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Siqueira JF, Rôças IN. Simultaneous Detection of Dialister pneumosintes and Filifactor alocis in Endodontic Infections by 16S rDNA-directed Multiplex PCR. J Endod 2004; 30:851-4. [PMID: 15564862 DOI: 10.1097/01.don.0000132300.13023.5d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Dialister pneumosintes and Filifactor alocis have been recently considered as candidate endodontic pathogens. In this study, we devised a 16S rDNA-directed multiplex PCR protocol for simultaneous detection of these two bacterial species in endodontic infections. Samples were taken from infected root canals associated with asymptomatic periradicular lesions as well as from cases of acute periradicular abscesses. DNA extracted from the samples was used as template for simultaneous detection of D. pneumosintes and F. alocis through a multiplex PCR assay. Two fragments of the expected sizes, one specific for D. pneumosintes and the other for F. alocis, were simultaneously amplified from a mixture of reference genomic DNA containing DNA from both species. Clinical samples that were positive for the target species showed a single band of the predicted size for each species. D. pneumosintes was detected by multiplex PCR in 11 samples (7 asymptomatic and 4 abscesses) and F. alocis was identified in 9 cases (6 asymptomatic and 3 abscesses). Six samples (3 asymptomatic and 3 abscesses) shared the two species. Data from the present study confirmed that D. pneumosintes and F. alocis are common members of the microbiota present in primary endodontic infections and thereby may participate in the pathogenesis of periradicular lesions. The proposed multiplex PCR assay is a simple, rapid, and accurate method for the simultaneous detection of these two candidate endodontic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- José F Siqueira
- Department of Endodtics, Faculty of Dentistry, Estácio de Sá University, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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352
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Mayanagi G, Sato T, Shimauchi H, Takahashi N. Detection frequency of periodontitis-associated bacteria by polymerase chain reaction in subgingival and supragingival plaque of periodontitis and healthy subjects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 19:379-85. [PMID: 15491463 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.2004.00172.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the detection frequencies of 25 bacterial species in subgingival and supragingival plaque of 18 untreated periodontitis subjects and 12 periodontally healthy subjects. Genomic DNA was extracted from subgingival and supragingival plaque samples, and bacterial detection was performed by polymerase chain reaction of the 16S rRNA genes. Fourteen bacteria showed no relationship with periodontitis, and 11 of these 14 species were frequently detected (> or =50%) in subgingival plaque in both periodontitis and healthy subjects. Nine bacteria such as Eubacterium saphenum, Prevotella intermedia, and Treponema denticola seemed to be related to periodontitis; their detection frequencies in subgingival plaque samples were higher in periodontitis than in healthy subjects, but these differences were not statistically significant by multiple comparisons (0.002< or =P<0.05). Two species (Mogibacterium timidum and Porphyromonas gingivalis) were detected significantly more frequently in subgingival plaque of periodontitis subjects than of healthy subjects (P<0.002), with P. gingivalis being detected only in periodontitis subjects, suggesting that these two species are closely related to periodontitis. There were no significant differences in the detection frequencies of the 25 bacteria between subgingival and supragingival plaque, suggesting that the bacterial flora of supragingival plaque reflects that of subgingival plaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Mayanagi
- Division of Periodontology and Endodontology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
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353
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Lau L, Sanz M, Herrera D, Morillo JM, Martín C, Silva A. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction versus culture: a comparison between two methods for the detection and quantification of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythensis in subgingival plaque samples. J Clin Periodontol 2004; 31:1061-9. [PMID: 15560806 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2004.00616.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this investigation was to validate a real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay in identifying and quantifying Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythensis from subgingival plaque samples taken from subjects with different periodontal conditions, when compared with conventional cultural procedures. PATIENTS AND METHODS Ninety-two adult subjects participated in this study, 32 with periodontitis, 30 with gingivitis and 30 healthy. A pooled subgingival sample was obtained from every patient. Culturing procedures were carried out using standard techniques. For real-time PCR analysis, primers were selected from sequences of the LktC (A. actinomycetemcomitans), Arg-gingipain (P. gingivalis) and BspA antigen (T. forsythensis) genes. Contingency tables were constructed to compare the qualitative results, while quantitative