantitatively and compared with calculated results. We found that the measured electron densities closely match theoretical values. The technique yields comparable results between a monochromatic and a polychromatic X-ray source. Measured electron densities can be further used to design dedicated X-ray phase contrast phantoms and the additional information on small angle scattering should be taken into account in order to exclude unsuitable materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sarapata
- Lehrstuhl für Biomedizinische Physik, Physik-Department & Institut für Medizintechnik, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - M Chabior
- Lehrstuhl für Biomedizinische Physik, Physik-Department & Institut für Medizintechnik, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - C Cozzini
- GE Global Research, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - J I Sperl
- GE Global Research, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - D Bequé
- GE Global Research, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | | | - J Coman
- QRM GmbH, Möhrendorf, Germany
| | - I Zanette
- Lehrstuhl für Biomedizinische Physik, Physik-Department & Institut für Medizintechnik, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - M Ruiz-Yaniz
- Lehrstuhl für Biomedizinische Physik, Physik-Department & Institut für Medizintechnik, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - F Pfeiffer
- Lehrstuhl für Biomedizinische Physik, Physik-Department & Institut für Medizintechnik, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
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374
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375
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Wolf J, Malecki A, Sperl J, Chabior M, Schüttler M, Bequé D, Cozzini C, Pfeiffer F. Fast one-dimensional wave-front propagation for x-ray differential phase-contrast imaging. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 5:3739-47. [PMID: 25360386 PMCID: PMC4206338 DOI: 10.1364/boe.5.003739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Numerical wave-optical simulations of X-ray differential phase-contrast imaging using grating interferometry require the oversampling of gratings and object structures in the range of few micrometers. Consequently, fields of view of few millimeters already use large amounts of a computer's main memory to store the propagating wave front, limiting the scope of the investigations to only small-scale problems. In this study, we apply an approximation to the Fresnel-Kirchhoff diffraction theory to overcome these restrictions by dividing the two-dimensional wave front up into 1D lines, which are processed separately. The approach enables simulations with samples of clinically relevant dimensions by significantly reducing the memory footprint and the execution time and, thus, allows the qualitative comparison of different setup configurations. We analyze advantages as well as limitations and present the simulation of a virtual mammography phantom of several centimeters of size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Wolf
- Lehrstuhl für Biomedizinische Physik, Physik-Department & Institut für Medizintechnik, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching,
Germany
| | - Andreas Malecki
- Lehrstuhl für Biomedizinische Physik, Physik-Department & Institut für Medizintechnik, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching,
Germany
| | - Jonathan Sperl
- GE Global Research Europe, Freisinger Landstrasse 50, 85748 Garching,
Germany
| | - Michael Chabior
- Lehrstuhl für Biomedizinische Physik, Physik-Department & Institut für Medizintechnik, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching,
Germany
| | - Markus Schüttler
- Lehrstuhl für Biomedizinische Physik, Physik-Department & Institut für Medizintechnik, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching,
Germany
| | - Dirk Bequé
- GE Global Research Europe, Freisinger Landstrasse 50, 85748 Garching,
Germany
| | - Cristina Cozzini
- GE Global Research Europe, Freisinger Landstrasse 50, 85748 Garching,
Germany
| | - Franz Pfeiffer
- Lehrstuhl für Biomedizinische Physik, Physik-Department & Institut für Medizintechnik, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching,
Germany
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376
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Olubamiji AD, Izadifar Z, Chen DX. Synchrotron Imaging Techniques for Bone and Cartilage Tissue Engineering: Potential, Current Trends, and Future Directions. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2014; 20:503-22. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2013.0493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Zohreh Izadifar
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Daniel Xiongbiao Chen
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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377
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Zheng Y, Qiu K, Chen H, Chen Y, Liu Z, Liu Y, Xu X, Hong Y. Alignment method combining interference lithography with anisotropic wet etch technique for fabrication of high aspect ratio silicon gratings. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:23592-23604. [PMID: 25321825 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.023592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A method was developed for aligning interference fringes generated in interference lithography to the vertical {111} planes of <110> oriented silicon wafers. The alignment error is 0.036°. This high precision method makes it possible to combine interference lithography with anisotropic wet etch technique for the fabrication of high aspect ratio silicon gratings with extremely smooth sidewalls over a large sample area. With this alignment method, 320 nm and 2 μm period silicon gratings have been successfully fabricated. The highest aspect ratio is up to 100. The sample area is about 50 mm × 60 mm. The roughness (root mean square) of the sidewall is about 0.267 nm.
