Transfer of allergic encephalomyelitis in rats by means of lymph node cells

Immunohistochemical study of allergic encephalomyelitis

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Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in agammaglobulinemic chickens

White Leghorn chickens were subjected to bursectomy and total body irradiation at hatching, thus rendering them agammaglobulinemic. At 4 weeks of age, these chickens and control chickens received lyophilized bovine spinal cord emulsified with complete Freund's adjuvant. Agammaglobulinemic chickens developed the lesions of allergic encephalomyelitis with the same frequency and intensity as the controls. Our findings support the contention that antibodies are not necessary for the development of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis.

Stimulation of lymphocyte transformation by tissue homogenates in recurrent oral ulceration

Cultures were set up of white cells from patients with oral ulceration and from control subjects. The effects of saline extracts of foetal oral mucosa, liver, skin, colon, striated muscle and salivary gland on DNA synthesis by lymphocytes in the cultures were determined by measuring their uptake of [¹⁴C] thymidine. The results showed stimulation by oral mucosa, and to a lesser degree by skin, almost exclusively in patients with recurrent aphthous ulcers; colon and salivary gland stimulated the lymphocytes of occasional individuals regardless of the type or presence of oral ulceration, and liver produced a similar effect, but stimulated lymphocytes in a higher proportion of patients with aphthous ulcers. Specific stimulation by oral mucosa was increased during phases of ulceration and diminished during remissions.

It is suggested that lymphocyte transformation (indicated by [¹⁴C]thymidine uptake) in patients with recurrent aphthous ulceration is the result of specific antigenic stimulation of a portion of the lymphocyte population following previous encounter with an oral mucosal antigen.

Hyperacute allergic encephalomyelitis. Lymphatic system as site of adjuvant effect of pertussis vaccine

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Serological and histological diagnosis of primary biliary cirrhosis

A simple immunofluorescence test for antibody to a mitochondrial antigen present in many tissues is a reliable method of distinguishing most cases of primary biliary cirrhosis from jaundice due to extrahepatic biliary tract obstruction. Of 30 cases diagnosed as primary biliary cirrhosis, 26 had antimitochondrial antibody whereas none of 77 cases with jaundice due to extrahepatic bile duct obstruction showed this serological abnormality. The antibody was also found in the serum of three of 42 patients who had other forms of cirrhosis and in two of 266 patients with no evidence of liver disease.Clinical, biochemical, and serological findings favour the view that primary biliary cirrhosis is a real entity which, in our present state of knowledge, cannot be defined clearly by any single method of investigation. In particular, the liver may show a variety of histological appearances which, interpreted without regard to the other features of the case, may lead to errors in diagnosis.

Transfer of ovine experimental allergic glomerulonephritis (EAG) with serum

Serum globulin from donor sheep made nephritic by immunization with glomerular basement membrane and subsequently nephrectomized contained specific kidney-fixing antibody and was capable of inducing an immediate, although transient, glomerulonephritis when injected into unilaterally nephrectomized lambs. This nephritis was characterized by immediate proteinuria, PMN infiltration into the glomerulus, and localization of gammaG- and beta1C-globulins in a linear fashion along the recipients' glomerular capillary walls. The nephritogenic property of the serum could be absorbed in vitro with isolated sheep glomerular basement membranes.

A cytotoxic antibody for cultured nervous tissue in serum and cerebrospinal fluid from rhesus monkeys with allergic encephalomyelitis

1. A factor, probably a γ-globulin, which was toxic for myelin and glial cells in culture appeared in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum of rhesus monkeys with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. This factor first appeared in serum and CSF 7 days after the animals had been injected with nervous tissue in Freund's complete adjuvant and increased in titre thereafter.

2. After immunization there was a rise of γ-globulin concentration in both serum and CSF, this rise coinciding with the appearance and increase of cytotoxic activity for nerve cell preparations. Immunoelectrophoresis of CSF showed an increased density of the immunoglobulin G (IgG) line after immunization. The cytotoxicity of serum and CSF proved to be more sensitive and reliable than the fluorescence technique and the antiglobulin consumption test for assessing the development of the disease.

3. After a rapid increase the cytotoxic factor maintained a steady value during a period variable for each animal suggesting the presence of a `defence reaction' against the aggressive antibody. Whether or not this `defence reaction' was mediated by protective antibody remains to be established.

Auto-immune reactions in ulcerative colitis

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Autoimmune encephalomyelitis and ocular lesions in monkeys sensitized during the neonatal period

The neonatal rhesus monkey is susceptible to the induction of autoimmune encephalomyelitis. The disease has been produced regularly by injection of neonatal animals with guinea pig spinal cord antigen in complete Freund's adjuvant. The onset of the disease, as compared with onset in adults, is delayed and is most often heralded by intrinsic eye lesions, notably widespread retinal hemorrhages.

In vitro cytotoxic effects of lymphoid cells from rats with experimental autoimmune nephrosis

A nephrotic syndrome was induced in randomly bred Sprague-Dawley rats by repeated intraperitoneal injections of homologous kidney extract and Freund's complete adjuvant. Cell injury in vitro was measured by estimating the release of radioactivity from damaged target cells labelled with ¹⁴C-thymidine. Various conditions influencing the reproducibility of the isotope method were investigated.

Blood lymphoid cells, lymph node cells and spleen cells from these rats damaged primary monolayer cultures of rat kidney cells after 18 hr incubation. Lymphoid cells from liver sensitized rats were also cytotoxic to rat kidney cells, whereas lymphoid cells from rats injected with other rat tissue extracts (lung or spleen) or given only adjuvant did not react. Primary cultures of rat lung cells were sensitive while cells of a rat liver cell strain were resistant to the cytotoxic action of lymphoid cells from kidney sensitized rats. Sera from nephrotic rats did not damage rat kidney cells under the experimental conditions used here.

In vitro demonstration of cellular sensitivity in allergic encephalomyelitis

Peritoneal cells obtained from animals exhibiting delayed hypersensitivity are inhibited from migrating in vitro by specific sensitizing antigen. This test for the detection of delayed hypersensitivity was applied to the problem of cellular sensitivity in allergic encephalomyelitis (AE). The migration of peritoneal cells obtained from guinea pigs with AE was inhibited specifically by nervous tissue antigens. The specificity of this reaction was further studied. Neonatal rat nervous tissue, which was shown to lack the encephalitogenic antigen, i.e. did not produce AE when injected with complete adjuvant into guinea pigs and rats, did not inhibit the migration of cells from animals with AE. Adult rat nervous tissue, which readily produces AE, and thus contains the encephalitogenic antigen did inhibit the migration of such cells. The finding that cells from animals with AE display hypersensitivity which appears to be directed specifically to the encephalitogenic antigen strongly supports the view that such cells could play an important role in the pathogenesis of this disease.

A HYPERACUTE FORM OF ALLERGIC ENCEPHALOMYELITIS

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Experimental immunologic liver injury and the concept of autodestruction. I

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Studies on the mechanism of altered susceptibility to experimental allergic encephalomyelitis

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Transfedotr of Allergic Encephalomyelitis by Lymph Node Cells in Inbred Guinea Pigs

Severe or lethal allergic encephalomyelitis was transferred between histocompatible guinea pigs by lymphoid cells capable of persistence in a viable state in the recipient. For optimum induction of passive disease, cells must be transferred before the day on which the disease becomes manifest in the donor.

Immunity mechanisms in neurological disease

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