351
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Fernandez B, Hammami R, Savard P, Jean J, Fliss I. Pediococcus acidilactici UL5 and Lactococcus lactis ATCC 11454 are able to survive and express their bacteriocin genes under simulated gastrointestinal conditions. J Appl Microbiol 2013; 116:677-88. [PMID: 24279824 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this work is to study the expression of stress genes and those involved in pediocin and nisin production in Pediococcus acidilactici UL5 and Lactococcus lactis ATCC11454 under simulated gastrointestinal (GI) physiological conditions. METHODS AND RESULTS The two strains were fed to a dynamic GI model (TIM-1). Samples were taken from different compartments and analysed for strain survival as well as for the expression of pediocin PA-1 operon, nisin A production gene and stress genes using RT-qPCR. Ileal-delivered efflux showed a survival rate of 17 and 0·0007% for Ped. acidilactici and La. lactis, respectively. Pediocin operon genes from stressed cells were generally expressed at least at the same level as for unstressed cells. However, pedA is up-regulated in the effluent at 120 and 180 min. Nisin A genes were always up-regulated with particularly in the stomach after 70 min compared with control. CONCLUSIONS Bacteriocin production of Ped. acidilactici UL5 and Lc. lactis ATCC 11454 are not affected by upper GI simulated conditions and thus could be considered as relevant probiotic candidates. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study demonstrates the capacity of lactic acid bacteria to survive and express their bacteriocins genes under simulated GI conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Fernandez
- STELA Dairy Research Center, Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
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352
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Angelakis E, Merhej V, Raoult D. Related actions of probiotics and antibiotics on gut microbiota and weight modification. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2013; 13:889-99. [PMID: 24070562 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(13)70179-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics and probiotics are widely used as growth promoters in agriculture. Most antibiotics prescribed in clinical practice are natural products that originate from Streptomyces spp, which were first used as agricultural probiotics. Antibiotics and probiotics both modify the gut microbiota. The effect of a probiotic species on the digestive flora depends on the strain and is largely determined by bacteriocin production. In human beings, as in animals, specific probiotics are associated with weight gain or loss. Improved understanding of the ability of specific probiotics to harvest energy from the host diet might lead to development of new treatments for obesity and malnutrition. In this Review, we present the effects of probiotics and antibiotics on the gut microbiota of human beings and animals and discuss their potential therapeutic use as interventions for weight gain and loss in human beings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouil Angelakis
- Unité des Rickettsies, Faculté de Médecine, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
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353
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Abstract
The use of probiotics and synbiotics in the food industry or as food supplements for a balanced diet and improved gut homeostasis has been blooming for the past decade. As feedback from healthy consumers is rather enthusiastic, a lot of effort is currently directed in elucidating the mechanisms of interaction between beneficial microbes and barrier and immune function of the host. The use of probiotics or synbiotics for treating certain pathologies has also been examined, however, the outcome has not always been favourable. In most cases, the effect of the administered probiotic is evident when the bacteria are still alive at the time they reach the small and large intestine, suggesting that it is dependent on the metabolic activity of the bacteria. Indeed, in some occasions it has been shown that the culture supernatant of these bacteria mediates the immunomodulatory effect conferred to the host. Recent work on relevant probiotic strains has also led to the isolation and characterisation of certain probiotic-produced, soluble factors, here called postbiotics, which were sufficient to elicit the desired response. Here, we summarise these recent findings and propose the use of purified and well characterised postbiotic components as a safer alternative for clinical applications, especially in chronic inflammatory conditions like inflammatory bowel disease, where probiotics have not yet given encouraging results as far as induction of remission is concerned.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tsilingiri
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy.