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378
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Reconstruction of scalar and vectorial components in X-ray dark-field tomography. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:12699-704. [PMID: 25136091 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1321080111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Grating-based X-ray dark-field imaging is a novel technique for obtaining image contrast for object structures at size scales below setup resolution. Such an approach appears particularly beneficial for medical imaging and nondestructive testing. It has already been shown that the dark-field signal depends on the direction of observation. However, up to now, algorithms for fully recovering the orientation dependence in a tomographic volume are still unexplored. In this publication, we propose a reconstruction method for grating-based X-ray dark-field tomography, which models the orientation-dependent signal as an additional observable from a standard tomographic scan. In detail, we extend the tomographic volume to a tensorial set of voxel data, containing the local orientation and contributions to dark-field scattering. In our experiments, we present the first results of several test specimens exhibiting a heterogeneous composition in microstructure, which demonstrates the diagnostic potential of the method.
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379
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Morimoto N, Fujino S, Ohshima KI, Harada J, Hosoi T, Watanabe H, Shimura T. X-ray phase contrast imaging by compact Talbot-Lau interferometer with a single transmission grating. OPTICS LETTERS 2014; 39:4297-300. [PMID: 25078161 DOI: 10.1364/ol.39.004297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We performed x-ray phase contrast imaging (XPCI) by Talbot-Lau interferometer using only a single transmission grating. Multiline metal targets embedded in a diamond substrate were irradiated with electrons to generate an array of x-ray lines of 1 μm width, which allowed XPCI within a 1 m source-detector distance in a configuration without a source or absorption grating. We directly resolved the self-image of the phase grating of 3 μm pitch using an x-ray image detector of 24 μm pixel size and successfully obtained absorption, differential phase, and dark-field images for 8 keV x rays.
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380
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Analysis of micro-structure in raw and heat treated meat emulsions from multimodal X-ray microtomography. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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381
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Modregger P, Kagias M, Peter S, Abis M, Guzenko VA, David C, Stampanoni M. Multiple scattering tomography. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 113:020801. [PMID: 25062159 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.020801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Multiple scattering represents a challenge for numerous modern tomographic imaging techniques. In this Letter, we derive an appropriate line integral that allows for the tomographic reconstruction of angular resolved scattering distributions, even in the presence of multiple scattering. The line integral is applicable to a wide range of imaging techniques utilizing various kinds of probes. Here, we use x-ray grating interferometry to experimentally validate the framework and to demonstrate additional structural sensitivity, which exemplifies the impact of multiple scattering tomography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Modregger
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland and Centre d'Imagerie BioMédicale, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matias Kagias
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland and Institute for Biomedical Engineering, UZH/ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Peter
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland and Institute for Biomedical Engineering, UZH/ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Matteo Abis
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland and Institute for Biomedical Engineering, UZH/ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Vitaliy A Guzenko
- Laboratory for Micro- and Nanotechnology, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Christian David
- Laboratory for Micro- and Nanotechnology, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Marco Stampanoni
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland and Institute for Biomedical Engineering, UZH/ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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382
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Mohajerani P, Hipp A, Willner M, Marschner M, Trajkovic-Arsic M, Ma X, Burton NC, Klemm U, Radrich K, Ermolayev V, Tzoumas S, Siveke JT, Bech M, Pfeiffer F, Ntziachristos V. FMT-PCCT: hybrid fluorescence molecular tomography-x-ray phase-contrast CT imaging of mouse models. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2014; 33:1434-46. [PMID: 24686244 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2014.2313405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The implementation of hybrid fluorescence molecular tomography (FMT) and X-ray computed tomography (CT) has been shown to be a necessary development, not only for combining anatomical with functional and molecular contrast, but also for generating optical images of high accuracy. FMT affords highly sensitive 3-D imaging of fluorescence bio-distribution, but in stand-alone form it offers images of low resolution. It was shown that FMT accuracy significantly improves by considering anatomical priors from CT. Conversely, CT generally suffers from low soft tissue contrast. Therefore utilization of CT data as prior information in FMT inversion is challenging when different internal organs are not clearly differentiated. Instead, we combined herein FMT with emerging X-ray phase-contrast CT (PCCT). PCCT relies on phase shift differences in tissue to achieve soft tissue contrast superior to conventional CT. We demonstrate for the first time FMT-PCCT imaging of different animal models, where FMT and PCCT scans were performed in vivo and ex vivo, respectively. The results show that FMT-PCCT expands the potential of FMT in imaging lesions with otherwise low or no CT contrast, while retaining the cost benefits of CT and simplicity of hybrid device realizations. The results point to the most accurate FMT performance to date.