data were evaluated by paired t-test. RESULTS A. actinomycetemcomitans was the least frequently recovered species with both techniques. Prevalence of P. gingivalis was low in healthy patients, increased in gingivitis and peaked in periodontitis patients. The frequency of detection of T. forsythensis showed marked differences between culture and PCR, although the same tendency of an increase in prevalence from health to gingivitis and to periodontitis was observed with both methods. Contingency tables demonstrated a good level of agreement between PCR and culture procedures for A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis, especially in periodontitis patients. P. gingivalis culture counts were significantly higher than those obtained by PCR. The opposite was true for T. forsythensis, and statistically significant higher counts were obtained by PCR for gingivitis and periodontitis patients. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated a good agreement between the quantitative PCR technology and the culture procedure. The high sensitivity and specificity of the quantitative PCR technology justify its use in epidemiological studies and as an adjunct in clinical diagnosis of periodontal patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Lau
- Laboratory of Microbiology, University Complutense, Madrid 28040, Spain
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354
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Suda R, Kobayashi M, Nanba R, Iwamaru M, Hayashi Y, Lai CH, Hasegawa K. Possible Periodontal Pathogens Associated With Clinical Symptoms of Periodontal Disease in Japanese High School Students. J Periodontol 2004; 75:1084-9. [PMID: 15455735 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2004.75.8.1084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study is to investigate how the components of biofilm and clinical oral status change in adolescents and to identify specific periodontal pathogens as risk markers for the onset of periodontitis. METHODS One hundred seven high school students (72 boys and 35 girls, all 15 years old) were recruited. The mesio-lingual site of the left lower first molar was selected as the examined site. Probing depth (PD), bleeding on probing (BOP), the presence of subgingival calculus, and Community Periodontal Index (CPI) were determined by examination with a WHO probe. The prevalence and proportion of seven selected periodontal pathogens (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythensis, Prevotella intermedia, Campylobacter rectus, Eikenella corrodens, and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans serotypes b and c) were determined by indirect immunofluorescent technique, and the prevalence and proportion of spirochetes were determined by their morphology under dark-field microscopy. The relationship between the periodontal status and the bacterial condition was statistically analyzed. RESULTS The mean proportion of T. forsythensis was significantly higher in BOP (+) sites compared with BOP (-) sites (3.47% +/- 5.35% versus 0.83% +/- 1.95%) and in CPI 3 sites compared with CPI 0 sites (3.29% +/- 5.28% versus 0.68% +/- 1.37%). The mean proportion of C. rectus was significantly increased in BOP (+) compared with BOP (-) (2.01% +/- 2.48% versus 0.79% +/- 0.91%) and in CPI 3 sites compared with CPI 0 sites (2.04% +/- 2.64% versus 0.80% +/- 0.79%). CONCLUSION The results indicated that T. forsythensis and C. rectus might be able to be used as risk markers for the onset of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Suda
- Department of Periodontology, Showa University Dental School, Tokyo, Japan.
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355
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Abstract
Although polymicrobial diseases are not a new concept for microbiologists, they are experiencing a resurgence of interest owing to the development of suitable animal models and new molecular techniques that allow these diseases to be studied effectively. This broad review provides an excellent introduction to this fascinating topic. Examples are included of each type of polymicrobial disease and the animal models that are used to study these diseases are discussed. In many instances, schematics for the animal model are presented. Viral co-infections including bovine viral diarrhoeal viruses, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome, mixed hepatitis virus infections and HIV co-infection with hepatitis virus are discussed, together with attempts to model these diseases in animals. Viral and bacterial co-infections are reviewed with a special focus on otitis media and the rodent models that have been used to probe this important childhood illness. Of the polybacterial diseases, periodontitis is one of the best understood and a clinically relevant rodent model is now available. This model, and the role of biofilm formation in periodontitis are examined. Fungal infections of humans are often referred to as 'opportunistic' but in fact these infections are often fungal co-infections with viruses such as HIV and fungal mixed co-infections. The roles of these infections in disease and the rodent models used to study them are discussed. Parasite co-infections are thought to have a role in the severity of malaria and the severity of Lyme arthritis. These diseases and attempts to model them are evaluated. Finally, co-infections that are associated with virus-induced immunosuppression are discussed, together with their animal models.
