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Uncoupling protein-2 deficient mice are not protected against warm ischemia/reperfusion injury of the liver. J Surg Res 2010; 171:742-8. [PMID: 20691984 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2010.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2010] [Revised: 03/20/2010] [Accepted: 04/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uncoupling protein-2 (UCP2) might play an important role in mediating ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury due to its function in uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation and in the proton leak-associated increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of UCP2 in hepatic I/R injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS UCP2 wild type and UCP2 deficient mice were subjected to I/R of the left liver lobe. Sham-operated animals without I/R served as controls. Intravital fluorescence microscopy was used for assessing postischemic microcirculatory dysfunction. Indicators of hepatic inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and bioenergetic status as well as histomorphology were investigated. RESULTS Under sham conditions UCP2-/-mice presented slightly but not significantly higher levels of hepatic ATP and energy charge than wild type mice. In addition, they exhibited higher systemic IL-6 levels and intrahepatic leukocyte adherence. After exposure to I/R, the extent of reperfusion injury did not differ between UCP2+/+ and UCP2-/-mice, as indicated by a comparable loss of sinusoidal perfusion, hepatic ATP, and energy charge levels, as well as rise of transaminases and disintegration of liver structures. Intrahepatic leukocyte adherence and plasma IL-6 levels of postischemic UCP2-/-mice still exceeded those of UCP2+/+mice. CONCLUSIONS UCP2 appears to be of minor relevance for the manifestation and extent of postischemic reperfusion injury in nondiseased livers with the increased ATP availability being counteracted by the higher pro-inflammatory IL-6 levels in UCP2 deficient mice.
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Heme oxygenase (HO)-1 protects from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated liver injury by inhibition of hepatic leukocyte accumulation and improvement of microvascular perfusion. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2010; 395:387-94. [PMID: 20237939 DOI: 10.1007/s00423-010-0603-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Accepted: 01/26/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) represents a highly toxic substance which may aggravate morbidity and mortality in septic diseases. A recent study has reported that the induction of heme oxygenase (HO)-1 protects from LPS-induced liver injury. The mechanisms of action however, have not been clarified yet. Therefore, we analyzed in vivo the effects of HO-1 on the liver microcirculation under conditions of LPS exposure. METHODS In C57BL/6 mice, endotoxemia was induced by intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of LPS (500 microg/kg) and D-galactosamine (Gal, 800 mg/kg). HO-1 was induced in vivo by pretreatment with hemin dissolved in DMSO (50 micromol/kg i.p.). Animals treated with DMSO only served as controls. Six hours after LPS exposure the hepatic microcirculation and leukocyte-endothelial cell interaction were analyzed by intravital fluorescence microscopy. HO-1 expression was determined by Western blot analysis. Hepatocellular damage was assessed by measuring the serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase. In addition, leukocyte transmigration and hepatocellular apoptosis were analyzed by histology and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS In controls, LPS/Gal caused severe liver injury, as indicated by increased liver enzyme levels and apoptotic cell death. This was associated with distinct sinusoidal perfusion failure and microvascular intrahepatic leukocyte accumulation. Of interest, induction of HO-1 significantly reduced numbers of adherent and extravascular leukocytes when compared to controls. Moreover, microvascular perfusion was significantly improved, resulting in a decrease of AST and ALT and a reduction of hepatocellular apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Our novel data indicate that induction of HO-1 protects the liver from LPS-mediated injury by reducing leukocytic inflammation and improving intrahepatic microcirculation.
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A crucial role for Kupffer cell-derived galectin-9 in regulation of T cell immunity in hepatitis C infection. PLoS One 2010. [PMID: 20209097 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately 200 million people throughout the world are infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV). One of the most striking features of HCV infection is its high propensity to establish persistence (approximately 70-80%) and progressive liver injury. Galectins are evolutionarily conserved glycan-binding proteins with diverse roles in innate and adaptive immune responses. Here, we demonstrate that galectin-9, the natural ligand for the T cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain protein 3 (Tim-3), circulates at very high levels in the serum and its hepatic expression (particularly on Kupffer cells) is significantly increased in patients with chronic HCV as compared to normal controls. Galectin-9 production from monocytes and macrophages is induced by IFN-gamma, which has been shown to be elevated in chronic HCV infection. In turn, galectin-9 induces pro-inflammatory cytokines in liver-derived and peripheral mononuclear cells; galectin-9 also induces anti-inflammatory cytokines from peripheral but not hepatic mononuclear cells. Galectin-9 results in expansion of CD4(+)CD25(+)FoxP3(+)CD127(low) regulatory T cells, contraction of CD4(+) effector T cells, and apoptosis of HCV-specific CTLs. In conclusion, galectin-9 production by Kupffer cells links the innate and adaptive immune response, providing a potential novel immunotherapeutic target in this common viral infection.
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Mengshol JA, Golden-Mason L, Arikawa T, Smith M, Niki T, McWilliams R, Randall JA, McMahan R, Zimmerman MA, Rangachari M, Dobrinskikh E, Busson P, Polyak SJ, Hirashima M, Rosen HR. A crucial role for Kupffer cell-derived galectin-9 in regulation of T cell immunity in hepatitis C infection. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9504. [PMID: 20209097 PMCID: PMC2831996 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2009] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately 200 million people throughout the world are infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV). One of the most striking features of HCV infection is its high propensity to establish persistence (∼70–80%) and progressive liver injury. Galectins are evolutionarily conserved glycan-binding proteins with diverse roles in innate and adaptive immune responses. Here, we demonstrate that galectin-9, the natural ligand for the T cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain protein 3 (Tim-3), circulates at very high levels in the serum and its hepatic expression (particularly on Kupffer cells) is significantly increased in patients with chronic HCV as compared to normal controls. Galectin-9 production from monocytes and macrophages is induced by IFN-γ, which has been shown to be elevated in chronic HCV infection. In turn, galectin-9 induces pro-inflammatory cytokines in liver-derived and peripheral mononuclear cells; galectin-9 also induces anti-inflammatory cytokines from peripheral but not hepatic mononuclear cells. Galectin-9 results in expansion of CD4+CD25+FoxP3+CD127low regulatory T cells, contraction of CD4+ effector T cells, and apoptosis of HCV-specific CTLs. In conclusion, galectin-9 production by Kupffer cells links the innate and adaptive immune response, providing a potential novel immunotherapeutic target in this common viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A. Mengshol
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Lucy Golden-Mason
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Division of Clinical Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine and National Jewish Hospital, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Tomohiro Arikawa
- Department of Immunology and Immunopathology, Kagawa Medical University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Maxwell Smith
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | | | - Ryan McWilliams
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Jessica A. Randall
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Rachel McMahan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Zimmerman
- Division of Transplant Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Manu Rangachari
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Evgenia Dobrinskikh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Pierre Busson
- Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Stephen J. Polyak
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Mitsuomi Hirashima
- Department of Immunology and Immunopathology, Kagawa Medical University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Hugo R. Rosen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- Division of Clinical Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine and National Jewish Hospital, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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