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354
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Suvorov A. Gut microbiota, probiotics, and human health. BIOSCIENCE OF MICROBIOTA FOOD AND HEALTH 2013; 32:81-91. [PMID: 24936366 PMCID: PMC4034364 DOI: 10.12938/bmfh.32.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The review is devoted to the problems of microbiota and the ways of it correction employing beneficial life bacteria- probiotics. It covers the issues related to the functioning of human microbiota and its importance for the health, individual variability of microbial content, functioning of the probiotics in the human organism and the history of probiotic studies with particular focus on the microbiological investigations in the USSR. The article discusses the safety issues related to probiotics and the problems with probiotic therapy, trying to explain the reasons for the side effects caused by probiotics. The necessity of personified selection of the probiotic strain or individual microbial therapy autoprobiotics is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Suvorov
- 1 Department of Molecular Microbiology, Institute for Experimental Medicine, Acad. Pavlov Street 12, Saint-Petersburg 197376, Russia
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355
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Jiménez JJ, Borrero J, Diep DB, Gútiez L, Nes IF, Herranz C, Cintas LM, Hernández PE. Cloning, production, and functional expression of the bacteriocin sakacin A (SakA) and two SakA-derived chimeras in lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and the yeasts Pichia pastoris and Kluyveromyces lactis. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 40:977-93. [PMID: 23794087 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-013-1302-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mature sakacin A (SakA, encoded by sapA) and its cognate immunity protein (SakI, encoded by sapiA), and two SakA-derived chimeras mimicking the N-terminal end of mature enterocin P (EntP/SakA) and mature enterocin A (EntA/SakA) together with SakI, were fused to different signal peptides (SP) and cloned into the protein expression vectors pNZ8048 and pMG36c for evaluation of their production and functional expression by different lactic acid bacteria. The amount, antimicrobial activity, and specific antimicrobial activity of SakA and its chimeras produced by Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris NZ9000 depended on the SP and the expression vector. Only L. lactis NZ9000 (pNUPS), producing EntP/SakA, showed higher bacteriocin production and antimicrobial activity than the natural SakA-producer Lactobacillus sakei Lb706. The lower antimicrobial activity of the SakA-producer L. lactis NZ9000 (pNUS) and that of the EntA/SakA-producer L. lactis NZ9000 (pNUAS) could be ascribed to secretion of truncated bacteriocins. On the other hand, of the Lb. sakei Lb706 cultures transformed with the pMG36c-derived vectors only Lb. sakei Lb706 (pGUS) overproducing SakA showed a higher antimicrobial activity than Lb. sakei Lb706. Finally, cloning of SakA and EntP/SakA into pPICZαA and pKLAC2 permitted the production of SakA and EntP/SakA by recombinant Pichia pastoris X-33 and Kluyveromyces lactis GG799 derivatives although their antimicrobial activity was lower than expected from their production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan J Jiménez
- Departamento de Nutrición, Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Avenida Puerta de Hierro, s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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356
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Vidhyasagar V, Jeevaratnam K. Bacteriocin activity against various pathogens produced byPediococcus pentosaceusVJ13 isolated fromIdlybatter. Biomed Chromatogr 2013; 27:1497-502. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.2948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Venkatasubramanian Vidhyasagar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Pondicherry University; R.V. Nagar; Kalapet; Puducherry; 605014; India
| | - Kadirvelu Jeevaratnam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Pondicherry University; R.V. Nagar; Kalapet; Puducherry; 605014; India
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357
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Rea MC, Alemayehu D, Ross RP, Hill C. Gut solutions to a gut problem: bacteriocins, probiotics and bacteriophage for control of Clostridium difficile infection. J Med Microbiol 2013; 62:1369-1378. [PMID: 23699066 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.058933-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among hospitalized patients and imposes a considerable financial burden on health service providers in both Europe and the USA. The incidence of CDI has dramatically increased in recent years, partly due to the emergence of a number of hypervirulent strains. The most commonly documented risk factors associated with CDIs are antibiotic usage leading to alterations of the gut microbiota, age >65 years and long-term hospital stay. Since standard therapies for antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and CDI have limited efficacy, there is now an urgent need for alternative therapeutics. In this review, we outline the current state of play with regard to the potential of gut-derived bacteriocins, probiotics and phage to act as antimicrobial agents against CDI in the human gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary C Rea
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College, Cork, Ireland.,Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland
| | - Debebe Alemayehu
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College, Cork, Ireland.,Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland
| | - R Paul Ross
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College, Cork, Ireland.,Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland
| | - Colin Hill
- Department of Microbiology, University College, Cork, Ireland.,Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College, Cork, Ireland
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358
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Garvicin A, a novel class IId bacteriocin from Lactococcus garvieae that inhibits septum formation in L. garvieae strains. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:4336-46. [PMID: 23666326 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00830-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactococcus garvieae 21881, isolated in a human clinical case, produces a novel class IId bacteriocin, garvicin A (GarA), which is specifically active against other L. garvieae strains, including fish- and bovine-pathogenic isolates. Purification from active supernatants, sequence analyses, and plasmid-curing experiments identified pGL5, one of the five plasmids found in L. garvieae [M. Aguado-Urda et al., PLoS One 7(6):e40119, 2012], as the coding plasmid for the structural gene of GarA (lgnA), its putative immunity protein (lgnI), and the ABC transporter and its accessory protein (lgnC and lgnD). Interestingly, pGL5-cured strains were still resistant to GarA. Other putative bacteriocins encoded by the remaining plasmids were not detected during purification, pointing to GarA as the main inhibitor secreted by L. garvieae 21881. Mode-of-action studies revealed a potent bactericidal activity of GarA. Moreover, transmission microscopy showed that GarA seems to act by inhibiting septum formation in L. garvieae cells. This potent and species-specific inhibition by GarA holds promise for applications in the prevention or treatment of infections caused by pathogenic strains of L. garvieae in both veterinary and clinical settings.
