351
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Bassnett S, Wilmarth PA, David LL. The membrane proteome of the mouse lens fiber cell. Mol Vis 2009; 15:2448-63. [PMID: 19956408 PMCID: PMC2786885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2009] [Accepted: 11/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Fiber cells of the ocular lens are bounded by a highly specialized plasma membrane. Despite the pivotal role that membrane proteins play in the physiology and pathophysiology of the lens, our knowledge of the structure and composition of the fiber cell plasma membrane remains fragmentary. In the current study, we utilized mass spectrometry-based shotgun proteomics to provide a comprehensive survey of the mouse lens fiber cell membrane proteome. METHODS Membranes were purified from young mouse lenses and subjected to MudPIT (Multidimensional protein identification technology) analysis. The resulting proteomic data were analyzed further by reference to publically available microarray databases. RESULTS More than 200 membrane proteins were identified by MudPIT, including Type I, Type II, Type III (multi-pass), lipid-anchored, and GPI-anchored membrane proteins, in addition to membrane-associated cytoskeletal elements and extracellular matrix components. The membrane proteins of highest apparent abundance included Mip, Lim2, and the lens-specific connexin proteins Gja3, Gja8, and Gje1. Significantly, many proteins previously unsuspected in the lens were also detected, including proteins with roles in cell adhesion, solute transport, and cell signaling. CONCLUSIONS The MudPIT technique constitutes a powerful technique for the analysis of the lens membrane proteome and provides valuable insights into the composition of the lens fiber cell unit membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Bassnett
- Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Phillip A. Wilmarth
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Larry L. David
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
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352
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Lee G, Xiang Z, Brannagan TH, Chin RL, Latov N. Differential gene expression in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) skin biopsies. J Neurol Sci 2009; 290:115-22. [PMID: 19922956 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2009.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2009] [Revised: 09/14/2009] [Accepted: 10/07/2009] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Gene expression analysis previously identified molecular markers that are up-regulated in sural nerve biopsies from patients with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP). To determine whether the same or additional genes are also up-regulated in skin, we applied gene microarray profiling and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) analysis to skin punch biopsies from patients with CIDP and controls. Five genes, allograft inflammatory factor 1 (AIF-1), lymphatic hyaluronan receptor (LYVE-1/XLKD1), FYN binding protein (FYB), P2RY1 (purinergic receptor P2Y, G-protein-coupled, 1), and MLLT3 (myeloid/lymphoid or mixed-lineage leukemia translocated to, 3), all associated with immune cells or inflammatory processes, were elevated in punch skin biopsies from patients with CIDP as compared to normal subjects or patients with Charcot-Marie-Tooth Type 1 (CMT1). The average fold change of the 5 genes over normal expression, as determined by qPCR, was significantly elevated in skin biopsies from patients with CIDP in comparison to CMT1 or diabetic neuropathy, and similar to that seen in Lyme disease. The findings indicate the presence of inflammatory changes in the skin of patients with CIDP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Lee
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York City, NY 10021, USA.