Polymicrobial diseases involve two or more microorganisms that act synergistically, or in succession, to mediate complex disease processes. Although polymicrobial diseases in animals and humans can be caused by similar organisms, these diseases are often also caused by organisms from different kingdoms, genera, species, strains, substrains and even by phenotypic variants of a single species. Animal models are often required to understand the mechanisms of pathogenesis, and to develop therapies and prevention regimes. However, reproducing polymicrobial diseases of humans in animal hosts presents significant challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren O Bakaletz
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Columbus Children's Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine & Public Health, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, Ohio 43205-2696, USA.
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356
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Burton JP, Devillard E, Cadieux PA, Hammond JA, Reid G. Detection of Atopobium vaginae in postmenopausal women by cultivation-independent methods warrants further investigation. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:1829-31. [PMID: 15071062 PMCID: PMC387601 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.42.4.1829-1831.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We sequenced 16S rRNA genes from the vaginal swab contents of a postmenopausal woman with asymptomatic bacterial vaginosis (BV). Sequences from Atopobium vaginae were the most commonly detected. In a survey of 35 other postmenopausal women, this organism was detected in 44% with BV but not in any subjects deemed healthy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy P Burton
- The Lawson Health Research Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
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357
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Sakamoto M, Huang Y, Ohnishi M, Umeda M, Ishikawa I, Benno Y. Changes in oral microbial profiles after periodontal treatment as determined by molecular analysis of 16S rRNA genes. J Med Microbiol 2004; 53:563-571. [PMID: 15150339 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.45576-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Terminal RFLP (T-RFLP) analysis was used to investigate changes in the oral microbiota in saliva and subgingival plaque samples from one patient with aggressive periodontitis (subject A) and two patients with chronic periodontitis (subjects B and C) before and 3 months after periodontal treatment. Substantial changes in the T-RFLP patterns of subgingival plaque samples of subjects B and C were noted after 3 months of improved oral hygiene and full-mouth supra- and subgingival scaling and root planing. However, there was little change in the subgingival microbiota of subject A. Although the proportions of terminal restriction fragments (T-RFs) larger than 1000 bp were notable in the T-RFLP patterns generated after digestion with HhaI of the samples from two subjects before treatment (subject B, 35.5 %; subject C, 29.6 %), the proportions of these T-RFs were significantly reduced or not detected after treatment (subject B, none; subject C, 4.1 %). Real-time PCR showed a significant change in the proportions of target bacteria in subgingival plaque samples of subject B. After 3 months, the Porphyromonas gingivalis population was markedly reduced (3.1 x 10(-3) %), whereas the proportion of Porphyromonas gingivalis before treatment was 7.6 %. The proportions of Tannerella forsythensis, Treponema denticola and Treponema socranskii were also markedly diminished after treatment. Similarly, the proportion of the T-RF presumed to represent Porphyromonas gingivalis was 5.9 % and became undetectable after 3 months. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene clone libraries from subgingival plaque samples of subject B before and after treatment showed a notable change in the subgingival microbiota. These results were in agreement with the T-RFLP analysis data and showed that the T-RFs larger than 1000 bp represent Peptostreptococcus species. Our results indicate that T-RFLP analysis is useful for evaluation of the effects of medical treatment of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuo Sakamoto
- Japan Collection of Microorganisms, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan 2Division of Periodontology, Department of Hard Tissue Engineering, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
| | - Yi Huang
- Japan Collection of Microorganisms, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan 2Division of Periodontology, Department of Hard Tissue Engineering, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
| | - Mayuko Ohnishi
- Japan Collection of Microorganisms, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan 2Division of Periodontology, Department of Hard Tissue Engineering, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
| | - Makoto Umeda
- Japan Collection of Microorganisms, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan 2Division of Periodontology, Department of Hard Tissue Engineering, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
| | - Isao Ishikawa
- Japan Collection of Microorganisms, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan 2Division of Periodontology, Department of Hard Tissue Engineering, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Benno
- Japan Collection of Microorganisms, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan 2Division of Periodontology, Department of Hard Tissue Engineering, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
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358
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Allen EP, Bayne SC, Cronin RJ, Donovan TE, Kois JC, Summitt JB. Annual review of selected dental literature: report of the committee on scientific investigation of the American academy of restorative dentistry. J Prosthet Dent 2004; 92:39-71. [PMID: 15232563 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2004.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edward P Allen
- Department of Periodontics, Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, Tex 75231, USA.