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359
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Metagenomic analysis of a tropical composting operation at the são paulo zoo park reveals diversity of biomass degradation functions and organisms. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61928. [PMID: 23637931 PMCID: PMC3637033 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Composting operations are a rich source for prospection of biomass degradation enzymes. We have analyzed the microbiomes of two composting samples collected in a facility inside the São Paulo Zoo Park, in Brazil. All organic waste produced in the park is processed in this facility, at a rate of four tons/day. Total DNA was extracted and sequenced with Roche/454 technology, generating about 3 million reads per sample. To our knowledge this work is the first report of a composting whole-microbial community using high-throughput sequencing and analysis. The phylogenetic profiles of the two microbiomes analyzed are quite different, with a clear dominance of members of the Lactobacillus genus in one of them. We found a general agreement of the distribution of functional categories in the Zoo compost metagenomes compared with seven selected public metagenomes of biomass deconstruction environments, indicating the potential for different bacterial communities to provide alternative mechanisms for the same functional purposes. Our results indicate that biomass degradation in this composting process, including deconstruction of recalcitrant lignocellulose, is fully performed by bacterial enzymes, most likely by members of the Clostridiales and Actinomycetales orders.
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360
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Lawley TD, Walker AW. Intestinal colonization resistance. Immunology 2013; 138:1-11. [PMID: 23240815 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2012.03616.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dense, complex microbial communities, collectively termed the microbiota, occupy a diverse array of niches along the length of the mammalian intestinal tract. During health and in the absence of antibiotic exposure the microbiota can effectively inhibit colonization and overgrowth by invading microbes such as pathogens. This phenomenon is called 'colonization resistance' and is associated with a stable and diverse microbiota in tandem with a controlled lack of inflammation, and involves specific interactions between the mucosal immune system and the microbiota. Here we overview the microbial ecology of the healthy mammalian intestinal tract and highlight the microbe-microbe and microbe-host interactions that promote colonization resistance. Emerging themes highlight immunological (T helper type 17/regulatory T-cell balance), microbiota (diverse and abundant) and metabolic (short-chain fatty acid) signatures of intestinal health and colonization resistance. Intestinal pathogens use specific virulence factors or exploit antibiotic use to subvert colonization resistance for their own benefit by triggering inflammation to disrupt the harmony of the intestinal ecosystem. A holistic view that incorporates immunological and microbiological facets of the intestinal ecosystem should facilitate the development of immunomodulatory and microbe-modulatory therapies that promote intestinal homeostasis and colonization resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor D Lawley
- Bacterial Pathogenesis Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK.