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353
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Wu C, Orozco C, Boyer J, Leglise M, Goodale J, Batalov S, Hodge CL, Haase J, Janes J, Huss JW, Su AI. BioGPS: an extensible and customizable portal for querying and organizing gene annotation resources. Genome Biol 2009; 10:R130. [PMID: 19919682 PMCID: PMC3091323 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2009-10-11-r130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1112] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2009] [Revised: 09/05/2009] [Accepted: 11/17/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BioGPS is a community based customisable gene annotation portal bringing together gene annotation resources on to a single platform. Online gene annotation resources are indispensable for analysis of genomics data. However, the landscape of these online resources is highly fragmented, and scientists often visit dozens of these sites for each gene in a candidate gene list. Here, we introduce BioGPS http://biogps.gnf.org, a centralized gene portal for aggregating distributed gene annotation resources. Moreover, BioGPS embraces the principle of community intelligence, enabling any user to easily and directly contribute to the BioGPS platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlei Wu
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Dr, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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354
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Feske S. ORAI1 and STIM1 deficiency in human and mice: roles of store-operated Ca2+ entry in the immune system and beyond. Immunol Rev 2009; 231:189-209. [PMID: 19754898 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2009.00818.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) is a mechanism used by many cells types including lymphocytes and other immune cells to increase intracellular Ca2+ concentrations to initiate signal transduction. Activation of immunoreceptors such as the T-cell receptor, B-cell receptor, or Fc receptors results in the release of Ca2+ ions from endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ stores and subsequent activation of plasma membrane Ca2+ channels such as the well-characterized Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channel. Two genes have been identified that are essential for SOCE: ORAI1 as the pore-forming subunit of the CRAC channel in the plasma membrane and stromal interaction molecule-1 (STIM1) sensing the ER Ca2+ concentration and activating ORAI1-CRAC channels. Intense efforts in the past several years have focused on understanding the molecular mechanism of SOCE and the role it plays for cell functions in vitro and in vivo. A number of transgenic mouse models have been generated to investigate the role of ORAI1 and STIM1 in immunity. In addition, mutations in ORAI1 and STIM1 identified in immunodeficient patients provide valuable insight into the role of both genes and SOCE. This review focuses on the role of ORAI1 and STIM1 in vivo, discussing the phenotypes of ORAI1- and STIM1-deficient human patients and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Feske
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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355
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Forner F, Kumar C, Luber CA, Fromme T, Klingenspor M, Mann M. Proteome differences between brown and white fat mitochondria reveal specialized metabolic functions. Cell Metab 2009; 10:324-35. [PMID: 19808025 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2009.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2009] [Revised: 07/24/2009] [Accepted: 08/28/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are functionally specialized in different tissues, and a detailed understanding of this specialization is important to elucidate mitochondrial involvement in normal physiology and disease. In adaptive thermogenesis, brown fat converts mitochondrial energy to heat, whereas tissue-specific functions of mitochondria in white fat are less characterized. Here we apply high-resolution quantitative mass spectrometry to directly and accurately compare the in vivo mouse mitochondrial proteomes of brown and white adipocytes. Their proteomes are substantially different qualitatively and quantitatively and are furthermore characterized by tissue-specific protein isoforms, which are modulated by cold exposure. At transcript and proteome levels, brown fat mitochondria are more similar to their counterparts in muscle. Conversely, white fat mitochondria not only selectively express proteins that support anabolic functions but also degrade xenobiotics, revealing a protective function of this tissue. In vivo comparison of organellar proteomes can thus directly address functional questions in metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Forner
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute for Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
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356
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Lattin JE, Greenwood KP, Daly NL, Kelly G, Zidar DA, Clark RJ, Thomas WG, Kellie S, Craik DJ, Hume DA, Sweet MJ. Beta-arrestin 2 is required for complement C1q expression in macrophages and constrains factor-independent survival. Mol Immunol 2009; 47:340-7. [PMID: 19783052 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2009.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2009] [Revised: 09/03/2009] [Accepted: 09/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The beta-arrestins (ARRB1 and ARRB2) regulate G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) dependent- and independent-signaling pathways and are ubiquitously expressed. Here we show that ARRB2 mRNA and protein expression is enriched in macrophages, and that it regulates complement C1q expression and cell survival. Basal and Toll-like receptor (TLR) inducible expression of mRNAs encoding the complement subcomponents C1qa, C1qb and C1qc was greatly reduced in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMM) from ARRB2-deficient, but not ARRB1-deficient mice, while factor-independent survival of ARRB2(-/-) BMM was enhanced compared to wildtype BMM. TatARRB2(23), a cell-permeable peptide that contains the MAPK JNK-binding motif from within the ARRB2 C-domain, impaired ARRB2 interaction with JNK3, down-regulated C1q expression and permitted factor-independent survival in BMM, thus suggesting that this peptide antagonises ARRB2 function in macrophages. In addition, TatARRB2(23) transiently activated the phosphorylation of JNK and ERK, but not p38 in BMM. These data imply that ARRB2 acts to limit JNK/ERK activation and survival in macrophages, but is required for basal and TLR-inducible complement C1q expression. Given that loss of C1q function is strongly associated with the development of systemic lupus erythematosus, ARRB2 may act to limit the development of autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane E Lattin