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359
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Parsek MR, Fuqua C. Biofilms 2003: emerging themes and challenges in studies of surface-associated microbial life. J Bacteriol 2004; 186:4427-40. [PMID: 15231774 PMCID: PMC438604 DOI: 10.1128/jb.186.14.4427-4440.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Parsek
- The University of Iowa, Department of Microbiology, 540E EMRB, Iowa City, IA 52242-1109, USA.
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360
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Cohen N, Morisset J, Emilie D. Induction of tolerance by Porphyromonas gingivalis on APCS: a mechanism implicated in periodontal infection. J Dent Res 2004; 83:429-33. [PMID: 15111638 DOI: 10.1177/154405910408300515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) is a potent inducer of the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages, and can desensitize immune cells in vitro and in vivo. We analyzed the ability of Pg lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce endotoxin tolerance. Treatment of dendritic cells (DC), the human macrophage cell line THP-1, and monocytes (antigen-presenting cells, APC) with Pg.LPS inhibited APC maturation assessed by CD80 and CD86 expression, and inhibited chemokine (CCL3 and CCL5) production. Pre-treatment with glucocorticoids (GC) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) abolished the effect of Pg.LPS on CD80, CD83, and CD86, and on CCL3 and CCL5 production. We also showed that Pg.LPS enhanced the tolerogenic properties of APCs and up-regulated ILT-3 and B7-H1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Cohen
- INSERM U131, Institut Paris-Sud sur les Cytokines, 32 rue des Carnets, 92140 Clamart, France.
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361
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Ferris MJ, Masztal A, Aldridge KE, Fortenberry JD, Fidel PL, Martin DH. Association of Atopobium vaginae, a recently described metronidazole resistant anaerobe, with bacterial vaginosis. BMC Infect Dis 2004; 4:5. [PMID: 15018635 PMCID: PMC362875 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-4-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2003] [Accepted: 02/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a polymicrobial syndrome characterized by a change in vaginal flora away from predominantly Lactobacillus species. The cause of BV is unknown, but the condition has been implicated in diverse medical outcomes. The bacterium Atopobium vaginae has been recognized only recently. It is not readily identified by commercial diagnostic kits. Its clinical significance is unknown but it has recently been isolated from a tuboovarian abcess. Methods Nucleotide sequencing of PCR amplified 16S rRNA gene segments, that were separated into bands within lanes on polyacrylamide gels by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), was used to examine bacterial vaginal flora in 46 patients clinically described as having normal (Lactobacillus spp. predominant; Nugent score ≤ 3) and abnormal flora (Nugent score ≥ 4). These women ranged in age from 14 to 48 and 82% were African American. Results The DGGE banding patterns of normal and BV-positive patients were recognizably distinct. Those of normal patients contained 1 to 4 bands that were focused in the centre region of the gel lane, while those of BV positive patients contained bands that were not all focused in the center region of the gel lane. More detailed analysis of patterns revealed that bands identified as Atopobium vaginae were present in a majority (12/22) of BV positive patients, while corresponding bands were rare (2/24) in normal patients. (P < 0.001) Two A. vaginae isolates were cultivated from two patients whose DGGE analyses indicated the presence of this organism. Two A. vaginae 16S rRNA gene sequences were identified among the clinical isolates. The same two sequences were obtained from DGGE bands of the corresponding vaginal flora. The sequences differed by one nucleotide over the short (~300 bp) segment used for DGGE analysis and migrated to slightly different points in denaturing gradient gels. Both isolates were strict anaerobes and highly metronidazole resistant. Conclusion The results suggest that A. vaginae may be an important component of the complex bacterial ecology that constitutes abnormal vaginal flora. This organism could play a role in treatment failure if further studies confirm it is consistently metronidozole resistant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Ferris
- Dept. of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
- Research and Education Bldg., The Research Institute for Children, 200 Henry Clay Ave, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
- Dept. of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1901 Perdido St., New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Alicia Masztal
- Research and Education Bldg., The Research Institute for Children, 200 Henry Clay Ave, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Kenneth E Aldridge
- Dept. of Infectious Disease, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1542 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - J Dennis Fortenberry
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Section of Adolescent Medicine, 575 N West St., Room 070, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Paul L Fidel
- Dept. of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1901 Perdido St., New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - David H Martin
- Dept. of Internal Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
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362
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Wade WG. Non-Culturable Bacteria in Complex Commensal Populations. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2004; 54:93-106. [PMID: 15251277 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(04)54003-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William G Wade
- Department of Microbiology, Dental Institute, King's College London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
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