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361
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Characterization of a regulatory network of peptide antibiotic detoxification modules in Lactobacillus casei BL23. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:3160-70. [PMID: 23455349 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00178-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-component systems (TCS) are major signal transduction pathways that allow bacteria to detect and respond to environmental and intracellular changes. A group of TCS has been shown to be involved in the response against antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). These TCS are characterized by the possession of intramembrane-sensing histidine kinases, and they are usually associated with ABC transporters of the peptide-7 exporter family (Pep7E). Lactobacillus casei BL23 encodes two TCS belonging to this group (TCS09 and TCS12) that are located next to two ABC transporters (ABC09 and ABC12), as well as a third Pep7E ABC transporter not genetically associated with any TCS (orphan ABC). This study addressed the involvement of modules TCS09/ABC09 and TCS12/ABC12 in AMP resistance. Results showed that both systems contribute to L. casei resistance to AMPs, and that each TCS constitutes a functional unit with its corresponding ABC transporter. Analysis of transcriptional levels showed that module 09 is required for the induction of ABC09 expression in response to nisin. In contrast, module 12 controls a wider regulon that encompasses the orphan ABC, the dlt operon (d-alanylation of teichoid acids), and the mprF gene (l-lysinylation of phospholipids), thereby controlling properties of the cell envelope. Furthermore, the characterization of a dltA mutant showed that Dlt plays a major role in AMP resistance in L. casei. This is the first report on the regulation of the response of L. casei to AMPs, giving insight into its ability to adapt to the challenging environments that it encounters as a probiotic microorganism.
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362
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Martinez FAC, Balciunas EM, Converti A, Cotter PD, de Souza Oliveira RP. Bacteriocin production by Bifidobacterium spp. A review. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 31:482-8. [PMID: 23384878 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bacteriocins are ribosomally-synthesized antibacterial peptides. These compounds are produced by a broad variety of different bacteria belonging mainly to the genus Bifidobacterium, to which health promoting properties have frequently been attributed. However, despite the fact that the identification of Bifidobacterium-associated bacteriocins was first reported in 1980 and that they exhibit antimicrobial activity against pathogenic microorganisms such as Listeria monocytogenes, Clostridium perfringens, and Escherichia coli, relatively little information is still available about the antimicrobial compounds produced by strains of this genus. More detailed understanding of the action mechanisms of these antimicrobials could allow us to determine the extent to which their production contributes to the probiotic properties of specific bifidobacteria strains and, potentially, be of crucial significance for ultimate preservation of functional foods or pharmaceutical applications. Here we review what is already known about their structure, classification, mode of action, functionality, immunity, production and purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Andres Castillo Martinez
- Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology Department, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Lineu Prestes 580, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
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363
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Maldonado-Barragán A, Caballero-Guerrero B, Lucena-Padrós H, Ruiz-Barba JL. Induction of bacteriocin production by coculture is widespread among plantaricin-producing Lactobacillus plantarum strains with different regulatory operons. Food Microbiol 2013; 33:40-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2012.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Revised: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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364
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Wang Y, Ametaj BN, Ambrose DJ, Gänzle MG. Characterisation of the bacterial microbiota of the vagina of dairy cows and isolation of pediocin-producing Pediococcus acidilactici. BMC Microbiol 2013; 13:19. [PMID: 23356904 PMCID: PMC3564792 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-13-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uterine infections in dairy cows lower profitability of dairy operations. Infections of the reproductive tract are related to the overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria during the first three weeks after parturition. However, alterations in the vaginal microbiota composition in the first weeks after parturition remain poorly documented. RESULTS In this study, bacteria isolated from the vagina of healthy pregnant, and infected postpartum cows were characterised by random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis and partial 16S ribosomal RNA (rDNA) gene sequencing. Populations of bacilli and lactic acid bacteria of the genera Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, and Pediococcus were present in both healthy and infected cows. Infected cows had a significant increase in the vaginal enteric bacteria population which consisted mainly of Escherichia coli. Three E. coli isolates harboured the gene coding for Shiga-like-toxin (SLT) I or II. Several isolates of the Pediococcus acidilactici were found to produce the bacteriocin pediocin AcH/PA-1. Quantitative PCR analyses of vaginal mucus samples collected from ten metritic cows before and after parturition confirmed the presence of the Lactobacillus group (Lactobacillus spp., Pediococcus spp., Leuconostoc spp., and Weissella spp.); Enterobacteriaceae, E. coli, and bacilli. The presence of the pediocin AcH/PA-1 structural gene and SLT genes were also confirmed with qPCR. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria, particularly E. coli, after parturition likely contributes to the development of metritis. Our microbiota analysis extends the information related to the composition of commensal bacteria in the bovine female reproductive tract and may facilitate the development of novel intervention strategies for prevention of uterine infections in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Wang