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383
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Arboleda C, Wang Z, Stampanoni M. Tilted-grating approach for scanning-mode X-ray phase contrast imaging. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:15447-15458. [PMID: 24977804 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.015447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Among the existent X-ray phase-contrast modalities, grating interferometry appears as a very promising technique for commercial applications, since it is compatible with conventional X-ray tubes and is robust from a mechanical point of view. However, since applications such as medical imaging and homeland security demand covering a considerable field of view, the fabrication of large-area gratings, which is known to be challenging and expensive, would be needed. A scanning setup is a good solution for this issue, because it uses cheaper line instead of large-area 2D detectors and, therefore, would require smaller gratings. In such a setup, the phase-retrieval using the conventional phase-stepping approach would be very slow, so having a faster method to record the signals becomes fundamental. To tackle this problem, we present a scanning-mode grating interferometer design, in which a grating is tilted to form Moiré fringes perpendicular to the grating lines. The sample is then translated along the fringes, so each line detector records a different phase step for each slice of the sample. This new approach was tested both in a simulated scenario and in an experimental setting, and its performance was quantitatively satisfactory compared to the traditional phase-stepping method and another existing scanning-mode technique.
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384
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Zanette I, Zhou T, Burvall A, Lundström U, Larsson DH, Zdora M, Thibault P, Pfeiffer F, Hertz HM. Speckle-based x-ray phase-contrast and dark-field imaging with a laboratory source. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 112:253903. [PMID: 25014818 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.112.253903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We report on the observation and application of near-field speckles with a laboratory x-ray source. The detection of speckles is possible thanks to the enhanced brilliance properties of the used liquid-metal-jet source, and opens the way to a range of new applications in laboratory-based coherent x-ray imaging. Here, we use the speckle pattern for multimodal imaging of demonstrator objects. Moreover, we introduce algorithms for phase and dark-field imaging using speckle tracking, and we show that they yield superior results with respect to existing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Zanette
- Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - T Zhou
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 106 91, Sweden
| | - A Burvall
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 106 91, Sweden
| | - U Lundström
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 106 91, Sweden
| | - D H Larsson
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 106 91, Sweden
| | - M Zdora
- Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - P Thibault
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - F Pfeiffer
- Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - H M Hertz
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 106 91, Sweden
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385
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Ge Y, Li K, Garrett J, Chen GH. Grating based x-ray differential phase contrast imaging without mechanical phase stepping. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:14246-14252. [PMID: 24977522 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.014246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Grating-based x-ray differential phase contrast imaging (DPCI) often uses a phase stepping procedure to acquire data that enables the extraction of phase information. This method prolongs the time needed for data acquisition by several times compared with conventional x-ray absorption image acquisitions. A novel analyzer grating design was developed in this work to eliminate the additional data acquisition time needed to perform phase stepping in DPCI. The new analyzer grating was fabricated such that the linear grating structures are shifted from one detector row to the next; the amount of the lateral shift was equal to a fraction of the x-ray diffraction fringe pattern. The x-ray data from several neighboring detector rows were then combined to extract differential phase information. Initial experimental results have demonstrated that the new analyzer grating enables accurate DPCI signal acquisition from a single x-ray exposure like conventional x-ray absorption imaging.