- The University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, QLD 4072, Australia
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357
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Mamane Y, Chung Chan C, Lavallee G, Morin N, Xu LJ, Huang J, Gordon R, Thomas W, Lamb J, Schadt EE, Kennedy BP, Mancini JA. The C3a anaphylatoxin receptor is a key mediator of insulin resistance and functions by modulating adipose tissue macrophage infiltration and activation. Diabetes 2009; 58:2006-17. [PMID: 19581423 PMCID: PMC2731537 DOI: 10.2337/db09-0323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Significant new data suggest that metabolic disorders such as diabetes, obesity, and atherosclerosis all posses an important inflammatory component. Infiltrating macrophages contribute to both tissue-specific and systemic inflammation, which promotes insulin resistance. The complement cascade is involved in the inflammatory cascade initiated by the innate and adaptive immune response. A mouse genomic F2 cross biology was performed and identified several causal genes linked to type 2 diabetes, including the complement pathway. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We therefore sought to investigate the effect of a C3a receptor (C3aR) deletion on insulin resistance, obesity, and macrophage function utilizing both the normal-diet (ND) and a diet-induced obesity mouse model. RESULTS We demonstrate that high C3aR expression is found in white adipose tissue and increases upon high-fat diet (HFD) feeding. Both adipocytes and macrophages within the white adipose tissue express significant amounts of C3aR. C3aR(-/-) mice on HFD are transiently resistant to diet-induced obesity during an 8-week period. Metabolic profiling suggests that they are also protected from HFD-induced insulin resistance and liver steatosis. C3aR(-/-) mice had improved insulin sensitivity on both ND and HFD as seen by an insulin tolerance test and an oral glucose tolerance test. Adipose tissue analysis revealed a striking decrease in macrophage infiltration with a concomitant reduction in both tissue and plasma proinflammatory cytokine production. Furthermore, C3aR(-/-) macrophages polarized to the M1 phenotype showed a considerable decrease in proinflammatory mediators. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our results suggest that the C3aR in macrophages, and potentially adipocytes, plays an important role in adipose tissue homeostasis and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaël Mamane
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, Kirkland, Quebec, Canada
- Corresponding author: Yael Mamane, , or Joseph A. Mancini,
| | - Chi Chung Chan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, Kirkland, Quebec, Canada
| | - Genevieve Lavallee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, Kirkland, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nicolas Morin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, Kirkland, Quebec, Canada
| | - Li-Jing Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, Kirkland, Quebec, Canada
| | - JingQi Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, Kirkland, Quebec, Canada
| | - Robert Gordon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, Kirkland, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - John Lamb
- Rosetta Inpharmatics, Merck, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Brian P. Kennedy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, Kirkland, Quebec, Canada
| | - Joseph A. Mancini
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, Kirkland, Quebec, Canada
- Corresponding author: Yael Mamane, , or Joseph A. Mancini,
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358
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G-protein-coupled receptor screen reveals a role for chemokine receptor CCR5 in suppressing microglial neurotoxicity. J Neurosci 2009; 28:11980-8. [PMID: 19005063 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2920-08.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) form the largest superfamily of membrane proteins, and several GPCRs have been implicated in signaling between neurons and glia to protect neurons from pathological stresses. Here, we have used a screening strategy to investigate GPCRs that are involved in neuronal protection. The real-time PCR was performed using 274 primers targeting nonsensory GPCR mRNAs, which were listed on the database. The cDNAs from control and nerve-injured hypoglossal nuclei of mouse brain were used, and the alterations of PCR products were compared. This screen and the subsequent in situ hybridization screen exhibited six GPCR mRNAs which were prominently and convincingly induced in nerve-injured hypoglossal nuclei. Among these candidates, the chemokine receptor CCR5 was selected, based on the marked induction in CCR5 mRNA in microglia after nerve injury. The mRNA expression of ligands for CCR5, such as regulated on activation normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES/CCL5), MIP-1alpha, and MIP-1beta, were induced in injured motor neurons, indicating that CCR5 and its ligands were expressed in microglia and neurons, respectively, in response to nerve injury. In vitro, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced expression of mRNAs for inflammatory cytokines (IL-1beta, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in microglia were all suppressed by RANTES. Those suppressions were not observed in microglia from CCR5 null mice. In addition, nerve injury-induced motor neuron death seen in wild type C56BL/6J mice was accelerated in CCR5 knock-out C57BL/6J. These results may suggest that CCR5-mediated neuron-glia signaling functions to protect neurons by suppressing microglia toxicity.
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