- Department of Agricultural, University of Alberta, Food and Nutritional Science, 4-10 Ag/For Centre, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada
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365
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Competitive inhibition of three novel bacteria isolated from faeces of breast milk-fed infants against selected enteropathogens. Br J Nutr 2013; 109 Suppl 2:S63-9. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114512005600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Numerousin vitroandin vivostudies conducted using different probiotic micro-organisms have demonstrated their ability to interfere with the growth and virulence of a variety of enteropathogens. The reported beneficial effects of the use of probiotics to complement antibiotic therapy or prevent diarrhoea or gastrointestinal infection in infants have increased in recent years. In the present study, we demonstrated the capacity of supernatants obtained from three novel probiotics (Lactobacillus paracaseiCNCM I-4034,Bifidobacterium breveCNCM I-4035 andLactobacillus rhamnosusCNCM I-4036) isolated from the faeces of breastfed infants to inhibit the growth of enterotoxigenic and enteropathogenic (EPEC) bacteria, such asEscherichia coli,SalmonellaandShigella. To assess their potential antimicrobial activity, the 17 and 24 h cell-free supernatants broth concentrates (10 × ) having 1, 2 or 4 % of the three probiotics were incubated with EPEC bacteria strains. After 17 h of co-culture, the supernatants were able to inhibit the growth ofE. coli,SalmonellaandShigellaup to 40, 55 and 81 %, respectively. However, the inhibitory capacity of some supernatants was maintained or completely lost when the supernatants (pH 3·0) were neutralised (pH 6·5). Overall, these results demonstrated thatL. paracaseiCNCM I-4034,B. breveCNCM I-4035 andL. rhamnosusCNCM I-4036 produce compounds that exhibited strain-specific inhibition of enterobacteria and have the potential to be used as probiotics in functional foods.
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366
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Benkerroum N. Traditional Fermented Foods of North African Countries: Technology and Food Safety Challenges With Regard to Microbiological Risks. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1541-4337.2012.00215.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Noreddine Benkerroum
- Inst. Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II; Dépt. des Sciences Alimentaires et Nutritionnelles; BP 6202, Instituts; 10101-Rabat; Morocco
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367
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Sun Y, O'Riordan MXD. Regulation of bacterial pathogenesis by intestinal short-chain Fatty acids. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2013; 85:93-118. [PMID: 23942149 PMCID: PMC4029053 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407672-3.00003-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The human gut microbiota is inextricably linked to health and disease. One important function of the commensal organisms living in the intestine is to provide colonization resistance against invading enteric pathogens. Because of the complex nature of the interaction between the microbiota and its host, multiple mechanisms likely contribute to resistance. In this review, we dissect the biological role of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), which are fermentation end products of the intestinal microbiota, in host-pathogen interactions. SCFA exert an extensive influence on host physiology through nutritional, regulatory, and immunomodulatory functions and can also affect bacterial fitness as a form of acid stress. Moreover, SCFA act as a signal for virulence gene regulation in common enteric pathogens. Taken together, these studies highlight the importance of the chemical environment where the biology of the host, the microbiota, and the pathogen intersects, which provides a basis for designing effective infection prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Sun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
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368
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Abstract
Solutions are urgently required for the growing number of infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Bacteriocins, which are antimicrobial peptides produced by certain bacteria, might warrant serious consideration as alternatives to traditional antibiotics. These molecules exhibit significant potency against other bacteria (including antibiotic-resistant strains), are stable and can have narrow or broad activity spectra. Bacteriocins can even be produced in situ in the gut by probiotic bacteria to combat intestinal infections. Although the application of specific bacteriocins might be curtailed by the development of resistance, an understanding of the mechanisms by which such resistance could emerge will enable researchers to develop strategies to minimize this potential problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Cotter
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland.