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386
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Marathe S, Shi X, Wojcik MJ, Kujala NG, Divan R, Mancini DC, Macrander AT, Assoufid L. Probing transverse coherence of x-ray beam with 2-D phase grating interferometer. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:14041-14053. [PMID: 24977503 PMCID: PMC4083056 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.014041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Transverse coherence of the x-ray beam from a bending magnet source was studied along multiple directions using a 2-D π/2 phase grating by measuring interferogram visibilities at different distances behind the grating. These measurements suggest that the preferred measuring orientation of a 2-D checkerboard grating is along the diagonal directions of the square blocks, where the interferograms have higher visibility and are not sensitive to the deviation of the duty cycle of the grating period. These observations are verified by thorough wavefront propagation simulations. The accuracy of the measured coherence values was also validated by the simulation and analytical results obtained from the source parameters. In addition, capability of the technique in probing spatially resolved local transverse coherence is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashidhara Marathe
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S Cass Ave, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Xianbo Shi
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S Cass Ave, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Michael J. Wojcik
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S Cass Ave, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Naresh G. Kujala
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S Cass Ave, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Ralu Divan
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S Cass Ave, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Derrick C. Mancini
- PSE / Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S Cass Ave, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Albert T. Macrander
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S Cass Ave, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Lahsen Assoufid
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S Cass Ave, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
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387
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X-ray phase-contrast imaging at 100 keV on a conventional source. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5198. [PMID: 24903579 PMCID: PMC4047533 DOI: 10.1038/srep05198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
X-ray grating interferometry is a promising imaging technique sensitive to attenuation, refraction and scattering of the radiation. Applications of this technique in the energy range between 80 and 150 keV pose severe technical challenges, and are still mostly unexplored. Phase-contrast X-ray imaging at such high energies is of relevant scientific and industrial interest, in particular for the investigation of strongly absorbing or thick materials as well as for medical imaging. Here we show the successful implementation of a Talbot-Lau interferometer operated at 100 keV using a conventional X-ray tube and a compact geometry, with a total length of 54 cm. We present the edge-on illumination of the gratings in order to overcome the current fabrication limits. Finally, the curved structures match the beam divergence and allow a large field of view on a short and efficient setup.
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388
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Yaroshenko A, Hellbach K, Bech M, Grandl S, Reiser MF, Pfeiffer F, Meinel FG. Grating-based X-ray dark-field imaging: a new paradigm in radiography. CURRENT RADIOLOGY REPORTS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s40134-014-0057-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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389
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Wang Z, Hauser N, Singer G, Trippel M, Kubik-Huch RA, Schneider CW, Stampanoni M. Non-invasive classification of microcalcifications with phase-contrast X-ray mammography. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3797. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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390
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Scherer K, Birnbacher L, Chabior M, Herzen J, Mayr D, Grandl S, Sztrókay-Gaul A, Hellerhoff K, Bamberg F, Pfeiffer F. Bi-directional x-ray phase-contrast mammography. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93502. [PMID: 24824594 PMCID: PMC4019485 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Phase-contrast x-ray imaging is a promising improvement of conventional absorption-based mammography for early tumor detection. This potential has been demonstrated recently, utilizing structured gratings to obtain differential phase and dark-field scattering images. However, the inherently anisotropic imaging sensitivity of the proposed mono-directional approach yields only insufficient diagnostic information, and has low diagnostic sensitivity to highly oriented structures. To overcome these limitations, we present a two-directional x-ray phase-contrast mammography approach and demonstrate its advantages by applying it to a freshly dissected, cancerous mastectomy breast specimen. We illustrate that the two-directional scanning procedure overcomes the insufficient diagnostic value of a single scan, and reliably detects tumor structures, independently from their orientation within the breast. Our results indicate the indispensable diagnostic necessity and benefit of a multi-directional approach for x-ray phase-contrast mammography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Scherer
- Lehrstuhl für Biomedizinische Physik, Physik-Department & Institut für Medizintechnik, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Lorenz Birnbacher
- Lehrstuhl für Biomedizinische Physik, Physik-Department & Institut für Medizintechnik, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Michael Chabior
- Lehrstuhl für Biomedizinische Physik, Physik-Department & Institut für Medizintechnik, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Julia Herzen
- Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Doris Mayr
- Department of Pathology, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Susanne Grandl
- Department of Clinical Radiology, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Anikó Sztrókay-Gaul