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369
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dpr and sod in Streptococcus mutans are involved in coexistence with S. sanguinis, and PerR is associated with resistance to H2O2. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 79:1436-43. [PMID: 23263955 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03306-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Large numbers of bacteria coexist in the oral cavity. Streptococcus sanguinis, one of the major bacteria in dental plaque, produces hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), which interferes with the growth of other bacteria. Streptococcus mutans, a cariogenic bacterium, can coexist with S. sanguinis in dental plaque, but to do so, it needs a means of detoxifying the H(2)O(2) produced by S. sanguinis. In this study, we investigated the association of three oxidative stress factors, Dpr, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and AhpCF, with the resistance of S. sanguinis to H(2)O(2). The knockout of dpr and sod significantly increased susceptibility to H(2)O(2), while the knockout of ahpCF had no apparent effect on susceptibility. In particular, dpr inactivation resulted in hypersensitivity to H(2)O(2). Next, we sought to identify the factor(s) involved in the regulation of these oxidative stress genes and found that PerR negatively regulated dpr expression. The knockout of perR caused increased dpr expression levels, resulting in low-level susceptibility to H(2)O(2) compared with the wild type. Furthermore, we evaluated the roles of perR, dpr, and sod when S. mutans was cocultured with S. sanguinis. Culturing of the dpr or sod mutant with S. sanguinis showed a significant decrease in the S. mutans population ratio compared with the wild type, while the perR mutant increased the ratio. Our results suggest that dpr and sod in S. mutans are involved in coexistence with S. sanguinis, and PerR is associated with resistance to H(2)O(2) in regulating the expression of Dpr.
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370
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Samot J, Badet C. Antibacterial activity of probiotic candidates for oral health. Anaerobe 2012; 19:34-8. [PMID: 23211763 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2012.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the probiotic potential of autochthonous oral lactobacilli. For this, 66 strains were screened for antibacterial activity against two cariogenic strains (Streptococcus mutans and Actinomyces viscosus) and two periodontopathogenic strains (Fusobacterium nucleatum and Porphyromonas gingivalis). The inhibitory activity was investigated with the agar overlay technique. Positive results led us to explore some mechanisms of action. The ability to produce H(2)O(2) and the glycerol dehydratase gene were searched among all the strains. The gassericin A gene was checked among the Lactobacillus gasseri. All the tested strains inhibited S. mutans and A. viscosus; only one did not inhibited F. nucleatum and 52 strains inhibited slightly the growth of P. gingivalis. No inactivation of antibacterial activity was observed after treatment with proteinase K. The gene of the gassericin A was not found in any strain. Only one strain showed a 275-bp amplicon corresponding to the Glycerol Dehydratase gene. This strain has been identified by DNA 16S sequencing as a L. gasseri. Among the 66 tested strains, 7 produced hydrogen peroxide. Our findings suggest that in addition to the previous results, some of the autochthonous oral lactobacilli tested could be considered as suitable probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Samot
- UFR of Odontology, University Bordeaux Segalen, 16 cours de la Marne, 33082 Bordeaux cedex, France.
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371
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Colicin A binds to a novel binding site of TolA in the Escherichia coli periplasm. Biochem Soc Trans 2012; 40:1469-74. [DOI: 10.1042/bst20120239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Colicins are protein antibiotics produced by Escherichia coli to kill closely related non-identical competing species. They have taken advantage of the promiscuity of several proteins in the cell envelope for entry into the bacterial cell. The Tol–Pal system comprises one such ensemble of periplasmic and membrane-associated interacting proteins that links the IM (inner membrane) and OM (outer membrane) and provides the cell with a structural scaffold for cell division and energy transduction. Central to the Tol–Pal system is the TolA hub protein which forms protein–protein interactions with all other members and also with extrinsic proteins such as colicins A, E1, E2–E9 and N, and the coat proteins of the Ff family of filamentous bacteriophages. In the present paper, we review the role of TolA in the translocation of colicin A through the recently determined crystal structure of the complex of TolA with a translocation domain peptide of ColA (TA53–107), we demonstrate that TA53–107 binds to TolA at a novel binding site and compare the interactions of TolA with other colicins that use the Tol–Pal system for cell entry substantiating further the role of TolA as a periplasmic hub protein.