- Department of Clinical Radiology, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Karin Hellerhoff
- Department of Clinical Radiology, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Fabian Bamberg
- Department of Clinical Radiology, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Franz Pfeiffer
- Lehrstuhl für Biomedizinische Physik, Physik-Department & Institut für Medizintechnik, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
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391
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Egan CK, Jacques SDM, Connolley T, Wilson MD, Veale MC, Seller P, Cernik RJ. Dark-field hyperspectral X-ray imaging. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2014; 470:20130629. [PMID: 24808753 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2013.0629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent times, there has been a drive to develop non-destructive X-ray imaging techniques that provide chemical or physical insight. To date, these methods have generally been limited; either requiring raster scanning of pencil beams, using narrow bandwidth radiation and/or limited to small samples. We have developed a novel full-field radiographic imaging technique that enables the entire physio-chemical state of an object to be imaged in a single snapshot. The method is sensitive to emitted and scattered radiation, using a spectral imaging detector and polychromatic hard X-radiation, making it particularly useful for studying large dense samples for materials science and engineering applications. The method and its extension to three-dimensional imaging is validated with a series of test objects and demonstrated to directly image the crystallographic preferred orientation and formed precipitates across an aluminium alloy friction stir weld section.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simon D M Jacques
- School of Materials , University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Thomas Connolley
- Diamond Light Source , Harwell Science and Innovation Campus , Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Matthew D Wilson
- Science and Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Matthew C Veale
- Science and Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Paul Seller
- Science and Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Robert J Cernik
- School of Materials , University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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392
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393
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Peter S, Modregger P, Fix MK, Volken W, Frei D, Manser P, Stampanoni M. Combining Monte Carlo methods with coherent wave optics for the simulation of phase-sensitive X-ray imaging. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2014; 21:613-22. [PMID: 24763652 PMCID: PMC3998816 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577514000952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Phase-sensitive X-ray imaging shows a high sensitivity towards electron density variations, making it well suited for imaging of soft tissue matter. However, there are still open questions about the details of the image formation process. Here, a framework for numerical simulations of phase-sensitive X-ray imaging is presented, which takes both particle- and wave-like properties of X-rays into consideration. A split approach is presented where we combine a Monte Carlo method (MC) based sample part with a wave optics simulation based propagation part, leading to a framework that takes both particle- and wave-like properties into account. The framework can be adapted to different phase-sensitive imaging methods and has been validated through comparisons with experiments for grating interferometry and propagation-based imaging. The validation of the framework shows that the combination of wave optics and MC has been successfully implemented and yields good agreement between measurements and simulations. This demonstrates that the physical processes relevant for developing a deeper understanding of scattering in the context of phase-sensitive imaging are modelled in a sufficiently accurate manner. The framework can be used for the simulation of phase-sensitive X-ray imaging, for instance for the simulation of grating interferometry or propagation-based imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Peter
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
- Correspondence e-mail:
| | - Peter Modregger
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
- Centre d’Imagerie BioMedicale, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michael K. Fix
- Division of Medical Radiation Physics and Department of Radiation Oncology, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern and University of Bern, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Werner Volken
- Division of Medical Radiation Physics and Department of Radiation Oncology, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern and University of Bern, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Frei
- Division of Medical Radiation Physics and Department of Radiation Oncology, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern and University of Bern, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Peter Manser
- Division of Medical Radiation Physics and Department of Radiation Oncology, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern and University of Bern, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marco Stampanoni
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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394
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Pelliccia D, Paganin DM. Multi-modal hard x-ray imaging with a laboratory source using selective reflection from a mirror. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 5:1153-1159. [PMID: 24761297 PMCID: PMC3985998 DOI: 10.1364/boe.5.001153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 03/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Multi-modal hard x-ray imaging sensitive to absorption, refraction, phase and scattering contrast is demonstrated using a simple setup implemented with a laboratory source. The method is based on selective reflection at the edge of a mirror, aligned to partially reflect a pencil x-ray beam after its interaction with a sample. Quantitative scattering contrast from a test sample is experimentally demonstrated using this method. Multi-modal imaging of a house fly (Musca domestica) is shown as proof of principle of the technique for biological samples.
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395
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Horn F, Bayer F, Pelzer G, Rieger J, Ritter A, Weber T, Zang A, Michel T, Anton G. Analysis of a deconvolution-based information retrieval algorithm in X-ray grating-based phase-contrast imaging. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1117/12.2043907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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396
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Zhang R, Zhang L, Chen Z, Peng W, Li R. Sensitivity of a non-interferometric grating-based x-ray imaging system. Phys Med Biol 2014; 59:1573-88. [PMID: 24614508 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/59/7/1573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Grating-based x-ray imaging systems are of two categories: interferometric and non-interferometric. This work focuses on the angular sensitivity of the phase-stepping-based non-interferometric setup. First, a numerical model of the system is developed and verified with experimental results. Then, an existing system is optimized and verified by comparison with biological sample experiments. The results are also compared with those of a Talbot-Lau interferometer. Finally, an analytical formula of the system sensitivity is derived and limitations of the setup are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Zhang
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China. Key Laboratory of Particle & Radiation Imaging (Tsinghua University), Ministry of Education, People's Republic of China
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397
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Munro PRT, Endrizzi M, Diemoz PC, Hagen CK, Szafraniec MB, Millard TP, Zapata CE, Speller RD, Olivo A. Medicine, material science and security: the versatility of the coded-aperture approach. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2014; 372:20130029. [PMID: 24470413 PMCID: PMC3900034 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2013.0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The principal limitation to the widespread deployment of X-ray phase imaging in a variety of applications is probably versatility. A versatile X-ray phase imaging system must be able to work with polychromatic and non-microfocus sources (for example, those currently used in medical and industrial applications), have physical dimensions sufficiently large to accommodate samples of interest, be insensitive to environmental disturbances (such as vibrations and temperature variations), require only simple system set-up and maintenance, and be able to perform quantitative imaging. The coded-aperture technique, based upon the edge illumination principle, satisfies each of these criteria. To date, we have applied the technique to mammography, materials science, small-animal imaging, non-destructive testing and security. In this paper, we outline the theory of coded-aperture phase imaging and show an example of how the technique may be applied to imaging samples with a practically important scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. R. T. Munro
- Optical and Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, School of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - M. Endrizzi
- Department of Medical Physics and Bioengineering, University College London, Malet Place, Gower St., London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - P. C. Diemoz
- Department of Medical Physics and Bioengineering, University College London, Malet Place, Gower St., London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - C. K. Hagen
- Department of Medical Physics and Bioengineering, University College London, Malet Place, Gower St., London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - M. B. Szafraniec
- Department of Medical Physics and Bioengineering, University College London, Malet Place, Gower St., London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - T. P. Millard
- Department of Medical Physics and Bioengineering, University College London, Malet Place, Gower St., London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - C. E. Zapata
- Department of Medical Physics and Bioengineering, University College London, Malet Place, Gower St., London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - R. D. Speller
- Department of Medical Physics and Bioengineering, University College London, Malet Place, Gower St., London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - A. Olivo
- Department of Medical Physics and Bioengineering, University College London, Malet Place, Gower St., London WC1E 6BT, UK
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398