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372
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Satoh H, Oshima K, Suda W, Ranasinghe P, Li N, Gunawardana EGW, Hattori M, Mino T. Bacterial population dynamics in a laboratory activated sludge reactor monitored by pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA. Microbes Environ 2012; 28:65-70. [PMID: 23100021 PMCID: PMC4070689 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me12115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The microbial population in a laboratory activated sludge reactor was monitored for 245 d at 75 time points by pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA. Synthetic wastewater was used as the influent, and the reactor was operated under the same conditions throughout the experiment. The behaviors of different bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were observed. Multiple OTUs showed periodic propagation and recession. One of the OTUs showed sharp recession, which suggests that cells in the OTU were selectively killed. The behaviors of different phylogenetic lineages of Candidatus ‘Accumulibacter phosphatis’ were also visualized. It was clearly demonstrated that pyrosequencing with barcoded primers is a very effective tool to clarify the dynamics of the bacterial population in activated sludge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyasu Satoh
- Department of Socio-cultural and Environmental Studies, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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373
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Purification and characterization of a new bacteriocin active against Campylobacter produced by Lactobacillus salivarius SMXD51. Food Microbiol 2012; 32:129-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Revised: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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374
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Ventura M, Turroni F, Motherway MO, MacSharry J, van Sinderen D. Host-microbe interactions that facilitate gut colonization by commensal bifidobacteria. Trends Microbiol 2012; 20:467-76. [PMID: 22902802 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2012.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Revised: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Microorganisms live in a myriad of ecological niches. The human intestine is among the most densely populated environments; here, a multitude of bacteria appear to have co-evolved to impact beneficially upon the health of their human host. The precise molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways employed by commensal bacteria, including those that facilitate colonization and persistence, remain largely unknown despite the perceived positive effects of such host-microbe interactions. In this review we discuss several fascinating relationships between the gastrointestinal tract and commensal bacteria, with particular emphasis on bifidobacteria as a prototypical group of human enteric microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Ventura
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Genetics, Biology of Microorganisms, Anthropology and Evolution, University of Parma, Italy
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375
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The maltose ABC transporter in Lactococcus lactis facilitates high-level sensitivity to the circular bacteriocin garvicin ML. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56:2908-15. [PMID: 22411612 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00314-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
We generated and characterized a series of spontaneous mutants of Lactococcus lactis IL1403 with average 6- to 11-fold-lowered sensitivities to the circular bacteriocin garvicin ML (GarML). Carbohydrate fermentation assays highlighted changes in carbohydrate metabolism, specifically loss of the ability to metabolize starch and maltose, in these mutants. PCR and sequencing showed that a 13.5-kb chromosomal deletion encompassing 12 open reading frames, mainly involved in starch and maltose utilization, had spontaneously occurred in the GarML-resistant mutants. Growth experiments revealed a correlation between sensitivity to GarML and carbon catabolite repression (CCR); i.e., sensitivity to GarML increased significantly when wild-type cells were grown on maltose and galactose as sole carbohydrates, an effect which was alleviated by the presence of glucose. Among the genes deleted in the mutants were malEFG, which encode a CCR-regulated membrane-bound maltose ABC transporter. The complementation of mutants with these three genes recovered normal sensitivity to the bacteriocin, suggesting an essential role of the maltose ABC transporter in the antimicrobial activity of GarML. This notion was supported by the fact that the level of sensitivity to GarML was dose dependent, increasing with higher expression levels of malEFG over a 50-fold range. To our knowledge, this is the first time a specific protein complex has been demonstrated to be involved in sensitivity to a circular bacteriocin.
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376
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Lloyd DH. Alternatives to conventional antimicrobial drugs: a review of future prospects. Vet Dermatol 2012; 23:299-304, e59-60. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2012.01042.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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377
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Amalaradjou MAR, Bhunia AK. Modern approaches in probiotics research to control foodborne pathogens. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2012; 67:185-239. [PMID: 23034117 PMCID: PMC7150249 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394598-3.00005-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Foodborne illness is a serious public health concern. There are over 200 known microbial, chemical, and physical agents that are known to cause foodborne illness. Efforts are made for improved detection, control and prevention of foodborne pathogen in food, and pathogen associated diseases in the host. Several commonly used approaches to control foodborne pathogens include antibiotics, natural antimicrobials, bacteriophages, bacteriocins, ionizing radiations, and heat. In addition, probiotics offer a potential intervention strategy for the prevention and control of foodborne infections. This review focuses on the use of probiotics and bioengineered probiotics to control foodborne pathogens, their antimicrobial actions, and their delivery strategies. Although probiotics have been demonstrated to be effective in antagonizing foodborne pathogens, challenges exist in the characterization and elucidation of underlying molecular mechanisms of action and in the development of potential delivery strategies that could maintain the viability and functionality of the probiotic in the target organ.
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