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Roessl E, Daerr H, Koehler T, Martens G, van Stevendaal U. Clinical boundary conditions for grating-based differential phase-contrast mammography. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2014; 372:20130033. [PMID: 24470415 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2013.0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Research in grating-based differential phase-contrast imaging (DPCI) has gained increasing momentum in the past couple of years. The first results on the potential clinical benefits of the technique for X-ray mammography are becoming available and indicate improvements in terms of general image quality, the delineation of lesions versus the background tissue and the visibility of microcalcifications. In this paper, we investigate some aspects related to the technical feasibility of DPCI for human X-ray mammography. After a short introduction to state-of-the-art full-field digital mammography in terms of technical aspects as well as clinical aspects, we put together boundary conditions for DPCI. We then discuss the implications for system design in a comparative manner for systems with two-dimensional detectors versus slit-scanning systems, stating advantages and disadvantages of the two designs. Finally, focusing on a slit-scanning system, we outline a possible concept for phase acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewald Roessl
- Philips Technologie GmbH, Innovative Technologies, Philips Research Laboratories, Roentgenstrasse 24, 22335 Hamburg, Germany
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399
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Momose A, Yashiro W, Kido K, Kiyohara J, Makifuchi C, Ito T, Nagatsuka S, Honda C, Noda D, Hattori T, Endo T, Nagashima M, Tanaka J. X-ray phase imaging: from synchrotron to hospital. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2014; 372:20130023. [PMID: 24470409 PMCID: PMC3900032 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2013.0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
With the aim of clinical applications of X-ray phase imaging based on Talbot-Lau-type grating interferometry to joint diseases and breast cancer, machines employing a conventional X-ray generator have been developed and installed in hospitals. The machine operation especially for diagnosing rheumatoid arthritis is described, which relies on the fact that cartilage in finger joints can be depicted with a dose of several milligray. The palm of a volunteer observed with 19 s exposure (total scan time: 32 s) is reported with a depicted cartilage feature in joints. This machine is now dedicated for clinical research with patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Momose
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
- e-mail:
| | - Wataru Yashiro
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Kido
- KonicaMinolta Medical and Graphic, Inc., 2970 Ishikawa-machi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-8505, Japan
| | - Junko Kiyohara
- KonicaMinolta Medical and Graphic, Inc., 2970 Ishikawa-machi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-8505, Japan
| | - Chiho Makifuchi
- KonicaMinolta Medical and Graphic, Inc., 2970 Ishikawa-machi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-8505, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Ito
- KonicaMinolta Medical and Graphic, Inc., 2970 Ishikawa-machi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-8505, Japan
| | - Sumiya Nagatsuka
- KonicaMinolta Medical and Graphic, Inc., 2970 Ishikawa-machi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-8505, Japan
| | - Chika Honda
- KonicaMinolta Medical and Graphic, Inc., 2970 Ishikawa-machi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-8505, Japan
| | - Daiji Noda
- Laboratory of Advanced Science and Technology for Industry, University of Hyogo, 3-1-2 Kouto, Kamigori, Hyogo 678-1205, Japan
| | - Tadashi Hattori
- Laboratory of Advanced Science and Technology for Industry, University of Hyogo, 3-1-2 Kouto, Kamigori, Hyogo 678-1205, Japan
| | - Tokiko Endo
- Nagoya Medical Center, 4-1-1 Sannomaru, Naka-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 460-0001, Japan
| | - Masabumi Nagashima
- Department of Anatomy, Saitama Medical University, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama, Iruma, Saitama 350-0495, Japan
| | - Junji Tanaka
- Department of Radiology, Saitama Medical University, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama, Iruma, Saitama 350-0495, Japan
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400
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Thuering T, Stampanoni M. Performance and optimization of X-ray grating interferometry. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2014; 372:20130027. [PMID: 24470411 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2013.0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The monochromatic and polychromatic performance of a grating interferometer is theoretically analysed. The smallest detectable refraction angle is used as a metric for the efficiency in acquiring a differential phase-contrast image. Analytical formulae for the visibility and the smallest detectable refraction angle are derived for Talbot-type and Talbot-Lau-type interferometers, respectively, providing a framework for the optimization of the geometry. The polychromatic performance of a grating interferometer is investigated analytically by calculating the energy-dependent interference fringe visibility, the spectral acceptance and the polychromatic interference fringe visibility. The optimization of grating interferometry is a crucial step for the design of application-specific systems with maximum performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Thuering
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, , Villigen PSI, Switzerland
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